US3608821A - Electrostatic atomization of liquids - Google Patents
Electrostatic atomization of liquids Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3608821A US3608821A US571243A US3608821DA US3608821A US 3608821 A US3608821 A US 3608821A US 571243 A US571243 A US 571243A US 3608821D A US3608821D A US 3608821DA US 3608821 A US3608821 A US 3608821A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- atomization
- ohm
- liquids
- atomizing
- electrostatic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/16—Developers not provided for in groups G03G9/06 - G03G9/135, e.g. solutions, aerosols
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
- B05B5/08—Plant for applying liquids or other fluent materials to objects
- B05B5/087—Arrangements of electrodes, e.g. of charging, shielding, collecting electrodes
Definitions
- the object of this invention is to provide a means for atomizing liquids which have electrical conductivity higher than l ohm cm, by the use of both negative and positive electrostatic charges. Another object of the invention is the improvement of the operational safety of electrostatic atomization apparatuses.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the liquids are electrostatically sprayed by atomizing electrodes which are surrounded by an atmosphere of a gas which has a higher electric breakdown voltage than air at an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm. Hg.
- the breakdown voltage measured with plane electrodes at a distance of 1 cm. should preferably be at least 35 KV./cm.
- Reference is made to Handbook, Landolt-Bornstein, Vol. IV, part 3, p. 107 stating the breakdown value at 760 torr, C. and llg. H 0 per cubic meter of air between plane electrodes at a distance of 1 cm. is 31.0 kv./cm.
- the process comprises supplying to the air surrounding the atomization electrodes, gases or vapors which have a higher electric breakdown potential than air.
- Low boiling inorganic halogen compounds are also especially suitable in particular fluorine compounds such as SF,
- An example of a suitable vapor with high electric breakdown potential is CC1
- CC1 a suitable vapor with high electric breakdown potential
- the concentration of the additional gas or vapor in the atmospheric air surrounding the atomization electrodes may vary within wide limits. It is determined by the desired breakdown potential of the gas. atmosphere surrounding the atomization electrode. The required breakdown potential may depend on the electrical properties of the liquid which is to be atomized. The concentration of the gas added further depends, within certain limits, on the degree of moisture in the air of course, and on the breakdown potential of the gas or vapor itself. Depending on the conditions, it is usually sufficient to add quantities of about 5 to 50 percent in order to achieve the breakdown potentials stated above. In general, the desired conditions are achieved by concentrations of about 20 to 50 percent.
- concentrations added there is no upper limit to the concentrations added since the process can, of course, be carried out particularly well in anatmosphere of the pure gas or vapor of high breakdown potential.
- concentrations may be limited by economic considerations. The average expert will find no difficulty in determining the optimum proportion by volume of gas to add for any particular atomization process.
- the immediate surroundings of the atomization electrode should have a breakdown potential within the range indicated above.
- the atmosphere of high breakdown potential need only be maintained up to a distance of not more than about 5 cm. from the atomization electrode.
- This process can be applied to all electrostatic atomization but is particularly advantageous in the case of atomization of dye liquids for electrophotographic image development.
- suitable dye solutions and dispersions of high conductivity it is possible to use both negative and positive development processes on the photoconductive layers which normally consist of a mixture of zinc oxide and binder. Since the size of the droplets from the electrostatic dye aerosol decreases with increasing conductivity of the liquid, it is possible to achieve by these means higher optical resolution in the development of the image.
- Compounds which have a low chlorine content and high fluorine content, such as CCI F are particularly suitable for use as aliphatic chlorine-fluorine compounds, owing to their low toxity and general noninflammability.
- the use of sulfur hexafluoride which is also nontoxic is particularly advantageous owing to its particularly high breakdown potential.
- FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings A suitable atomization electrode for lacquering any metal articles by means of electrostatic atomization is illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings.
- the tube ll constitutes the electrode and preferably has sharp edges at the top and from which the liquid is atomized. This rim may be funnel-shaped, for example, and arranged as a surface of revolution about the longitudinal axis of the tube.
- the electrode tube 1 is surrounded by a tube 2, made for example of plastic, through which the additional high-breakdown gas is introduced.
- Outer tube 2 has an open annular orifice 3, at the spraying end of the electrode, through which the gas of higher breakdown voltage escapes and circulates in the immediate vicinity of the electrode rim.
- FIG. 2 of the attached drawings A preferred means of application of the process of the invention for the development of electrostatic images is illustrated diagrammatically in the FIG. 2 of the attached drawings.
