US3640076A - Tunnels or tunnelling - Google Patents
Tunnels or tunnelling Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3640076A US3640076A US44809A US3640076DA US3640076A US 3640076 A US3640076 A US 3640076A US 44809 A US44809 A US 44809A US 3640076D A US3640076D A US 3640076DA US 3640076 A US3640076 A US 3640076A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ring
- shield
- segments
- segment
- erected
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012858 resilient material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012812 sealant material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
Definitions
- a method of constructing a lined tunnel comprises the steps of excavating a short length of tunnel of internal diameter greater than the external diameter of the lining, erecting within the said length of tunnel a ring of three 120 lining segments, repeating the steps of excavating a short length of tunnel and erecting a lining ring within the short length, and pressing each successive ring into endwise engagement with the previously erected ring.
- the invention relates to tunnels and tunnelling and is particularly, but not exclusively, concerned with flexibly lined tunnels, especially those with a bore ofabout 4 feet or less.
- the invention provides the method of constructing a lined tunnel which comprises the steps of excavating a short length of tunnel of internal diameter greater than the external diameter of the lining, erecting within the said length of tunnel a ring of three 120 lining segments, repeating thesteps of excavating a short length of tunnel and erecting a lining ring within the short length, and pressing each successive ring into endwise engagement with the previously erected ring.
- the excavation is carried out within a shield of internal diameter greater than the external diameter of the lining, and the segments are erected within the shield.
- a first segment may be placed on the bottom or invert ofthe shield and the other two segments may then be placed above the first at opposite ends thereof to complete the ring, the clearance between the ring and the shield due to the difference in diameter being a maximum at the top and nil at the bottom.
- the first segment may be held in position during the erection of the other two by a dowel pin engaging in sockets in the segment and the shield.
- the method may include the additional step of centralizing the ring within the shield before effecting or completing the endwide engagement of the ring with the previously formed ring.
- grout may be injected between the ring and the surrounding material.
- Radially inward pressure may be applied around the assembled ring to effect circumferential pressure at the joints between the segments (e.g., to compress sealant material between the segment ends). This inward pressure may also centralize the ring as aforesaid and may be applied, for example. by expansion under internal fluid pressure ofa flexible annular tube between the shield and the ring.
- the annular tube may also serve as a temporary, or permanent, grout and water barrier.
- the segments After assembly of the segments to form a ring, the segments may be held together by an external circumferential tie.
- the segments may be formed with lines or regions of weakness extending in the axial direction of the ring whereby the rings can crack at controlled locations and deform to accommodate unevenly distributed external loads.
- the stresses in the rings will then be mainly or wholly compressive with the advantage that the segments can be made of material such as concrete and fireclay which are strong in compression but weak in tension.
- the invention includes a tunnel constructed by the above described method.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section through a portion ofa tunnel under construction
- FIG. 2 shows halfcross sections on the lines A-A and 8-8 in FIG. 1,
- FIGS. 3 to 6 are cross sections showing successive stages in the erection ofa ring of segments
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of the portion ringed in FIG. 6,
- FIGS. 8 and 9 are longitudinal sections of the upper portion of a ring of segments and related parts, in different stages of erection,
- FIGS. 10 and 11 are end and side views of a completed ring
- FIG. 12 is a section on the line CC in FIG. 11 through a portion ofa segment.
- the method is carried out within a circular steel shield 20, fitted with mechanical or hydraulic rams 21, a thrust ring 22, and a pressure hoop 23.
- the segments. three per ring. are transported within the already constructed work to the rear. i.e.. into the skirt, of the shield 24 (see also FIG. 3).
- the segments are all alike and extend over I20 of are.
- Segment 1' is then placed in the invert of the skirt of the shield and a temporary locating pin 25 is inserted through a preformed hole in the segment into a similar hole in the skirt of the shield.
- Segment ii is moved forward and its edge mated with that of i, and its other edge lifted. thus pivoting the segment until it touches the inside of the skirt near its soffit (see FIG. 4).
- a locking bar (not shown) temporarily holds segment ii in this position.
