US3608821A - Electrostatic atomization of liquids - Google Patents

Electrostatic atomization of liquids Download PDF

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Publication number
US3608821A
US3608821A US571243A US3608821DA US3608821A US 3608821 A US3608821 A US 3608821A US 571243 A US571243 A US 571243A US 3608821D A US3608821D A US 3608821DA US 3608821 A US3608821 A US 3608821A
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Prior art keywords
atomization
ohm
liquids
atomizing
electrostatic
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US571243A
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English (en)
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Walter Simm
Otto Koch
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Agfa Gevaert AG
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Agfa Gevaert AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/16—Developers not provided for in groups G03G9/06 - G03G9/135, e.g. solutions, aerosols
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
    • B05B5/08—Plant for applying liquids or other fluent materials to objects
    • B05B5/087—Arrangements of electrodes, e.g. of charging, shielding, collecting electrodes

Definitions

  • the object of this invention is to provide a means for atomizing liquids which have electrical conductivity higher than l ohm cm, by the use of both negative and positive electrostatic charges. Another object of the invention is the improvement of the operational safety of electrostatic atomization apparatuses.
  • the process according to the invention is characterized in that the liquids are electrostatically sprayed by atomizing electrodes which are surrounded by an atmosphere of a gas which has a higher electric breakdown voltage than air at an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm. Hg.
  • the breakdown voltage measured with plane electrodes at a distance of 1 cm. should preferably be at least 35 KV./cm.
  • Reference is made to Handbook, Landolt-Bornstein, Vol. IV, part 3, p. 107 stating the breakdown value at 760 torr, C. and llg. H 0 per cubic meter of air between plane electrodes at a distance of 1 cm. is 31.0 kv./cm.
  • the process comprises supplying to the air surrounding the atomization electrodes, gases or vapors which have a higher electric breakdown potential than air.
  • Low boiling inorganic halogen compounds are also especially suitable in particular fluorine compounds such as SF,
  • An example of a suitable vapor with high electric breakdown potential is CC1
  • CC1 a suitable vapor with high electric breakdown potential
  • the concentration of the additional gas or vapor in the atmospheric air surrounding the atomization electrodes may vary within wide limits. It is determined by the desired breakdown potential of the gas. atmosphere surrounding the atomization electrode. The required breakdown potential may depend on the electrical properties of the liquid which is to be atomized. The concentration of the gas added further depends, within certain limits, on the degree of moisture in the air of course, and on the breakdown potential of the gas or vapor itself. Depending on the conditions, it is usually sufficient to add quantities of about 5 to 50 percent in order to achieve the breakdown potentials stated above. In general, the desired conditions are achieved by concentrations of about 20 to 50 percent.
  • concentrations added there is no upper limit to the concentrations added since the process can, of course, be carried out particularly well in anatmosphere of the pure gas or vapor of high breakdown potential.
  • concentrations may be limited by economic considerations. The average expert will find no difficulty in determining the optimum proportion by volume of gas to add for any particular atomization process.
  • the immediate surroundings of the atomization electrode should have a breakdown potential within the range indicated above.
  • the atmosphere of high breakdown potential need only be maintained up to a distance of not more than about 5 cm. from the atomization electrode.
  • This process can be applied to all electrostatic atomization but is particularly advantageous in the case of atomization of dye liquids for electrophotographic image development.
  • suitable dye solutions and dispersions of high conductivity it is possible to use both negative and positive development processes on the photoconductive layers which normally consist of a mixture of zinc oxide and binder. Since the size of the droplets from the electrostatic dye aerosol decreases with increasing conductivity of the liquid, it is possible to achieve by these means higher optical resolution in the development of the image.
  • Compounds which have a low chlorine content and high fluorine content, such as CCI F are particularly suitable for use as aliphatic chlorine-fluorine compounds, owing to their low toxity and general noninflammability.
