US3648467A - Machines for continuously forming sand piles - Google Patents

Machines for continuously forming sand piles Download PDF

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Publication number
US3648467A
US3648467A US31324A US3648467DA US3648467A US 3648467 A US3648467 A US 3648467A US 31324 A US31324 A US 31324A US 3648467D A US3648467D A US 3648467DA US 3648467 A US3648467 A US 3648467A
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Prior art keywords
casing
sand
tamping plate
casing pipe
machine
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Expired - Lifetime
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US31324A
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English (en)
Inventor
Mitsuro Ogawa
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Fudo Tetra Corp
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Individual
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
    • E02D3/10—Improving by compacting by watering, draining, de-aerating or blasting, e.g. by installing sand or wick drains
    • E02D3/106—Improving by compacting by watering, draining, de-aerating or blasting, e.g. by installing sand or wick drains by forming sand drains containing only loose aggregates

Definitions

  • a machine for continuously forming sand piles comprises a casing with a hopper connected thereto near its upper end.
  • a vibratory pile driver is mounted at the upper end of the casing above the hopper and a ram is mounted in the casing for undergoing reciprocatory movement therein under the action of a drive means which is independent of the pile driver.
  • the ram carries a tamping plate at its lower end and in the lowermost end stroke position, the tamping plate is located a small distance above the lower end of the casing.
  • the present invention relates to machines for continuously forming sand piles which are to be settled in the soft ground for the purpose of stabilizing the soft ground.
  • the process of sand pile forming is carried out in the following manner; that is, at first the vibratory pile driver of the machine is actuated to drive the casing pipe into the soil down to a predetermined depth. The casing pipe is then filled with sand inside thereof, and thereafter, while the vibratory pile driver is still being operated, the casing pipe is pulled continuously upward, thus forming a sand pile.
  • the sand pile formed in the ground in many cases is not effective enough to serve as a drain either by having its diameter rendered too small at some point or by being cut off due to the pressure of the surrounding soil. If the sand within the casing pipe is compacted for the purpose of eliminating the above defects, the sand would be plugged inside the casing pipe. Thus, it becomes difficult to discharge the sand downwardly from the casing pipe during the pull-out process of said casing pipe, and as a result the sand pile to be formed would rather be cut off in the process.
  • a sand pile being compacted and having a diameter larger than that of the casing pipe is formed in the following manner with the above-mentioned conventional machines for forming sand piles. That is, after the casing pipe has been driven to a predetermined depth into the soil by actuating the vibratory pile drive, the casing pipe is pulled slightly upward while the vibratory pile driver is being operated. The cavity created at the lower portion of the casing pipe by the above pulling action is then filled with sand. This sand is fed into the casing pipe from the top thereof. The casing pipe is again driven-in so as to cause the sand fed down into the above cavity to be compacted. Then, the casing pipe is again pulled slightly upward, thereafter repeating the same process until a compacted sand pile is formed consecutively up to the ground surface.
  • the repetition of pulling-out and driving-in of the casing pipe is the essential operation required for the forming of a compacted sand pile having a diameter larger than that of the casing pipe when using the conventional sand pile forming machines.
  • the compacted sand pile being formed will have such a shape that resembles inverted cones piled up, rather than having a unifonn diameter throughout its length, in the case when the ground is extremely soft. Consequently, it is impossible to obtain a compact sand pile with a uniform diameter throughout its length unless the cycle of pulling and driving the casing pipe is made very small. For this reason, it is impossible to increase the executing efficiency of forming a compact sand pile with the conventional sand pile forming machines.
