US3549858A - Bench marks in sheet or web material - Google Patents
Bench marks in sheet or web material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3549858A US3549858A US719954A US3549858DA US3549858A US 3549858 A US3549858 A US 3549858A US 719954 A US719954 A US 719954A US 3549858D A US3549858D A US 3549858DA US 3549858 A US3549858 A US 3549858A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- web
- sheet
- perforations
- marks
- perforation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
- B23K26/083—Devices involving movement of the workpiece in at least one axial direction
- B23K26/0838—Devices involving movement of the workpiece in at least one axial direction by using an endless conveyor belt
- B23K26/0846—Devices involving movement of the workpiece in at least one axial direction by using an endless conveyor belt for moving elongated workpieces longitudinally, e.g. wire or strip material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
- B26F1/26—Perforating by non-mechanical means, e.g. by fluid jet
- B26F1/28—Perforating by non-mechanical means, e.g. by fluid jet by electrical discharges
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/007—Marks, e.g. trade marks
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24628—Nonplanar uniform thickness material
- Y10T428/24736—Ornamental design or indicia
Definitions
- This invention relates to providing a sheet or web of material with reference marks.
- Reference marks have been used in the past. However, all of these previously used marks have disadvantages. Printed marks, because of the mechanical nature of application, are difficult to apply when the sheet or web is travelling at high speed and are not too well defined. Further, printed marks can become disfigured and result in inaccurate measurements between one mark and the next. Watermarks, applied to paper, are too vaguely defined and are too large to provide accurate measurements. Any radioactive tracer material or magnetic material used as a mark is usually applied in a mechanical fashion to the sheet or web, and again this is not satisfactory for high speed operation. Many reference marks, when applied, are visible and cannot be used when the sheet or web must have surfaces unmarked in appearance.
- the perforations can be provided at spaced locations on the sheet or web and preferably are substantially circular having a diameter in the range of from 0.002 inches to 0.02 inches.
- the perforations are formed by burning a hold through the sheet or web.
- the perforations formed in the sheet or web material must be small enough so that they are not normally visible to the naked eye so as to detract from the surface appearance of the sheet or web and yet are large enough to allow detection of the perforations through the use of sensing means such as a light source and light detector.
- the size of the perforations will depend to some extent on the quality, nature and thickness of the web being perforated.
- Newsprint for example, has more specks of dirt in it than white bond quality paper and, for the same thickness of paper, larger perforations may be used in newsprint than in the bond paper, since the perforations will not be as visible among the specks in newsprint as on the clean surface of the bond. The larger the perforations, the easier they are to detect using the sensing means.
- the invention is particularly useful in the papermaking industry.
- the invention allows many paper products, particularly those which must have an unmarked appearance, to be provided with reference marks.
- the marks can be used, for example, to measure the speed of travel of the web, the length of a web, and the amount of dimensional change in the web during its manufacture.
- the perforations can be formed when the web is travelling at speeds up to 20,000 ft./min. and when the web has a moisture content up to 60 percent by weight of water.
- FIG. I is a plan view of a sheet or web material showing the reference marks of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the sheet shown in FIG. I taken along line 2-2;
- FIG. 3 shows an apparatus for applying the reference marks to a moving sheet or web of material
- FIG. 6 shows an apparatus for detecting the reference marks in a moving sheet or web of material
- FIG. 5 shows an apparatus for applying a series of reference marks to a moving sheet or web of material.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a sheet or web of material I which has reference marks 3.
- the size of the reference marks are exaggerated in the drawings.
- the sheet or web is a cellulose material, preferably paper, although other sheet or web materials such as thin plastic film can be provided with the perforations also.
- the reference marks 3 consist of substantially cylindrical holes passing transversely through the web I.
- the holes preferably have a diameter at least equal to the thickness of the web or sheet material.
- the diameter of the holes can preferably range between 0.002 inches to 0.02 inches. If the holes are any smaller than 0.002 inches, they are extremely difficult to detect and therefore not useful as reference marks. If the holes are larger than 0.02 inches, they can normally be seen by the naked eye and thus mar the appearance of the web.
- the reference marks may be applied in a line 5 extending parallel to the direction of movement of the web, as shown by the arrow in FIG. I, and can be equally spaced from one another.
- FIG. 3 illustrates one method of forming the perforations in the travelling web.
- the perforations are made by burning through the web with a spark.
- Two electrodes 7, 9 are apart to form a gap 11 through which the web travels as shown.
- the gap between the electrode tips l3, 15 is about 0.125 inches.
- the tips of the electrodes have a radius of about 0.0015 inches.
- One electrode is connected to ground.
- the other is connected to a well-known capacitance discharge device 17 similar to the system used in an automobile ignition system.
- a battery or DC power supply of approximately 400 volts is used to charge the capacitor.
