US3683303A - Compound for electric devices - Google Patents

Compound for electric devices Download PDF

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US3683303A
US3683303A US61776A US3683303DA US3683303A US 3683303 A US3683303 A US 3683303A US 61776 A US61776 A US 61776A US 3683303D A US3683303D A US 3683303DA US 3683303 A US3683303 A US 3683303A
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organic
parts
loss factor
mixture
noise
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Hiroyoshi Ayano
Yasuaki Kibino
Hiroyoshi Sato
Yukihiko Ohta
Minoru Fukuhara
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/162—Selection of materials
    • G10K11/165—Particles in a matrix
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L67/00—Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L67/06—Unsaturated polyesters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L75/00—Compositions of polyureas or polyurethanes; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L75/04—Polyurethanes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/02—Casings
    • H01F27/022—Encapsulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/33—Arrangements for noise damping

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A method providing for the reduction of noise originating from core-and-coil elements of electrical devices by encasing the core-and-coil elements within a chemical compound combination comprising at least two organic compounds, the combination having large d-loss factor values at starting and stabilization temperatures, respectively, of the core-and-coil elements.
  • a typical mixture comprises an unsaturated polyester and a polyurethane.
  • This invention relates generally to the reduction of hum or other noises originating from magnetic actions occurring in the core-and-coil elements of electrical devices. It particularly concerns the reduction of such noises in the ballast elements of discharge lamps.
  • transformer hum originated from noises emitted from the core-and-coil elements of transformers or other electrical devices although it is characteristic of all electrical devices whose mechanisms include in part, a core-and-coil element. Such undesirable noises result from vibrational energy induced by electromagnetic forces inherent in the core-and-coil elements.
  • a discharge lamp may generally be defined as a lamp containing a low pressure gas or vapor which ionizes and emits light when an electric discharge occurs. Fluorescent materials are sometimes used on the inside of the glass envelope to increase the illumination, as in an ordinary fluorescent lamp.
  • Discharge lamp ballasts mainly consist of a core-andcoil element typically comprising a coil of copper wire wound on a core of thin iron stampings.
  • the two main functions of such ballasts are to give the high-voltage inductive kick necessary to start the lamp when the current passing through the lamp is interrupted, and to maintain the current through the lamp within the proper range once the lamp is started.
  • Ballasts are designed for the particular wattage and voltage of the lamp in which they are to be used.
  • Noise or transformer hum from such ballasts is caused by vibration due to the magnetic action in the ballast core-and-coil element and is aggravated when the vibrations are transmitted to the supporting frame of the metallic panel.
  • Noise is generally generated by magnetostrictive changes in the dimensions of the core, by vibration of the core, and by stray magnetic fields causing vibration of the ballast case or even of the fitting in which the ballast is mounted.
  • Another solution has called for encasing the ballast within a resinous compound.
  • this solution reduces noise only in certain limited temperature intervals within the operating temperature range of the ballast.
  • the operating temperature range of a ballast will vary from about C. to about 130 C.
  • ballast starting temperatures of about 0 C. to about 30 C. and stabilization temperatures of about to about 1 30 C.
  • the auditory sense is very conscious of noise emitted when a lamp is first turned on due to the abrupt interruption in the relatively noise-free environment.
  • the auditory sense also becomes very sensitive to noise emitted by discharge lamps after their stabilization due to annoyingly continuous repetitious sound.
  • the time period between such starting and stabilization temperatures is very short. Therefore, any noise existing therebetween is of little significance in terms of a nuisance value. Consequently while all of the listed proposed solutions are somewhat effective, ballast noise annoyingly remains.
  • ballast noise associated with discharge lamps during that period of time when it is most annoying to auditory sensitivity, i.e., upon starting the discharge lamp and after the discharge lamp has stabilized.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing loss factor as a function of compound temperature for illustrative thermoplastic and therrnosetting resins.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing loss factor as a function of compound temperature for an illustrative organic mixture typical of this invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing loss factor as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester resin and a polyurethane.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing loss factor as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and an asphalt.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for a polyurethane.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for pitch.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an unsaturated polyester resin.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between noise and the d loss factor.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and a polyurethane.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and a blown asphalt.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and a polyurethane.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and a polyurethane.
  • FIG. 13 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and a polyurethane.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and a polyurethane.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and a blown asphalt.
  • FIG. 16 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and a straight asphalt.
  • FIG. 17 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an organic compound combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and gilsonite.
  • FIG. 18 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an organic combination comprising an unsaturated polyester and a blown asphalt.
