US3519819A - Electrophotographic image receiving element with means to space said element from an image bearing surface during image transfer - Google Patents

Electrophotographic image receiving element with means to space said element from an image bearing surface during image transfer Download PDF

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Publication number
US3519819A
US3519819A US673544A US3519819DA US3519819A US 3519819 A US3519819 A US 3519819A US 673544 A US673544 A US 673544A US 3519819D A US3519819D A US 3519819DA US 3519819 A US3519819 A US 3519819A
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Prior art keywords
image
receiving element
particles
microns
layer
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US673544A
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English (en)
Inventor
Eugene P Gramza
Gene H Robinson
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Eastman Kodak Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/0202—Dielectric layers for electrography
    • G03G5/0205—Macromolecular components
    • G03G5/0208—Macromolecular components obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsatured bonds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/0202—Dielectric layers for electrography
    • G03G5/0205—Macromolecular components
    • G03G5/0211—Macromolecular components obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/0202—Dielectric layers for electrography
    • G03G5/0217—Inorganic components
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G7/00—Selection of materials for use in image-receiving members, i.e. for reversal by physical contact; Manufacture thereof
    • G03G7/0053—Intermediate layers for image-receiving members

Definitions

  • Receiving elements having a regulated surface roughness are capable of producing electrographic images of improved quality over elements having smooth surfaces.
  • This invention relates to image-receiving elements and the process for using them, and particularly to receiving elements for use in electrostatic processes.
  • the process of xerography as disclosed by Carlson in U.S. 2,297,691 employs an electrophotographic element comprising a support material bearing a coating of a normally insulating material whose electrical resistance varies with the amount of incident actinic radiation it receives during an imagewise exposure.
  • the element commonly termed a photoconductive element, is first given a uniform surface charge generally in the dark after a suitable period of dark adaptation. It is then exposed to a pattern of actinic radiation which has the effect of differentially reducing the potential of the surface charge in accordance with the relative energy contained in various parts of the radiation pattern. The differential surface charge or electrostatic latent image remaining on the electrophotographic element is then transferred to an electrophotographic receiving element.
  • the transfer operation is Well known in the art and is typically described in U.S. Pat. 2,825,814.
  • the receiving element is a white paper coated With a thin layer of an insulating polymeric material in such a manner as to provide a smooth surface.
  • the transfer is generally carried out by contacting the insulating surface of the exposed photoconductive element with the surface of the electrophotographic receiving element. An electric field is established between these surfaces and the electrostatic charge is transferred to the surface of the receiving element. Since the surface is coated with an insulating polymeric material, it is trapped there. The transferred latent image is then made visible are relatively dilficult to obtain by using normal mechanical methods. If the space is too small, there can be substantial transfer of charge in the background areas thus frequently resulting in a mottled background. If the space is too large, then little or no charge will be transferred. In U.S. Pat.
  • an image-receiving element which has a controlled surface roughness.
  • a correlation has been found to exist between the texture of the surface of the receiving element asmeasured in terms of Sheffield Smoothness Value and the quality of the transferred image obtained. Best results are obtained if the Sheffield Smoothness of the elements of the invention are about 80 to about 180 and preferably 90 to 160.
  • Sheflield Smoothness Value is a measure of paper smoothness which conforms to TAPPI Standard No. T-479SM48.
  • the equipment for making the measurement is made by the Sheffield Corp, Dayton, Ohio.
  • the components of the equipment are: (1) .a
  • marking material or toner can be deposited on the receiving element either in the areas where there is an electrostatic charge or in the areas where the charge is absent.
  • the electrostatic latent image can be developed directly on the photoconductive element in the same manner set forth above.
  • the developed image can be transferred to the receiving element by contacting the two surfaces and applying an electrical potential between them.
  • the deposited marking material When the deposited marking material is on the surface of the receiving element representing the developed image, it can then be fixed there by known means such as heat, pressure, solvent vapor or the like.