  • the sand pile to be formed becomes slender by the pressure of the surrounding soil or by the pressure of excess pore water and also is disrupted halfway due to the surrounding soft soil being backflowed into the casing pipe. Therefore, the continuity of the sand pile to be formed] in many cases becomes difficult to obtain even if the supply of sand is sufficient with respect to the total sand quantity of the sand pile.
  • the characteristic features of the sand pile forming machine according to the present invention consist in that a forcibly and vertically reciprocating mechanism, which. is to be driven by a driving means other than the above-mentioned vibratory pile driver, is provided inside the casing pipe and at the upper portion of the sand feeding hopper of the casing pipe with the vibratory pile driver disposed at the top portion thereof, whereby the upper end of a ra'mmer being inserted into said casing pipe is connected to the forcibly and vertically reciprocating mechanism.
  • the rammer is provided at its lower end with a tamping plate.
  • the rammer and the tamping plate are then caused to perform by force a vertically reciprocating motion, respectively, within the casing pipe, as the result of the operation of said forcibly and vertically reciprocating mechanism.
  • the tamping plate is disposed such that at its lowest movable point, the position of said tamping plate is to be situated at a small distance above the lower end of the casing pipe.
  • FIG. 1 is a side view, partly in cross section, showing an embodiment of the machine for continuously forming sand piles according to the present invention, which illustrates in block diagram the driving source of a forcibly and vertically reciprocating mechanism utilizing a hydraulic piston;
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A of FIG.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the compacting plate composed of a plurality of radial vertical plates in the machine according to the present invention, with the lower portion of the casing pipe partly cut out;
  • FIG. 4 is a side view of an embodiment of the compacting plate composed of an opening and closing plate made of a pair of semicircular plates being connected with each other by a hinge in the machine according to the present invention, with the lower portion of the casing pipe partly cut out;
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the relation of the vibrations and periodic pressure applications imposed on the sand at the lower portion within the casing pipe beneath the compacting plate in the case of forming a sand pile using the machine according to the present invention
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the stages of the sand pile forming process carried out by the machine according to the present invention
  • FIGS. 7 through illustrate the relationships between the diameter of the sand pile to be formed by the machine according to the present invention and the pulling speed of the casing pipe; in which FIG. 7 is a graphic representation showing three different pulling speeds at which a casing pipe driven to a predetermined depth is pulled out continuously and almost at a uniform speed;
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the shapes of three sand piles formed, each corresponding to the pulling speeds shown in FIG. 7, respectively;
  • FIG. 9 is a graphic representation showing the stage in the process in which a casing pipe being driven into the soil to a predetermined depth is pulled out, the pulling speeds being made to vary;
  • FIG. 10 illustrates the shape of the sand pile formed at the pulling speeds shown in FIG. 9;
  • FIG. 1 l is a graphic representation showing, as a reference, the relationship between the pulling and driving of a casing pipe in case of forming a compacted sand pile with a diameter larger than that of the casing pipe using a conventional sand pile forming machines;
  • FIG. 12 illustrates, as a reference, the shape of a sand pile formed by the repetition of pulling and driving of a casing pipe as shown in FIG. 11.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 shows respectively an embodiment of the machine for continuously forming sand piles according to the present invention, in which a vibratory pile driver 2 is attached at the top of the casing pipe 1 for use in forming sand piles.
  • This oil pressure piston 3 is driven by a driving source other than said vibratory pile driver 2, that is, the piston 3 is driven by an outside driving source comprising an oil pressure unit 4, electromagnetic servo-valve 5 and a control device 6 therefor.
  • a rammer 7 is inserted into the above-mentioned casing pipe 1; the upper end of the rammer 7 is connected to the oil pressure piston 3; and the lower end of the rammer 7 is attached to a circular tamping plate 8, said rammer 7 and tamping plate 8 being so constituted as to perform a forcibly and vertically reciprocating motion by the operation of the oil pressure piston 3.