- the perforation formed in the web is not always centrally located with respect to the longitudinal center line of the electrodes. To minimize the variations in the path of the spark, the web can be located closely adjacent to the tip of one of the electrodes.
- the size of the perforation formed by spark burning can be controlled by the input power and configuration of the spark producing circuit.
- the radius of the electrode tips should preferably be kept as small as possible in order to limit spark wander and more accurately control the placement of the perforation. Where very accurate placement of the hole is not as important, the size of the electrode tips may be made larger to increase the life of the electrodes.
- Other known spark-producing means can be used which do not require a capacitor or DC power supply.
- the light source 18 includes means for emitting light such as a light bulb 19 located adjacent one side of the web.
- a cover 21 having a slit 23 is located between the light bulb and web.
- a light detector 25 On the other side of the web is a light detector 25 having a lens 27 and a photomultiplier tube 29.
- the slit 23 is approximately 0.006 inches in width, and the photomultiplier tube 29 is sensitive enough to detect the perforation passing across the slit in the first 0.001 inch of its travel.
- the signal from the photomultiplier tube can be amplifier and, depending on the use of the perforations, can be transmitted to a counter for counting the perforations when measuring the length of a web, can be used for measuring time intervals for measurement of web velocity, or can be used in other ways which will be apparent.
- the perforations formed by the spark may not always be perpendicular to the web or sheet since the spark follows the line of least resistance through the material. Consequently, the perforation could be formed at an'angle to the plane of the web or sheet. Detection of the angled perforation by a light source is more difficult since the detecting means is arranged to operate along a line perpendicular to the plane of the sheet. If the diameter of the perforation is less than the thickness of the web or sheet in which it is formed, and if it is formed at an angle, there is the possibility that the perforation may not be detected. It is therefore preferred to form the perforations to at least a diameter equal to the thickness of the web or sheet. The diameter may be larger than the web or sheet thickness provided that it is not large enough to detract from the appearance of the web or sheet.
- the pattern and/or method in which the perforations are formed in the web can vary depending on what they are used for. If it is desired, for example, to measure the length of a web, the perforations are made at equally spaced intervals along the length of the web as shown in FIG. 1. To make the holes, an arrangement as shown in FIG. 5 could be used.
- the electrodes 7, 9 are located a spaced distance L from the center of the slit 23 in the light source 18. After a first perforation is formed by manual operation of the sparking device 17, the following perforations can be formed automatically. Passage of the first perforation past the detector will trigger the sparking device 17 through line 30 to form .another perforation.
- each detection of a perforation is counted by a counter 31.
- the distance L" between the detector and electrode tip is known.
- the distance L multiplied by the number of counts on the counter gives the length of the web.
- the perforations may be formed with a laser beam.
- the laser has the advantage over sparking in providing a more accurate placement of the perforation since it burns a hole perpendicularly through the web while the spark, following a line of least resistance, may form a perforation which is off center.
- the perforation produced by the laser has more ragged edges than a sparked perforation and is not as well defined.
- the perforations may be formed in pairs, the perforations in each pair a spaced known distance apart, extending either longitudinally or transversely along the web.
- the pair of perforations may be applied prior to, during, or after the drying of a web of paper.
- the distance between each pair can be measured during or after the drying operation and the difierence in the distance between the pair of holes when formed and when measured provides an indication of the dimensional change of the web.
- variations in the dimensional change can be used to control the drying operation of a web to ensure even drying transversely of the web.
- the perforations are formed after drying, they may be used to measure dimensional changes in a roll of web material due to humidity changes or mechanical set of web when in roll form prior to or during use of the rolled web.
- the perforations can also be used to measure dimensional changes in a preprinted web or sheet between the printing step and a subsequent printing step in order to properly register the web or sheets for the subsequent printing step.
- a perforation may miss being detected for some reason or the detector may give a false reading on detecting a pin or blow hold formed in the material.
- a plurality of perforations may be formed in a row transversely to the direction of movement of the web at each location where reference marks are desired.
- a detector is provided for each hole at the detecting station.
- Logic circuitry connected to the detectors would pass a signal if, for example, three of the five detectors gave a signal indicating a perforation. Such an arrangement would ensure proper detection of the reference mark at each location.
- Square patterns of four holes may be provided with four detectors to detect both longitudinal and transverse changes in the web.
- Coded information may be applied to the web in forming the perforations in a specific pattern, this information being invisible to the naked eye but being readily read through sensitive light detectors.
- Various other uses will be apparent to people skilled in the art.
