US3601995A - Shoring construction - Google Patents

Shoring construction Download PDF

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Publication number
US3601995A
US3601995A US784295A US3601995DA US3601995A US 3601995 A US3601995 A US 3601995A US 784295 A US784295 A US 784295A US 3601995D A US3601995D A US 3601995DA US 3601995 A US3601995 A US 3601995A
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United States
Prior art keywords
shoring
wedging
frame members
supporting frame
frame means
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US784295A
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English (en)
Inventor
Rudolf Siez
Hans-Gunther Lichtenbaumer
Joachim Neefe
Wolfgang Scheer
Franz Gantke
Walter Zywietz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hoesch AG
Bochumer Eisenhuette Heintzmann GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Hoesch AG
Bochumer Eisenhuette Heintzmann GmbH and Co KG
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Priority claimed from DE19671658739 external-priority patent/DE1658739B1/de
Application filed by Hoesch AG, Bochumer Eisenhuette Heintzmann GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Hoesch AG
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/14—Lining predominantly with metal
    • E21D11/15—Plate linings; Laggings, i.e. linings designed for holding back formation material or for transmitting the load to main supporting members

Definitions

  • a shoring for underground passages includes a plurality of annular supporting frame members which are arranged axially of one another and whose adjacent axial end portions are provided with juxtaposed endfaces, each two juxtaposed endt'aces defining with each other a circumferentially extending gap.
  • An annular wedging frame closes the respec tive gaps in such a manner as to provide for substantially uniform transmission of tensile or compressive stresses between the adjacent supporting frame members at all circumferential locations, and provides for such closing regardless of the angular inclination of the juxtaposed endfaces with respect to one another as long as this inclination is within a predetermined range.
  • the present invention relates generally to shoring for underground passages, such as tunnels, shafts, and the like. More specifically, the invention relates to such a shoring which preferably prevents the intrusion of water into the interior of such tunnels, shafts or the like.
  • Underground passages which term hereafter shall be considered to include any type of underground space of the general nature such as tunnels, shafts, bores or the like must be shored to prevent them from collapse.
  • supporting frame members of profile steel, of concrete or of steel-reinforced concrete which are arranged in abutment with one another as seen with respect to the axial extension of the underground passage with their abutment faces extending transversely to this axial extension.
  • frame members For facilitating the introduction of these frame members into the passage, and their advancement to the desired locations, it is preferred to construct these frame members in segments which are then connected together in situ.
  • the manner in which the abutment faces are made to engage one another depends on prevailing circumstances and such engagement may be in pressure and/or tension-transmitting abutment. Particularly at locations where shoring is erected immediately subsequent to the formation of the underground passage, it is necessary to support the supporting frame members one against the other in pressure-transmitting relationship, because the leading frame members, that is those which are closely adjacent to the equipment forming the passage, act as the supporting abutment for the passage-forming equipment or, in loose strata, for the hydraulic advancing cylinders of the passage-forming devices. Additionally, it is frequently necessary, for instance where the underground passage has a downward inclination, to connect the supporting frame members for transmission of tensile stresses, the latter type of connection sometimes being the only type which is required.
  • connection of the adjacent supporting members for trans mission of tensile and compressive stresses, as well as for transmission of either type of stresses, does not usually provide any problems where the underground passage is straight.
  • Compressive stresses of course are 'transmittedby having the endfaces of adjacent supporting frame members abut against one another, whereas connection to withstand tensile stresses is effected by connecting the adjacent supporting frame members in the region of their abutment faces with hooks, fishplates, or analogous elements.
  • fishplates provides a connection which is resistant not only to tensile stresses but also to compressive stresses.
  • connection between adjacent supporting frame members be water tight, to prevent the intrusion of water into the interior of the passage from the surrounding strata, then it is simply necessary to introduce requisite types and quantities of sealing material between the abutment faces of adjacent supporting frame members.
  • the supporting frame members consist of individual segments which are connected together, sealing against the intrusion of water can be effected in similar manner at the joints between the respective segments.
  • adjacent supporting frame members may be inclined with respect to one another as needed and then be secured by the securing means provided.
  • the extent to which such inclination is possible with the specially constructed securing means is relatively narrowly defined and frequently inadequate, particularly if the radius of curvature of the passage section being short is relatively small.
