US3602332A - Lead-loaded microporous acoustic panel - Google Patents
Lead-loaded microporous acoustic panel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3602332A US3602332A US3602332DA US3602332A US 3602332 A US3602332 A US 3602332A US 3602332D A US3602332D A US 3602332DA US 3602332 A US3602332 A US 3602332A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- sound
- sheet
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- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/162—Selection of materials
- G10K11/165—Particles in a matrix
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249976—Voids specified as closed
- Y10T428/249977—Specified thickness of void-containing component [absolute or relative], numerical cell dimension or density
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249986—Void-containing component contains also a solid fiber or solid particle
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
- Y10T428/256—Heavy metal or aluminum or compound thereof
Definitions
- 354E562 S ESS 09 PATEHTEH AUG31 IHYl SHEET 3 OF 3 w. m w m NI OOON m wE LEAD-LOADED MICROPOROUS ACOUSTIC PANEL
- This invention relates to a method of attenuating sound, and, more particularly, to a method of attenuating sound using a lightweight sheet material having excellent sound attenuating properties.
- sheet lead The reduction of sound has been often accomplished in the past through the use of sheet lead.
- Sheet lead is heavy making it costly to ship and manipulate.
- thin lead sheet is easy to tear when handled.
- a material has now been found which is ideally suited for use as a sound-deadener, especially in the form of a barrier for deadening airborne sound.
- the material comprises a lightweight, microporous, resilient, normally solid, polymeric material containing uniformly dispersed finely divided lead particles. It has been discovered that such a sheet is similar in performance to sheet lead of equivalent weight per area with respect to the attenuation of sound, particularly airborne 7 sound. Such an advantageous result is somewhat unexpected in view of the fact that porous or permeable materials in the past have been considered to be undesirable for use as airborne soundattenuating media.
- the lightweight sheets of the invention for example of less than about 1 pound per square foot, have high strength and high attenuation performance as compared to lead sheets
- the present discovery enables effective airborne sound deadening with less costly, lighter weight, flexible barrier materials.
- the pores of the material of the present invention are interconnecting or open, the material is permeable, permitting good oxygen/water vapor transmission in applications where such transmission is critical or desirable.
- the mechanisms ac countable for the highly desirable sound attenuating characteristics of the porous material of the invention even when the pores are open are not completely understood.
- the sound-attenuating material of the invention is preferably employed in the formof a sheet or film, having a thickness, generally, of from 10 to 200 mils.
- the material of the invention is preferably employed in the form of a sheet secured to a conventional construction material such as, for example, gypsum board, wood, rock wool or fiberglass batt, functioning as a barrier between the source of the unwanted sound the point of reception. lt can also be used effectively hung in plenums in a fashion similar to lead sheet. 7
- the amount of lead dispersed in the porous material of the invention can vary over a relatively wide range. At least an amount of lead is employed which is sufficient to effect sound attenuation. Generally, the material will contain about to 80', preferably about to 25, percent by weight of resilient, normally solid polymeric material and about to 95, preferably about 45 to 75 percent by weight of lead particles. Additional optional additives, for instance, other fillers such as silica, high density ore particles and carbon black, stabilizers, flame retardants, plasticizers, antioxidants, processing aids, etc., can be used in an amount of up to about 50 weight percent.
- other fillers such as silica, high density ore particles and carbon black, stabilizers, flame retardants, plasticizers, antioxidants, processing aids, etc.
- microporous as used here and in the claims is intended a material possessing pores having an average diameter in the range of about 0.01 to about 10 microns.
- the pores can be open, as mentioned above, or closed, that is, noninterconnecting.
- the void volume of the porous material of the invention will generally be in the range of about 30 to 70 percent.
- the material has an average pore diameter in the range of about 0.01 to l and a void volume of about to 60 percent.
- nonnally solid polymeric material in which the lead particles are dispersed should be resilient in order toallow for flexibility.