  • FIG. 19 is a graph showing noise level as a function of compound temperature for an unsaturated polyester.
  • FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a contained coreand-coil element being charged with a resinous mixture.
  • FIG. 21 shows a cross sectional view of an electrical device containing a core-and-coil element, charged with a uniform resinous mixture.
  • FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a dissassembled electrical device containing a core-and-coil element encased within separately molded resinous plates.
  • FIG. 1 shows d loss factor values which will be defined below for two different organic compounds as a function of temperature.
  • Curve A associated with a thermoplastic resin shows a maximum d loss factor value at about 20 C.
  • Curve B associated with a therrnosetting resin shows a high d loss factor value at about 130 C.
  • d loss factor values for a given organic compound may be employed as a measure of the conversion ratio of vibrational energy to heat energy. Therefore, as d increases a larger proportionate amount of vibrational energy is dissipated in the form of heat energy and consequently a smaller amount of vibrational energy is transmitted through the organic compound.
  • therrnosetting compound as an encasing compound will reduce noise at stabilization temperatures of about 70-130 C. due to its high d loss factor values at such temperatures, it will not eflectively reduce noise at starting temperatures of about 030 C. due to its low d loss factor values at such temperatures; and consequently there will be a small conversion of vibrational energy to heat energy at such starting temperatures.
  • the thermoplastic compound will reduce noise at starting temperatures of about 0-30 C., it will not effectively reduce noise at stabilization temperatures of about 70-130 C, due to its low d loss factor value at the stabilization temperatures. Consequently, neither compound will effectivelyreduce noises at both starting and' stabilization temperatures. Furthermore, if the magnitude of the d loss factor values is too low there will be a low degree of conversion of vibrational energy to heat energy.
  • FIG. 5 shows that noise reduction was initially efiective at starting temperatures but as the temperature of the compound rose, noises increased.
  • FIG. 6 shows efiective noise reduction at starting temperatures but as the compound temperatures increased, so did noise.
  • FIG. 7 shows effective noise reduction at stabilization temperatures but high noise levels at starting temperatures.
  • sound emission from core-and-coil elements of electrical devices is effectively reduced by disposing a material comprising the combination of first and second organic members around the core-and-coil element such that it is substantially encased by the material.
  • the first organic member must have a maximum d loss factor value, preferably greater than about 0.06, over the temperature range of about 0 C. to about 130 C., in the starting temperature interval of the core-and-coil element.
  • the second organic member must have a maximum d loss factor value, preferably greater than 0.06, over the temperature range of about 0 C. to about 130 C., in the stabilized temperature interval of the core-and-coil element.
  • the material comprising the first and second organic members will have a maximum d loss factor value over the temperature range of about 0 C. to about 130 C. in the starting and stabilization temperature intervals.
  • the overall effect produced by the prepared material when it is applied as an encasing agent of core-and-coil elements is to effectively reduce noise over the temperature intervals where the human auditory sense is most perceptive.
  • the d loss factor values for the organic compounds constituting the organic compound combination are preferably greater than about 0.06. This value was arrived at by first determining the noise level generated by the core-and-coil element of discharge lamps, which is annoying to the users of such lamps when installed in such locations as general ofiices, libraries and the like. The majority of users became particularly annoyed at noise levels of 16 phons or more. Being aware of this value experiments were conducted in which three different organic compounds having known varying d loss factor values were respectively placed within the ballasts of three lighting fixtures, each having two 40-watt fluorescent lamps whose source voltages and frequencies were 100 volts and 60 cps respectively.
  • d loss factor values are a measure of the conversion of vibrational energy to heat energy.
  • the stress applied to the elastic material is proportional to the strain as given by:
  • ais stress, 6 is strain and E is a modulus of elasticity generally referred to as Youngs Modulus.
  • the strain alternates but is out of phase with the stress.
  • the stress can be decomposed vectorially into two components, one in phase with the strain and one out of phase with the strain. When these vectors are divided by the strain, the modulus, given as E, is separated into an in (real) and out-of-phase (imaginary) component given by:
  • j is the imaginary unit T and d referred to herein as the d loss factor value is the tangent value of the phase angle 8 which is a dimensionless parameter conveying no physical magnitude, but rather a measure of the ratio of energy loss to energy stored in a cyclic formation. It has been discovered that this relationship can also be stated as a measure of the conversion ratio of the vibrational energy to the heat energy.
  • the d loss factor value for a given compound may be determined by specifically designed commercially available equipment.
