US3654534A - Air neutralization - Google Patents

Air neutralization Download PDF

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Publication number
US3654534A
US3654534A US113929A US3654534DA US3654534A US 3654534 A US3654534 A US 3654534A US 113929 A US113929 A US 113929A US 3654534D A US3654534D A US 3654534DA US 3654534 A US3654534 A US 3654534A
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current
gas
electrodes
dielectric
air space
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Ronald S Fischer
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/16—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using physical phenomena
    • A61L9/22—Ionisation

Definitions

  • FIG. 5 INVENTOR 52 50 46 RONALD 5.
  • OER/AM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the treatment of a gas such as common air so as to neutralize" the gas being treated.
  • Such neutralization involves a number of comparatively com- -cal charges as the result of a number of natural and artificial phenomena.
  • Such charges may be in the form of ions and/or free electrons in the air. They may also be present in the form of charged particulate matter such as dust particles, bacteria, fungus spores, and the like. Frequently such particulate matter will be held in the air so that it does not readily settle out because of mechanisms such as Brownian movement, convection currents and the like. It is believed that the charges on such particles frequently prevent these particles settling out.
  • the positive and negative electrical charges in a gas may be equal so that the gas as a whole will be electrically neutral or uncharged, but still the gas will tend to behave as positively or negatively charged. This may happen under, a number of different circumstances. It may be the result of the way charges are held on gas molecules, particularly large molecules, or the way charges are disposed on a particulate item of particulate matter or the like. Many different particles which may be electrically neutral in an absolute sense behave as and are referred to as charged particles because of the unbalanced way electrical charges are located in or on such particles.
  • Procedures as are briefly indicated in the preceding paragraph are widely considered to be reasonably effective in purifying" gases such as air by removing certain types of charges and charged particles from such gases. Procedures such as are indicated are also effective in purifying air by virtue of the fact that such procedures cause or promote certain chemical reactions having what can be a beneficial effect. Thus, procedures such as are indicated can be and frequently have been carried out under such conditions as to promote the production of ozone from oxygen within the space between the electrodes.
  • ozone makes this gas highly desirable in oxidizing many common impurities such as may be present in air.
  • production of ozone can also be extremely disadvantageous inasmuch as such ozone emanating from an air treatment apparatus as described may cause many undesired reactions such as dye fading and the like.
  • Also to many the smell of oxone is somewhat objectionable. It is understood that the effects of significant quantities of oxone on the human body are not completely understood.
  • An objective of the present invention is to provide a new and improved method and a new and improved apparatus for air neutralization. From this it will be apparent that a broad objective of the present invention is to provide for air neutralization of a type which overcomes defects and limitations of the prior art in this field. More specifically objectives of the invention are to provide for effective air neutralization, efficient air neutralization and economic air neutralization.
  • one of the major purposes or objectives of the present invention is to economically clean-up gases such as air so as to make such air much more desirable and so as to tend to remove from such air particulate matter which is either charged or which behaves substantially as if it is charged.
  • the invention does not only operate upon the inanimate content of air, but also operates upon living particles such as bacteria, fungus spores and the like found within air and other gases.
  • FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a presently preferred embodiment or form of an air neutralizer of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken at line 2-2 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view taken at line 3-3 of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view taken at line 4-4 of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view indicating the connection of various components or parts within the air neutralizer shown.
  • This neutralizer 10 includes a generally rectilinear housing 12 having a hinged lid 14 adapted to be opened in order to provide access to the interior of the housing 12. At one end 16 of the housing 12 there is located a three sided frame 18 adapted to be closed by means of a small hinged lid 20 so as to retain in the end 16 a conventional air inlet filter pad 22 in such a manner that this pad 22 may conveniently be replaced from time to time without opening the lid 14.
  • This assembly 30 includes a frame 32 of a conventional dielectric material such as an acrylic polymer, a polyvinyl chloride or the like. This frame 32 is directly connected to the duct 28.
  • the spacers 36 are preferably of a conventional dielectric material such as a phenolic polymer; the spacers 37 are of a conductive metal such as brass for a purpose as hereinafter indicated.
  • the spacers 36 and 37, the plates 34 and the frame 32 are preferably secured together with a known resilient dielectric material adhesive (not shown separately) such as known silicone rubber polymer used on all of the abutting faces or surfaces of these parts.