  • a member bearing an electrostatic latent image such as a xerographic photoconductive element is brought into contact with the face of a receiving element.
  • the receiving elements of controlled surface roughness of this invention are prepared by coating a suitable substrate such as paper with a thin layer containing an electrically insulating, solid, film-forming polymeric binder and particulate spacing means randomly dispersed throughout the layer and embedded therein.
  • the spacing means comprise a plurality of substantially inert filler particles such as barium sulfate, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc carbonate, calcium carbonate, polystyrene beads, glass beads and the like.
  • any inorganic or organic material is suitable for such use provided it has a softening point or melting point substantially above that at which the transfer or developing operations are performed and is inert chemically, physically, electrically, etc., under the conditions used.
  • Each of these particles is embedded in the polymeric binder layer in such a manner that a portion of each particle protrudes above the surface of the layer.
  • the layer itself is generally 3-6 microns thick and preferabl 4 to 5 microns. However, layers having a thickness from 1 to about microns can be employed if desired.
  • the size of the spacing means employed determines the size of the air gap and thus the separation between the surfaces of the photoconducting and receiving elements. Since a portion of the filler particles is embedded in the surface of the layer and a portion protrudes above the surface of the layer, only the size of the protruding portion is considered in the determination of the gap width.
  • effective diameter is meant the greatest linear dimension of the filler particle.
  • the filler particles can have a wide variety of shapes.
  • the particles can be spherical, polyhedral, conical, cylindrical, etc. In each instance however, the effective diameter can range from 5-35 microns and preferably from 7-25 microns. Particles having larger and smaller effective diameters are also usable such as 2-50 microns.
  • the air gap between the surfaces typically is 2 to 30 microns and preferably 3-20 micons and thus, this much of the spacing means protrudes above the surface of hte receiving element. Air gaps of 1-40 microns are acceptable in many applications and in these instances this portion of the spacing means extends above the surface.
  • the electrophotographic receiving elements of this invention can contain a substance which will give the element a desired color such as white, green, red, blue, black, etc.
  • This substance is generally a pigment which is present in the coated layer in an amount sufficient to impart a uniform pigmentation to the viewer.
  • the color of the element is not critical, then the presence of a coloring substance is not necessary.
  • the coloring substance can be any white pigment such as particles of barium sulfate, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc carbonate, calcium carbonate or bentonite.
  • the size of the pigmenting particles can vary from 0.1 to 1.0 micron and usually from 0.2 to 0.5 micron. Ideally, particles having an effective diameter of 0.3 micron are preferred.
  • the binder can be any electrically insulating, solid, film-forming polymer.
  • Such polymers include (a) polyvinylbutyral,
  • a wide variety of substrates or supports can be used for the present receiving elements, but the preferred one is paper.
  • the paper can have a clay subbing on one side but beneficial results are obtained if both sides are subbed. If both sides are subbed, then the paper absorbs less of the developer and drying time and costs are substantially reduced. It is also preferable to nip-size one side of the paper with a conducting resin such as polyvinylbenzyl-ammonium chloride. While this treatment of the paper is not absolutely necessary, if it is omitted oftentimes the developed image will print through onto the back of the paper.
  • a conducting resin such as polyvinylbenzyl-ammonium chloride. While this treatment of the paper is not absolutely necessary, if it is omitted oftentimes the developed image will print through onto the back of the paper.
  • suitable substrates include polyethylene-coated paper, glass, polystyrene, cellulose acetate and polyethylene terephthalate.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an electrophotographic receiving element according to one embodiment of this invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of an electrophotographic receiving element according to another embodiment of this invention.
  • the illustrations are diagrammataic, largely because certain key members and certain important spacings are extremely thin and small.
  • FIG. 1 an image-bearing element 11 having either a latent electrostatic image or a developed image on the surface thereof. Spaced therefrom by a minute air gap 12 of a few microns is a receiving element to which the image on the surface of the image-bearing element is to be transferred.