  • the basic apparatus used in determining the reported d loss factor values of this invention is identified as the Complex Modulus Apparatus 3930 manufactured by Briiel and Kjaer of Naerum, Denmark. Instructions and basic specifications for utilizing the Complex Modulus Apparatus in obtaining d loss factor values may be found in an operation manual published by the manufacturer entitled Instructions and Applications, Complex Modulus Apparatus Type 3930, dated 1964, the disclosures of which are included herein by reference.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown the (1 loss factor value as function of temperature for an organic mixture typical of that used in this invention. It should be noted that the organic compound combination exhibits high d loss factor values at both starting and stabilization temperature intervals, i.e., at about 0l30 C. and l 30 C. respectively. With such a combination effective sound reduction will exist at both starting and stabilization temperatures of the core-and-coil elements of electrical devices.
  • the ballast elements for each of five different two 40-watt fluorescent lamps measured at temperatures of C., 20 C., 60 C. and
  • unsaturated polyester resins are unsaturated polyester resins, and most preferably those unsaturated polyester resins which have d loss factor values greater than about 0.06 at temperatures equivalent to stabilization temperatures of the coreand-coil elements they are to encase.
  • unsaturated polyesters are generally well known in the art. They are typically prepared by reacting an unsaturated polybasic acid with a polyhydric alcohol. Unsaturated polybasic acids particularly suitable in preparing the unsaturated polyester resins employed in this invention are maleic anhydride, adipic acid, succinic acid and phthalic acid. Particularly suitable polyhydric alcohols are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Once the polyester has been formed, a vinyl monomer such as vinyl tolylene, divinyl benzene, or styrene may be added as a cross linking agent and thereby copolymerize with the unsaturated polyester.
  • a vinyl monomer such as vinyl tolylene, divinyl benzene, or styrene may be added as a cross linking agent and thereby copolymerize with the unsaturated polyester.
  • a setting catalyst may be, for example, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide or a mixture of one of the listed peroxide catalysts with either dimethyl aniline or diethyl aniline.
  • EXAMPLE A A reaction mixture comprising i.0 moles of maleic anhydride 1.0 moles of phthalic anhydride and 2.2 moles of diethylene glycol was reacted in carbonic acid gas flow at -l20 C. for 9 hours. An unsaturated polyester of oxidation No. 3.1 was obtained. Six hundred and thirty grams of this unsaturated polyester were dissolved in 470 grams of styrene together with 150 milligrams of hydroquinone. A cross linked unsaturated polyester was obtained.
  • EXAMPLE B A reaction mixture comprising 1.3 moles of maleic anhydric 0.7 moles of adipic acid, and 2.2 moles of propylene glycol was reacted in a carbonic acid gas flow at l70220 C. for 8 hours. The mixture was further reacted for 1 hour at 220 C. under a reduced pressure of 150 mm. Hg. An unsaturated polyester of oxidation No. 8.6 was obtained. This polyester was dissolved in styrene containing 220 ppm of hydroquinone. A cross linked, unsaturated polyester containing 40 percent styrene was obtained.
  • EXAMPLE C A reaction mixture comprising 1.0 moles of phthalic anhydride 1.0 moles of adipic acid, 2.2 moles of diethylene glycol, and 2.2 moles of ethylene glycol was reacted in a carbonic acid gas flow at 160-205 C. for 7 hours. An unsaturated polyester resin having an oxidation No. of 6.4 was obtained. The unsaturated polyester was cooled to 100 C. Subsequent to cooling, 1 mole of maleic anhydride and 170 milligrams of hydroquinone were added. This mixture was reacted for 6 hours at a temperature of l220 C. and then for 1 hour at 220 C. under a reduced pressure of mm. Hg. The resulting unsaturated polyester had an oxidation No. of 10.1. This polyester was then cooled to C. Styrene was added thereto so as to produce a cross-linked unsaturated polyester resin containing 40 percent styrene.
  • polyurethane resins exhibiting high d loss factor values sufiicient to effectively reduce core-and-coil noise at starting temperatures
  • polyurethane resins asphalts, oils and fats.
  • polyurethane resins, asphalts, oils and fats which have d loss factor values greater than about 0.06 at temperatures equivalent to the starting temperatures of the core-and-coil elements they will encase.
  • polyurethane resins typically used in preparing the organic mixture of this invention may be produced by the reaction of di-or polyfunctional hydroxyl compounds with di-or polyfunctional isocyanates.
  • l-lydroxyl terminated polyesters of polyethers and more specifically polyols such as castor oil, glycerine or pentaerythritol are some examples of the polyfunctional hydroxyl compounds.