  • economic considerations again play a role in this: solution. It will be appreciated that resort to this solution requires specially constructed and configurated supporting frame members and connecting means which must be used even where a tensionresisting connection between adjacent supporting frame members is not required and where it would be sufficient to provide compression-resistant abutment between adjacent ones of the supporting frame members.
  • connection which resist tensile stresses or both compressive and tensile stresses being required only occasionally. Therefore, the necessary use of the more elaborately constructed components in circumstances where such elaborate construction is not needed, results in unwarrantedly high economic expenditures which largely negate any advantages derived from this solution.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide such a shoring which makes it possible to connect adjacent supporting frame members against compressive and/or tensile stresses but yet to position them at such inclination relative to one another as may be required by' curved sections of the underground passage being shored.
  • a concomitant object of the present invention is to provide a shoring of the type in question which obviates the need for using expensive bridging members bridging the gaps between annular adjacent supporting frame members when the latter are inclined relative to one another because of the curvature of the underground passage, bridging members which must be specially manufactured and kept in stock for each of the many differently configurated gaps which may occur depending upon the extent of curvature of the underground passage.
  • one feature of our invention resides in providing shoring for underground passages which includes at least two annular supporting frame members arranged axially of one another and having adjacent axial end portions provided with juxtaposed endfaces defining with each other a circumferentially extending gap.
  • annular wedging frame means constructed and arranged for closing the radial gap in abutment with the adjacent axial end portions with a predetermined range of angular inclinations of the endfaces with reference to each other, and which wedging frame means serves to effect substantially uniform transmission of stresses between the supporting frame members at all circumferential locations.
  • annular wedging frame means The cross-sectional configuration of the annular wedging frame means according to the present invention is identical at all circumferential points thereof and we wish it to be understood that reference to annular" wedging frame means is intended to include constructions where the wedging frame.
  • the wedging frame means is annularly incomplete.
  • the wedging frame means may not only be a circular outline, and of otherthan-circular but circumferentially complete annular outline, but it may also be arch-shaped or similarly configurated in a manner which we have chosen to designate as being at least substantially annular" in outline.
  • the annular wedging frame means according to the present invention is necessarily required only where an underground passage being shored is of other-than-straight configuration, but that it can be used anywhere, including in straight line sections of underground passages.
  • the supporting frame members consist of concrete, steel-reinforced concrete, s'teel-clad concrete or profiled steel segments, or whether the supporting frame members are circumferentially complete and of circular, elliptical or other configuration, or whether they are of substantially arch-shaped configuration.
  • the configuration of the annular wedging frame means which latter may consist of any of the aforementioned materials including the particular material from which the annular supporting frame members are constituted, has a configuration corresponding to that of the annular supporting frame members and under these circumstances is always capable of providing the required results.
  • the configuration of the sidefaces may be chosen in dependence upon the type of shoring construction.
  • the sidefaces of the annular wedging frame means may be flat and the endfaces on the axial end portions of the supporting frame members may be so configurated as to provide surface-to-surface abutment with the sidefaces.
  • the sidefaces of the wedging frame means will advantageously be concave or convex, preferably of S-shaped curvature, which guarantees in each and every instance at least line contact with the endfaces of the supporting frame members and adequate transmission of forces acting in longitudinal direction of the passage being shored, as well as adequate sealing against the entry of water.
  • at least the sidefaces of the wedging frame means are provided with a layer or coating of resiliently yieldable sealing material of known type.
  • the most common requirement in shoring construction is that adjacent supporting frame members be connected only against compressive stresses acting in the direction of elongation of the underground passage.
  • the endfaces of adjacent supporting frame members are juxtaposed with the sidefaces of the annular wedging frame means which will have a cross section at least substantially corresponding to a trapezium with the sidefaces being inclined at an angle of between approximately 20 and 35. It is advantageous if the base of the trapeziumfaces inwardly of the shoring, that is if it faces away from the surrounding earth strata. This facilitates the necessary adjustment because it avoids interference with such adjustment by the surrounding material and makes it possible to effect the adjustment from the interior of the shoring as needed.