- Segment iii is similarly mated with the other edge of segment i and lifted sufficiently to allow the edges of segments ii and iii to locate with the then lowered edge ot'segment ii, thus completing the structure (see FIG. 5).
- This operation can be achieved within the skirt with three identical segments, since the skirt diameter is sufficiently larger than the outside diameter ofthe segment ring, e.g., for a 900 mm. bore segment ring of 60 mm. wall thickness, an internal shield diameter of approximately 1,060 mm. will allow the erection operation within its bore and thus the internal diameter of the skirt is not excessively larger than the external diameter of the segment ring, since the erection of the segments takes place with the invert segment lying directly on the invert of the skirt, thus taking full advantage of the skirt diameter.
- segment joints both longitudinal and circumferential, can be coated with a suitable waterproof sealant prior to erection, e.g., bituminous based materials.
- the segment ring is then forced back by the rams 2] and jointed with the previously laid ring 26.
- the shield is also forced forward in the direction of construction, the strata being excavated at the front of the shield and transported to the tunnel entrance for disposal, via the already completed section.
- the shield leaves the segment in position, which passes through a skirt ring 27, made of suitable resilient material, for example hardwood, which maintains a radial pressure on the ring during this part of the operation.
- the thrust pressure locking hoop 23 is now deflated or drained.
- cement grout 28 or other suitable filling material is forced under pressure between the segment ring and the surrounding material through the preformed locating holes of the segments, or through longitudinal holes in the skirt ring, located at the top ofthe shield.
- this material may be of a quick setting nature, for example, high alumina cement grout.
- This material can be used in batch quantities corresponding in volume to the void between the segment ring and the surrounding material formed by the shield cutting edge, and may be injected by means of compressed air or other suitable type of pump attached to the segment transport vehicle or transported through pipelines from a working shaft.
- locking up the segments can be achieved using metal bands or hoops fitted to the outside of the segment ring and suitable tightened, e.g., a hoop of thin steel 30, H08. 1, 8 and 9 of about mm. width and 1 mm. in thickness and of diameter the same as that of the shield skirt, may be used.
- the segments are erected as before the steel hoop being previously loosely positioned on the inside of the shield skirt by means of suitable clips 31 axially coincident in position with the three grout holes 32 in the ring units.
- suitable clips 31 axially coincident in position with the three grout holes 32 in the ring units.
- a conical wedge 35 is then inserted through the loop.
- the wedge is driven home, thus tensioning the hoop pulling it out of the clips and. thereby locking .the ring circumferentially.
- the method of operation then continues as before and on setting of the grout the wedges 35 may be withdrawn, the loops cut off and the holes flushed off with a suitable compound.
- a rebate may be formed in the back of thesegment units to accommodate the steel hoop and be of sufficient depth to allow the hoop to be flush with the outside of the ring, thus allowing the whole to pass easily through the, shield skirt ring 27.
- the three unit segment ring may be of a material .which is weak in tension (e.g., concrete) and, whilst showing the advantage of stability during erection, would require reinforcing if subjected to initiallylunequal external pressures since the ring would act as three two-pin arches, and bending stressed and thus tensile stresses will be present in the material.
- a material which is weak in tension (e.g., concrete) and, whilst showing the advantage of stability during erection, would require reinforcing if subjected to initiallylunequal external pressures since the ring would act as three two-pin arches, and bending stressed and thus tensile stresses will be present in the material.
- eachsegment is fabricated with two or more dummy joints 33, FIGS. 10, 11, and 12 which may consist of V or similarly shaped notches or rebates formed at the inner and outer faces of the segment in correspondingpositions these being positioned at approximately equal distances between the construction joints 34.
- the rebates are filled with suitable elastic adhesive waterproof compound to maintain watertightness.
- the spacing of the dummy joints can be calculated such that direct stresses in the material of the segments, due to circumferential stresses and bending stresses caused by approximately uniformly distributed loading by the strata on each subsegment, are integrated to give resultant stresses within the working stress tolerances of the material, e.g., with concrete zero tensile stress, compressive stress as per the relevant Code of Practice or to other relevant specifications.
- tunnel lining is fabricated of inherently flexible material e.g., glassfiber reinforced resin or of rigid reinforced lining e.g., reinforced concrete.