  • the isocyanates normally used are the diisocyanates which are typically mixtures of tolylene diisocyanate isomers.
  • Cross-linked polymers having repeated urethane or urethane derived linkages may also be used. It may be necessary to solidify the polyurethanes prior to their use, and this may be accomplished by the addition of a setting catalyst to the polyurethane.
  • setting catalysts are N, N, N, N'- tetramethyl-l.3butanediamine and dimethyl ethanolamine.
  • Typical oils and fats which exhibit high d loss factor values sufficient to reduce the noise of core-and-coil elements at starting temperatures are tung oil, linseed oil, cuttlefish oil, rape oil and the like. 7
  • the organic compound mixture or combination may be used in any of a number of different physical forms. For example, it may vary from a substantially homogeneous mixture of two organic compounds to a two-plate assembly in a face-to-face relationship where the first plate comprises the organic compound having high d loss factor values at starting temperatures and the second plate comprises the organic compound having high d loss factor values at stabilization temperatures.
  • the proportionate amount of the first and second organic members will vary with the particular organic mixture being prepared. However, such proportionate amounts will normally vary, on a 100 parts by weight basis, from about 25 to about 99 parts, preferably about 50-90 parts, of organic compound having high d loss factor values at stabilization temperatures, and from about 1 I to about 75 parts, preferably about 10-50 parts, of organic compound having high d loss factor values at starting temperatures.
  • the optimum mixing ratio for unsaturated polyester resin and asphalt is 10 to 99 parts by weight of the former to 30 parts by weight of the latter.
  • Inorganic fillers such as calcium carbonate, clay, quartz, sand, silica powder or combinations thereof are preferably added to the organic mixtures of this invention in amounts equal to about 40 to about 80 percent as based on the total weight of the organic members responsible for noise reduction. Such fillers to not influence the d loss factor values.
  • an inorganic salt or salts having water of crystallization in the organic combination.
  • the danger from electrical fires arising from voltage overload in the core-and-coil element of an electrical device is greatly reduced.
  • the inorganic salt discharges its water of crystallization in the form of water vapor; consequently, the probability of excessive heat generation is reduced due to the removal of heat by the vaporization of the water of crystallization.
  • inorganic hydrated salts such as chloride salts may influence catalytic action and thereby adversely affect the setting of the organic compound(s).
  • These salts are preferably used in amounts of about 10 to about 40 percent by weight as based on the total weight of the organic members responsible for noise reduction.
  • FIG. 20 shows a transformer 3 and a condenser 4 contained within a case 2 covered with a lid 1 being encased within an organic mixture 5 of this invention by pouring the mixture 5 from a mixture tank 6 into the case 2.
  • the organic mixture 5 is shown as being poured in a dry state.
  • the ingredients must be carefully chosen to ensure mixture fluidity. For example the use of excessive amounts of silica will reduce fluidity as will certain organic compounds such as epoxy urethane rubber.
  • the mixture 5 may be added to the case 2 in a wet state if the setting catalysts are added to the mixture while it is in the case 2; this procedure insures that'the organic mixture will completely fill all the void space within the case 2 and removes mixture fluidity considerations.
  • FIG. 21 illustrates the completed electrical transformer assembly prepared by the process illustrated in FIG. 20, including a transformer core-and-coil element 3 which is completely encased within the organic mixture 5 of this invention.
  • the organic compound mixture of this invention may also take the form of a two-plate assembly.
  • the material comprising the combination of the first and second organic members is in the form of plate assemblies comprising at least two plates in a face-to-face relationship.
  • the first plate comprises the first organic member defined above; the second plate comprises the second organic member also defined above.
  • the plate assemblies are disposed around the core-and-coil element of said electric device by placing at least one of them along each side of the core-and-coil element.
  • FIG. 22 shows six plate assemblies 8, 9, 10, ll, 12 and 13 each being made up of a pair of separate plates 6 and 7 in face-to-face relationship.
  • the plates 6 and 7 may be either separable or permanently attached to one another.
  • Plate 6 comprises an organic material possessing a high d loss factor value at starting temperatures
  • plate 7 comprises an organic material possessing a high d loss factor value at stabilization temperatures.
  • the six plate assemblies 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 are constructed to fit snugly between the sides, lid and bottom of the case 2, and the sides, top and bottom, respectively, of the transformer 3 so that the transformer 3 is completely encased by the assemblies 8, 9, 10, ll, 12 and 13 after they are positioned in the case 2.