  • FIG. I is a somewhat diagrammatic end view, partially sectioned, into a section of an underground passage shored with the shoring according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a horizontal section through the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a section taken on the line III-III of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a fragmentary internal view on an enlarged scale of the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3;
  • FIG. 5 is a section taken on the line V-V of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a fragmentary enlarged sectional showing of a portion of FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is similar to FIG. 6 but illustrates a different fragmentary section portionof the embodiment in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 8 is a section taken on the line VIII-VIII of FIG. 7;
  • F IG. 9 and each show a section through a radial gap I between two adjacent supporting frame members in a shoring utilizing a different type of wedging frame means than that illustrated in FIGS. 1-8;
  • FIG. 10 and each show a somewhat diagrammatic fragmentary section through the radial gap between the adjacent supporting frame members in a shoring utilizing still another of wedging frame means;
  • FIG. 1-8 DESCRIPTION OF THE FREF ERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • this embodiment is the preferred embodiment according to the invention and is illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 as employed by way of example in an underground tunnel such as are utilized for subways or the like.
  • FIGS. 4-8 illustrate details of this embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 The end view shown in FIG. 1 in partial section illustrates that the shoring comprises a plurality of annular supporting frame members 1 which are arranged axially adjacent to one another and are arrayed in the direction of elongation of the underground passage. Adjacent ones of the supporting frame members 1 are separated by radial gaps 2 and are connected against compressive stresses by annular wedging frame means 3 interposed in the respective gaps 2.
  • Reference numeral 4 in FIG. 1 illustrates the surrounding ground or earth in which the passage has been formed, and reference numeral 5 identifies the backfill of concrete or the like which is used to completely fill the space between the surrounding earth 4 and the outside of the shoring.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 in particularshow clearly that in this embodiment the supporting frame members 1 each consist of several-here assumed to be four-profiled steel segments 10 which about. one another at the lines 7 and are there connected to one another against tensile and compressive stresses and against the intrusion of water by means of plates 8 configurated in correspondence with the cross-sectional configuration of the supporting frame members ll.
  • the segments llc constituting the supporting frame members ll consist of channel-shaped profiles provided with flanges whose end portions are configurated as radially inwardly extending tapering portions 111.; and lb.
  • each of the segments is has at one axial end one of the portions la and at the opposite axial end of the portions lb.
  • a portion lla of one segment always is proximal to the portion lb of an axially adjacent segment. They thus define between themselves radial gaps 2 as shown in FIGS. 2;, 4, and 5.
  • wedging frame means which are here illustrated as wedging frame members 3.
  • the wedging frame members 3 have the cross-sectional configuration (compare FIGS. 2 and 5) of a trapezium facing with its base towards the interior of the shoring and having axially directed sidefaces or edgefaces and defining with one another an angle of substantially between and 35
  • the edgefaces of the wedging frame members 3 abut against the juxtaposed endfaces provided on the adjacent portions Ila and lib of adjacent ones of the segments 1c.
  • the wedging frame members 3 in this case are of circular outline corresponding to that of the supporting frame members l but which, if the latter were of different outline, have the same outline as that selected for the supporting frame members 11.
  • the cross-sectional configuration of the wedging frame members 3 is identical at all circumferential points thereof and it will be appreciated that while the wedging frame members 3 may be of one piece they are advantageously also provided in form of segments which facilitates their handling in underground passages. These segments are identified in FIG. 3 with reference numeral 3a and abut against one another in circumferential direction at the lines 312.
  • FIG. 2 clearly illustrates, however, that the passage is slightly curved towards the right, or in FIG. 2 in downward direction as seen with respect to the drawing. It is clearly evident that in correspondence with the decreasing radius of curvature as seen in the direction towards the right-hand side of FIG. 2, the wedging frame members 3 received in the respective gaps 2 are arranged increasingly eccentrically with respect to their adjacent supporting frame members ll, that is towards the lefthand side of FIG. 3 in their own radial plane or that of the respective gaps 2.
  • this means includes plates 9 distributed at predetermined locations circumferentially about the interior of the shoring and against which the wedging frame members 3 or, if they are provided in form of segments 3a, their segments abut and are supported with their respective basis.
  • Bolts M) are provided which are suitably secured to the supporting frame members 1, for instance by being welded to the flanges thereof, and nuts la are associated with the bolts 10 so as to draw the plates 9 against the basis of the respective wedging frame members 3.
