US3520526A - Container having a composite refractory wall - Google Patents

Container having a composite refractory wall Download PDF

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Publication number
US3520526A
US3520526A US625728A US3520526DA US3520526A US 3520526 A US3520526 A US 3520526A US 625728 A US625728 A US 625728A US 3520526D A US3520526D A US 3520526DA US 3520526 A US3520526 A US 3520526A
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Prior art keywords
refractory
lining
thermal conductivity
temperature
layer
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Expired - Lifetime
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US625728A
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English (en)
Inventor
Francis Henry Aldred
John Savage
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MORGANITE CRUCIBLE Ltd
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MORGANITE CRUCIBLE Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
    • F27D1/0003—Linings or walls
    • F27D1/0006—Linings or walls formed from bricks or layers with a particular composition or specific characteristics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B7/00—Blast furnaces
    • C21B7/04—Blast furnaces with special refractories
    • C21B7/06—Linings for furnaces

Definitions

  • Apparatus for containing material at high temperature for example a blast furnace, has a composite refractory lining comprising an inner layer, facing the apparatus interior, of conventional refractory material and an outer layer, backing the inner layer and in thermal contact therewith, of refractory material having a higher thermal conductivity than the conventional material of the inner layer. Cooling of the inner, exposed surface of the lining is thus more effective, the consequent temperature reduction giving longer lining life.
  • This invention relates to linings of manufacturing structures, in particular to refractory linings, such as those of blast furnaces.
  • apparatus for containing material at high temperature is provided with a composite lining comprising an exposed inner layer of refractory material facing the apparatus interior, and an outer layer of refractory material backing the inner layer and in thermal contact therewith said outer layer having a higher thermal conductivity than the inner layer.
  • the material of the outer refractory layer (referred to herein as high thermal conductivity material) has a thermal conductivity not less than five times, more preferably at least ten or even twenty times that of the material of the inner layer (referred to herein as low thermal conductivity material").
  • the thickness of the outer layer is suitably at least one third of that of the inner layer, and preferably it is from 0.8 to 1.2 times that 3,520,526 Patented July 14, 1970 of the inner layer. Desirably the two layers are of substantially equal thickness.
  • This invention is particularly applicable to blast furnaces, where it may be used to especial advantage in the region of the lower stack, though it may also be used in the Bosh, hearth wall and hearth pad. It is found that the temperature gradient in the conventional refractory lining of blast furnaces is generally of the order of 35 C. per inch, and thus with a refractory lining 36 inches thick, the temperature difference between the interior and exterior surfaces is around 1250 C., and with a thickness of 30 inches, the temperature difference is approximately 1050 C. It has thus been found that when using a lining 36 inches thick, if nonforced cooling is applied, the interior surface temperature is of the order of 1400 to 1500 C., while the exterior surface temperature is around 200 C.
  • FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings in which the temperature, plotted in degrees centigrade on the ordinate, is given as it varies through the thickness, plotted on the abscissa, of a refractory lining for three separate cases in which the linings differ.
  • Line 1 represents the steady variation in temperature through the thickness of a conventional refractory lining up to 1300 C. at the interior surface.
  • the outer part of the conventional refractory lining is replaced by material of higher thermal conductivity, and the temperature through this latter material is shown by line 2.
  • the outer lining material is 15 inches thick, and is in thermal contact with a 21 inch thickness of conventional refractory lining.
  • the temperature gradient throughout this latter, as shown by line 3 is a little higher than that of line 1, being approximately 45 C.
  • the outer lining material extends for 18 inches, and is in thermal contact with a further 18 inches of conventional refractory material. The temperature throughout this latter is shown by line 4, of which the gradient is slightly higher than that of line 3.
  • line 2 is substantially flat, having a gradient of merely 3.5 C. per inch, with the result that the temperature halfway through the composite lining in the second and third cases is not significantly different from that of the exterior surface. This temperature is substantially below that found in the middle of the conventional refractory lining, and this results in an appreciable decrease in the temperatures at the interior refractory surfaces.
  • the interior surface temperature is around 1300 C., whereas in the second case it is approximately 840 C., and in the third case it is approximately 750 C. Temperature reductions of this magnitude are responsible for substantial improvements in the life of the refractory lining.
  • One suitable conventional refractory material is that sold in bricks and blocks by Morgan Refractories Limited under the name MR 2. This is made from china clays, and has the following chemical analysis Percent A1 43.1 810,, 53.8 FF203 T 0.06 C30 0.26 MgO 0.25 K 0 1.4 N3 0 0.1
  • alumino-silicate based refractory materials which have the necessary properties required for successful operation of the apparatus in which the lining is used, which in the case of blast furnaces include high strength, high density, low porosity good abrasion resistance and resistance to carbon monoxide. It has been found that the thermal conductivity of such conventional lining materials is normally from 0.002 to 0.006 g. cal./cm./sec./ C.
  • a suitable high thermal conductivity material for use in the outer layer may be obtained by incorporating in a mix of conventional refractory material heat conductive materials such as natural graphite or silicon carbide using, for example, clay or carbon as bonding agents.