- a method of forming reference marks on a web and measuring comprising:
- first reference mark in said web at said forming station by electrical means perforating said web; continuously moving said web at high speeds through said forming and said sensing stations; sensing said first mark at said sensing station and actuating said forming station upon sensing of said first mark to perforate said web by said electrical means and form a second reference mark accurately spaced from said first mark; sensing said second mark at said sensing station and actuating said forming station upon sensing of said second mark to perforate said web by said electrical means and form a third reference mark accurately spaced from said second reference mark by the same distance as the spacing between said first and said second marks;
- counting the number of said marks comprises counting said marks sensed at said sensing station in relation to time to obtain a frequency of marks passing the sensing station, and computing with electrical means the velocity of the web from said frequency, thereby to obtain an indication of the velocity of the web.
- counting the number of said marks comprises counting said marks sensed at said sensing station in relation to time to obtain a frequency of marks passing the sensing station, and computing with electrical means the velocity of the web from said frequency, thereby to obtain an indication of the velocity of the web.
- counting the number of said marks comprises counting said marks sensed at said sensing station in relation to time to obtain a frequency of marks passing the sensing station, and computing with electrical means the velocity of the web from said frequency, thereby to obtain an indication of the velocity of the web.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Controlling Rewinding, Feeding, Winding, Or Abnormalities Of Webs (AREA)
- Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US71995468A | 1968-04-09 | 1968-04-09 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3549858A true US3549858A (en) | 1970-12-22 |
Family
ID=24892070
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US719954A Expired - Lifetime US3549858A (en) | 1968-04-09 | 1968-04-09 | Bench marks in sheet or web material |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3549858A (de) |
DE (1) | DE1918064A1 (de) |
GB (1) | GB1222057A (de) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3903392A (en) * | 1969-11-28 | 1975-09-02 | Steigerwald Strahltech | Process and apparatus for series production shape-changing processing |
US4008302A (en) * | 1972-12-26 | 1977-02-15 | Polaroid Corporation | Method of molding plastic elements on a continuous web |
US4445993A (en) * | 1981-10-29 | 1984-05-01 | Stutz Company | Laser perforated plating barrel and method of constructing the same |
US4501953A (en) * | 1981-01-09 | 1985-02-26 | Tann-Papier Gesellschaft M.B.H. | Method of and apparatus for controlling apparatus for perforating strips of paper or the like by disruptive spark discharges |
US4806303A (en) * | 1986-05-07 | 1989-02-21 | Fameccanica S.P.A. | Method and apparatus for the production of perforated films, particularly perforated films of plastics material for sanitary articles |
EP0644502A1 (de) * | 1993-09-08 | 1995-03-22 | Scitex Corporation Ltd. | Laserplotter |
AT6893U3 (de) * | 2003-10-27 | 2004-09-27 | Finch Patents Inc | Verfahren zum signieren und kodieren, verfahren zur fehlerverfolgung und fehlererkennung, sowie anlage zum signieren und kodieren von bahnförmig vorliegenden materialien, insbesonders von karton und packstoffrollen |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004033507A1 (de) | 2003-09-19 | 2005-04-14 | Thomson Licensing S.A., Boulogne | Transportvorrichtung für bandförmige Medien |
-
1968
- 1968-04-09 US US719954A patent/US3549858A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1969
- 1969-04-01 GB GB07018/69A patent/GB1222057A/en not_active Expired
- 1969-04-09 DE DE19691918064 patent/DE1918064A1/de active Pending
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3903392A (en) * | 1969-11-28 | 1975-09-02 | Steigerwald Strahltech | Process and apparatus for series production shape-changing processing |
US4008302A (en) * | 1972-12-26 | 1977-02-15 | Polaroid Corporation | Method of molding plastic elements on a continuous web |
US4501953A (en) * | 1981-01-09 | 1985-02-26 | Tann-Papier Gesellschaft M.B.H. | Method of and apparatus for controlling apparatus for perforating strips of paper or the like by disruptive spark discharges |
US4445993A (en) * | 1981-10-29 | 1984-05-01 | Stutz Company | Laser perforated plating barrel and method of constructing the same |
US4806303A (en) * | 1986-05-07 | 1989-02-21 | Fameccanica S.P.A. | Method and apparatus for the production of perforated films, particularly perforated films of plastics material for sanitary articles |
EP0644502A1 (de) * | 1993-09-08 | 1995-03-22 | Scitex Corporation Ltd. | Laserplotter |
US5650076A (en) * | 1993-09-08 | 1997-07-22 | Scitex Corporation Ltd. | Laser plotter |
AT6893U3 (de) * | 2003-10-27 | 2004-09-27 | Finch Patents Inc | Verfahren zum signieren und kodieren, verfahren zur fehlerverfolgung und fehlererkennung, sowie anlage zum signieren und kodieren von bahnförmig vorliegenden materialien, insbesonders von karton und packstoffrollen |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB1222057A (en) | 1971-02-10 |
DE1918064A1 (de) | 1969-10-23 |
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