  • the plates 9 may serve an auxiliary purpose, namely to stiffen the shoring and to connect it, for which purpose they may be provided with their sidefaces 9b abutting against portions of the adjacent supporting frame members ll, so inclined as to correspond with this inclination to the inclination of the portions of the supporting frame members 11 against which sidefaces 9b abut. This is shown in FIG.
  • the plates 9 have yet an additional function, namely to bridge the lines of abutment 3b of the individual segments 3a of which the wedging frame members 3 are composed. This avoids the need for specific connecting means between the segments 3a.
  • the lines of abutment 3b could be provided at other locations and not be bridged by the plates 9, but in this case separate bridging and connecting means in form of several plates, pins or sockets or the like would be necessary.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 The plates 8, which have been mentioned earlier, are illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. As further shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, these plates 8 not only serve to connect abutting segments 10 of the supporting frame members ll against compressive and tensile stresses, but also to provide a seal at the lines of abutment 7 against the introduction of water.
  • the plates 3 are provided with recesses 13 which overlap the lines of abutment 7 and which are filled with an elastically yieldable sealing material 1130 which prior to the erection of the shoring projects beyond the plane of the face in which the recesses 13 are provided.
  • the nuts 11a are tightened on the bolts llll welded to the supporting frame members 1 and serving to hold the plates 3 in place, a part of the material 130 will enter into their respective fissures existing along the lines of abutment 7.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 also illustrate that the plates 8 serve further to abut against the sidefaces of the wedging frame members 3 in the region of the radial gaps 2, and that a coating layer 12 of elastically yieldable sealing material which may be similar to the material 13a and advantageously is on a synthetic plastic basis, is provided on the wedging frame members 3.
  • a coating layer 12 of elastically yieldable sealing material which may be similar to the material 13a and advantageously is on a synthetic plastic basis, is provided on the wedging frame members 3.
  • the endfaces of the portions and lb of the supporting frame members ll may be provided with such a coating.
  • the wedging frame member is, however, here identified with reference numeral 14 and is of substantially U-shaped cross section with the bight facing the interior of the shoring.
  • the endfaces of the portions la and 1b are juxtaposed as before, and tapered to one another in radially outward direction.
  • Each of the portions la and 1b has an additional face which faces axially away from the associated endface and also tapers radially outwardly but in axially opposite direction, as clearly visible in FIGS. 9 and 9a.
  • This taper is at an angle of substantially between 10 and to the radial plane of the gap 2 and the wedging frame member 14 embraces these additional faces with its correspondingly tapered inner surfaces to that the radial gap 2, which in dependence on the relative angular position of the adjacent supporting frame members 1 opens or closes in which-shaped configuration and in circumferential direction, can again be bridged and completely closed by simple eccentric shifting of the wedging frame members 14 with reference to supporting frame members 1.
  • the connection is provided against tensile stresses so that tensile stresses are transmitted between adjacent ones of the supporting frame members 1 via the intermediary of the wedging frame member 14.
  • the wedging frame member 14 may be configurated as a single entity. However, it is preferably also constituted of individual segments as is assumed to be the case in FIGS. 9 and 9a. Here the individual segments are provided at their ends with elongated apertures 140 through which bolts 15 extend which are welded to the respective adjacent supporting frame members 1 and onto which the nuts 15a are threaded so as to shift the segments which together constitute the wedging frame member 14 radi-- ally as necessary.
  • FIGS. 9 and 9a illustrates two different positions of the wedging frame member 3 in correspondence with differently configurated gaps 2.
  • the sealing layer or coating 12 may be provided in this embodiment also, and that FIG. 9 shows the position of the various components in the region of the narrowest portion of the radial gap 2 whereas FIG. 9a shows the corresponding position in the region of the widest gap of the widest portion of the gap 2.
  • FIGS. 10 and 10a are much more diagrammatic in their illustrations than FIGS. 9 and 9a. However, they illustrate the same conditions as shown in FIGS. 9 and 9a with nonessential portions having been omitted.
  • FIGS. 10 an 10a the configuration of the annular supporting frame members 1 is assumed to be elliptical rather than circular.