- the invention is not restricted to the features of the above example.
- the shield 20 may be omitted the oversize tunnel being excavated without support, a short length at a time, and the lining rings being erected within the tunnel. Hydraulic rams are of course still provided to drive the erected rings backward.
- dowel locking pins 25 may be omitted and it is possible to successfully erect a ring without the pins.
- the circumferential pressure locking hoop 23 may be omitted while still permitting successful tunnel construction.
- a method of constructing a lined tunnel which comprises the steps of excavating a short length of tunnel within a shield of internal diameter greater than the external diameter of the lining to be erected, placing a first lining segment against the inner periphery of the shield, engaging one circumferential end of each of two further l20 lining segments at respective circumferential ends of the first segment and pivoting, in turn,
- said two further segments outwards to bring the other ends of the two further segments into engagement to form a complete ring the axis of which is offset with respect to the axis of the shield, centralizing the newly erected ring within the shield. and locking the newly erected ring to the previously erected ring to prevent relative radial movement between adjacent ends of said rings, advancing the shield to a position in which a portion of the newly erected ring extends axially out of the rear end of the shield, injecting a filler material into the annular void left between the portion of the newly erected ring projecting from the shield and the surrounding material by ad vancing the shield while the ring is still supported coaxially with the shield by the shield, and then repeating the steps of excavating a shortlength of tunnel and erecting a lining ring within the shield in its advanced position.
- the clearance between the ring and the shield due to the difference in diameter being a maximum at the top of the ring and nil at the bottom.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
- Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB4390769 | 1969-09-04 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3640076A true US3640076A (en) | 1972-02-08 |
Family
ID=10430872
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US44809A Expired - Lifetime US3640076A (en) | 1969-09-04 | 1970-06-09 | Tunnels or tunnelling |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3640076A (fr) |
JP (2) | JPS5337655B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | AT313961B (fr) |
BE (1) | BE752246A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA922909A (fr) |
CH (1) | CH530517A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE2033142C3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2054149A5 (fr) |
GB (1) | GB1288393A (fr) |
IE (1) | IE34332B1 (fr) |
NL (1) | NL168294C (fr) |
SE (1) | SE368248B (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA703885B (fr) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4072021A (en) * | 1976-11-02 | 1978-02-07 | Tekken Construction Co. Ltd. | Method of driving and forming a tunnel with hydraulic boring machine |
US4473322A (en) * | 1979-05-07 | 1984-09-25 | Echols H Vance | Method and system for lining shafts |
US4594025A (en) * | 1983-06-27 | 1986-06-10 | Rees Construction Services Limited | Tunnelling and tunnel relining equipment |
US4890676A (en) * | 1987-10-15 | 1990-01-02 | Caledonian Mining Co. Ltd. | Apparatus and method for lining bore holes with pre-formed lining shells |
