US3576066A - Method of making vacuum components - Google Patents

Method of making vacuum components Download PDF

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Publication number
US3576066A
US3576066A US837155A US3576066DA US3576066A US 3576066 A US3576066 A US 3576066A US 837155 A US837155 A US 837155A US 3576066D A US3576066D A US 3576066DA US 3576066 A US3576066 A US 3576066A
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United States
Prior art keywords
envelope
gas
pressure
hydrogen
sealed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US837155A
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English (en)
Inventor
Lewis B Steward
Wesley N Lindsay
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BANGOR PUNTA INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL HOLDING CORP A CORP OF DE
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Deutsche ITT Industries GmbH
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Publication of US3576066A publication Critical patent/US3576066A/en
Assigned to ITT CORPORATION reassignment ITT CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION
Assigned to FL INDUSTRIES, INC., A CORP. OF N.J. reassignment FL INDUSTRIES, INC., A CORP. OF N.J. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: ITT CORPORATION, 320 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10022, A CORP. OF DE.
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Assigned to BANGOR PUNTA INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL HOLDING CORP., A CORP. OF DE. reassignment BANGOR PUNTA INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL HOLDING CORP., A CORP. OF DE. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: FL INDUSTRIES, INC.,
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/666—Operating arrangements
    • H01H33/6664—Operating arrangements with pivoting movable contact structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/54—Contact arrangements