  • a known resilient dielectric material adhesive such as known silicone rubber polymer used on all of the abutting faces or surfaces of these parts.
  • Such an adhesive is considered preferable since it accommodates limited movement and shifting of the parts joined by it so as to increase the effective life of the neutralizer 10.
  • the construction and spacing of the plates 34 is considered to be quite important in obtaining effective results with the invention and in providing for long, effective utilization of the neutralizer 10. These factors will be more fully explained hereinafter.
  • the plates 34 carry on their surfaces inert, thin metal electrodes 38 which are in electrical contact with the spacers 37. At the sides of the assembly 30 these spacers 37 are connected together by conventional buss bars 40 so that alternate electrodes at the sides of the assembly 30 are connected.
  • the electrodes 38 should preferably be closely adhered to the plates 34 so that no air is trapped between these electrodes 38 and the plates 34 in order to increase the length of time the neutralizer 10 may be used without breakdown.
  • the electrodes 38 are secured or adhered to the plates 34 by the use of a very thin layer of a bonding or cementing agent having a dielectric coefficient which is the same or within 10 percent of the dielectric coefficient of the plates 34. This is also considered so as to increase the length of time the neutralizer 10 may be used without breakdown. It is considered that a suitable bonding and cementing agent is an equal part by weight mixture of bees wax and refined rosin.
  • a gas such as air being treated within this neutralizer 10 will be drawn into the housing 12 through the filter pad 22, the duct 28 and the electrode assembly 30 through the operation of a conventional blower 42.
  • This blower 42 is mounted within the housing 12 so that it will pull gas through the parts indicated and then force or convey such gas outwardly through a small outlet 44.
  • the performance of the blower 42 is considered quite important to the invention as hereinafter indicated.
  • the power necessary to operate the neutralizer 10 is obtained through a conventional lead-in cord 46. It will be seen from an examination of FIG. of the drawing that the power is supplied through a conventional fuse 48, a conventional onoff switch 50 and a conventional interlock switch 52 operated by the lid 14 so as to automatically shut off the neutralizer in the event that this lid 14 is opened.
  • This power is supplied across the primary terminals of a transformer 54 mounted within the housing 12. The secondaries from this transformer 54 are connected to the buss bars 40 through wires 52 so as to supply power to the electrodes 38.
  • the motor 56 of the blower 42 is connected in parallel across the primary of the transformer 54.
  • a conventional neon lamp assembly consisting of a resistor 58 and a lamp envelope 60 are also preferably connected in parallel across the primaries of the transformer 54 in order to indicate when the complete neutralizer 10 is being operated.
  • the individual electrodes 38 are supplied with AC power through the transformer 54. As these electrodes 38 are charged through the applied AC current, air or any other gas being treated in the neutralizer 10 is drawn past the electrodes 38 through the operation of the blower 42. As the air or other gas is moved in this manner it will, of course, be subjected to the AC field between the electrodes 38 resulting from the applied power.
  • effective results coupled with prolonged, reliable performance of the neutralizer 10 require rather precise, careful control of the operation of the neutralizer l0 and rather precise control of the construction of this device. This can be illustrated by referring to any of a plurality of closely related factors which are critical in one sense or another as far as the invention is concerned.
  • Effective air neutralization in accordance with the invention requires that the gas being treated is moved between parallel leading and trailing edges 62 and 64, respectively, of the electrodes 38 a period of time such that any increment of such gas is subjected to a complete cycle of an AC field or an even multiple of such a cycle, but not more or less than such a cycle or multiple thereof. Any significant deviation from such a complete cycle is considered to be undesirably ineffective inasmuch as any such deviation does not subject a gas to equal positive and negative fields. An unbalance between the positive and negative fields as applied to the gas passing between the electrodes 38 is considered to cause some residual charge to remain on or in the gas being treated.
  • the capacity of the blower 42 used must be such as to move the gas being treated at the rate indicated under normal conditions of operation. Inasmuch as little if any significant advantage is considered to be achieved by using multiples of complete AC cycles in treatment in accordance with this invention preferably the blower capacity is such that the gas treated is present between the electrodes 38 during only a complete cycle of the applied AC current.
  • the time of such presence is related to the frequency of the applied current which should be used. If the frequency of the applied current is relatively high for gas to be between the electrodes 38 for a period as indicated either (1) the gas velocity created by the blower 42 has to be so high as to cause mechanical problems in the operation of the neutralizer 10 such as problems of noise production or (2) the path length between the electrodes 38 has to be comparatively short. It is relatively difficult to accurately make such a short length in a device such as the neutralizer 10 correspond to a complete AC treatment cycle with a conventional blower. In short, at high frequencies either the air neutralizer 10 becomes something of a wind tunnel or the electrodes 38 become relatively short.