  • the use of the two-plate assemblies provides several advantageous features. For instance, since the organic compounds are molded into plates a large amount of inorganic filler substance such as silica powder can be mixed with the organic compound without being limited by fluidity considerations of the final composition since as noted above excessive amounts of silica in a mixture will reduce its fluidity.
  • the plate construction also permits the use of organic compounds having a low fluidity. These compounds could not otherwise be used since their low fluidity would prevent efficient encasement of a core-and-coil element when the organic combination is added to a transformer case in the form of a uniform mixture.
  • An example of a low-fluidity organic compound is epoxy urethane rubber.
  • Yet another feature of this embodiment is that it facilitates the use of organic compounds which are difficult to set when in combination with other organic compounds. For example, by using separately constructed plates and unsaturated polyester and tung oil may be used in combination. Furthermore, in some cases the setting catalysts or promoters for two different resins have reciprocal actions on one another, such as competitive reactions, and/or have different setting velocities thereby preventing their combined use. All of the above problems may be avoided by separately molding the combined organic compounds in the form of plates.
  • EXAMPLE I One hundred parts of unsaturated polyester resin, 20 parts of polyol having a hydroxyl value of 500, 20 parts of tolylene diisocyanate and 0.5 parts of a 6 percent cobalt napthenate solution were mixed together. Subsequent to mixing, 0.5 parts of dimethylethanol amine were added and mixed. To this mixture was added l part of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide once again followed with mixing. Subsequent to mixing, 200 parts of No. 6 silica sand and parts of 5 p. silica powder were also added and mixed. This final mixture was placed in a ballast for two 40-watt fluorescent lamps and was heated at 50 C. for 1 hour in order to promote setting.
  • the relationship between the d loss factor value and temperature for this particular encasing organic combination is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the maximum d loss factor value resulting from the urethane ingredient appears at about 0 C. and the largest d loss factor value resulting from the unsaturated polyester appears at about 100 C.
  • EXAMPLE II Fifty parts blown asphalt were dissolved in 50 parts of styrene. To this mixture was added 100 parts of unsaturated polyester resin, 1 part of a 6 percent cobalt napthenate solution and one part of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. The resulting mixture was well stirred and placed into a ballast for a 400-watt mercury lamp and was left standing at 60 C. for 1.5 hours to permit it to set. The relationship between the d loss factor value and the temperature for this particular organic compound combination is shown in FIG. 4. It should be noted that the largest value resulting from the blown asphalt appears at about 0 C. and the largest d loss factor value resulting from the unsaturated polyester appears at about 100 C.
  • EXAMPLE III Eighty parts of unsaturated polyester containing 40 percent by weightstyrene, 10 parts of a polyol having a hydroxyl value of 500, 9 parts of tolylene diisocyanate, 1 part of benzoyl peroxide and 300 parts of silica powder ranging from to 200 mesh, were mixed together. The mixture was heated at 60 C. for 30 minutes so that it would set. A ballast for two 40-watt fluorescent lamps was charged with this mixture. The lamps were lit and noises emitted from the ballast were measured as a function of compound temperature at a 2 meter distance from the ballast with a precision noise meter. The results as given in FIG. 9 show effective noise reduction to levels varying from about 9 to ll phons throughout the operating temperatures of the ballast corresponding to encasing organic compound combination temperatures of about 0 to 100 C.
  • EXAMPLE IV A mixture comprising 90 parts of unsaturated polyester in a 55 percent by weight styrene solution, 10 parts of blown asphalt, 2 parts of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide in 60 percent by weight dimethyl phthalate, 1
  • EXAMPLE V mixture and noises were measured (with a precision noise meter) as a function of compound temperature at a 2 meter distance from the ballast after the lamps were turned on.
  • the results given in FIG. 11 show effective noise reduction to levels varying from about 9 to about 12 phons throughout the operating temperatures of the ballast corresponding to encasing organic compound combination temperatures of about 0 to 100 C
  • EXAMPLE VI Two-hundred and fifty parts of silica powder (100-250 mesh) were mixed with 100 parts of a mixture prepared by mixing 75 parts of unsaturated polyester resin, 15 parts of polyether resin having a molecular weight of 500, 10 parts of tolylene diisocyanate, 0.1 parts of dimethyl aniline and 1.5 parts of benzoyl peroxide.
  • the mixture was placed in a ballast for a 250-watt mercury lamp and was heated at 60 C. for 30 minutes so that it would set.
  • the lamp was lit and noises emitted from the ballasts were measured as a function of compound temperature at a 2 meter distance from the ballast with a precision noise meter.