Definitions

  • This invention relates to evacuated enclosures and, more particularly, to an improved method of withdrawing a gas from the interior of an envelope.
  • the envelope is brazed (hermetically sealed) in a reducing atmosphere at atmospheric pressure.
  • the reducing atmosphere keeps the component parts clean.
  • conventional resistance heaters may also be economically used for heating a large number of envelopes simultaneously at the convenient pressure of 1 atmosphere.
  • the same large numberof envelopes may then be economically heated by resistance .heaters and evacuated in a vacuum oven.
  • the said large number all maybe heated and evacuated at the same time.
  • FIG. 1 is a side elevational view showing in actual size a relay upon which the present invention may be practiced, the relay including both a switch portion and an actuating assembly;
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view, partly in elevation, through the central axis of the switch portion of the relay illustratedin FIG. 1, the plane'of the section being indicated by line 2-2 in FIG. 3;
  • F IG; 3 is a transverse sectional view taken along line 3-3 of the switch portion of FIG. 2; i
  • FIG. 4 is a top plan view of one of the fixed contact assemblies shown apart from the remainder of the switch structure
  • FIG. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view,- partly in elevation, through the central axis of the actuating assembly of the relay illustrated in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the coil, armature, and resilient bracket employed in the actuating assembly illustrated in FIG. 5; i
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary vertical section taken FIG. 8 is a top plan view, on a reduced scale, of a sheet metal blank which is bent intothe form of. a bracket utilized. for mounting the armature in the actuating assembly;
  • FIG.' 9 i s an'exploded view showing in' plan the end of a resilient bracket and the free end of the armature to which the end of the bracket is connected;
  • FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along line 10-10 in FIG. 9 showing in elevation the free end of the resilient bracket.
  • FIG. I there is illustrated a relay 20 upon which the present invention may be practiced.
  • Relay 20 includes an upper switch portion 22 and a lower actuating assembly 24.
  • the switch portion 22 of the relay includes an envelope 25 composed of two axially aligned, elongated tubular insulator envelope sections 26 and 28, preferably formed of ceramic.
  • a third ceramic tubular section 30 is provided for connecting the switch envelope to the actuating assembly 24.
  • the ceramic sections 26 and 28 are provided at .their remote ends with metallized edges 32 and 34 while the ceramic section 30 has its upper end metallized as indicated at 36 and its lower outer periphery metallized as indicated at 37.
  • a first annular metallic terminal electrode 38 is hermetically brazed to the metallized edge 32 of the ceramic section 26 while a second annular metallic terminal electrode 40 is hermetically brazed to the lower metallized edge 34 of the ceramic section 26.
  • the metallized upper edge 32 of ceramic section 28 is brazed to the lower surface of the terminal electrode 40.
  • a metallic end cap 42 is brazed to the upper surface of the terminal electrode 38 and closes the upper end of the switch envelope.
  • the end cap '42 is provided with an upwardly extending, domed portion 44. It is to be noted that this end cap assembly eliminates an appendage which constitutes a tubulation employed in prior art relays, thus reducing the cost and complexities of production.
  • End cap 42 is preferably made of nickel or nickel-iron according to the method of the present invention. However, in accordance with the invention,
  • nickel may be used by itself.
  • Nickel is used because, as will be explained, the switch portion 22 shown in FIG. .2 is brazed in a hydrogen oven. Hydrogen is, thus, sealed inside the switch portionj This hydrogen must be removed to create a high vacuum. The hydrogen left inside may, in fact, be removed by diffusing it through portion 44 at an elevated temperature. This is true because nickel and nickel-iron may be penetrated by hydrogen gas at elevated temperatures.
  • a relatively thin metallic diaphragm 46 is hermetically brazed to the lower metallized edge 34 of the ceramic section 28.
  • a third terminal electrode 48 is interposedbetween the upper metallized edge 36 of the ceramic section 30 and the lower surface of the metallic diaphragm 46. This electrode provides a terminal for the actuator rod 50.
  • the diaphragm 46 is sufficiently flexible to permit transverse pivotal movement of the longitudinally extending actuator rod.
  • the rod is provided with a lower ceramic contact end 50 extending toward the actuating assembly 24, while the upper end 54 of the actuator rod extends through a central aperture formed in the flexible diaphragm 46 and is hermetically brazed thereto.
  • the upper surface of the ceramic contact end 52 is metallized as indicated at 55 and brazed to the diaphragm 46.
  • the terminal electrodes 38, 40 and 48 are preferably formed of copper to provide a high currentcarrying capacity while the actuator rod 50 is formed of a metal which is substantially harder than the terminal electrodes so that it willnot bend from impact with the terminal electrodes.
  • the terminal electrodes 38 and 40 are conveniently formed from sheet copper stamped into the configuration desired. As shown, the preferred configuration is one in which the portions of the terminal electrodes 38 and 40 within the ceramic envelope are dished toward each other as indicated at 60 are provided on the terminal electrodes.
  • Rods'60 have substantially the same hardness as the actuator rod and, hence, substantially greater hardness than that of the terminal electrodes.
  • the actuator rod and contact rods are *formed of refractory metals, such as titanium, tungsten, or
