US3689693A - Multiple head ink drop graphic generator - Google Patents

Multiple head ink drop graphic generator Download PDF

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Publication number
US3689693A
US3689693A US90279A US3689693DA US3689693A US 3689693 A US3689693 A US 3689693A US 90279 A US90279 A US 90279A US 3689693D A US3689693D A US 3689693DA US 3689693 A US3689693 A US 3689693A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
information
streams
drop
parallel
receiving member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US90279A
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English (en)
Inventor
Lysle D Cahill
William W Marshall
Edward R Thomas
Harold P Thompson
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Mead Corp
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Publication of US3689693A publication Critical patent/US3689693A/en
Assigned to EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, A CORP. OF NY reassignment EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, A CORP. OF NY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: MEAD CORPORATION, THE
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/024—Details of scanning heads ; Means for illuminating the original
    • H04N1/032—Details of scanning heads ; Means for illuminating the original for picture information reproduction
    • H04N1/034—Details of scanning heads ; Means for illuminating the original for picture information reproduction using ink, e.g. ink-jet heads

Definitions

  • a method of and apparatus for reproducing a graphic representation includes a scanner for scanning the original along a series of contiguous lines and transmitting an analog signal proportional to the intensity of the scanned area to an analog to digital convertor to provide a series of parallel, binary signals. Circuitry is provided which permits the digital signals to be stored and retrieved as a number of simultaneous signals from corresponding points in an equal number of transverse bands across the original. The retrieved digital signals are then used to control a bank of drop projectors, equal in number to the transverse bands, which project drops toward a receiving member mounted on a rotating cylinder, with the drop generators moving incrementally, axially of the cylinder, one
  • Printing apparatus has been proposed wherein a series of printing heads, each capable of projecting a jet of coating material, are mounted in uniformly spaced relationship to each other and adjacent a moving web to project a series of streams of coating material onto the web. See for example the US. Pat. to Ascoli, No. 3,136,594, issued June 9, 1964.
  • the jet of coating material is charged as it leaves each of the coating nozzles and deflecting electrodes are mounted just downstream of the outlet from the nozzle and the electrostatic field set up by the electrodes varied to control the trajectory of the jet issuing from the nozzle.
  • the coating heads are mounted on a pair of spring steel blades and oscillated back and forth across the web as the web moves past the nozzles.
  • An original graphic representation is scanned by a scanner,. or series of scanners, transversely thereof which generate an analog signal or signals, respectively, related to the density of the areas scanned and transmit this information to an analog to digital convertor.
  • digital signals from the convertor are stored in a manner such that signals from corresponding points in a series of regularly spaced transverse bands across the original are simultaneously accessible for transmittal to a control unit controlling a corresponding number of coating heads to permit printing of the reproduction as a series of simultaneously printed transverse bands.
  • the preferred storage medium for this purpose is a multiple channel magnetic tape.
  • the control unit has a tape reader which is connected to a load register for transferring the stored digital signals to a memory unit in bytes of several bits corresponding in number to the number of transverse bands to be printed at a time on a receiving member.
  • the signals are then unloaded in the same bit size bytes and transmitted through amplifiers to the coating mechanism.
  • the receiving member upon which the reproduction is printed may be mounted upon a rotating cylinder and the drop generators are moved axially of the cylinder by a stepping motor one line spacing for each revolution of the cylinder.
  • FIG. 1 shows, somewhat schematically, component for practicing the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view through a typical ink drop generator.
  • the principal component of the present invention include a scanner 10, an analog to digital convertor 20, a tape reader 30, a load register 31, a memory 32, an unload register 34, a series of drop generators 35, eight being shown, a rotatable cylinder 36.
  • the scanner 10 is shown for purposes of illustration as including a carriage 11 supported for scanning movement in the X and Y directions by motors 12 and 15 having conventional drive connections and controlled by unit 19.
  • the original representation to be scanned and analyzed is indicated generally at 16 and it may take a variety of different forms, such as a positive or negative photographic film, or, for example, one of a set of color separations.
  • the image on the original is a gradation of tonal densities, which may, for example, appear as portions of greater or lesser optical density, and a light source 17 is focused into a scanning light beam of predetermined small cross-sectional area through the image toward a photosensitive pick up 18.