  • the use of sulfur hexafluoride which is also nontoxic is particularly advantageous owing to its particularly high breakdown potential.
  • FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings A suitable atomization electrode for lacquering any metal articles by means of electrostatic atomization is illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings.
  • the tube ll constitutes the electrode and preferably has sharp edges at the top and from which the liquid is atomized. This rim may be funnel-shaped, for example, and arranged as a surface of revolution about the longitudinal axis of the tube.
  • the electrode tube 1 is surrounded by a tube 2, made for example of plastic, through which the additional high-breakdown gas is introduced.
  • Outer tube 2 has an open annular orifice 3, at the spraying end of the electrode, through which the gas of higher breakdown voltage escapes and circulates in the immediate vicinity of the electrode rim.
  • FIG. 2 of the attached drawings A preferred means of application of the process of the invention for the development of electrostatic images is illustrated diagrammatically in the FIG. 2 of the attached drawings.
  • the electrophotographic layer 4 which carries the outside image is attached by a support to a grounded metal plate 5.
  • a wire sieve 7, stretched in a metal frame 6 and connected to a source of voltage is arranged in front of the photoconductive layer.
  • the frame is attached to a plastic casing 8 which contains the additional gas of high electric breakdown potential.
  • the desired Concentration of additional gas in the electrode chamber is controlled by the influx rate of the gas entering the plastic casing through the aperture 9. Excess gas can escape through the aperture 10.
  • the atomization electrode 11, which is fed from outside with colored developer liquid in known manner enters the plastic casing through this aperture.
  • the nature of the electrode itself is not important and can be of any known design.
  • Example 1 A metal article is coated electrostatically with a dye pigment from a dispersion which has an electrical conductivity of a x10 ohm cm.. The metal article is connected, for this purpose, to ground. Lacquering is carried out by means of an atomization electrode of the type shown in FIG. I. In order to carry out the operation, the atomization electrode 1 has a potential of 50 kv. with respect to ground applied to it from a high-voltage source. Sulfur hexafluoride is used as the additional gas and is introduced through the plastic tube 2 which surrounds the electrode. Atomization is extraordinarily uniform, and safe in operation even at high voltages. This makes it possible to atomize relatively large quantities of liquid per'unit time.
  • Example 2 tional gas and is introduced through the aperture 6.
  • the development liquid has the following composition: 30 percent concentrated Astra-new fuchsine (Schultz-Farbstofi'tabellen, 7th Edition No. 782) 70 percent benzyl alcohol.
  • the conductivity of the dye carrying liquid is 3X10" ohm cm).
  • the spraying time is about 10 seconds. A positive image of the negative original is obtained.
  • V 1 In the process of electrostatically atomizing coloring liquids having an electrical conductivity in the range of 10 ohm" 1 cm. to l0 ohm" cm. by an electrostatic voltage, the improvement according to which the coloring liquid having an electrical conductivity in said range is atomized by the field of an electrostatic charge by applying a negative or a positive charge For atomization of the liquid in an atmosphere between electrodes with the atmosphere within at least 5 cm.
  • the atomizing electrodes being of a vapor or of a gas selected from the group consisting of sulfur hexafluoride, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluorornethane, chlorotrifluoromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane, in an amount of 5 to 50 percent by volume, whereby the atomization is effectuatable by either sign of the potential of the electrostatic atomizing electro des.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
US571243A 1965-10-15 1966-08-09 Electrostatic atomization of liquids Expired - Lifetime US3608821A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEA50511A DE1277080B (de) 1965-10-15 1965-10-15 Verfahren zur elektrostatischen Zerstaeubung von Fluessigkeiten

Publications (1)

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US3608821A true US3608821A (en) 1971-09-28

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US571243A Expired - Lifetime US3608821A (en) 1965-10-15 1966-08-09 Electrostatic atomization of liquids

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BE (1) BE688069A (is")
CH (1) CH450922A (is")
DE (1) DE1277080B (is")
GB (1) GB1143839A (is")
NL (1) NL6613561A (is")