  • the results given in FIG. 12 show noise reduction at slightly higher noise levels varying between and phons over the operating temperatures of the ballast corresponding to the encasing compound combination temperatures of about 0 to 100 C. While these noise levels are slightly higher than the others noted, noises were reduced to a non-annoying level.
  • silica powder 100-250 mesh
  • 100 parts of a mixture prepared by mixing 40 parts of unsaturated polyester, 50 parts of castor oil, 10 parts of tolylene diisocyanate, one part of benzoyl peroxide and one-fifteenth parts of dimethyl aniline.
  • the mixture was placed in a 40-watt sequence ballast for two fluorescent lamps and was heated at 50 C. for 60 minutes so that it would set.
  • the lamps were lit and noises emitted from the encased ballast were measured as a function of compound temperature at a 2 meter distance from the ballast with a precision noise meter.
  • the results given in FIG. 13 shows noise reduction to levels varying from about 13 to 15 phons over the operating temperatures of the ballast corresponding to encasing organic compound combination temperatures of about 0 to 100 C.
  • EXAMPLE vm Two-hundred and seventy parts of silica powder (l00-250 mesh) were mixed with 100 parts of a mixture prepared by mixing parts of unsaturated polyester containing 55 percent by weight styrene, 5 parts of polyol having a molecular weight of 500, 5 parts of tolylene diisocyanate, 1.5 parts of benzoyl peroxide and 0.2 parts of diethyl aniline.
  • This mixture was placed into a sequence ballast for two 40-watt fluorescent lamps and was heated at 20 C. for 2 hours so that it would set. The lamps were lit and noises emitted from the encased ballast were measured as a function of compound temperature at a 2 meter distance from the ballast with a precision noise meter.
  • the results given in FIG. 14 show eflective noise reduction to levels varying from about 15 to 16 phons over the operating temperatures of the ballast corresponding to encasing organic compound combination temperatures of about 0 to C.
  • EXAMPLE X Eighty-four parts of unsaturated polyester resin and 2 parts of benzoyl peroxide were added and mixed to 26 parts of a solution prepared by mixing 12 parts of blown asphalt and 55 parts of styrene. To this mixture was added 250 parts of a mixture comprising calcium carbonate and glass fibers in a 5:1 weight ratio. The resulting mixture was placed in a ballast for two 40- watt fluorescent lamps and was left standing at 60 C. for 40 minutes to be set. The fluorescent lamps were lit and noises emitted from the encased ballast were measured as a function of the compound temperature two meters from the ballast with a precision noise meter. The results given in FIG. 15 show noise reduction to levels varying from about 14 to about 18 phons over the operating temperatures of the ballast corresponding to encasing organic compound temperatures of about 0 to 100C. 4
  • EXAMPLE Xl Thirty parts of a solution prepared by mixing 50 parts of straight asphalt and 50 parts of styrene were added and mixed to a mixture containing 100 parts of unsaturated polyester resin, 0.5 parts of diethyl aniline and 2 parts of benzoyl peroxide. To this mixture was added parts of No. 6 silica sand and 100 parts of clay. The resulting mixture was placed in a sequence ballast for two 40-watt fluorescent lamps and heated at 60 C. for 1 hour. Subsequent to setting, the fluorescent lamps were lit and noises emitted from the ballast were measured as a function of compound temperature 2 meters from the ballast with a precision noise meter. The results given in FIG.
  • the final mixture was placed in a ballast for two 40-watt fluorescent lamps and left standing at 50 C. for 1.5 hours to be set.
  • the fluorescent lamps were lit and noises emitted from the ballast were measured as a function of compound temperature 2 meters from the ballast with a precision noise meter.
  • the results given in FIG. 17 show effective noise reduction to levels of about 8 to 12 phons over the operating temperatures of the ballast corresponding to encasing organic compound temperatures of about to 100 C.
  • EXAMPLE XIII Fifteen parts of a solution prepared by dissolving 40 parts of blown asphalt in 60 parts of styrene were mixed with 85 parts of unsaturated polyester resin and 1.8 parts of benzoyl peroxide. To this mixture was added 200 parts of silica powder and 100 parts of aluminum hydroxide followed with stirring. This final mixture was placed in ten sequence ballasts each ballast being for two 40-watt fluorescent lamps. The charged ballasts were left standing at 60 C. for 1 hour to be set. The lamps were lit and noises emitted from the ballast were measured as a function of compound temperature 2 meters from the ballast with a precision noise meter. The results given in FIG.