  • a suitable construction of this type is disclosed in U. S. Pat. No. 3,307,020 entitled HIGH INFORMATION DENSITY DATA RECORD AND READOUT DEVICE, and has the capability of producing a scanned spot of light or other radiant energy having a diameter on the order of 1 micron.
  • Drop generators 35 are uniformly spaced and positioned opposite the cylinder 36, and a manifold 37 supplies coating material under pressure to each of the drop generators. Liquid coating will tend to be projected from each of the generators 35 as a series of discrete coating drops and a vibrator 38 (see FIG. 2) may be provided for each drop generator to insure uniformity of size an spacing of the drops.
  • Each drop generator 35 will typically include acoating inlet chamber 40 having an orifice 41 of small diameter associated therewith and through which a filament of coating material is ejected. There is a natural tendency for this filament to break down into small, discrete drops, as indicated at 42, and uniformity of size and spacing of these drops is caused by mean of the constant frequency vibrator 38.
  • a charge ring 43 is positioned for selectively applying an electrostatic charge to the drops passing therethrough.
  • electrodes 44 and 45 and a catcher 46 Positioned downstream of the charge ring are electrodes 44 and 45 and a catcher 46.
  • the appropriate binary signal is transmitted to the charge ring so that the drop is uncharged as it passes through the charge ring and it may then pass, undeflected, through the electrostatic deflection field established by the electrodes 44 and 45 and impinge on the surface of a receiving member.
  • the charge rings receives a binary signal of appropriate state at the instant that that particular drop is passing therethrough, charging the drop and causing it to be subsequently deflected by the electrostatic deflecting field into the catcher 46.
  • a receiving member 47 is mounted on the rotatably cylinder 36 and any convenient means, such as a stepping motor 48 and associated equipment of conventional construction, may be provided for advancing the drop generators longitudinally of the cylinder. This advancement will be intermittent, so that each drop generator 35 tracks a series of parallel, circumferential lines about the cylinder 36, although it will be apparent that continuous movement could also be utilized to cause each nozzle to track a continuous helical path.
  • any convenient means such as a stepping motor 48 and associated equipment of conventional construction
  • the scanning unit scans the surface of the original 16 from one end to the other and transmits an analog signal proportional to the intensity of the scanned area to the analog to digital convertor 20, which in turn transmits the digital signals via unit 21 to the tape recorder 23.
  • the scanner is not locked in with the operation of the printing means. That is, the scanning operation proceeds entirely independently of the printing operation and the only interconnection is through the circuitry herein described.
  • the type of tape recorder and reader utilized employ eight channels corresponding in number to the number of drop generators 35, and the tape is thus capable of supplying information bytes of eight bits, with each of the bits in each byte being otherwise unrelated to each other and, in effect, controlling one of the drop generators.
  • the tape reader includes an internal tape generated clock which provides a read frequency signal on line 58, and suitable controls are also incorporated in the unit for starting, stopping and advancing, all of these controls being conventional and well known in the art.
  • the tape reader 30 is connected to unload information, a byte at a time, into a first or loading register 31, which in turn is connected to load information one byte at a time into a suitable memory 32, such as a typical core matrix memory.
  • the memory 32 is divided into two units, each capable of storing 2, 048 eight-bit bytes of information.
  • the memory output is connected to an unloading register 34 which handles output information from the memory one byte at a time and is connected to pass this information on through amplifiers 50 (and other suitable pulse shaping circuits which are not shown for purposes of simplification) to the charging rings of the coating drop generators 35.
  • the surface of the receiving member can be considered to be divided in matrix fashion, with the individual, parallel circumferential or helical scan lines followed by the drop generators 35 defining one set of parallel matrix coordinate lines and the other coordinate lines being defined by a second set of lines perpendicular to and at the same spacing as the first set of lines.
  • each coordinate position in the matrix can be divided into a, for example, 3 "x 3 submatrix containing nine coordinate positions so that density levels can be varied from white (no drops applied to the submatrix) to black (drops applied at all nine coordinate positions in the submatrix).
  • the input tape has the various densities recorded on it in piecewise serial fashion. For example, where a 3 X 3 submatrix is desired the tape must have three bits of information (corresponding to one submatrix column) serially recorded on one tape track. This is serially followed on the same track by three bits of information for the corresponding columns of all submatrices in the associated scan line. Serially following this are the three-bit sets for all second submatrix columns and then the threebit-sets for all third submatrix columns.
