US3666458A - Process for transferring electrostatic charge images - Google Patents

Process for transferring electrostatic charge images Download PDF

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Publication number
US3666458A
US3666458A US879463A US3666458DA US3666458A US 3666458 A US3666458 A US 3666458A US 879463 A US879463 A US 879463A US 3666458D A US3666458D A US 3666458DA US 3666458 A US3666458 A US 3666458A
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United States
Prior art keywords
layer
volts
image
photoconductor
charge
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Expired - Lifetime
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US879463A
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English (en)
Inventor
Reinhold Arneth
Hans Trittler
Jurgen Emig
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Kalle GmbH and Co KG
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Kalle GmbH and Co KG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/14—Transferring a pattern to a second base
    • G03G13/18—Transferring a pattern to a second base of a charge pattern
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/22—Processes involving a combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
    • G03G5/0601—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds
    • G03G5/0618—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
    • G03G5/07—Polymeric photoconductive materials
    • G03G5/071—Polymeric photoconductive materials obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process for the electrophotographic production of copies by transferring an electrostatic charge image from a photoconductor layer on a conductive support onto a dielectric layer on a conductive support, the dielectric layer being in virtual contact with the photoconductor layer, separating the layers from each other, developing the transferred latent charge image by electrophotographic dry or liquid development, and then fixing the same if desired, the photoconductor layer comprising organic charge transfer complexes and being capable, in a thickness of 8 to 15p, of being charged to 800 to'1,600 volts and the exposed layer having a voltage of atleast about 500 volts in the image areas and not more than about v300 volts in the non-image areas.
  • This invention relates to a process for the electrophotographic production of copies by transferring electrostatic charge images from a photoconductor layer carried on a conductive support onto a dielectric layer provided with a conductive support, which latter layer is in virtual contact with the photoconductor layer, separating the layers from one another, and developing the transferred latent charge image by electrophotographic dry or liquid de- States Patent Patented May 30,1972
  • the layers have an excess charge of the same polarityas thetoner (same polarity as the non-image areas) and they firmly adhere to one another upon superimposition. Furthermore, thecopies obtained are not free from scumming since the toner, due to fric tion at the layer, readily tends to recharge with a charge of the same polarity, and a certain fraction of every toner has a charge opposite to the charge to be expected.
  • the numerous hitherto known processes of this kind have in common that, for the layers in contact, an external electric field is applied to transfer the charge.
  • the external electric field may be produced. by direct or alternating .voltage or by a corona discharge on the reverse side of one or both dielectric layers.
  • Virtual contact means the superposition of two surfaces without the application of an additional external pressure perpendicularly to the surfaces. Between two surfaces in virtual contact, there is always a thin air film the thickness of which depends upon the smoothness of both surfaces and, in the present case, is about Lu. This small, air gap can be eliminated only by mechanical pressure or evacuation of the surrounding space, whereby the state of the above-mentioned so-called intimate contact is obtained.
  • the photoconductor layer comprising organic charge transfer complexes and capable of being charged, in a thickness of 8 to 15 to 800 to 1,600 volts is exposed to light so that the image areas havea voltage of at least about 500 volts and the nonimage areas of at most about 300 volts.
  • the voltage difference on the photoconductor, layer between the image areas and the nonimage areas. is between about, 500 and 900 volts.
  • Such photoconductors are aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalenes, anthracenes, phenanthrenes, benzanthrenes, chrysenes, carbazoles, oxidazoles, triazoles, imidazoles, imidazolethiones, oxazoles, thiazole derivatives and many others, polymers of one or more vinyl heterocyclic COIII', pounds, such as N-vinylcarbazoles, C vinylcarbazoles, vinyl dibenzofurans, fluorene, and the like, being particularly suitable.
  • aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalenes, anthracenes, phenanthrenes, benzanthrenes, chrysenes, carbazoles, oxidazoles, triazoles, imidazoles, imidazolethiones, oxazoles, thiazole derivatives and many others, polymers of one or more vinyl heterocyclic COIII', pounds, such as N-vinylcar
  • Suitable activators are, particularly, compounds having strongly polar groups, such as, for example, halogens, a cyan, nitro, keto, ester, acid anhydride, or carboxyl group or a quinone grouping. Further details are to be found in the German patent, supra. Particularly suitable for the purposes of the invention are compounds such as fluorenones, particularly 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fiuorerione; 2,4,5,7-
  • the quantity of the activator with respect to the photoconductive substance may vary within wide quantitative ratios, small quantities often being sufiicient. In some cases, it is advantageous to use molar ratios of 1:1 of both components, or the quantity of the activator may be about 0.7 to 1.3 moles, based on 1 mole of the photoconductor.
  • the photoconductor material is produced in known manner, charged and image-wise exposed to light.
  • the dielectric material employed must be such that, in the charged state during the image production, it does not exhibit a significant charge loss, i.e. one which significantly decreases the image quality. This requires a specific volume resistivity greater than about ohm-cm.
  • Very suitable is a supportof conductive paper having a top coating of an insulator, e.g. polystyrene, cellulose acetate, and the like.