Cited By (39)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4095962A (en) * 1975-03-31 1978-06-20 Richards Clyde N Electrostatic scrubber
DE2850116A1 (de) * 1977-11-21 1979-06-07 Exxon Research Engineering Co Elektrostatische aufladungs- und zerstaeubungsvorrichtung und verfahren zur elektrostatischen aufladung eines nicht leitenden mediums
EP0174158B1 (en) * 1984-09-04 1990-12-05 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Charge injection device
US5173333A (en) * 1991-04-29 1992-12-22 Southwest Research Institute Apparatus and method for discharging static electricity on the internal surface of plastic pipe
US5932295A (en) * 1996-05-21 1999-08-03 Symetrix Corporation Method and apparatus for misted liquid source deposition of thin films with increased yield
US6010726A (en) * 1995-06-02 2000-01-04 Kalamazoo Holdings, Inc. Electrostatic deposition of edible liquid condiment compositions upon edible food substrates and thus-treated products
US6110531A (en) * 1991-02-25 2000-08-29 Symetrix Corporation Method and apparatus for preparing integrated circuit thin films by chemical vapor deposition
US6116184A (en) * 1996-05-21 2000-09-12 Symetrix Corporation Method and apparatus for misted liquid source deposition of thin film with reduced mist particle size
US20030143109A1 (en) * 2002-01-31 2003-07-31 Mcknight Darren Methods for treating surfaces
US8528589B2 (en) 2009-03-23 2013-09-10 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Manipulation of microfluidic droplets
US8535889B2 (en) 2010-02-12 2013-09-17 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Digital analyte analysis
US8592221B2 (en) 2007-04-19 2013-11-26 Brandeis University Manipulation of fluids, fluid components and reactions in microfluidic systems
US8658430B2 (en) 2011-07-20 2014-02-25 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Manipulating droplet size
US8772046B2 (en) 2007-02-06 2014-07-08 Brandeis University Manipulation of fluids and reactions in microfluidic systems
US8841071B2 (en) 2011-06-02 2014-09-23 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Sample multiplexing
US8871444B2 (en) 2004-10-08 2014-10-28 Medical Research Council In vitro evolution in microfluidic systems
US9012390B2 (en) 2006-08-07 2015-04-21 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Fluorocarbon emulsion stabilizing surfactants
US9150852B2 (en) 2011-02-18 2015-10-06 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Compositions and methods for molecular labeling
US9273308B2 (en) 2006-05-11 2016-03-01 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Selection of compartmentalized screening method
US9328344B2 (en) 2006-01-11 2016-05-03 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Microfluidic devices and methods of use in the formation and control of nanoreactors
US9364803B2 (en) 2011-02-11 2016-06-14 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Methods for forming mixed droplets
US9366632B2 (en) 2010-02-12 2016-06-14 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Digital analyte analysis
US9399797B2 (en) 2010-02-12 2016-07-26 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Digital analyte analysis
US9448172B2 (en) 2003-03-31 2016-09-20 Medical Research Council Selection by compartmentalised screening
US9498759B2 (en) 2004-10-12 2016-11-22 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Compartmentalized screening by microfluidic control
US9562897B2 (en) 2010-09-30 2017-02-07 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Sandwich assays in droplets
US9562837B2 (en) 2006-05-11 2017-02-07 Raindance Technologies, Inc. Systems for handling microfludic droplets
US9839890B2 (en) 2004-03-31 2017-12-12 National Science Foundation Compartmentalised combinatorial chemistry by microfluidic control
US10052605B2 (en) 2003-03-31 2018-08-21 Medical Research Council Method of synthesis and testing of combinatorial libraries using microcapsules
US10351905B2 (en) 2010-02-12 2019-07-16 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Digital analyte analysis
US10520500B2 (en) 2009-10-09 2019-12-31 Abdeslam El Harrak Labelled silica-based nanomaterial with enhanced properties and uses thereof
US10533998B2 (en) 2008-07-18 2020-01-14 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Enzyme quantification
US10647981B1 (en) 2015-09-08 2020-05-12 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Nucleic acid library generation methods and compositions
US10837883B2 (en) 2009-12-23 2020-11-17 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Microfluidic systems and methods for reducing the exchange of molecules between droplets
US11174509B2 (en) 2013-12-12 2021-11-16 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Distinguishing rare variations in a nucleic acid sequence from a sample
US11193176B2 (en) 2013-12-31 2021-12-07 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Method for detecting and quantifying latent retroviral RNA species
US11511242B2 (en) 2008-07-18 2022-11-29 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Droplet libraries
US11901041B2 (en) 2013-10-04 2024-02-13 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Digital analysis of nucleic acid modification
US12038438B2 (en) 2008-07-18 2024-07-16 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Enzyme quantification