  • the actuator rod be fonned of a metal different than the metal of the contact rods so that welding of the rods will not occur upon continued impact therebetween.
  • One of the wires 60 is pressed into aligned grooves 62 and 64 in the lower surface of the dished portion 56 of electrode 38.
  • the other wire 60 is pressed into aligned grooves 66 and 68 in'the top surface of the dished portion of the electrode '40.
  • the pairs of grooves in each of the electrodes 38 and 40 are preferably aligned and so arranged that the wire contacts 60 are parallel to each other and form cords across the circular openings 58 inthe electrodes.
  • the rods 60 are disposed so that the movement of the pivoted actuator rod is normal to the contact rods to insure firm contact therebetween.
  • the wires 60 may be mounted on the dished portions of electrodes 38 and 40 by forming the grooves initially in the electrodes and forcing the wires therein.
  • a die having appropriately arranged grooves may be placed in the dished portion of the electrodes so that upon pressing the wire contacts against the opposite side of the electrodes toward the .die grooves, grooves will be formed in the electrodes simultaneously with securing the wires therein.
  • the contact rods can be accurately located in any predetermined position depending upon the spacial relationship desired between the rods. Also, the rods can be positioned in exact parallel relationship so that there is a uniform gap between the two fixed contact surfaces. If desired, after the contact rods are pressed into the terminal electrodes, they may be brazed at the point of contact with the electrodes although this is not essential.
  • a coating of metal may be provided on the rods.
  • the coating may have a higher electrical and thermal conductivity than that of the rods per se.
  • metals for the coating are copper and noble metals, such as gold and silver, which are applied to the contact rods prior to assembly thereof to the terminal electrodes.
  • the coating may be applied by electrodeposition, vapor deposition, or sputtering techniques.
  • the coating may have a thickness of only a few atoms to about 0.005 inch to maintain the contact resistance of the relay at a minimum, yet still'take full advantage of the hardness of the base contact rod material to minimize deformation of the contact rods when contacted by the actuator rod. Even though the coating is itself subject to deformation when contacted by the actuator rod, since the coating is quite thin, such deformation is only slight. Moreover, since the coating material is highly malleable, it tends to flow and, therefore, fill up any deformed surface area. This invention removes the requirement for coating the rods, thereby reducing the number of operations required to produce a low contact resistance relay.
  • straight wire "contacts 60 are rigid and parallel. They also are formed of a material having substantially the same hardness as that of the actuator rod 54 so that upon contact of the actuator rod with the contact rods, a minimum amount of deformation of the materials results with a resultant minimum degree of variation in the electrical characteristics of the relay over extended use of the relay. Furthennore, since the metal wires 60, present fixed, straight, generally parallel, opposed contact surfaces, there will be no variation in the electrical characteristics of the relay even if the path of movement of the actuator rod varies in a direction parallel to such rods.
  • the wire contacts 60 are mounted on the dished portions of the electrodes 38 and 40, the contacts are spaced axially apart in a relatively short distance, thus minimizing the amount of pivotal movement required for the actuator rod 50 to engage the contact wires.
  • the dished portions 56 of the electrodes 38 and 40 serve as shields to obstruct any vaporized metal which might be produced by the actuator rod 54 striking the contact wires 60 from impinging upon the inner surfaces of the ceramic sections 26 and 28.
  • the electrodes 38 and 40 are of identical form, except for the location of the contacts 60, thus reducing the number of different parts required in the manufacture of the relay. The small rods 60 are easily manufactured by merely cutting proper lengths of wire.
  • FIGS. 5 through 10 show in detail the-construction of the actuating assembly 24 for the actuating rod 50.
  • the assembly 24 includes a tubular metallic casing which is coaxial with the tubular switch portion 22 of the relay and is brazed at its upper end to the metallized portion 37 of ceramic section 30.
  • a housing 70 within which is supported an electromagnetic coil 74, is positioned at the lower portion of the casing 70 andv retained therein by a disc 75. Terminals 76 and 78 extending through the disc are provided for connecting the coil to a source of electrical power.
  • the coil surrounds a core 80 which is coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the tubular casing 70 and extends upwardly through the upper end 82 of the housing 72.
  • An armature 84 is positioned above the housing 72 and extends across the upper end 86 of the core.
  • the bracket 88 is formed from a sheet metal blank 90 having the configuration shown in FIG. 8.
  • the blank 90 has a circular end 92 in which a circular cutout 94 is provided.
  • the other end of the blank 90 is provided with an outwardly flared tab 96. lntennediate the two ends of the blank is an opening 98.
  • the housing 72 is bent inwardly at the upper end to provide an annular flange 100.
  • the blank 90 is bent into the configuration shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 with an upwardly bent portion 102 of the circular end 92 extending over the upper surface of one end of the armature 84 retaining the same in relatively fixed position, yet with sufficient spacing being provided between the two parts to permit upward pivotal movement of the armature 84 in the casing 70.
  • the portions 104 of the circular end 92 of the bracket on opposite sides of the upwardly extending section 102 are secured by means of brazing or welding to the flange 100. 4