US5807025A (en) * | 1993-05-05 | 1998-09-15 | Klug Kanal-, Leitungs- und Umweltsanierungs-Gesellschaft M.B.H | Process for lining a channel and fitting and withdrawal slide for implementing it |
US6375390B1 (en) * | 1997-06-25 | 2002-04-23 | Pietro Lunardi | Method for widening road, superhighway or railway tunnels, without interrupting the traffic |
US6554536B1 (en) * | 2000-01-05 | 2003-04-29 | Channeline Sewer Systems Limited | Linings for sewers |
CN104790975A (zh) * | 2015-04-22 | 2015-07-22 | 中铁科工集团轨道交通装备有限公司 | 一种隧道管片二次衬砌设备及方法 |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0637832B2 (ja) * | 1989-06-16 | 1994-05-18 | 株式会社クボタ建設 | 三等分割セグメントによる小口径シールド工法および該工法の実施に使用するシールド掘進機 |
CN110630293A (zh) * | 2019-10-30 | 2019-12-31 | 阳铁机械(杭州)有限公司 | 一种壁后注浆双液及壁后注浆方法 |
CN113775356A (zh) * | 2021-09-01 | 2021-12-10 | 中建交通建设集团有限公司 | 一种盾构地下对接段二次衬砌结构 |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US168146A (en) * | 1875-09-28 | Improvement in tunnels | ||
US748809A (en) * | 1904-01-05 | Rot stone | ||
GB276496A (en) * | 1926-08-23 | 1927-09-01 | Johann John | Lining of mine galleries |
US1792084A (en) * | 1926-06-09 | 1931-02-10 | Blaw Knox Co | Method of and apparatus for tunnel construction |
US2128172A (en) * | 1936-06-23 | 1938-08-23 | Tunnel And Mine Machinery Comp | Block placing apparatus |
GB531031A (en) * | 1938-07-13 | 1940-12-27 | Entpr S Campenon Bernard | Improvements in and relating to a method of making underground tubular structures such as galleries or conduits |
FR964472A (fr) * | 1950-08-17 | |||
FR1141114A (fr) * | 1956-01-16 | 1957-08-26 | Entpr S Campenon Bernard | Corps creux précontraints enterrés ou non et leur procédé d'obtention |
US3075591A (en) * | 1959-07-24 | 1963-01-29 | Economic Foundations Ltd | Tunnel boring machines |
US3427813A (en) * | 1967-02-08 | 1969-02-18 | Edward W Hayes | Shield tunneling apparatus |
-
1969
- 1969-09-04 GB GB4390769A patent/GB1288393A/en not_active Expired
-
1970
- 1970-04-06 JP JP2928070A patent/JPS5337655B1/ja active Pending
- 1970-06-08 ZA ZA703885A patent/ZA703885B/xx unknown
- 1970-06-08 IE IE731/70A patent/IE34332B1/xx unknown
- 1970-06-09 CA CA085005A patent/CA922909A/en not_active Expired
- 1970-06-09 US US44809A patent/US3640076A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1970-06-19 BE BE752246D patent/BE752246A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1970-07-03 SE SE09294/70A patent/SE368248B/xx unknown
- 1970-07-03 CH CH1011070A patent/CH530517A/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1970-07-03 AT AT605170A patent/AT313961B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1970-07-03 FR FR7024817A patent/FR2054149A5/fr not_active Expired
- 1970-07-03 DE DE2033142A patent/DE2033142C3/de not_active Expired
- 1970-07-03 NL NLAANVRAGE7009894,A patent/NL168294C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1972
- 1972-08-08 JP JP47079411A patent/JPS4835788B1/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US168146A (en) * | 1875-09-28 | Improvement in tunnels | ||
US748809A (en) * | 1904-01-05 | Rot stone | ||
FR964472A (fr) * | 1950-08-17 | |||
US1792084A (en) * | 1926-06-09 | 1931-02-10 | Blaw Knox Co | Method of and apparatus for tunnel construction |
GB276496A (en) * | 1926-08-23 | 1927-09-01 | Johann John | Lining of mine galleries |
US2128172A (en) * | 1936-06-23 | 1938-08-23 | Tunnel And Mine Machinery Comp | Block placing apparatus |
GB531031A (en) * | 1938-07-13 | 1940-12-27 | Entpr S Campenon Bernard | Improvements in and relating to a method of making underground tubular structures such as galleries or conduits |