  • the wedging frame member 16 inserted into the gap 2 is provided, in this embodiment, with sidefaces which are curved in somewhat S- shaped manner so as to have a concave portion and a convex portion joining the concave portion.
  • FIGS. 11 and 1 la illustrate yet another embodiment wherein the wedging frame member 17a which closes and bridges the respective radial gap 2 is identical in its cross-sectional configuration with the annular supporting frame members 17 except for the fact that its profile is radially reversed.
  • the members 17 have a somewhat trapeziumshaped cross section identical with the cross section of the wedging frame means 17a but, as shown, with the open side facing in the opposite radial direction from the open side of the cross section of the wedging frame member 17a.
  • 11a shows the changed position of the adjacent supporting frame members 17 with reference to one another and to the wedging frame member 17a if the axial length of the radial gap 2 decreases as a result of use of the shoring in a curved portion of the underground passage, that is where the supporting frame members 17 are inclined angularly with reference to one another in the manner discussed with respect to the supporting frame members 1 earlier.
  • simple radial shifting of the supporting frame member 17a in the radial plane of the gap 2 provides the desired results.
  • the sealing layer 12 can be provided in this embodiment.
  • FIGS. 11 and 11a is usable for archtype shorings as well as for shorings of the circumferentially complete type and in this embodiment, as in all others, it is immaterial whether the supporting frame members or their segments consists of profile steel, concrete or steel-clad concrete.
  • the steel profiles illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 1 1a are not strong enough to resist the static requirements of a given situation, they can be reinforced, for instance by filling them with concrete.
  • the supporting frame members or the annular wedging frame members are composed of individual segments which are releasably connected once they have been installed in the shoring, it is advantageouswhere the outline of the members differs from a circular outline-that the segments either be substantially straight or have a longitudinal curvature which is at least substantially identical for all of them.
  • a shoring for underground passages comprising at least two axially arrayed annular supporting frame members having adjacent axial end portions provided with juxtaposed end faces defining with each other a circumferentially extending radial gap, said frame members being capable of positioning in a plurality of relative positions in which their respective longitudinal axes are inclined to one another at different angles with concomitant variations in the width of said gap at different circumferential locations of the latter; and at least substantially annular wedging frame means of circumferentially constant but radially tapering cross section entering said radial gap at different circumferential locations of the latter to different extends depending upon variations of the width of said gap and sealingly closing said radial gap in abutment with said adjacent end portions, whereby to effect sealing of said gap within a predetermined range of angular inclinations of said axes by requisite displacement of said wedging frame means in the radial plane of said gap.
  • a shoring as defined in claim l wherein at least said supporting frame members each consist of a plurality of connected discrete segments.
  • wedging frame means comprise at least one annular wedging frame composed of a plurality of connected discrete wedging frame segments.
  • said wedging frame means encircling said radial gap in abutment with said adjacent axial end portions.
  • a shoring as defined in claim ll said end portions being provided with radial flanges each having one of said juxtaposed endfaces and said endfaces diverging radially inwardly, and in axial direction of said annular supporting frame members; and wherein said wedging frame means is of radially outwardly converging wedge-shaped cross section with the axial faces of said wedging frame means abutting with surfaceto-surface contact against said endfaces.
  • a shoring as defined in claim ll said supporting frame members and said wedging frame means being of other-thancircular outline, and said wedging frame means being composed of a plurality of segments of at least substantially identical arcuate curvature.
  • said end portions being in form of radially extending flanges; and further comprising a plurality of circumferentially distributed bolt-and-nut means provided on said frame members adjacent said flanges, said wedging frame being provided at opposite axial sides of said gap with openings elongated in axial direction of said wedging frame and in which said bolt-and-nut means are engageable for connecting said wedging frame means with said frame members.
  • said wedging frame means having abutment faces abutting against said end portions; and further comprising elastically yieldable sealing material provided at least on said abutment faces for provided at least on said abutment faces for providing a fiuidtight seal between the same and said end portions.
  • annular wedging frame means being of at least substantially wedge-shaped radial cross-sectional configuration.
  • a shoring as defined in claim l2 said cross-sectional configuration resembling at least substantially a trapezium having side faces inclined to one another at angles of substantially between 20 and 35.