  • the outwardly flared tab 96 on the opposite end. of the bracket 88 is fitted into a complementary shaped slot 106 at the end of the armature 84 opposite that which is engaged under the circular end 92 of the bracket, as best seen in FIG. 9, thereby providing a fixed connection between the free end of the armature and the bracket.
  • the bracket is bent upwardly to provide generally vertical legs 108 and 110 which meet at an upper end 112 in which the opening 98 is provided.
  • the lower end 52 of the actuator rod 50 is slidably positioned in the opening 98, thereby providing a lost mo tion connection between the actuator rod and the bracket 98.
  • the resilient pressure asserted by the bracket 88 retains the armature 84 in the position illustrated in FIG. .5 wherein the armature is spaced from the end 86 of core 80.
  • the magnetic field generated thereby attracts the mature down against the resilient force asserted by the bracket 88 so that the end 86 of the core 80 is abutted by the armature.
  • the upper portion 112 of the bracket 88 will shift in the rightward direction as viewed in FIG. 5, thereby pivoting the actuator rod about its fulcrum provided by the diaphragm 46.
  • the actuating assembly 24 is of extremely simple construction, requiring only a single metal element, namely the resilient bracket 88, for both pivotally mounting the armature 84 and for providing a lost-motion connection with the actuator rod 50 for shifting the latter.
  • all the I component parts of switch portion 22 shown in FIG. 2 may be stacked or jigged or both before they are hennetically sealed together. Certain components may be fixed together before the final sealing step, if desired.
  • Final sealing may be accomplished by brazing the parts to be brazed in a conventional oven containing hydrogen gas. The gas, thus, surrounds the assembled parts of switch portion 22 and also fills the space inside switch portion 22 along its entire axial length. Thepressure of the hydrogen is 1 atmosphere. There is, thus, no need for a vacuum pump at this point and brazing may be done easily and quickly simply by raising the oven temperature to a conventional brazing temperature for a conventional brazing compound.
  • the hydrogen oven has a dewpoint of less than 70 F.
  • the hydrogen oven preferably should be as dry as possible and at least sufliciently dry to prevent an unwanted amount of water vapor frombeing irretrievably sealed off inside the switch portion 22. Water vapor sealed inside the switch portion 22 generally will not penetrate end cap 42, at least within a reasonable time at practical temperatures and pressures. Due to the fact that brazing is performed according to the method of the present invention at an elevated temperature employed for end cap 42 when hydrogen is used.
  • Hydrogen has the most rapid diffusion rate (increasing production) through palladium.
  • Palladium may also be used for end cap 42 or for a smaller window, if desired.
  • end cap 42 may also be made of nickel-copper or pure iron.
  • Nickel-iron, nickel-copper, and pure iron have hydrogen diffusion rates of the same order of magnitude, i.e., from ID to 100 percent that of nickel. Nickel has about the hi est hydrogen diffusionrate, except for palladium.
  • the invention is, thus, not limited to the use of hydrogen. Further, the invention is not limited to the use of any specific brazing or evacuation times or temperatures or pressures. Further, the invention is not limited to any particular pressure inside switch portion 22.
  • the invention is also not limited to the use of one particular set of materials.
  • the hydrogen in the interior of switch portion 22 will be below atmospheric pressure if it is allowed to cool to room temperature.
  • the pressure may drop to, for example, one-third of 1 atmosphere.
  • the hydrogenfilled switch portion 22 is preferably placed in a conventional vacuum oven and heated to 700 C. for minutes.
  • the pressure around the outside of switch portion 22 at the same time may, for example, be reduced to 10" Torr although it is preferably reduced. to between about 10" Torr and 10" Torr for about 45 minutes.
  • the time during evacuation is, by no means, critical and may be more or less than 45 minutes depending upon to what pressure it is desirable to evacuate switch portion 22 and what temperature is employed.
  • switch portion 22 may be cooled to room temperature. It isthen ready for use.
  • Hydrogen gas need not necessarily be employed during brazing, although hydrogen is preferred.
  • carbon monoxide may be employed.
  • end cap 42 is preferably made of iron if carbon monoxide is employed.
  • Nickel-iron in proportions of 1:1 by weight is preferably substantial increase in production may, thus, be achieved without a corresponding increase in cost.
  • the method of making an evacuated enclosure comprising the steps of: hermeticallysealing an envelope with a gas inside thereof, said envelope having at least one portion through which said gas will diffuse; and reducing the pressure of gas around the outside of said envelope at least at said portion to a pressure sufficiently below that inside said envelope to cause said gas inside said envelope to diffuse through said envelope portion.
  • said envelope includes at least two component parts, said sealing step including brazing said parts together in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas at a brazing temperature, the gas left inside said envelope thereby being hydrogen, said brazing step being performed in a hydrogen oven with a dewpoint of less than 70 F., placing said envelope in a vacuum oven, increasing said vacuum oven temperature to about 700 C. for about 45 minutes, reducing the pressure in said vacuum oven to between about 10' to 10" Torr during said 45 minutes.
  • said envelope portion is made of two uniformly mixed metals, said metals being nickel and iron.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Switches (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
US837155A 1969-06-27 1969-06-27 Method of making vacuum components Expired - Lifetime US3576066A (en)