- the electrophotographic layer 4 which carries the outside image is attached by a support to a grounded metal plate 5.
- a wire sieve 7, stretched in a metal frame 6 and connected to a source of voltage is arranged in front of the photoconductive layer.
- the frame is attached to a plastic casing 8 which contains the additional gas of high electric breakdown potential.
- the desired Concentration of additional gas in the electrode chamber is controlled by the influx rate of the gas entering the plastic casing through the aperture 9. Excess gas can escape through the aperture 10.
- the atomization electrode 11, which is fed from outside with colored developer liquid in known manner enters the plastic casing through this aperture.
- the nature of the electrode itself is not important and can be of any known design.
- Example 1 A metal article is coated electrostatically with a dye pigment from a dispersion which has an electrical conductivity of a x10 ohm cm.. The metal article is connected, for this purpose, to ground. Lacquering is carried out by means of an atomization electrode of the type shown in FIG. I. In order to carry out the operation, the atomization electrode 1 has a potential of 50 kv. with respect to ground applied to it from a high-voltage source. Sulfur hexafluoride is used as the additional gas and is introduced through the plastic tube 2 which surrounds the electrode. Atomization is extraordinarily uniform, and safe in operation even at high voltages. This makes it possible to atomize relatively large quantities of liquid per'unit time.
- Example 2 tional gas and is introduced through the aperture 6.
- the development liquid has the following composition: 30 percent concentrated Astra-new fuchsine (Schultz-Farbstofi'tabellen, 7th Edition No. 782) 70 percent benzyl alcohol.
- the conductivity of the dye carrying liquid is 3X10" ohm cm).
- the spraying time is about 10 seconds. A positive image of the negative original is obtained.
- V 1 In the process of electrostatically atomizing coloring liquids having an electrical conductivity in the range of 10 ohm" 1 cm. to l0 ohm" cm. by an electrostatic voltage, the improvement according to which the coloring liquid having an electrical conductivity in said range is atomized by the field of an electrostatic charge by applying a negative or a positive charge For atomization of the liquid in an atmosphere between electrodes with the atmosphere within at least 5 cm.
- the atomizing electrodes being of a vapor or of a gas selected from the group consisting of sulfur hexafluoride, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluorornethane, chlorotrifluoromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane, in an amount of 5 to 50 percent by volume, whereby the atomization is effectuatable by either sign of the potential of the electrostatic atomizing electro des.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEA50511A DE1277080B (de) | 1965-10-15 | 1965-10-15 | Verfahren zur elektrostatischen Zerstaeubung von Fluessigkeiten |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3608821A true US3608821A (en) | 1971-09-28 |
Family
ID=6937440
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US571243A Expired - Lifetime US3608821A (en) | 1965-10-15 | 1966-08-09 | Electrostatic atomization of liquids |
Country Status (6)
Cited By (38)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4095962A (en) * | 1975-03-31 | 1978-06-20 | Richards Clyde N | Electrostatic scrubber |
DE2850116A1 (de) * | 1977-11-21 | 1979-06-07 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Elektrostatische aufladungs- und zerstaeubungsvorrichtung und verfahren zur elektrostatischen aufladung eines nicht leitenden mediums |
EP0174158B1 (en) * | 1984-09-04 | 1990-12-05 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Charge injection device |
US5173333A (en) * | 1991-04-29 | 1992-12-22 | Southwest Research Institute | Apparatus and method for discharging static electricity on the internal surface of plastic pipe |
US5932295A (en) * | 1996-05-21 | 1999-08-03 | Symetrix Corporation | Method and apparatus for misted liquid source deposition of thin films with increased yield |
US6010726A (en) * | 1995-06-02 | 2000-01-04 | Kalamazoo Holdings, Inc. | Electrostatic deposition of edible liquid condiment compositions upon edible food substrates and thus-treated products |
US6110531A (en) * | 1991-02-25 | 2000-08-29 | Symetrix Corporation | Method and apparatus for preparing integrated circuit thin films by chemical vapor deposition |
US6116184A (en) * | 1996-05-21 | 2000-09-12 | Symetrix Corporation | Method and apparatus for misted liquid source deposition of thin film with reduced mist particle size |
US20030143109A1 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2003-07-31 | Mcknight Darren | Methods for treating surfaces |