- Suitable nonnally solid resilient polymeric materials include thermoplastic resins, for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene, polybutene, polypropylene, etc., and vinyl polymers such as polymers of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, etc., natural and synthetic elastomeric materials such asnatural rubber, butyl rubber, polyurethane rubber,
- Finely divided lead powder or dust having an apparent diameter of less than 40 microns is preferably employed in the porous material of the invention.
- Compounds containing lead such as'lead oxide, lead silicate, lead sulfide, etc., can also be used and the term lead particles as employed in the specification and the claims is intended to include elemental lead, and compounds of lead which would not have a deleterious or undesirable affect, for example be highly toxic, on the finished material of the invention.
- the porous sound deadening material of the invention can be prepared by any of the suitable known polymer processing techniques.
- a microporous sheet can be prepared by mixing a particulate, resilient, normally solid polymeric material such as polyethylene with a liquid solvent, for instance, hydrocarbon, or with a particulate solid material and heated to a temperature above the melting point of the polymer but below the decomposition temperature of solid liquid solvent or particulate solid material, molded or suitably shaped and then cooled to a temperature below the hardening point of the polymer.
- the liquid solvent or particulate solid can then be removed by known techniques, for example, evaporation, extraction with a solvent for the liquid or particulate solid which is a nonsolvent for the polymer, etc.
- the liquid solvent or particulate material removed to form the pore structure of the final material may be one which is capable of plasticizing the resilient, normally solid polymeric material employed. Thus a small amount of the material can be left in the final porous product to produce a more flexible product.
- porous sound-attenuating materials of the invention can also be prepared using foaming or blowing agents such as azobisbutylnitrile, celogen, etc.
- a polyolefin such as polyethylene is preferably employed as the resilient normally solid polymeric material.
- Suitable pore-forming agents for use with the polyolefin may be soluble or insoluble in water.
- the water-insoluble pore-forming agents are organic esters such as the sebacates, phthalates",' stearates, adipates and citrates; epoxy compounds such as epoxidized vegetable oil; phosphate esters such as tricresyl phosphate; hydrocarbon materials such as petroleum Qil including lubricating oils and fuel oils, hydrocarbon resin and asphalt and pure compounds such as eicosane; low molecular weight polymers such as polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polystyrene, atactic polypropylene, ethylenepropylene rubber; ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, oxidized polyethylene coumarone-indene resins and terpene resins; tall oil and linseed oil.
- water-soluble pore-forming agents are ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, clycerol, and ethers and esters thereof; alkyl phosphates such astriethyl phosphateiipolyvinyl alcohol; polyacrylic acid and polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
- Suitable extracting solvents for the above pore-forming agents which are nonsolvents for the polyolefin will be evident to those skilled in the art.
- petroleum mineral oil is the preferred solvent pore-forming agent and suitable extracting solvents for the petroleum mineral oil include chlorinated hydrocarbons; such as trichloroethylene,
- tetrachloroethylene carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethane, etc; hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane, benzene, petroleum ether, toluene, cyclohexane, gasoline, etc.
- the polyolefin and pore-forming agent can be mixed by any conventional manner which will produce a substantially uniform mixture.
- the components can be premixed at room temperature in a blender.
- the polyolefin pore-former blends may then be fluxed in a conventional mixer such as a Banbury mixer or melt homogenized in a convention two roll mill.
- the composition After being suitably mixed, the composition is molded or shaped in any conventional manner. Specifically, it can be fed to an cxtrunion, calendaring, injection molding, or compression molding machine to be processed into its final form.
- Extraction of the shaped polyolefinic material may be carried out at a temperature which canrange anywhere from room temperature up to the melting point of the polyolefin as long as the polyolefin does not dissolve.
- the time'of the extraction will vary depending on the temperature used and the nature of the pore forming agent being extracted. For example, when a higher temperature is sued, the extraction time for petroleum mineral oil of low viscosity can .be only a few minutes, whereas if the extraction is performed at room temperature, the time required for extraction of a polymeric poreforming agent can be in the order of several hours.