  • each track of the input tape carries information to enable an associated drop generator to control placement of drops within three adjacent three-drop-sets as the drop generator makes three successive passes over the drop receiving member. Three passes of any drop generator 35 then correspond to one scan of light source 17.
  • the format program (FIG. 1 block 21) reads the digitized density signals from converter 20 and performs a table look-up to convert each density (in the 3 X 3 example) to a nine bit binary code; each bit position corresponding to a submatrix square. Thereafter the converted density values are formatted in piecewise serial form as above described.
  • a load control AND gate 62 receives an enabling signal each time the load flip-flop 61 is set, and this AND gate has two additional inputs, one coming directly from the output of an oscillator 63, and the other coming from the output of a dividing flip-flop 64. Therefore, the AND gate 62 is enabled on every other output from the oscillator 63, provided the load flipflop 61 is set. An output from AND gate 62 produces a load signal to the memory 32, and also produces a reset or clear signal to the load flip-flop 61, thus immediately inhibiting AND gate 62. This circuit therefore permits the loading, one byte at a time, of information from register 31 into memory 32.
  • flip-flop 75 The output of flip-flop 75, the manually operated switch 76, and an output upon startup from encoder 77 in response to the sensing of a 30 fiducial mark 78 act as inputs to an AND gate 79. Therefore, to initiate the first printing operation switch 76 is closed and, as soon as fiducial mark 78 passes encoder 77, AND gate 79 is enabled to provide a set signal to the stop control flipflop 81. If at any time it is desired to stop the printing operation, the manually operated stop switch 82 can be operated to provide clear or reset signals to flip-flops 75 and 81. The set output of flip-flop 81 provides an enabling circuit to a print control AND gate 83.
  • the second input to AND gate 83 is from a revolution counter 84 which counts pulses corresponding to the rotational passage at circumferentially extending matrix positions beneath the drop generators 35 and generates an output to AND gate 83 when a number of such positions corresponding to the total circumference of the cylinder have passed.
  • the resulting output from AND gate 83 provides a set input to the print control flip-flop 86, and also provides a signal over line 87 to the OR gate 52, to again set the run control flip-flop 53, since it is now possible to commence a loading operation from the tape reader, with the printer beginning to use information from the memory 32.
  • AND gate 97 receives inputs from the oscillator 63, the dividing flip-flop 64 and the print flip-flop 86. However, the input from dividing fiip-flop 64 is received through an inverter 65 and therefore the pulses on which AND gate 97 is enabled are the opposite pulses from those on which AND gate 62 is enabled. In this manner the loading and unloading of the memory is interlaced.
  • Unloading from the memory into register 34 will continue as the register is available to receive additional bytes of information, and each transfer of one byte will add, via line 99, another count into the unload or frame counter 100, which has a capacity of 2,048.
  • this counter fills, it produces an output on line 101 to the clear or reset input of print control flip-flop 86, resulting in an inhibiting signal to the AND gate 97 and thereby preventing further transfer of pulses to the amplifiers 50 and memory 32 and unload register 34 until a signal from revolution counter 84 indicates that a number of axially extending matrix positions have passed equivalent to one complete revolution of cylinder 36. This will cause AND gate 83 to set the print flip-flop 86 and begin operation on the next scan over the receiving member.
  • Flip-flop 86 also produces an output signal to the clear input of counter 100 to reset this counter for further counting operations. This assures that each printing operation begins in a new scan at the same circumferential location, and assures proper alignment of successive strings of dots produced by successive scans of the receiving member past the drop projector. Centering of each dot within its assigned matrix or submatrix cell is accomplished by driving stimulators 38 in synchronism with the above described memory unloading operation. Also, the rotating drum 36 could be replaced by other means for repeatedly moving the receiving member past the drop generators.
  • Apparatus of the type described comprising:
  • c. means for controlling the retrieval of signals from said storing means in response to said oscillator signals.
  • said storing means comprises a multi-channel tape recorder
  • said parallel retrieval means comprises a multichannel tape reader.
  • a method of reproducing a graphic representation comprising the steps of:
  • said matrix of information comprises a submatrix of bit positions for each of said resolutions elements
  • the number of bits within said submatrix correspond to the density level of the associated resolution element.
  • said progressive movement of the receiving member in the first direction is performed in incremental steps in timed relation with the incremental shifting of the information streams.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Ink Jet (AREA)
  • Particle Formation And Scattering Control In Inkjet Printers (AREA)
  • Fax Reproducing Arrangements (AREA)
US90279A 1970-11-17 1970-11-17 Multiple head ink drop graphic generator Expired - Lifetime US3689693A (en)