  • COMPARATIVE TEST In order to determine the noise reduction properties of the combination prepared in Example XIII without any blown asphalt, 85 parts of unsaturated polyester and 1.8 parts of benzoyl peroxide wereadded and mixed with parts of styrene. Also, in order to determine the affect of hydrated aluminum hydroxide in with a precision noise meter. The results given in FIG. 19 show only partial effective noise reduction since noise reduction at low organic compound combination temperatures in the 0 C. vicinity is about 27 phons.
  • EXAMPLE XIV In producing the organic combination in the form of a two-plate assembly, the first plate of the'organic combination responsible for high d loss factor values at starting temperatures was prepared by mixing 100 grams of tung oil, 20 grams of ferric chloride and 500 grams of silica powder. This mixture was then molded into the form of a plate.
  • the plate component responsible for providing high d loss factor values at stabilization temperatures was produced by mixing 100 grams of unsaturated polyester, 1 gram of benzoyl peroxide, 5 grams of diethyl aniline and 600 grams of silica powder and subsequently molding the mixture into the form of a plate.
  • EXAMPLE XV A plate providing high d loss factor values at starting temperatures was molded from a mixture comprising 100 grams of castor oil, 25 grams of tolylene diisocyanate and 600 grams of silica powder. Similarly, a plate providing high d loss factor values at stabilization temperatures was molded from a mixture comprising 100 grams of unsaturated polyester, one gram of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, 1 gram of cobalt napthenate and 500 grams of silica powder. The result ing two plates were used in combination to form the two plate assembly of this invention.
  • a material disposed around said .core-and-coil element for reducing said noises comprising a physical combination of a first organic member selected from the group consisting of polyurethane resins and a second organic member selected from the group consisting of unsaturated polyester resins.
  • the electric device of claim 1 wherein the first organic member has a maximum d loss factor value greater than 0.06 in the starting temperature range of from 0 to 30 C. and the second organic member has a maximum (1 loss factor value greater than 0.06 in the stabilized temperature range of from to C.
  • the inorganic member having water of crystallization is selected from the group consisting of CaO- SH O, SiO 8H O, BaO' 8H O, SnCl- 8H O, BaCl 2H O, CuSO; 3H O and combinations thereof.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
  • Macromonomer-Based Addition Polymer (AREA)
  • Insulating Of Coils (AREA)
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JP2107166 1966-04-04
JP6565566 1966-10-07
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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4584233A (en) * 1983-12-12 1986-04-22 Chevron Research Company Patch for urethane-based membrane and method
US4724613A (en) * 1985-04-26 1988-02-16 Pickering Electronics Limited Method of making potted electronic components
US4806895A (en) * 1987-10-08 1989-02-21 Zenith Electronics Corporation Toroidal coil mount
FR2661036A1 (fr) * 1990-03-21 1991-10-18 Herion Werke Kg Dispositif enrobe.
US5072158A (en) * 1990-10-16 1991-12-10 Ilc Technology, Inc. Silent lamp igniter
US5777537A (en) * 1996-05-08 1998-07-07 Espey Mfg. & Electronics Corp. Quiet magnetic structures such as power transformers and reactors
EP0848392A4 (en) * 1995-09-01 1999-08-18 Mitsui Chemicals Inc MAGNETIC CORE IN CASE
WO2007025942A1 (en) * 2005-08-29 2007-03-08 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Integrated process for the preparation of a polyester resin
US20070100121A1 (en) * 2005-08-29 2007-05-03 Evert Van Der Heide Integrated process for the preparation of a polyester resin
US20140145667A1 (en) * 2012-11-29 2014-05-29 Phasetronics, Inc. Resin-encapsulated current limiting reactor
WO2018009452A1 (en) * 2016-07-08 2018-01-11 Basf Se Hybrid composition

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US1769906A (en) * 1929-12-27 1930-07-01 Gen Electric Electrical transformer
US2414525A (en) * 1944-02-25 1947-01-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Process of applying insulation
US2464568A (en) * 1945-05-14 1949-03-15 Gen Electric Electrical coil insulated with thermoplastic particles and thermoset polymer
US2484215A (en) * 1946-08-30 1949-10-11 Westinghouse Electric Corp Synthetic resin compositions
US2788499A (en) * 1956-05-23 1957-04-09 New York Transformer Co Inc Transformer construction
US3102246A (en) * 1958-12-17 1963-08-27 Mc Graw Edison Co Noise reducing means for transformer
US3163838A (en) * 1962-03-28 1964-12-29 Gen Electric Inductive device employing foamed resin thermal barrier
US3211695A (en) * 1960-11-23 1965-10-12 Gen Electric Coating composition from a mixture of an epoxy resin and two polyester resins
US3235825A (en) * 1963-01-02 1966-02-15 Gen Electric Electrical coils and insulation systems therefor
US3319203A (en) * 1961-04-07 1967-05-09 Sherwin Williams Co Filler for fluorescent ballast
US3403367A (en) * 1963-02-19 1968-09-24 Sherwin Williams Co Potted ballast transformer
US3488616A (en) * 1967-04-18 1970-01-06 Gen Electric Dry type transformer with improved encapsulating composition

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DE461493C (de) * 1926-11-07 1928-06-22 I G Farbenindustrie Akt Ges Elektrisch isolierende Masse fuer den Bau von Trennwaenden u. dgl.