- EXAMPLE 1 A composition containing 10 parts by weight of an ethylenebutene copolymer (99 mole percent ethylene-l mole percent butene), 27 parts by weight of petroleum oil (Shellflex 411, 547 SSU at 1 10 F.), 43 parts by weight of lead oxide, 12 parts by weight of amorphous silica, 1.5 parts by weight of an antioxidant, and 1 part by weight of carbon black, was added to a Hobart mixer and mixed until a uniform blend was achieved. The blend was then introduced to a standard extruder to which was attached a sheeting die. The temperature profile along the length of the extruder from the feed end to the die end progressively decreased from 325 F. to 305 F. and the die temperature held at 300 F. The extruded sheet was then immersed in hexane for l hour to extract the oil. The extracted sheet was 0.135 inches thick and weighed 0.90 lbs. per sq. ft.
- the microporous sheet produced in Example I was tested for airborne sound attenuation properties according to the procedure and specifications of ASTM E90-66T.
- the sound insulating property of a partition element is expressed in terms of the sound transmission loss.
- the sample to be tested is mounted as a 4'X8 partition between two reverberation rooms, one of which, the source room, ,contains one or more sound sources. The rooms are so arranged and constructed that the only significant sound transmission between 5 them is through the test specimen.
- the traitsmission loss is the difference expressed in sound of sound incident on the test partition to the sound power transmitted through and radiated by the partition. Measurements are made in a series of frequency bands. Table I gives the results obtained in three specific tests of the sheet prepared in Example I. For comparative purposes, a lead sheet having a thickness of 0.150 inches and a weight of 0.98 lbs. per sq. ft. was subjected to the same three tests.
- Test I the material to be tested is employed as the partition in the form of a free hanging sheet.
- the sheet was fastened to wood stops that had been attached to the test opening on the receiving room side.
- the joint between the perimeter of the test sheet and the test opening was sealed with a flexible mastic.
- Test II the material is tested as part of a simulated floorceiling assembly.
- the simulated floor assembly used as the partition consisted of a 5/8 inch plywood floor, 2 by 8' wood joints spaced 16 inches o.c., ceiling side, 3/8 inch thick gyp-v sumboard nailed to the joints with U2 inch thick acoustical tile glued in a typical manner.
- the material to be tested for sound attenuation is placed adjacent the plywood. For comparative purposes, the assembly is first tested without the test material adjacently placed.
- Test III the material is tested in a'simuIated wall assembly.
- the partition consisted of U2 inch thick gypsum board on both sides of 2'X4 wood studs placed l6 inches o.c.
- the material to be tested is placed behind gypsum board on one side only and held in place by the board.
- the assembly is first tested without the test material included.
- EXAMPLES ll -V Four sheets having the thicknesses shown in Table II were prepared using the ingredients and procedure of Example 1 except that the extraction step was omitted. Two adjacent sam- A direct comparison of the sound attenuation performance data listed in Table II of the extracted and unextracted sheets of Examples ll-V can be obtained by plotting the sound transmission loss data obtained for both the extracted and unextracted sheets as a function of the weight per square foot of the sheet at selected frequencies'The graphs shown in FIG. 1, 2 and 3 portray the performance of the extracted and unextracted' sheets as a function of their weight per square foot at the frequencies of 400, 800 and 2000 Hertz, respectively.
- This calculated loss is subtracted from the measured unextracted sound data to provide sound attenua- 9 tion data of an unextracted sheet having a mass equal to the I extracted samples.
- the porous sheet materials obtained in the following Examples also exhibit sound attenuating properties:
- the unextracted and extracted sheets of Examples ll-V were tested for sound attenuation properties in a sound 35 EXAMPLE Vl chamber constructed of 3/4 inches plywood having an internal volume of approximately 53 cubic feet and which is internally A porousfsheet ⁇ mghmg 0125 pounds?" square foot was insulated with glass wool.