  • the support materials for the photoconductor layer and the dielectric layer are grounded during virtual contact. Images with a particularly good contrast are obtained thereby, but image production is also possible without grounded rollers. Virtual contact of both layers can be produced in the simplest way by conveying the image-receiving material, without any outer mechanical pressure, over two rollers against a drum carrying the'photoconductor layer.
  • the paper tension necessary for transport is sutficient.
  • the rollers conveying the imagereceiving material as well as the drum carrying the photoconductor material are grounded.
  • Rendering the transferred latent charge image visible is performed according to the known methods of dry or liquid development.
  • a further advantage of the invention is that, even with the application of the liquid dispersion development advantageous for many purposes, images with very good contrast and which are surprisingly free from scumming are obtained.
  • the accompanying drawing diagrammatically illustrates an apparatus for the continuous production of copies.
  • a metal drum 1 grounded via its axis, carries the organic photoconductor layer 2 which is negatively charged above 1 ground to about 1,000 volts by means of acorona 3 fed from a direct voltage source 4.
  • a master 6 conveyed synchronously and in a direction opposite to'that of the drum 1 is exposed to the lamps 5 and 5' through a gap and reproduced by means of the objective 7 onto the photoconductor layer.
  • the image-receiving material is drawn from the roll 8 by means of the transport rollers 10 and 10' and conveyed over the grounded metal rollers 11 and 11 in virtual contact with the photoconductor layer.
  • the resulting latent charge image is developed with the liquid dispersion developer 13 in the trough '12, which is sprayed through the nozzle 15.
  • the material running over the roller 16 is then immersed in the developer andthen freed from the major part of the adhering developer liquid by means of the squeeze rollers 17 (metal) and 18 (rubber).
  • Final drying of the copy is performed by the'heat radiators 20.
  • the performance of the invention may be modified in known manner, differing from the above-described embodiment in adaption to practical requirements, Instead of the described dispersion development, dry development according to the cascade or other process may be provided.
  • the organic photoconductor layer may also be applied, for example, to a metal foil or a metallized synthetic plastic 'film which is then secured on the drum.
  • a high-resistance layer as the image-receiving material having a hydrophilizable surface
  • the production of printing plates is possible in known manner.
  • the production of the charge image on the electrophotographic layer may be performed by any known method, e.g. by image- 'wise deposition of metal pins having a 'sufiic'ien'tly high electric impulse voltage or by other :processes.
  • a layer consisting of 1. mole of 2,4,7-trinitro-9- fluorenone and poly-N-vinylcarbazole, in a molar ratio of 1:1, based on the monomer unit of the. polyvinyl carbazole;
  • EXAMPLE 1 The photoconductor described under (1) above was applied to an aluminized 75 thick polyethylene terephthalate film in a layer thickness of 1211.. The layer was capable of retaining a maximum chargeof -l',400 volts, measured by means of a Monroe Isoprobe Electrostatic Voltmeter. The film was secured on a metal drum and charged to -1,300 volts by means of a corona discharge, the aluminum layer being grounded at one end. By means of a photographic objective, a master was reproduced from a synchronously and oppositely rotating drum via a slit stop onto the photoconductor layer. Exposure of the master was performed with two green fluorescent lamps type TLD/ 15W of Philips.
  • the charge acceptance was 900 volts in the image areas and 300 volts in the non-image areas. After the transfer of the charge image to the high-resistance layer, the voltage was 290 volts in the image areas and less-than volts in the non-image areas.
  • EXAMPLE 2 A photoconductor layer containing 2,4,7-trinitro-9 fluorenone and poly-N-vinylcarbazole in a molar ratioof 0.811, based on the monomer unit of the polyvinyl car apelole, was applied to an aluminum foil.
  • the layer had a thickness of 10, and could be charged to -1, volts maximum.
  • the coated aluminum foil was secured as described in Example 1 and charged to --1,100 volts by means of a corona discharge. Exposure to light was carried out as described in Example 1. The charge acceptance determined was 700 volts in the image areas and 220 volts in the non-image areas.
  • the voltage in the image areas of the highresistance layer was 200 volts.
  • the measured voltage in the non-image areas was in the range from 0 to 3 volts.
  • An electrophotographic process for the production of copies which comprises electrically charging a photoconductor layer on a conductive support, exposing the photoconductor layer to light under a master and transferring, without the application of an external electric -field or pressure, the electrostatic charge image from said photoconductor layer on a conductive support onto a nonprecharged dielectric layer on a conductive support, while the dielectric layer is in virtual contact with the photoconductor layer and wherein the supports for the dielectric layer and the photoconductor layer are grounded during virtual contact, separating the layers, and developing the transferred latent charge image with an electroscopic material, the photoconductor layer comprising organic charge transfer complexes and :being capable, in a thickness of 8 to 151.4, of being charged to 800 to 1,600 volts and the photoconductor layer having a voltage of at least about 500 volts in the image areas and not more than about 300 volts in the non-image areas before charge transfer.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)
  • Electrophotography Using Other Than Carlson'S Method (AREA)
  • Discharging, Photosensitive Material Shape In Electrophotography (AREA)
US879463A 1968-11-25 1969-11-24 Process for transferring electrostatic charge images Expired - Lifetime US3666458A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1810757A DE1810757C3 (de) 1968-11-25 1968-11-25 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ladungsbildes auf einer dielektrischen Schicht