  • the frequency used should preferably be no less than about 30 cycles per second.
  • a lower frequency than this either (I) the length of the path taken by a gas in passing between the electrodes 38 has to be undesirably long or (2) the blower 42 used has to operate extremely slowly so that the gas will traverse the electrodes at a very slow rate. If the electrodes are comparatively long the neutralizer 10 is considered to take up more space than reasonably necessary. If the blower 42 employed only moves the gas very slowly, such a blower will tend to be inefficient in its operating characteristics and will normally not cause adequate circulation of the gas being treated on the outside of the neutralizer l0. Particularly suitable results can be achieved using a frequency of 60 cps.
  • the wave form of the AC voltage applied to the electrodes 38 is considered to be important in achieving desired results in accordance with this invention. It is considered that the applied AC used in connection with the electrodes 38 should have as reasonably close to a pure sinusiodal wave form as it is possible to obtain. Although a pure sinusiodal wave form is desired, it is considered that a close approximation of such a pure wave form will produce the desired results with this in-' vention. It is considered that an acceptable wave form will not depart by more than 5 percent of the total harmonic shape of an AC sinusiodal wave. Such a wave shape is considered preferable since it enables a gas being treated with the neutralizer to be subjected to an electrostatic field that changes at a uniform linear or constant rate. This is considered to minimize any tendency towards the creation of electrically unbalanced conditions in any gas treated in the neutralizer 10.
  • the field intensity is above about 12 microamps per square inch, a different type of problem is encountered with the invention.
  • materials such are used in the construction of the assembly 30 and various parts of it will not withstand the comparatively great dielectric stresses caused by field intensities of this level and above for prolonged periods. Since commercial and related economic reasons make it necessary that the neutralizer 10 operate for prolonged periods without breakdown, it is apparent that a field intensity above about 12 should not be used with the invention.
  • field intensities of from 8 to 12 microamps per square inch may be used, it is presently considered preferable to utilize a field intensity of 10 microamps per square inch since this intensity works effectively without significantly or noticeably causing deterioration within the assembly 30.
  • the dielectric material in the plates 34 is preferably a conventional isotropic dielectric material. Particularly, satisfactory results can be achieved using conventional soda glass. Anisotropic materials are not desired for use with the plates 34 since such materials are apt to breakdown after use for extended periods in the neutralizer 10, whereas isotropic materials will withstand prolonged use without significant breakdown.
  • the plates 34 should of course be of uniform physical characteristics and thickness. They should have no surface imperfections and their edges should be polished so as to avoid edge effects. It is considered that the plates 34 should have a dielectric constant or coefficient of at least five since with materials having a lower dielectric constant than within this range, the voltage gradient which will appear across the plates 34 is sufficient to cause electrical stresses which will detrimentally effect the period of use of the dielectric without physical breakdown.
  • the thickness of the plates 34 is considered to be important. If these plates 34 are less than about 0.040 inches thick, it is considered that these plates are too fragile for practical utilization. If on the other hand, these plates are thicker than about 0.125 inches thick it is considered more material is used than is reasonably needed.
  • the plates 34 should contain only enough dielectric material in order to support the electrodes 38 used adequately without there being danger of physical breakdown.
  • a factor which enters into the intensity of the electrostatic field obtained is of course the spacing between the plates 34 and the electrodes 38-i.e. the air gap through which a gas flows in the neutralizer 10. It is considered that if this dimension is less than about one-thirty-second inch that the friction resulting from gas flow at the velocities necessary to obtain treatment as described is unnecessarily high. This, of course, raises the the performance requirements for the blower 42. When there is such friction it is considered that power will be waisted as the result of physically moving a gas as described to obtain neutralization as herein indicated.
  • the spacing herein discussed is greater than about three-sixteenths inch, the voltage requirements at the electrodes 38 necessary to achieve electrostatic fields of the intensity indicated become impractically large.
  • impractically relates to economic considerations as well as to factors such as size and weight. It is considered that preferred results are achieved using an electrode spacing of one-sixteenth inch. Gas will flow readily within a space this thick and with such spacing the voltage requirement in the neutralizer 10 does not become impractical.