- Within the chamber is a speaker enprepared the Ingredients and the proceedine of Example closure having an internal volume of approximately 0.5 cubic kggfi g iusfq zfiggg g g gg fi zg g zg tgt g foot.
- the speaker enclosure is constructed of 3/4 inches 40 th I l p y p plywood with one inch inner wall of sound deadening tile. A e y we cop y section of the speaker enclosure swings open to allow for insertion of the test specimen. The speaker is 8 inch-8ohms.
- a 7 EXAMPLE signal is generated by an RCA WA'44C signal generator This Ten arts b wei ht of a 01 vin l chloride homo l mer is f thmugh channel Pafayette LA 224T having in inhe ient v iscosity gr 1 062 -1.
- Thehomogeneous mass wa s formed into a thin woun resis or across w c e ou u vo ge is mom re with a Simpson AC VT VM (.001 to 300 volts) and an oscil sheet weighing 0.46 pounds per square foot ona roll mill. loscope for wave form observation. Signals are generated at selected frequencies of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 2000 and EXAMPLE vm 4000 hertz.
- the barrier ofclaim 6 ivherein said polymeric material is a polyolefin.
- a sound attenuating barrier comprising a layerof construction material, and, adjacent said layer, a microporous sheet comprising a resilient normally solid polyolefin containing about 20 to percent by weight of finely divided lead particles uniformly dispersed therein, said pores being interconnecting and having an average diameter in the range of about 0.01 to l microns and said sheet having a void volume in the range of about 30 to 70 percent.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US78982569A | 1969-01-08 | 1969-01-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3602332A true US3602332A (en) | 1971-08-31 |
Family
ID=25148783
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3602332D Expired - Lifetime US3602332A (en) | 1969-01-08 | 1969-01-08 | Lead-loaded microporous acoustic panel |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3602332A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| CA (1) | CA928626A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| DE (1) | DE2000434A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| GB (1) | GB1288304A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3963881A (en) * | 1973-05-29 | 1976-06-15 | Thermo Electron Corporation | Unidirectional condenser microphone |
| EP0014085A1 (en) * | 1979-01-30 | 1980-08-06 | Glynwed Group Services Limited | Air compressor equipment |
| US4969535A (en) * | 1989-06-26 | 1990-11-13 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Acoustic liner |
| US5014815A (en) * | 1989-06-26 | 1991-05-14 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Acoustic liner |
| US5025888A (en) * | 1989-06-26 | 1991-06-25 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Acoustic liner |
| US5648941A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1997-07-15 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Transducer backing material |
| US6051913A (en) * | 1998-10-28 | 2000-04-18 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Electroacoustic transducer and acoustic isolator for use therein |
| US6171689B1 (en) * | 1999-01-15 | 2001-01-09 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Flame retardant microporous materials |
| US20030175494A1 (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 2003-09-18 | Jean-Francois Penneau | Porous composite product in particular with a high specific surface preparation process and electrode formed of a porous composite film for an electro-chemical assembly |
| US20050042437A1 (en) * | 2003-08-19 | 2005-02-24 | Cryovac, Inc. | Sound dampening foam |
| US7503430B2 (en) | 2006-09-07 | 2009-03-17 | Usg Interiors, Inc. | Reduced dust acoustic panel |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU2260477A (en) * | 1976-02-26 | 1978-08-31 | British Uralite Ltd | Noise reducing materials |
| DE3708961A1 (de) * | 1987-03-22 | 1988-10-13 | Pelzer Helmut | Mehrfunktionales isolationssystem fuer schwingende flaechen |
| CA1290699C (fr) * | 1988-11-09 | 1991-10-15 | Ghislain L'heureux | Porte acoustique |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2999041A (en) * | 1957-02-04 | 1961-09-05 | Griffolyn Company Inc | Reinforced tear-resistant material |