Publications (1)

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US3666458A true US3666458A (en) 1972-05-30

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US879463A Expired - Lifetime US3666458A (en) 1968-11-25 1969-11-24 Process for transferring electrostatic charge images

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US (1) US3666458A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) AT293872B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE742145A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BR (1) BR6914426D0 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA946914A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH499799A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1810757C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DK (1) DK125041B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES373866A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2024150A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1285614A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IL (1) IL33418A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6917167A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NO (1) NO129592B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
PL (1) PL80338B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE343408B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SU (1) SU508235A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
YU (1) YU32903B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3784398A (en) * 1970-08-17 1974-01-08 Commw Australia Secretary Depa Transferring recorded signals and latent electrostatic images before development
US3827800A (en) * 1972-03-15 1974-08-06 Minolta Camera Kk Apparatus for transferring electrostatic latent images in electrophotographic copiers of image transfer type
US3834810A (en) * 1972-11-21 1974-09-10 Ricoh Kk Electrostatic latent image transferring apparatus for use in electrophotography
US3849130A (en) * 1972-03-20 1974-11-19 Pitney Bowes Inc Organic photoconductive composition and electrophotographic member
US3871879A (en) * 1973-01-19 1975-03-18 Ricoh Kk Method of forming colored copied image
US3879120A (en) * 1972-12-11 1975-04-22 Ricoh Kk Electrostatic latent image transferring apparatus
US3930850A (en) * 1972-07-31 1976-01-06 Mita Industrial Company, Ltd. Process for electrophotographic copying by transfer of electrostatic images
US3958039A (en) * 1974-03-08 1976-05-18 Nitto Denki Kigyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.) Method for coating lead-attached electronic device
US3972714A (en) * 1972-03-03 1976-08-03 La Cellophane Method for electrostatic reproduction by charge transfer
US3975196A (en) * 1972-03-20 1976-08-17 Pitney-Bowes, Inc. Photoconductive charge transfer complex for electrophotography
US4056390A (en) * 1972-02-17 1977-11-01 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Process for transferring electrostatic latent images
US4115114A (en) * 1972-09-21 1978-09-19 La Cellophane Electrostatic charge image transfer
US4373799A (en) * 1979-04-09 1983-02-15 Xerox Corporation Multi-mode electrostatographic printing machine
US4607940A (en) * 1983-12-22 1986-08-26 Rhone-Poulenc Systemes Reversed development electrophotographic reproduction process and apparatus
US5194352A (en) * 1989-03-17 1993-03-16 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Method for toner development of electrostatic latent image and for formation of toner image in which a specified gap is maintained between a photosensitive member and an electrostatic information recording medium