  • the receiving element itself contains a support 14 such as paper. Coated on the support is a thin layer of an electrically insulating, solid, film-forming, polymeric binder 15. Dispersed substantially uniformly throughout the layer are very small pigmenting particles 16. The pigmenting particles are not necessary unless it is desired to impart a particular color to the receiving element.
  • the layer also contains particulate spacing means 13.
  • the size of the individual particles controls the width of the minute air gap. Since a portion of the particle is embedded in the binder, it is firmly held in position during the image transfer process. Preferably, at least 4 microns of each of the particles is embedded in the surface to ensure that they will not become dislodged during the transfer operation. Thus, upon separation of the elements a good quality image is obtained with no background density and n0 blotching.
  • the particles are, of course, larger than the thickness of the layer.
  • the imagebearing element and the receiving element are brought into close proximity of each other in a face-to-face relationship.
  • the two are separated only by a space equal to the height which the spacing means protrudes above the surface of the layer.
  • the only points of contact are where the spacing means touches the image-bearing element.
  • both elements are mounted on conducting supports (not shown).
  • a source of electrical potential is applied to the conducting supports to establish an electric field between them.
  • the developed or latent electrostatic image on the surface of the image-bearing element is caused to leave and be deposited on the surface of the receiving element as a result of the electric field.
  • the layer of the receiving sheet contains a binder which is an insulator, the charge representing the image is trapped there.
  • the width of the air gap is 2 to about 30 microns. Best transfers are obtained if the air gap is 3-20 microns, however, gaps from 1 to 40 microns are also operable.
  • FIG. 2 is similar to FIG. 1 except that the spacing means 23 is depicted as being spherical particles rather than irregular shaped particles. The remaining components are the same; namely, image-bearing element 21, minute air gap 22, receiving element support 24, polymeric binder 25 and pigmenting particles 26.
  • the average distance between the spacing particles is typically 50 to 200 microns, with about microns be ing optimum for most transfers but average spacings of 25 to 500 microns are also operable.
  • the elements are useful in any process where it is desired to transfer an electrostatic image from the surface of a member to the surface of a receiving element.
  • the elements are particularly useful, in xerographic processes where an image is reproduced by simultaneously charging and exposing a photo-conductive element. Such a process is morefully described in Ser. No. 665,911, by G. H. Robinson, filed Sept. 6, 1967, now abandoned. a
  • the spacing .in this air gap is controlled by the portion of the spacing titaniumdioxide particles which extend above the surface of the receiving element.
  • a potential of approximately 1500 volts DC, with respect to ground, is applied for approximately 2 seconds to the conducting layer of the photo-conductive element; the conducting support of the receiving element being grounded. At the end of the transfer operation, the potential is removed and the various, members separated.
  • photoconductive element is developed by immersion in a. r positive-polarity liquid developer.
  • the resulting image is a postive-appearing reproduction displaying dense, sharp, black characters with a uniform low density background.
  • the back side of the developed receiving element displays a negative-appearing image of the developed image on the front of the sheet.
  • EXAMPLE 2 An insulator-coated receiver paper is prepared exactly as described in Example 1. The uncoated side of the paper is nip sized with an 8-percent solution of a conducting resin of polyvinylbenzyl-ammonium chloride in water. The Sheffield Smoothness Value of the insulating surface. is 140. A print is made on this paper in the same manner as described in Example 1. The resultant image displays dense, sharp, black characters with a clean white background. No toner deposition is detected on the rear side of the sheet.
  • EXAMPLE 3 An insulator-coated receiver paper is prepared according to. the formulation set forth in Example 1, except that 25 g. of titanium dioxide pigmenting particles are used and no titanium dioxide spacing particles are used. The Sheflield Smoothness Value of this material is 40. A print is made on this paper according to Example 1.
  • the resultant image is low in density with an extremely high and irregular background density.
  • This type of insulator-coated paper is very similar to the prior art papers, however, no spacing means, mechanical or otherwise, is used. It produces an unacceptable final print.