| US3046172A (en) * | 1959-03-26 | 1962-07-24 | Standard Products Co | Spongy elastomeric materials and methods and products used in the manufacture of the same |
| US3072582A (en) * | 1955-10-20 | 1963-01-08 | Gen Tire & Rubber Co | Polyether-urethane foams and method of making same |
| US3112283A (en) * | 1959-09-10 | 1963-11-26 | Chrysler Corp | Molding composition comprising unsaturated monomer modified polyester and filler |
| US3160549A (en) * | 1960-12-29 | 1964-12-08 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Vibration damping structures |
| US3215225A (en) * | 1961-11-29 | 1965-11-02 | Korfund Dynamics Corp | Laminated acoustic panels with outer metal layers, fibrous core and viscoelastic damping layer |
| US3253947A (en) * | 1961-03-03 | 1966-05-31 | Porter Co Inc H K | Flexible sound attenuating material |
-
1969
- 1969-01-08 US US3602332D patent/US3602332A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1969-10-22 CA CA065519A patent/CA928626A/en not_active Expired
-
1970
- 1970-01-07 GB GB88870A patent/GB1288304A/en not_active Expired
- 1970-01-07 DE DE19702000434 patent/DE2000434A1/de active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3072582A (en) * | 1955-10-20 | 1963-01-08 | Gen Tire & Rubber Co | Polyether-urethane foams and method of making same |
| US2999041A (en) * | 1957-02-04 | 1961-09-05 | Griffolyn Company Inc | Reinforced tear-resistant material |
| US3046172A (en) * | 1959-03-26 | 1962-07-24 | Standard Products Co | Spongy elastomeric materials and methods and products used in the manufacture of the same |
| US3112283A (en) * | 1959-09-10 | 1963-11-26 | Chrysler Corp | Molding composition comprising unsaturated monomer modified polyester and filler |
| US3160549A (en) * | 1960-12-29 | 1964-12-08 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Vibration damping structures |
| US3253947A (en) * | 1961-03-03 | 1966-05-31 | Porter Co Inc H K | Flexible sound attenuating material |
| US3215225A (en) * | 1961-11-29 | 1965-11-02 | Korfund Dynamics Corp | Laminated acoustic panels with outer metal layers, fibrous core and viscoelastic damping layer |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3963881A (en) * | 1973-05-29 | 1976-06-15 | Thermo Electron Corporation | Unidirectional condenser microphone |
| EP0014085A1 (en) * | 1979-01-30 | 1980-08-06 | Glynwed Group Services Limited | Air compressor equipment |
| US4969535A (en) * | 1989-06-26 | 1990-11-13 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Acoustic liner |
| US5014815A (en) * | 1989-06-26 | 1991-05-14 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Acoustic liner |
| US5025888A (en) * | 1989-06-26 | 1991-06-25 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Acoustic liner |
| US5648941A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1997-07-15 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Transducer backing material |
| US20030175494A1 (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 2003-09-18 | Jean-Francois Penneau | Porous composite product in particular with a high specific surface preparation process and electrode formed of a porous composite film for an electro-chemical assembly |
| US7384686B2 (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 2008-06-10 | Bollore | Porous composite product in particular with a high specific surface preparation process and electrode formed of a porous composite film for an electro-chemical assembly |
| US6051913A (en) * | 1998-10-28 | 2000-04-18 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Electroacoustic transducer and acoustic isolator for use therein |
| US6171689B1 (en) * | 1999-01-15 | 2001-01-09 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Flame retardant microporous materials |
| US20050042437A1 (en) * | 2003-08-19 | 2005-02-24 | Cryovac, Inc. | Sound dampening foam |
| US7503430B2 (en) | 2006-09-07 | 2009-03-17 | Usg Interiors, Inc. | Reduced dust acoustic panel |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1288304A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1972-09-06 |
| CA928626A (en) | 1973-06-19 |
| DE2000434A1 (de) | 1970-12-10 |
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