  • the voltage gradients across both the plates 34 and the spaces between the plates and the electrodes 38 are considered important in connection with the preceding parameters of the invention and in connection with achieving satisfactory operation. If the voltage gradient in the space traversed by the gas being treated is less than about volts per mil, it is considered that the neutralizer 10 will not operate satisfactorily. This is because with lesser voltage gradients it is considered that the gas being passed through the assembly 30 will not be adequately affected so as to cause a desired degree of charged neutralization at the air flow rates used. On the other hand, it is considered that if a voltage gradient in the space traversed by the gas is greater than 100 volts per mil that there is an unnecessary utilization of power. It is presently preferred to utilize a voltage gradient in the space traversed by the gas being treated of volts per mil since within this range adequate neutralization can be achieved without the unnecessary or uneconomic expenditure of power.
  • the voltage gradient across the plates 34 used is critical in another regard. If the voltage gradient across these plates 34 is in excess of 20 volts per mil, the electrical stresses set up in the plates 34 will tend to cause them to break down earlier than desired. In other words, a voltage gradient across the dielectric of over 20 volts per mil will tend to effect the duration of time the neutralizer 10 may be used without break down. From this it will be apparent that the lower the voltage gradient across the dielectric paltes 34, the lower the useful like of the neutralizer 10 in service.
  • Such power will also be determined or governed by other factors than are specifically discussed in the preceding such as the number of the plates 34 in the assembly 30, the dimensions of this assembly 30 and of the individual parts of it and the like.
  • the power to be consumed in a neutralizer such as the neutralizer 10 designed in accordance with the preceding discussion can be readily determined.
  • a neutralizer corresponding to the neutralizer 10 has been operated satisfactorily utilizing a 60 cps. 5,000 rms. voltage output off of the secondary of a transformer as indicated at a total power level of about 1. 75 watts.
  • the neutralizer 10 serves to treat a gas such as air and particles of various types carried by a gas
  • a gas such as air and particles of various types carried by a gas
  • the neutralizer 10 is constructed so that any given increment or quantity of gas being treated is subjected to neither more or less than a complete AC current cycle. Effectively any charges or particles within the gas treated which tend to behave as cahrged will be treated in the neutralizer 10 so that there is an adequate opportunity for charges or unbalanced charges to be discharged in the field created.
  • the field intensity used is adequate to accomplish this effect without significant or normally noticeable production of ozone. This is considered to be quite significant since ozone is relatively undesirable in many locations.
  • One aspect of the present invention which is considered quite significant relates to the effectiveness of air neutralization as described in reducing the bacteria content of the air within an enclosed or relatively enclosed area without the use of ozone to kill such bacteria.
  • An apparatus for treating a gas so as to neutralize electric charges which apparatus comprises:
  • treatment means including electrodes separated by a dielectric and an air space
  • said air space is from one thirty-second to three-sixteenths inch thick
  • said AC current has a sinusiodal wave form of less than 5 percent total harmonic, the frequency of said AC current is from about 30 to 90 cycles per second,
  • the intensity of said field is from about 8 to about 12 microamps per square inch
  • the dielectric constant of said dielectric is at least 5 said dielectric being an isotropic material
  • said current creates a voltage gradient across said air space offrom to 100 volts per mil.
  • said air space is about one-sixteenth inch thick
  • said AC current has a sinusiodal wave form of less than 5 percent total harmonic content
  • said AC current is a 60 cycles per second current
  • the intensity of said field is about 10 microamps per square inch
  • the dielectric constant of said dielectric is at least 5
  • said dielectric is an isotropic material
  • said current creates a voltage gradient across said air space of about 95 volts per mil.
  • a process for treating a gas so as to neutralize electric charges which comprises:
  • said air space is from one-thirty-second to three-sixteenths inch thick
  • said AC,current has the sinusiodal wave form of less than 5 percent total harmonic
  • the frequency of said AC current is from about 30 to cycles per second
  • the intensity of said field is from about 8 to 12 microamps per square inch
  • said dielectric is an isotropic material
  • said current creates a voltage gradient across said air space of from 80 to 100 volts per mil.
  • said air space is about one-sixteenth inch thick
  • said AC current has a sinusiodal wave form of less than 5 percent total harmonic content
  • said AC current is a 60 cycles per second current
  • the intensity of said field is about 10 microamps per square inch
  • the dielectric constant of said dielectric is at least 5
  • said dielectric is an isotropic material
  • said current creates a voltage gradient across said air space of about volts per mil.

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US113929A 1971-02-09 1971-02-09 Air neutralization Expired - Lifetime US3654534A (en)

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DE (1) DE2205885A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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Also Published As

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IT960801B (it) 1973-11-30
DE2205885A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-10-19
FR2124601A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-09-22
GB1321395A (en) 1973-06-27

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