  • the tamping plate 8, furthermore, is so disposed that at its lowest movable point, the tamping plate is situated at a small distance above the lower end of the casing pipe.
  • swing stopping plates 9 of a radial shape are securely attached to the rammer 7, said plates 9 being disposed at an appropriate distance from each other.
  • the vibratory. pile driver attached to the top of the casing pipe 1 can be of thetype wherein the casing of the vibration generatconnected directly to the casing pipe 1, or of the type wherein an impact converting mechanism is provided between the casing of the vibration generating mechanism and the casing pipe 1.
  • the oil pressure piston 3 is the forcibly and vertically reciprocating mechanism.
  • This mechanism is by no means limited to an oil pressure piston, and it is possible to adopt other forcibly and vertically reciprocating mechanisms of appropriate types.
  • the tamping plate provided at the lower end of the rammer 7 should not be limited to the one as shown in FIG. 1, and it is possible to use, for example, the type as shown in FIG. 3 wherein vertical plates 8' are securely attached in radial form to the lower end of the rammer 7.
  • the rammer may also be as shown in FIG. 4 wherein an opening and closing plate consisting of a pair of semicircular plates 8" are joined together by a hinge and can be opened only in downward direction in an inverted V shape.
  • a sand plug 11 is provided at the lower end of the casing pipe 1 of the machine according to the present invention.
  • the vibratory pile driver 2 is actuated and the casing pipe 1 is driven into the soft ground to the required depth. Then, an appropriate quantity of sand is supplied from the hopper 10 into the casing pipe 1. The supply of the above-mentioned sand is carried out during the process of pulling out the casing pipe 1 to be described hereinafter.
  • the pulling speed of the casing pipe 1 is comparatively slow so that the sand pile 13 thus formed will be a compacted sand pile with a diameter larger than the diameter D of the casing pipe 1.
  • the sand pile formed will have a diameter substantially equal to the diameter D of the casing pipe 1.
  • the relationship between the pulling speed of the casing pipe I and the diameter of the sand pile formed is asshown in FIGS. 7 and 8.
  • this sand is subjected to a vibratory periodic pressure (V,,+V,), i.e., the sum of the vibration V, of the casing pipe 1 with the forcible, vertical, reciprocating motion V of the tamping plate 8.
  • V,,+V a vibratory periodic pressure
  • the vibration V, to be imparted to the casing pipe I by the vibratory pile driver 2 is normally about 400 to 1,500 c.p.m. in frequency and to 30 mm. in amplitude.
  • the forcible, vertical, reciprocating motion (V to be imparted to the tamping plate 8 by the forcibly and vertically reciprocating mechanism 3 is about 30 to 60 c.p.m. in frequency and about one-sixth D to D in stroke (D is the diameter of the casing pipe 1 to be used).
  • V, and V given above are considered practical from the viewpoint of the output of the forcibly and vertically reciprocating mechanism 3. Moreover, it has been determined through experiments that those values are appropriate from the standpoint of maintaining uniformity in the diameter of the sand pile to be formed.
  • the above-mentioned frequency should be adjusted properly within the range of 30 to 60 c.p.m. depending on the water content of the sand to be used, the size of the sand grain, and the quality of the sand or the like. Moreover, such an ad justment can be effected by means of the control device 6 of the electromagnetic servo-valve 5 in the case of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.
  • the shape of the tamping plate 8 will be described. It is necessary to pay special attention to the shape of the tamping plate 8 in order to effectively compact the sane supplied into the casing pipe 1 and, furthermore, to cause the sand to flow smoothly downward beneath the tamping plate 8.
  • the upper portion of the tamping plate 8 is formed with a conical shape so that the sand will encounter only a small resistance therefrom as the tamping plate 8 moves upwardly, and, moreover, the sand can flow smoothly downwardly beneath the tamping plate 8 through a gap between the tamping plate 8 and the inner wall of the casing pipe 1.
  • FIG. 1 the upper portion of the tamping plate 8 is formed with a conical shape so that the sand will encounter only a small resistance therefrom as the tamping plate 8 moves upwardly, and, moreover, the sand can flow smoothly downwardly beneath the tamping plate 8 through a gap between the tamping plate 8 and the inner wall of