FR1141114A (fr) * | 1956-01-16 | 1957-08-26 | Entpr S Campenon Bernard | Corps creux précontraints enterrés ou non et leur procédé d'obtention |
US3075591A (en) * | 1959-07-24 | 1963-01-29 | Economic Foundations Ltd | Tunnel boring machines |
US3427813A (en) * | 1967-02-08 | 1969-02-18 | Edward W Hayes | Shield tunneling apparatus |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4072021A (en) * | 1976-11-02 | 1978-02-07 | Tekken Construction Co. Ltd. | Method of driving and forming a tunnel with hydraulic boring machine |
US4473322A (en) * | 1979-05-07 | 1984-09-25 | Echols H Vance | Method and system for lining shafts |
US4594025A (en) * | 1983-06-27 | 1986-06-10 | Rees Construction Services Limited | Tunnelling and tunnel relining equipment |
US4890676A (en) * | 1987-10-15 | 1990-01-02 | Caledonian Mining Co. Ltd. | Apparatus and method for lining bore holes with pre-formed lining shells |
US5807025A (en) * | 1993-05-05 | 1998-09-15 | Klug Kanal-, Leitungs- und Umweltsanierungs-Gesellschaft M.B.H | Process for lining a channel and fitting and withdrawal slide for implementing it |
US6375390B1 (en) * | 1997-06-25 | 2002-04-23 | Pietro Lunardi | Method for widening road, superhighway or railway tunnels, without interrupting the traffic |
US6554536B1 (en) * | 2000-01-05 | 2003-04-29 | Channeline Sewer Systems Limited | Linings for sewers |
CN104790975A (zh) * | 2015-04-22 | 2015-07-22 | 中铁科工集团轨道交通装备有限公司 | 一种隧道管片二次衬砌设备及方法 |
CN104790975B (zh) * | 2015-04-22 | 2017-05-10 | 中铁科工集团轨道交通装备有限公司 | 一种隧道管片二次衬砌设备及方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2054149A5 (fr) | 1971-04-16 |
DE2033142A1 (de) | 1971-03-18 |
GB1288393A (fr) | 1972-09-06 |
ZA703885B (en) | 1972-01-26 |
DE2033142B2 (de) | 1973-03-15 |
CA922909A (en) | 1973-03-20 |
IE34332B1 (en) | 1975-04-16 |
NL7009894A (fr) | 1971-03-08 |
DE2033142C3 (de) | 1979-02-08 |
AT313961B (de) | 1974-03-11 |
SE368248B (fr) | 1974-06-24 |
NL168294C (nl) | 1982-03-16 |
JPS4835788B1 (fr) | 1973-10-30 |
IE34332L (en) | 1971-03-04 |
BE752246A (fr) | 1970-12-01 |
JPS5337655B1 (fr) | 1978-10-11 |
CH530517A (de) | 1972-11-15 |
NL168294B (nl) | 1981-10-16 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US3640076A (en) | Tunnels or tunnelling | |
EP1279882B1 (fr) | Materiau de reparation de canalisation, structure de reparation, et procede de reparation | |
KR100772684B1 (ko) | 복합 강관을 이용한 그라우팅 방식의 지반보강장치 및 이를통한 지반보강공법 | |
US4594025A (en) | Tunnelling and tunnel relining equipment | |
EP0017313B1 (fr) | Procédé de construction d'un tunnel à revêtement et segment d'anneau de revêtement pour ce procédé | |
JP4730610B2 (ja) | トンネル掘削工法及びトンネルライナ | |
KR101066641B1 (ko) | 프리스트레스형 선지보 터널 시공 방법 및 이에 적합한 장치 | |
JP3890528B2 (ja) | トンネル施工法 | |
JPH0835391A (ja) | 導坑による先行脚部補強型フォアパイリング工法 | |
JP2942874B2 (ja) | トンネルの合流方法 | |
JPH0464697A (ja) | トンネルの構築方法 | |
US3768267A (en) | Telescoping lining and support structure and method for lining tunnels and shafts | |
JP3022282B2 (ja) | トンネル覆工部材の組立構造 | |
JPH11141288A (ja) | トンネルの構築方法およびトンネル用ライナー | |
JPS6040499A (ja) | トンネルにおける鋼ア−チ支保工 | |
CN113446040B (zh) | 一种填充展开式巷道支护装置及施工方法 | |
JPS62186000A (ja) | トンネルライニングを組立てる方法の改良 | |
JPH06129181A (ja) | トンネル掘削構築方法及びトンネル構築支援装置 | |
JPH0462299A (ja) | 大断面トンネルおよびその構築方法 | |
JPH0637836B2 (ja) | トンネルの覆工方法 | |
GB2149833A (en) | Cast concrete segments and assemblies comprising such segments | |
JP2001020656A (ja) | 不良地盤に於けるトンネル掘進工法 | |
JPH01174800A (ja) | 地中にコンクリート覆工体を構築する方法およびその構築に用いられるセグメント | |
JPH07247788A (ja) | ライニングの形成方法 | |
JP2548577B2 (ja) | ノン・セグメント・シールド工法における外型枠の組立方法及びその装置 |