  • said wedging frame means of substantially wedge-shaped cross section having a base side facing radially inwardly; further comprising plate means overlying circumferentially distributed selected portions of said base side in abutment therewith and projecting axially therebeyond; and bolt-andmut means provided on said frame members and engaging said plate means for connecting the same and thereby said wedging frame means to said frame members.
  • a shoring as defined in claim 18 said endfaces of said frame members being inclined with reference to one another, and said plate means having edge faces tapered in correspondence with such inclination and abutting against the respective endfaces in surface-to-surface contact.
  • annular supporting frame members and said wedging frame means each having a radial cross-sectional configuration resembling a trapezium, and wherein the base line of said wedging frame means faces in an opposite radial direction than the base lines of said supporting frame members.
  • each of said trapeziumshaped cross sections having two sides paralleling one another and one of which is the base line, and wherein one of said two sides is an open side.
  • a shoring as defined in claim ll said end portions being in form of radially extending flanges; and further comprising a plurality of circumferentially distributed bolt-and-nut means provided on said frame members adjacent said flanges and engageable with said wedging frame means for connecting the same with said frame members.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
US784295A 1967-12-12 1968-12-12 Shoring construction Expired - Lifetime US3601995A (en)

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DE19671658739 DE1658739B1 (de) 1967-12-12 1967-12-12 Ring- oder Bogenausbau fuer die vorzugsweise wasserdichte Auskleidung von unterirdischen Strecken,wie Tunneln,Stollen,Schaechten od.dgl.

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FR (1) FR1587181A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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FR2362268A1 (fr) * 1976-08-21 1978-03-17 Wuppermann Gmbh Theodor Garnissage forme d'elements en acier, pour tunnels routiers, ferroviaires et ouvrages similaires.
US4261541A (en) * 1980-03-03 1981-04-14 Morrow Otis L Manhole sewer pipe opening blockout member
US4904120A (en) * 1987-10-12 1990-02-27 Von Roll Ag Frame for forming coverings on ground openings
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CN113969796A (zh) * 2021-11-02 2022-01-25 中铁二十四局集团有限公司 一种大跨径罐室穹顶十字导坑扇形开挖及支护方法
US20230323662A1 (en) * 2022-04-08 2023-10-12 Fellowes, Inc. Connecting members and system for modular wall junctions

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DE2805791C2 (de) * 1978-02-11 1980-04-24 Bochumer Eisenhuette Heintzmann Gmbh & Co, 4630 Bochum Nachgiebiger Grubenausbau, insbesondere für untertägige Grubenstrecken
CN108716409B (zh) * 2018-05-07 2024-06-25 中铁工程设计咨询集团有限公司 一种跨座式单轨隧道全预制轨道墙结构及其施工方法

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US3756629A (en) * 1971-10-01 1973-09-04 Victaulic Co Of America Stud system of joining pipe and couplings for same
FR2362268A1 (fr) * 1976-08-21 1978-03-17 Wuppermann Gmbh Theodor Garnissage forme d'elements en acier, pour tunnels routiers, ferroviaires et ouvrages similaires.
US4261541A (en) * 1980-03-03 1981-04-14 Morrow Otis L Manhole sewer pipe opening blockout member
US4904120A (en) * 1987-10-12 1990-02-27 Von Roll Ag Frame for forming coverings on ground openings
US4991999A (en) * 1990-05-07 1991-02-12 Helms Robert C Corrugated structural panels
US6524722B2 (en) 2001-03-15 2003-02-25 Contech Technologies, Inc. Corrugated structural metal plate
CN113969796A (zh) * 2021-11-02 2022-01-25 中铁二十四局集团有限公司 一种大跨径罐室穹顶十字导坑扇形开挖及支护方法
CN113969796B (zh) * 2021-11-02 2023-08-11 中铁二十四局集团有限公司 一种大跨径罐室穹顶十字导坑扇形开挖及支护方法
US20230323662A1 (en) * 2022-04-08 2023-10-12 Fellowes, Inc. Connecting members and system for modular wall junctions

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE725129A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-06-09
CH521484A (de) 1972-04-15
GB1250515A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-10-20
FR1587181A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-03-13
AT300010B (de) 1972-07-10

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