US8528589B2 (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2013-09-10 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Manipulation of microfluidic droplets |
US8535889B2 (en) | 2010-02-12 | 2013-09-17 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Digital analyte analysis |
US8592221B2 (en) | 2007-04-19 | 2013-11-26 | Brandeis University | Manipulation of fluids, fluid components and reactions in microfluidic systems |
US8658430B2 (en) | 2011-07-20 | 2014-02-25 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Manipulating droplet size |
US8772046B2 (en) | 2007-02-06 | 2014-07-08 | Brandeis University | Manipulation of fluids and reactions in microfluidic systems |
US8841071B2 (en) | 2011-06-02 | 2014-09-23 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Sample multiplexing |
US8871444B2 (en) | 2004-10-08 | 2014-10-28 | Medical Research Council | In vitro evolution in microfluidic systems |
US9012390B2 (en) | 2006-08-07 | 2015-04-21 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Fluorocarbon emulsion stabilizing surfactants |
US9150852B2 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2015-10-06 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Compositions and methods for molecular labeling |
US9273308B2 (en) | 2006-05-11 | 2016-03-01 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Selection of compartmentalized screening method |
US9328344B2 (en) | 2006-01-11 | 2016-05-03 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Microfluidic devices and methods of use in the formation and control of nanoreactors |
US9364803B2 (en) | 2011-02-11 | 2016-06-14 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Methods for forming mixed droplets |
US9366632B2 (en) | 2010-02-12 | 2016-06-14 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Digital analyte analysis |
US9399797B2 (en) | 2010-02-12 | 2016-07-26 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Digital analyte analysis |
US9448172B2 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2016-09-20 | Medical Research Council | Selection by compartmentalised screening |
US9498759B2 (en) | 2004-10-12 | 2016-11-22 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Compartmentalized screening by microfluidic control |
US9562897B2 (en) | 2010-09-30 | 2017-02-07 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Sandwich assays in droplets |
US9562837B2 (en) | 2006-05-11 | 2017-02-07 | Raindance Technologies, Inc. | Systems for handling microfludic droplets |
US9839890B2 (en) | 2004-03-31 | 2017-12-12 | National Science Foundation | Compartmentalised combinatorial chemistry by microfluidic control |
US10052605B2 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2018-08-21 | Medical Research Council | Method of synthesis and testing of combinatorial libraries using microcapsules |
US10351905B2 (en) | 2010-02-12 | 2019-07-16 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Digital analyte analysis |
US10520500B2 (en) | 2009-10-09 | 2019-12-31 | Abdeslam El Harrak | Labelled silica-based nanomaterial with enhanced properties and uses thereof |
US10533998B2 (en) | 2008-07-18 | 2020-01-14 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Enzyme quantification |
US10647981B1 (en) | 2015-09-08 | 2020-05-12 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Nucleic acid library generation methods and compositions |
US10837883B2 (en) | 2009-12-23 | 2020-11-17 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Microfluidic systems and methods for reducing the exchange of molecules between droplets |
US11174509B2 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2021-11-16 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Distinguishing rare variations in a nucleic acid sequence from a sample |
US11193176B2 (en) | 2013-12-31 | 2021-12-07 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Method for detecting and quantifying latent retroviral RNA species |
US11511242B2 (en) | 2008-07-18 | 2022-11-29 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Droplet libraries |
US11901041B2 (en) | 2013-10-04 | 2024-02-13 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Digital analysis of nucleic acid modification |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3379448D1 (en) * | 1982-10-13 | 1989-04-27 | Ici Plc | Electrostatic sprayhead assembly |
GB2143153B (en) * | 1983-07-12 | 1986-03-26 | Ici Plc | Spraying |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2756368A (en) * | 1950-06-30 | 1956-07-24 | Gen Electric | Insulated electrical power translation apparatus |
GB901449A (en) * | 1958-12-19 | 1962-07-18 | Agfa Ag | A process for the production of electrophotographic images |
US3129112A (en) * | 1961-11-15 | 1964-04-14 | Gen Motors Corp | Electrostatic coating operations |