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GB2128106A (en) * 1982-10-13 1984-04-26 Ici Plc Electrostatic sprayhead assembly
GB2143153B (en) * 1983-07-12 1986-03-26 Ici Plc Spraying

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GB901449A (en) * 1958-12-19 1962-07-18 Agfa Ag A process for the production of electrophotographic images
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Cited By (84)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4095962A (en) * 1975-03-31 1978-06-20 Richards Clyde N Electrostatic scrubber
DE2850116A1 (de) * 1977-11-21 1979-06-07 Exxon Research Engineering Co Elektrostatische aufladungs- und zerstaeubungsvorrichtung und verfahren zur elektrostatischen aufladung eines nicht leitenden mediums
US4255777A (en) * 1977-11-21 1981-03-10 Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Electrostatic atomizing device
EP0174158B1 (en) * 1984-09-04 1990-12-05 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Charge injection device
US6110531A (en) * 1991-02-25 2000-08-29 Symetrix Corporation Method and apparatus for preparing integrated circuit thin films by chemical vapor deposition
US5173333A (en) * 1991-04-29 1992-12-22 Southwest Research Institute Apparatus and method for discharging static electricity on the internal surface of plastic pipe
US6010726A (en) * 1995-06-02 2000-01-04 Kalamazoo Holdings, Inc. Electrostatic deposition of edible liquid condiment compositions upon edible food substrates and thus-treated products
US5932295A (en) * 1996-05-21 1999-08-03 Symetrix Corporation Method and apparatus for misted liquid source deposition of thin films with increased yield
US6116184A (en) * 1996-05-21 2000-09-12 Symetrix Corporation Method and apparatus for misted liquid source deposition of thin film with reduced mist particle size
US6258733B1 (en) 1996-05-21 2001-07-10 Sand Hill Capital Ii, Lp Method and apparatus for misted liquid source deposition of thin film with reduced mist particle size
US20030143109A1 (en) * 2002-01-31 2003-07-31 Mcknight Darren Methods for treating surfaces
US11187702B2 (en) 2003-03-14 2021-11-30 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Enzyme quantification
US9857303B2 (en) 2003-03-31 2018-01-02 Medical Research Council Selection by compartmentalised screening
US9448172B2 (en) 2003-03-31 2016-09-20 Medical Research Council Selection by compartmentalised screening
US10052605B2 (en) 2003-03-31 2018-08-21 Medical Research Council Method of synthesis and testing of combinatorial libraries using microcapsules
US11821109B2 (en) 2004-03-31 2023-11-21 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Compartmentalised combinatorial chemistry by microfluidic control
US9925504B2 (en) 2004-03-31 2018-03-27 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Compartmentalised combinatorial chemistry by microfluidic control
US9839890B2 (en) 2004-03-31 2017-12-12 National Science Foundation Compartmentalised combinatorial chemistry by microfluidic control
US8871444B2 (en) 2004-10-08 2014-10-28 Medical Research Council In vitro evolution in microfluidic systems
US9029083B2 (en) 2004-10-08 2015-05-12 Medical Research Council Vitro evolution in microfluidic systems
US9186643B2 (en) 2004-10-08 2015-11-17 Medical Research Council In vitro evolution in microfluidic systems
US11786872B2 (en) 2004-10-08 2023-10-17 United Kingdom Research And Innovation Vitro evolution in microfluidic systems
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NL6613561A (is") 1967-03-28
BE688069A (is") 1967-04-11
DE1277080B (de) 1968-09-05
GB1143839A (is")
CH450922A (de) 1968-05-15

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