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US9027970A 1970-11-17 1970-11-17

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US90279A Expired - Lifetime US3689693A (en) 1970-11-17 1970-11-17 Multiple head ink drop graphic generator

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US (1) US3689693A (cs)
JP (1) JPS5434289B1 (cs)
CA (1) CA957010A (cs)
DE (1) DE2157098C2 (cs)
FR (1) FR2114015B1 (cs)
GB (1) GB1368483A (cs)

Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4009332A (en) * 1976-06-28 1977-02-22 International Business Machines Corporation Memory management system for an ink jet copier
US4029006A (en) * 1975-06-26 1977-06-14 The Boeing Company Method and apparatus for printing indicia on a continuous, elongate, flexible three-dimensional member
US4051538A (en) * 1976-06-28 1977-09-27 International Business Machines Corporation Ink jet copier
FR2356516A1 (fr) * 1976-06-28 1978-01-27 Ibm Systeme d'impression a elements d'impression
US4084259A (en) * 1973-11-30 1978-04-11 The Mead Corporation Apparatus for dot matrix recording
US4084195A (en) * 1976-12-30 1978-04-11 International Business Machines Corporation Image data remapping system
DE2751534A1 (de) * 1976-11-22 1978-05-24 Ibm Tintenstrahl-drucker zum bustrophedonen drucken
DE2805606A1 (de) * 1977-02-28 1978-08-31 Ibm Tintenstrahldrucker mit selektivem druck bei unterschiedlicher aufloesung
US4112469A (en) * 1977-04-21 1978-09-05 The Mead Corporation Jet drop copying apparatus
DE2840279A1 (de) * 1977-09-15 1979-03-29 Mead Corp Tintenstrahldrucker
FR2410400A1 (fr) * 1977-11-28 1979-06-22 Mead Corp Copieur imprimant des matrices de points
US4198642A (en) * 1978-01-09 1980-04-15 The Mead Corporation Ink jet printer having interlaced print scheme
US4208666A (en) * 1978-10-23 1980-06-17 The Mead Corporation Multiple copy ink jet printer
US4225872A (en) * 1979-01-31 1980-09-30 The Mead Corporation Ink jet printer
US4232324A (en) * 1978-06-05 1980-11-04 International Business Machines Corporation Apparatus for arranging scanning heads for interlacing
US4259696A (en) * 1979-09-12 1981-03-31 The Mead Corporation Apparatus and method for jet drop copying with an array of jets and photodetectors
US4285507A (en) * 1979-01-31 1981-08-25 The Mead Corporation Ink jet printer
US4293863A (en) * 1979-09-12 1981-10-06 The Mead Corporation Ink jet printer with laterally movable print head
US4342051A (en) * 1979-04-27 1982-07-27 Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, Limited Method of and system for reproducing or transmitting half-tone images
DE3143562A1 (de) * 1980-12-15 1982-08-26 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minami-Ashigara, Kanagawa Farbstrahl-farbendruckeinrichtung
US4348682A (en) * 1981-06-19 1982-09-07 Xerox Corporation Linear ink jet deflection method and apparatus
US4395031A (en) * 1981-09-08 1983-07-26 The Webb Company Apparatus for printing books of signatures and method for same
US4538156A (en) * 1983-05-23 1985-08-27 At&T Teletype Corporation Ink jet printer
US4596990A (en) * 1982-01-27 1986-06-24 Tmc Company Multi-jet single head ink jet printer
US4686540A (en) * 1986-04-15 1987-08-11 Microdynamics, Inc. Compact plotter for generation of accurate plotted images of long length
US5028192A (en) * 1988-07-15 1991-07-02 Foote & Davies, Inc. Binding and collating techniques
US5864349A (en) * 1995-01-31 1999-01-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Recording apparatus with plural heads
US5868075A (en) * 1997-02-26 1999-02-09 Presstek, Inc. Method and apparatus for imaging a seamless print medium
USRE37862E1 (en) * 1985-01-31 2002-10-01 Thomas G. Hertz Method and apparatus for high resolution ink jet printing