GB975717A (en) * | 1962-03-01 | 1964-11-18 | Agfa Ag | Process for the development of electrophotographic images |
US3169886A (en) * | 1959-11-18 | 1965-02-16 | Bayer Ag | Apparatus for the electrophotographic production of images |
GB994645A (en) * | 1961-04-26 | 1965-06-10 | Bayer Ag | A process and apparatus for electrophotographic development |
US3206826A (en) * | 1965-09-21 | Corona starting voltage of gas filled capacitors | ||
US3317138A (en) * | 1963-02-22 | 1967-05-02 | Sames Sa De Machines Electrost | Electrostatic spraying apparatus |
US3342621A (en) * | 1962-08-03 | 1967-09-19 | Sames Sa De Machines Electrost | Electrostatic precipitation process |
US3344992A (en) * | 1964-01-27 | 1967-10-03 | Edward O Norris | Spray gun |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1199167B (de) * | 1962-08-03 | 1965-08-19 | Sames Mach Electrostat | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum UEberziehen von Gegenstaenden mit befeuchteten pulverfoermigen Stoffen durch elektrostatische Bestaubung |
-
0
- GB GB1143839D patent/GB1143839A/en active Active
-
1965
- 1965-10-15 DE DEA50511A patent/DE1277080B/de active Pending
-
1966
- 1966-08-09 US US571243A patent/US3608821A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1966-09-01 CH CH1268066A patent/CH450922A/de unknown
- 1966-09-26 NL NL6613561A patent/NL6613561A/xx unknown
- 1966-10-11 BE BE688069D patent/BE688069A/xx unknown
Patent Citations (10)
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US3206826A (en) * | 1965-09-21 | Corona starting voltage of gas filled capacitors | ||
US2756368A (en) * | 1950-06-30 | 1956-07-24 | Gen Electric | Insulated electrical power translation apparatus |
GB901449A (en) * | 1958-12-19 | 1962-07-18 | Agfa Ag | A process for the production of electrophotographic images |
US3169886A (en) * | 1959-11-18 | 1965-02-16 | Bayer Ag | Apparatus for the electrophotographic production of images |
GB994645A (en) * | 1961-04-26 | 1965-06-10 | Bayer Ag | A process and apparatus for electrophotographic development |
US3129112A (en) * | 1961-11-15 | 1964-04-14 | Gen Motors Corp | Electrostatic coating operations |
GB975717A (en) * | 1962-03-01 | 1964-11-18 | Agfa Ag | Process for the development of electrophotographic images |
US3342621A (en) * | 1962-08-03 | 1967-09-19 | Sames Sa De Machines Electrost | Electrostatic precipitation process |
US3317138A (en) * | 1963-02-22 | 1967-05-02 | Sames Sa De Machines Electrost | Electrostatic spraying apparatus |
US3344992A (en) * | 1964-01-27 | 1967-10-03 | Edward O Norris | Spray gun |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
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Cited By (77)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4095962A (en) * | 1975-03-31 | 1978-06-20 | Richards Clyde N | Electrostatic scrubber |
DE2850116A1 (de) * | 1977-11-21 | 1979-06-07 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Elektrostatische aufladungs- und zerstaeubungsvorrichtung und verfahren zur elektrostatischen aufladung eines nicht leitenden mediums |
US4255777A (en) * | 1977-11-21 | 1981-03-10 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Electrostatic atomizing device |
EP0174158B1 (en) * | 1984-09-04 | 1990-12-05 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Charge injection device |
US6110531A (en) * | 1991-02-25 | 2000-08-29 | Symetrix Corporation | Method and apparatus for preparing integrated circuit thin films by chemical vapor deposition |
US5173333A (en) * | 1991-04-29 | 1992-12-22 | Southwest Research Institute | Apparatus and method for discharging static electricity on the internal surface of plastic pipe |
US6010726A (en) * | 1995-06-02 | 2000-01-04 | Kalamazoo Holdings, Inc. | Electrostatic deposition of edible liquid condiment compositions upon edible food substrates and thus-treated products |
US5932295A (en) * | 1996-05-21 | 1999-08-03 | Symetrix Corporation | Method and apparatus for misted liquid source deposition of thin films with increased yield |
US6116184A (en) * | 1996-05-21 | 2000-09-12 | Symetrix Corporation | Method and apparatus for misted liquid source deposition of thin film with reduced mist particle size |
US6258733B1 (en) | 1996-05-21 | 2001-07-10 | Sand Hill Capital Ii, Lp | Method and apparatus for misted liquid source deposition of thin film with reduced mist particle size |
US20030143109A1 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2003-07-31 | Mcknight Darren | Methods for treating surfaces |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE688069A (US20030220297A1-20031127-C00009.png) | 1967-04-11 |
NL6613561A (US20030220297A1-20031127-C00009.png) | 1967-03-28 |
GB1143839A (US20030220297A1-20031127-C00009.png) | |
CH450922A (de) | 1968-05-15 |
DE1277080B (de) | 1968-09-05 |
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