  • the tamping plate 8 is composed of the plurality of vertical plates 8' securely attached to the lower end of the rammer 7 in a radial pattern, so that when the tamping plate 8 is moved upward the resistance encountered by the sand is very small and, furthermore, the sand can flow easily downwardly between the radially formed vertical plates 8'.
  • FIG. 4 In the embodiment as shown in FIG. 4,.
  • the tamping plate 8 is an opening and closing plate which is opened only downwardly in an inverted V shape, and is formed by the pair of semicircular plates 8" joined together by a hinge, so that the sand will encounter a small resistance when the tamping plate 8 moves upwardly, and furthermore the sand can flow smoothly downwardly in the gap between the inner wall of the casing pipe 1 and the tamping plate 8.
  • the area of the transverse section of the tamping plate 8 is about one-fourth of the area of the hollow section of the casing pipe 1.
  • the above-mentioned area ratio between the hollow section of the casing pipe 1 and the cross section of the tamping plate 8 has proven to be best as the result of experiments.
  • the position of the tamping plate 8 within the casing pipe 1 will be explained.
  • the sand being supplied into the casing pipe 1 is compacted at the lower end within the casing pipe 1 beneath the tamping plate 8 in a state restricted to the wall of the said casing pipe 1.
  • the sand thus compacted is extruded from the lower end of the casing pipe II by means of the tamping plate 8. Therefore, it is necessary to arrange the tamping plate 8 such that when the tamping plate 8 has been moved to its lowest point the lower end thereof will be situated at an appropriate distance above the lower end of the casing pipe 1.
  • the machine according to the present invention has made it possible to obtain not only a sand pile with a diameter equal to that of the casing pipe to be used in the sand drain method by driving the casing pipe into the ground to a predetermined depth and thereafter pulling the casing pipe continuously upwardly, but also to form a compacted sand pile with a diameter larger than that of the casing pipe freely at a predetermined diameter-expansion ratio by adjusting the pulling speed of the casing pipe to a proper rate.
  • the machine for continuously forming sand piles according to the present invention has the advantage, as compared with those conventional sand pile forming machines which require repetition of pulling and redriving, in that the sand pile forming process can be automated quite easily by automatic controlling means.
  • a machine for continuously forming sand piles comprising a casing having upper and lower ends, a hopper connected to said casing near the upper end thereof for supplying sand thereto, a vibratory pile driver at the upper end of the casing and above the hopper, ram means in said casing for undergoing reciprocatory movement therein, means at the upper end of the casing engaging the ram means to reciprocate the ram means in the casing, said ram means having a lower end and including a tamping plate at said lower end, said tamping plate having a lowennost end of stroke position in the casing which is a small distance above the lower end of the casing and having a cross-sectional area substantially smaller than the crosssectional area of the casing, and means at the top of the casing by which the casing, can be lifted from the ground after being sunk therein and sand has been supplied via the hopper to the casing, said ram means being reciprocably moved in the casing while the latter is being continuously lifted out of the
  • said means to reciprocate the ram means comprises a cylinder, a piston in said cylinder and attached to the ram means, an outside driving source including a pressure fluid source connected to said cylinder, an electromagnetic servo-valve between the pressure fluid source and the cylinder, and means for controlling said electromagnetic servo-valve.
  • said tamping plate comprises a circular disc including an upper portion of conical shape, the cross section of said tamping plate having an area approximately equal to one-fourth of the area of thecasing.
  • said tamping plate comprises a plurality of vertical plates disposed in a radial pattern around the axes of reciprocation of the ram means. said plates having a cross-sectional area approximately equal to one-fourth of the area of the casing.
  • said tamping plate comprises an opening and closing plate assembly including a pair of semicircular discs pivotably joined together and capable of opening only by pivoting downwardly to form an inverted V shape.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
US31324A 1969-08-27 1970-04-23 Machines for continuously forming sand piles Expired - Lifetime US3648467A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP6817069A JPS5310370B1 (ja) 1969-08-27 1969-08-27