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2059540C3 (de) * 1970-12-03 1985-05-15 Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt Elektrophotographisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial mit einer photoleitfähigen Schicht
JPS5426027Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1977-07-29 1979-08-29

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3784398A (en) * 1970-08-17 1974-01-08 Commw Australia Secretary Depa Transferring recorded signals and latent electrostatic images before development
US4056390A (en) * 1972-02-17 1977-11-01 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Process for transferring electrostatic latent images
US3972714A (en) * 1972-03-03 1976-08-03 La Cellophane Method for electrostatic reproduction by charge transfer
US3827800A (en) * 1972-03-15 1974-08-06 Minolta Camera Kk Apparatus for transferring electrostatic latent images in electrophotographic copiers of image transfer type
US3975196A (en) * 1972-03-20 1976-08-17 Pitney-Bowes, Inc. Photoconductive charge transfer complex for electrophotography
US3849130A (en) * 1972-03-20 1974-11-19 Pitney Bowes Inc Organic photoconductive composition and electrophotographic member
US3930850A (en) * 1972-07-31 1976-01-06 Mita Industrial Company, Ltd. Process for electrophotographic copying by transfer of electrostatic images
US4115114A (en) * 1972-09-21 1978-09-19 La Cellophane Electrostatic charge image transfer
US3834810A (en) * 1972-11-21 1974-09-10 Ricoh Kk Electrostatic latent image transferring apparatus for use in electrophotography
US3879120A (en) * 1972-12-11 1975-04-22 Ricoh Kk Electrostatic latent image transferring apparatus
US3871879A (en) * 1973-01-19 1975-03-18 Ricoh Kk Method of forming colored copied image
US3958039A (en) * 1974-03-08 1976-05-18 Nitto Denki Kigyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.) Method for coating lead-attached electronic device
US4373799A (en) * 1979-04-09 1983-02-15 Xerox Corporation Multi-mode electrostatographic printing machine
US4607940A (en) * 1983-12-22 1986-08-26 Rhone-Poulenc Systemes Reversed development electrophotographic reproduction process and apparatus
US5194352A (en) * 1989-03-17 1993-03-16 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Method for toner development of electrostatic latent image and for formation of toner image in which a specified gap is maintained between a photosensitive member and an electrostatic information recording medium

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IL33418A (en) 1973-03-30
DK125041B (da) 1972-12-18
AT293872B (de) 1971-10-25
CH499799A (de) 1970-11-30
DE1810757C3 (de) 1979-02-22
SU508235A3 (ru) 1976-03-25
YU32903B (en) 1975-10-31
CA946914A (en) 1974-05-07
BR6914426D0 (pt) 1973-01-18
IL33418A0 (en) 1970-03-22
DE1810757A1 (de) 1970-05-27
ES373866A1 (es) 1972-02-16
FR2024150A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-08-28
GB1285614A (en) 1972-08-16
NO129592B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-04-29
NL6917167A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-05-27
YU294269A (en) 1975-04-30
BE742145A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-05-25
SE343408B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-03-06
DE1810757B2 (de) 1973-04-12
PL80338B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-08-30

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