DE875053C (de) * 1951-03-02 1953-04-30 Bayer Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Verguss-, Tauch- und Spritzmassen
DE1046878B (de) * 1954-07-28 1958-12-18 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Erhoehung des Schmelzpunktes und Aufhebung der Loeslichkeit von Massenauf Basis natuerlicher Wachse oder bituminoeser Stoffe

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1769906A (en) * 1929-12-27 1930-07-01 Gen Electric Electrical transformer
US2414525A (en) * 1944-02-25 1947-01-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Process of applying insulation
US2464568A (en) * 1945-05-14 1949-03-15 Gen Electric Electrical coil insulated with thermoplastic particles and thermoset polymer
US2484215A (en) * 1946-08-30 1949-10-11 Westinghouse Electric Corp Synthetic resin compositions
US2788499A (en) * 1956-05-23 1957-04-09 New York Transformer Co Inc Transformer construction
US3102246A (en) * 1958-12-17 1963-08-27 Mc Graw Edison Co Noise reducing means for transformer
US3211695A (en) * 1960-11-23 1965-10-12 Gen Electric Coating composition from a mixture of an epoxy resin and two polyester resins
US3319203A (en) * 1961-04-07 1967-05-09 Sherwin Williams Co Filler for fluorescent ballast
US3163838A (en) * 1962-03-28 1964-12-29 Gen Electric Inductive device employing foamed resin thermal barrier
US3235825A (en) * 1963-01-02 1966-02-15 Gen Electric Electrical coils and insulation systems therefor
US3403367A (en) * 1963-02-19 1968-09-24 Sherwin Williams Co Potted ballast transformer
US3488616A (en) * 1967-04-18 1970-01-06 Gen Electric Dry type transformer with improved encapsulating composition

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4584233A (en) * 1983-12-12 1986-04-22 Chevron Research Company Patch for urethane-based membrane and method
US4724613A (en) * 1985-04-26 1988-02-16 Pickering Electronics Limited Method of making potted electronic components
US4806895A (en) * 1987-10-08 1989-02-21 Zenith Electronics Corporation Toroidal coil mount
FR2661036A1 (fr) * 1990-03-21 1991-10-18 Herion Werke Kg Dispositif enrobe.
US5138292A (en) * 1990-03-21 1992-08-11 Herion Werke Kg Encapsulated apparatus
US5072158A (en) * 1990-10-16 1991-12-10 Ilc Technology, Inc. Silent lamp igniter
EP0848392A4 (en) * 1995-09-01 1999-08-18 Mitsui Chemicals Inc MAGNETIC CORE IN CASE
US6070317A (en) * 1996-05-08 2000-06-06 Espey Mfg. & Electronics Corp. Quiet magnetic structures
US5777537A (en) * 1996-05-08 1998-07-07 Espey Mfg. & Electronics Corp. Quiet magnetic structures such as power transformers and reactors
WO2007025942A1 (en) * 2005-08-29 2007-03-08 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Integrated process for the preparation of a polyester resin
US20070100121A1 (en) * 2005-08-29 2007-05-03 Evert Van Der Heide Integrated process for the preparation of a polyester resin
US20070100087A1 (en) * 2005-08-29 2007-05-03 Evert Van Der Heide Integrated process for the preparation of a polyester resin
US20140145667A1 (en) * 2012-11-29 2014-05-29 Phasetronics, Inc. Resin-encapsulated current limiting reactor
WO2018009452A1 (en) * 2016-07-08 2018-01-11 Basf Se Hybrid composition
CN109689722A (zh) * 2016-07-08 2019-04-26 巴斯夫欧洲公司 混杂组合物
US11053344B2 (en) * 2016-07-08 2021-07-06 Basf Se Hybrid composition

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BE696579A (forum.php) 1967-09-18
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NL6704685A (forum.php) 1967-10-05

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