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US3648467A true US3648467A (en) 1972-03-14

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US31324A Expired - Lifetime US3648467A (en) 1969-08-27 1970-04-23 Machines for continuously forming sand piles

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US (1) US3648467A (ja)
JP (1) JPS5310370B1 (ja)
BE (1) BE750664A (ja)
DE (1) DE2029487C3 (ja)
DK (1) DK139038B (ja)
FR (1) FR2057711A5 (ja)
GB (1) GB1270888A (ja)
NL (1) NL162702C (ja)
NO (1) NO133042C (ja)
SE (1) SE377352B (ja)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3772892A (en) * 1971-09-18 1973-11-20 M Ogawa Process of installing compacted sand columns in the ground
US4487524A (en) * 1981-09-22 1984-12-11 Fudo Construction Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus of forming sand piles for improving a soft ground
EP0903441A2 (de) * 1997-09-20 1999-03-24 KELLER GRUNDBAU GmbH Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Einbringen von Zusatzmaterial
US6517292B1 (en) * 1999-09-01 2003-02-11 Richard E Landau Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US20030123937A1 (en) * 1999-09-01 2003-07-03 Landau Richard E. Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US20060008326A1 (en) * 2003-02-11 2006-01-12 Landau Richard E Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US20160369471A1 (en) * 2015-06-22 2016-12-22 Liebherr-Werk Nenzing Gmbh Method for controlling a vibrating pile driver
US10240314B2 (en) * 2017-06-16 2019-03-26 William Eugene Hodge Apparatus and method to enhance the utility of hydrodynamic compaction machine

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS58145679U (ja) * 1982-03-23 1983-09-30 森広　清三 スキ−板の滑り止め装置
RU2449075C1 (ru) * 2010-11-26 2012-04-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Финансово-Строительная компания "МостГеоЦентр" Способ упрочнения слабого природного основания для возведения дорожного земляного полотна

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE296908C (ja) *
US3184924A (en) * 1961-05-31 1965-05-25 Staunau Heinz Method of forming concrete pile in situ
US3420063A (en) * 1966-02-10 1969-01-07 Bodine Albert G Sonic process of placement of sand drains
US3498066A (en) * 1967-03-12 1970-03-03 Mitsuo Nishimura Soil compacting method and a means therefor

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE296908C (ja) *
US3184924A (en) * 1961-05-31 1965-05-25 Staunau Heinz Method of forming concrete pile in situ
US3420063A (en) * 1966-02-10 1969-01-07 Bodine Albert G Sonic process of placement of sand drains
US3498066A (en) * 1967-03-12 1970-03-03 Mitsuo Nishimura Soil compacting method and a means therefor

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3772892A (en) * 1971-09-18 1973-11-20 M Ogawa Process of installing compacted sand columns in the ground
US4487524A (en) * 1981-09-22 1984-12-11 Fudo Construction Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus of forming sand piles for improving a soft ground
EP0903441A2 (de) * 1997-09-20 1999-03-24 KELLER GRUNDBAU GmbH Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Einbringen von Zusatzmaterial
EP0903441A3 (en) * 1997-09-20 1999-05-06 KELLER GRUNDBAU GmbH Method and device for placing an additive
US6517292B1 (en) * 1999-09-01 2003-02-11 Richard E Landau Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US20030123937A1 (en) * 1999-09-01 2003-07-03 Landau Richard E. Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US6957930B2 (en) * 1999-09-01 2005-10-25 Landau Richard E Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US20060008326A1 (en) * 2003-02-11 2006-01-12 Landau Richard E Apparatus to form columns of granular material
US20160369471A1 (en) * 2015-06-22 2016-12-22 Liebherr-Werk Nenzing Gmbh Method for controlling a vibrating pile driver
US10889954B2 (en) * 2015-06-22 2021-01-12 Liebherr-Werk Nenzing Gmbh Method for controlling a vibrating pile driver
US10240314B2 (en) * 2017-06-16 2019-03-26 William Eugene Hodge Apparatus and method to enhance the utility of hydrodynamic compaction machine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2057711A5 (ja) 1971-05-21
BE750664A (fr) 1970-11-03
DE2029487A1 (de) 1971-03-18
DE2029487C3 (de) 1974-01-24
JPS5310370B1 (ja) 1978-04-13
DE2029487B2 (de) 1973-06-28
GB1270888A (en) 1972-04-19
DK139038B (da) 1978-12-04
SE377352B (ja) 1975-06-30
NL7008686A (ja) 1971-03-02
NL162702B (nl) 1980-01-15
NO133042C (ja) 1976-02-25
DK139038C (ja) 1979-05-14
NL162702C (nl) 1980-06-16
NO133042B (ja) 1975-11-17

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