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US83715569A 1969-06-27 1969-06-27

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JP (1) JPS4913304B1 (de)
DE (1) DE2030977A1 (de)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4035885A (en) * 1974-12-27 1977-07-19 Nippon Electric Kagoshima, Ltd. Method for producing multi-figure luminescent display tubes
US4105982A (en) * 1977-03-28 1978-08-08 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Vacuum relay with reduced sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances and optional latching feature
US4755643A (en) * 1986-01-17 1988-07-05 501 F.L. Industries, Inc. Electronic relay switch with thermal/electrical shunt
US4860942A (en) * 1987-11-30 1989-08-29 Ceradyne, Inc. Method for soldering void-free joints
US4890508A (en) * 1986-10-24 1990-01-02 Renk Aktiengesellschaft Tracked vehicle drive system
DE4315683C1 (de) * 1993-05-05 1994-07-21 Siemens Ag Schaltelement mit einem gasdicht gekapselten Schaltteil
DE4315773A1 (de) * 1993-05-07 1994-11-17 Siemens Ag Gasdicht gekapseltes Schaltteil
DE4329349A1 (de) * 1993-08-27 1995-03-02 Siemens Ag Gasdicht gekapseltes Schaltteil

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1613061A (en) * 1925-02-21 1927-01-04 Products Prot Corp Art and apparatus for welding transformer tanks
US2438721A (en) * 1941-12-04 1948-03-30 Raytheon Mfg Co Method of sealing electrical discharge tubes
US2654822A (en) * 1949-09-30 1953-10-06 Machlett Lab Inc Method of sealing the envelopes of vacuum tubes
US2747269A (en) * 1952-09-27 1956-05-29 Gen Electric Insulating structures
US2770033A (en) * 1951-06-14 1956-11-13 Machlett Lab Inc Method of soldering a thin beryllium member to a metal part
US2987813A (en) * 1957-05-01 1961-06-13 American Resistor Corp Hermetically sealing a tubular element or container
US3241230A (en) * 1962-10-12 1966-03-22 Roy I Batista Diffusion bonding of tungsten to tungsten

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1613061A (en) * 1925-02-21 1927-01-04 Products Prot Corp Art and apparatus for welding transformer tanks
US2438721A (en) * 1941-12-04 1948-03-30 Raytheon Mfg Co Method of sealing electrical discharge tubes
US2654822A (en) * 1949-09-30 1953-10-06 Machlett Lab Inc Method of sealing the envelopes of vacuum tubes
US2770033A (en) * 1951-06-14 1956-11-13 Machlett Lab Inc Method of soldering a thin beryllium member to a metal part
US2747269A (en) * 1952-09-27 1956-05-29 Gen Electric Insulating structures
US2987813A (en) * 1957-05-01 1961-06-13 American Resistor Corp Hermetically sealing a tubular element or container
US3241230A (en) * 1962-10-12 1966-03-22 Roy I Batista Diffusion bonding of tungsten to tungsten

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4035885A (en) * 1974-12-27 1977-07-19 Nippon Electric Kagoshima, Ltd. Method for producing multi-figure luminescent display tubes
US4105982A (en) * 1977-03-28 1978-08-08 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Vacuum relay with reduced sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances and optional latching feature
DE2813203A1 (de) * 1977-03-28 1978-11-30 Int Standard Electric Corp Hermetisch verschlossenes relais
US4755643A (en) * 1986-01-17 1988-07-05 501 F.L. Industries, Inc. Electronic relay switch with thermal/electrical shunt
US4890508A (en) * 1986-10-24 1990-01-02 Renk Aktiengesellschaft Tracked vehicle drive system
US4860942A (en) * 1987-11-30 1989-08-29 Ceradyne, Inc. Method for soldering void-free joints
DE4315683C1 (de) * 1993-05-05 1994-07-21 Siemens Ag Schaltelement mit einem gasdicht gekapselten Schaltteil
DE4315773A1 (de) * 1993-05-07 1994-11-17 Siemens Ag Gasdicht gekapseltes Schaltteil
DE4329349A1 (de) * 1993-08-27 1995-03-02 Siemens Ag Gasdicht gekapseltes Schaltteil

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Publication number Publication date
JPS4913304B1 (de) 1974-03-30
DE2030977A1 (de) 1971-01-07

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AS Assignment

Owner name: ITT CORPORATION

Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004389/0606

Effective date: 19831122

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Owner name: FL INDUSTRIES, INC., 220 SUTH ORANGE AVENUE, LIVIN

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ITT CORPORATION, 320 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10022, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004453/0578

Effective date: 19850629

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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FL INDUSTRIES, INC.,;REEL/FRAME:004899/0615

Effective date: 19880425

Owner name: BANGOR PUNTA INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL HOLDING CORP.,

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:FL INDUSTRIES, INC.,;REEL/FRAME:004899/0615

Effective date: 19880425