  • the high thermal conductivity material may then be made up into bricks for construction of the composite lining in the manner used for conventional linings. While the prime purpose of the high thermal conductivity material is to promote cooling of the inner surface of the composite lining, so that the higher the thermal conductivity the better, it is also important that the material should be refractory so that in the event of unforeseen wear or failure of the inner layer it must be capable of withstanding high temperatures and possible attack by the furnace burden and gases.
  • Preferred materials are based on refractory clays of the kaolinite type which include from 30 to 40% by weight of the total of natural flake graphite and from 9 to by weight of the total of silicon carbide.
  • Such materials are made and sold by Morganite Crucible Limited under the trademark Salamander, Plumbago refractories, these having a grained structure with a thermal conductivity along the grain of about 0.1 g. cal./cm./sec./ C. and of about 0.03 g. cal./cm./sec./ C. across the grain.
  • any increase in the thermal conductivity of the outer layer of the composite lining increases the cooling efficiency of the whole.
  • the thermal conductivity of the outer layer it is desirable for the thermal conductivity of the outer layer to be at least 0.03 g. cal./cm./sec./ C., values of substantially 0.05 g. cal./sec./ C. or higher being preferred.
  • the grain should be aligned with the direction of maximum thermal gradient.
  • FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings A schematic cross-sectional view of part of the composite lining is shown in FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings, wherein the bricks A are of high thermal conductivity refractory material, while the bricks B are of conventional low thermal conductivity material.
  • the furnace case is shown at C.
  • the bricks of high thermal conductivity and low thermal conductivity refractory material are keyed together to provide structural strength of the composite lining. It will thus be apparent that the invention extends to the use of two adjacent, interlocking linings of high thermal conductivity and conventional low thermal conductivity refractory material. Furthermore, it Will be clear that beneficial results will still be obtained even if only a proportion of the bricks designated A are in fact of high thermal conductivity material. For example, adequate heat conduction may be provided by every alternate brick A being of high conductivity material, the remainder all being of conventional low thermal conductivity refractory material. Thus apparatus in which the outer layer of the composite lining is heterogeneous is within the scope of the invention if the average thermal conductivity of the outer layer is greater than the average thermal conductivity of the inner layer.
  • the layer of high thermal conductivity material may be sandwiched between the inner layer of conventional refractory material and a third layer enclosing the other two and also of refractory material.
  • beneficial results it is likely to involve a reduction in thickness of the inner layer with a consequent reduced life and an increased risk of the high thermal conductivity material being exposed to the furnace interior.
  • introduction of a third layer of refractory material increases the work involved in overcoming thermal barriers throughout the composite lining, which is necessay for the advantages of the invention to be fully realised, and this raises the cost of the composite lining. Nevertheless, such a sandwich construction provides the beneficial cooling results discussed above.
  • high thermal conductivity cement or ramming material also between the high thermal conductivity refractory material and the interior of the furnace case.
  • a high thermal conductivity cement or ramming material the latter being used to fill substantial voids, as at D, have been found most satisfactory.
  • high thermal conductivity e.g. of at least 0.01 g. sec./cm./sec./ C., by having a substantial content of natural or artificial graphite or other heat-conducting material.
  • Apparatus for containing material at high temperature comprising apparatus casing and a composite refractory lining disposed on the interior of said casing and in thermal contact therewith, said refractory lining being comprised of an inner refractory layer exposed to the apparatus interior and an outer layer of refractory material backing the inner layer and in thermal contact therewith said outer layer having a higher thermal conductivity which is at least 0.03 g. cal./cm./sec./ C. and which is at least 5 times higher than that of the inner refractory layer.
  • thermo conductivity of the material of the outer layer is at least 0.05 g. cal./cm./sec./ C.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the thickness of the outer layer is from 0.8 to 1.2 times that of the inner layer.
  • the material of the outer layer comprises a kaolinite refractory clay containing from 30 to 40% by weight of the total of natural flake graphite and from 9 to 15% by weight of the total of silicon carbide.
  • a blast furnace comprising a furnace casing and a composite refractory lining disposed on the interior of said casing and in thermal contact therewith, said refractory lining being comprised of an inner refractory layer exposed to the apparatus interior and an outer layer of refractory material backing the inner layer and in thermal contact therewith, said outer layer comprising a kaolinite refractory clay containing from 30 to 40% by weight of the total of natural flake graphite and from 9 to 15 by weight of the total of silicon carbide, and the thickness of the outer layer being from 0.8 to 1.2 times that of the inner layer.
  • a blast furnace according to claim 6 wherein at least the inner and outer layers are joined by a thermally conductive cement and wherein voids in the composite lining and between the composite lining and the furnace casing are filled with thermally conductive ramming material, said cement and ramming material each having a thermal conductivity of at least 0.01 g. cal./cm./sec./ C.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
  • Crucibles And Fluidized-Bed Furnaces (AREA)
  • Blast Furnaces (AREA)
US625728A 1966-04-01 1967-03-24 Container having a composite refractory wall Expired - Lifetime US3520526A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB14693/66A GB1126076A (en) 1966-04-01 1966-04-01 Blast furnaces provided with refractory linings