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1027874A (en) * 1974-01-21 1978-03-14 The Mead Corporation Printing system
DE2812433A1 (de) * 1978-03-22 1979-09-27 Olympia Werke Ag Verfahren zur uebertragung von schwarz- weissen bildinformationen einer vorlage
GB2160736A (en) * 1983-04-19 1985-12-24 Xafax Corp Enlarging multicolour printing apparatus
GB2153617A (en) * 1983-04-19 1985-08-21 Paul Fuller Enlarging multicolour printing apparatus
AUPM478094A0 (en) * 1994-03-29 1994-04-21 Zhang, Weibin Scanner

Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3085132A (en) * 1960-08-17 1963-04-09 Drexel Dynamics Corp Digital computer data read-out system
US3272918A (en) * 1963-12-27 1966-09-13 Rudolf Hell Kommanditgesellsch Method of and apparatus for recording picture signals, obtained by scanning picture originals to be reproduced, with steadily variable reproduction scale
US3404221A (en) * 1965-10-22 1968-10-01 Arthur V. Loughren Controlled ink-jet copy-reproducing apparatus

Family Cites Families (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1059290A (en) * 1964-11-30 1967-02-15 Ellison Tufting Machinery Ltd Tufting machine pattern control system
US3588906A (en) * 1968-10-18 1971-06-28 Mead Corp Image construction system with clocked information input
US3560641A (en) * 1968-10-18 1971-02-02 Mead Corp Image construction system using multiple arrays of drop generators
US3604846A (en) * 1969-03-03 1971-09-14 Mead Corp Method and system for reconstruction of half-tone images

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3085132A (en) * 1960-08-17 1963-04-09 Drexel Dynamics Corp Digital computer data read-out system
US3272918A (en) * 1963-12-27 1966-09-13 Rudolf Hell Kommanditgesellsch Method of and apparatus for recording picture signals, obtained by scanning picture originals to be reproduced, with steadily variable reproduction scale
US3404221A (en) * 1965-10-22 1968-10-01 Arthur V. Loughren Controlled ink-jet copy-reproducing apparatus

Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4084259A (en) * 1973-11-30 1978-04-11 The Mead Corporation Apparatus for dot matrix recording
US4029006A (en) * 1975-06-26 1977-06-14 The Boeing Company Method and apparatus for printing indicia on a continuous, elongate, flexible three-dimensional member
US4009332A (en) * 1976-06-28 1977-02-22 International Business Machines Corporation Memory management system for an ink jet copier
US4051538A (en) * 1976-06-28 1977-09-27 International Business Machines Corporation Ink jet copier
FR2356516A1 (fr) * 1976-06-28 1978-01-27 Ibm Systeme d'impression a elements d'impression
DE2751534A1 (de) * 1976-11-22 1978-05-24 Ibm Tintenstrahl-drucker zum bustrophedonen drucken
US4084195A (en) * 1976-12-30 1978-04-11 International Business Machines Corporation Image data remapping system
DE2805606A1 (de) * 1977-02-28 1978-08-31 Ibm Tintenstrahldrucker mit selektivem druck bei unterschiedlicher aufloesung
US4112469A (en) * 1977-04-21 1978-09-05 The Mead Corporation Jet drop copying apparatus
FR2387776A1 (fr) * 1977-04-21 1978-11-17 Mead Corp Appareil d'impression par gouttes d'encre pour copier ou reproduire des documents
DE2840279A1 (de) * 1977-09-15 1979-03-29 Mead Corp Tintenstrahldrucker
FR2403193A1 (fr) * 1977-09-15 1979-04-13 Mead Corp Appareil d'impression par gouttes d'encre pour copier ou reproduire des documents
FR2410400A1 (fr) * 1977-11-28 1979-06-22 Mead Corp Copieur imprimant des matrices de points
US4198642A (en) * 1978-01-09 1980-04-15 The Mead Corporation Ink jet printer having interlaced print scheme
US4232324A (en) * 1978-06-05 1980-11-04 International Business Machines Corporation Apparatus for arranging scanning heads for interlacing
US4208666A (en) * 1978-10-23 1980-06-17 The Mead Corporation Multiple copy ink jet printer
US4225872A (en) * 1979-01-31 1980-09-30 The Mead Corporation Ink jet printer
US4285507A (en) * 1979-01-31 1981-08-25 The Mead Corporation Ink jet printer
US4342051A (en) * 1979-04-27 1982-07-27 Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, Limited Method of and system for reproducing or transmitting half-tone images
US4259696A (en) * 1979-09-12 1981-03-31 The Mead Corporation Apparatus and method for jet drop copying with an array of jets and photodetectors
US4293863A (en) * 1979-09-12 1981-10-06 The Mead Corporation Ink jet printer with laterally movable print head
DE3143562A1 (de) * 1980-12-15 1982-08-26 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minami-Ashigara, Kanagawa Farbstrahl-farbendruckeinrichtung
US4348682A (en) * 1981-06-19 1982-09-07 Xerox Corporation Linear ink jet deflection method and apparatus
US4395031A (en) * 1981-09-08 1983-07-26 The Webb Company Apparatus for printing books of signatures and method for same
US4596990A (en) * 1982-01-27 1986-06-24 Tmc Company Multi-jet single head ink jet printer
US4538156A (en) * 1983-05-23 1985-08-27 At&T Teletype Corporation Ink jet printer
EP0126479A3 (en) * 1983-05-23 1986-03-26 Teletype Corporation Ink jet printer
USRE37862E1 (en) * 1985-01-31 2002-10-01 Thomas G. Hertz Method and apparatus for high resolution ink jet printing
US4686540A (en) * 1986-04-15 1987-08-11 Microdynamics, Inc. Compact plotter for generation of accurate plotted images of long length
US5028192A (en) * 1988-07-15 1991-07-02 Foote & Davies, Inc. Binding and collating techniques
US5864349A (en) * 1995-01-31 1999-01-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Recording apparatus with plural heads
US5868075A (en) * 1997-02-26 1999-02-09 Presstek, Inc. Method and apparatus for imaging a seamless print medium

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA957010A (en) 1974-10-29
JPS5434289B1 (cs) 1979-10-25
DE2157098A1 (de) 1972-05-18
FR2114015A1 (cs) 1972-06-30
DE2157098C2 (de) 1981-12-10
GB1368483A (en) 1974-09-25
FR2114015B1 (cs) 1977-01-28

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AS Assignment

Owner name: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, A CORP. OF NY

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MEAD CORPORATION, THE;REEL/FRAME:004918/0208

Effective date: 19880531