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3520526A true US3520526A (en) 1970-07-14

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US625728A Expired - Lifetime US3520526A (en) 1966-04-01 1967-03-24 Container having a composite refractory wall

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US (1) US3520526A (en:Method)
BE (1) BE696526A (en:Method)
DE (1) DE1533853A1 (en:Method)
ES (1) ES338757A1 (en:Method)
GB (1) GB1126076A (en:Method)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4091742A (en) * 1976-07-28 1978-05-30 Cordani Eugene J Stacked container well hole gondola car
EP2202324A4 (en) * 2007-09-07 2010-09-15 Nippon Steel Corp VERTICAL OVEN AND OPERATING METHOD THEREFOR
US20120018122A1 (en) * 2008-11-19 2012-01-26 First Solar, Inc. Furnace and a Method for Cooling a Furnace
WO2012013689A1 (en) 2010-07-27 2012-02-02 Paul Wurth S.A. Hearth for a metallurgical furnace having an improved wall lining

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL170437C (nl) * 1973-09-12 1982-11-01 Estel Hoogovens Bv Wandconstructie van een schachtoven.
DE2947912A1 (de) * 1979-11-28 1981-07-23 Annawerk Keramische Betriebe GmbH, 8633 Rödental Ausmauerung fuer industrieoefen, insbesondere schachtoefen, wie hochoefen o.dgl.
CN111926131A (zh) * 2020-07-17 2020-11-13 上海宝冶冶金工程有限公司 捣打料施工控制工具

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2174597A (en) * 1937-09-23 1939-10-03 John N Pyster Furnace wall and part thereof and method
US2293089A (en) * 1940-04-01 1942-08-18 Titanium Alloy Mfg Co Refractory
US3065088A (en) * 1959-09-30 1962-11-20 Union Carbide Corp Oxidation-resistant graphite article and method
US3202486A (en) * 1961-12-21 1965-08-24 Shell Oil Co Reaction vessel with refractory lining
US3227566A (en) * 1962-05-10 1966-01-04 Morganite Res & Dev Ltd Refractory materials
US3401226A (en) * 1965-10-24 1968-09-10 Dresser Ind Induction furnace having a composite lining composed of refractory brick

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2174597A (en) * 1937-09-23 1939-10-03 John N Pyster Furnace wall and part thereof and method
US2293089A (en) * 1940-04-01 1942-08-18 Titanium Alloy Mfg Co Refractory
US3065088A (en) * 1959-09-30 1962-11-20 Union Carbide Corp Oxidation-resistant graphite article and method
US3202486A (en) * 1961-12-21 1965-08-24 Shell Oil Co Reaction vessel with refractory lining
US3227566A (en) * 1962-05-10 1966-01-04 Morganite Res & Dev Ltd Refractory materials
US3401226A (en) * 1965-10-24 1968-09-10 Dresser Ind Induction furnace having a composite lining composed of refractory brick

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4091742A (en) * 1976-07-28 1978-05-30 Cordani Eugene J Stacked container well hole gondola car
EP2202324A4 (en) * 2007-09-07 2010-09-15 Nippon Steel Corp VERTICAL OVEN AND OPERATING METHOD THEREFOR
US20120018122A1 (en) * 2008-11-19 2012-01-26 First Solar, Inc. Furnace and a Method for Cooling a Furnace
WO2012013689A1 (en) 2010-07-27 2012-02-02 Paul Wurth S.A. Hearth for a metallurgical furnace having an improved wall lining
US20130119589A1 (en) * 2010-07-27 2013-05-16 Paul Wurth S.A. Hearth for a Metallurgical Furnace Having an Improved Wall Lining
US9587882B2 (en) * 2010-07-27 2017-03-07 Paul Wurth S.A. Hearth for a metallurgical furnace having an improved wall lining

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1126076A (en) 1968-09-05
DE1533853A1 (de) 1970-02-05
ES338757A1 (es) 1968-04-01
BE696526A (en:Method) 1967-10-03

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