  • Example 4 For purposes of comparison, Example 3 is repeated except that a small amount of polystyrene beads having an average diameter of 20 microns is dusted onto the surface of the photoconductive element as suggested in US. Pat. No. 2,825,814. These particles are used to maintain an air gap of 20 microns between the surface of the photoconductive element and the surface of the receiving element.
  • a print is made in the usual manner as described in Example 1. The resultant image is good except that there are blotches on the paper. These blotches occur since the spacing particles are dusted on the surface of the element instead of being embedded in the surface of the receiving element.
  • EXAMPLE 5 This example is the same as Example 2, except that a paper is used which has a clay subbing on both sides.
  • the resultant image obtained after developing is comparable to that described in Example 2.
  • the amount of developer absorbed into the paper support is considerably less and the drying time of the final print is reduced greatly.
  • EXAMPLE 6' An insulator-coated receiver paper is prepared according to the formula of Example 1, except that larger titanium dioxide spacing particles are used so that the Sheffield Smoothness of the paper is 250. The imageforming procedure of Example 1 is followed and in this instance no image is transferred from the surface of the photoconductive element to the surface of the receiving paper because the air gap provided is too large for the charge to be transferred.
  • EXAMPLE 7 The purpose of this example is to show that the same characteristics which make for optimum charge transfer are also extremely desirable in a receiver sheet for a transfer of liquid developed xerographic images. This type of transfer of a liquid developed image is particularly useful in the production of 3-color subtractive prints by multiple transfer to a single receiving sheet.
  • a photoconductive element bearing an electrostatic latent image is developed by pumping a liquid dispersion of cyan toner through a developing electrode as the photoconductor is moved across the electrode.
  • the resulting visible wet image is overlaid with a sheet of coated reoeiving paper of the type described in Example 2 above and the combination is passed once rapidly beneath a negative coronawire.
  • electrophotographic receiving elements are not limited in their use to receiving images from certain types of photoconductive elements; rather, the elements of this invention arecapable of receiving images from any type of photoconductive elements including those containing organic including organ0-metallic photoconductors as well as inorganic photoconductors.
  • An electrophotographic image receiving element comprising a paper support having coated thereon a layer having a thickness of 4 to 5 microns comprising:
  • particulate spacing means comprising a plurality of substantially inert filler particles embedded in the polymeric binder in such a manner that said filler particles protrude 3 to 20 microns above the surface of said layer, said particles having an effective diameter of 7 to 25 microns and being randomly dispersed throughout said layer with an average spacing between particles of 100 microns.
  • the pigment is selected from the group consisting of barium sulfate, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc carbonate, calcium carbonate and bentonite.
  • filler particles are selected from the group consisting of barium sulfate, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc carbonate, calcium carbonate, polystyrene beads and glass beads.
  • polymeric binder is selected from the group consisting of (a) polyvinyl butyral,
  • An electrophotographic image-receiving element comprising a support having coated thereon a layer comprising:
  • particulate spacing means comprising a plurality of substantially inert filler particles embedded in the polymeric binder in such a manner that said filler particles protrude from about 1 to about 40 microns above the surface of said layer, said particles having an effective diameter from about 2 to about 50 microns and being randomly dispersed throughout said layer with an average spacing between particles ranging from about 25 to about 500 microns.
  • An electrophotographic receiving element comprising a support having coated thereon a layer comprising:
  • particulate spacing means comprising a plurality of substantially inert filler particles embedded in the polymeric binder in such a manner that said filler particles protrude from about 1 to about 40 microns above the surface of said layer, said particles having an effective diameter from about 2 to about 50 microns and being randomly dispersed throughout said layer with an average spacing between particles ranging from about 25 to about 500 microns.
  • a process for transferring an electrostatic image comprising:
  • an electrostatic image receiving element comprising a support having coated thereon a layer comprising 1) an electrically insulating, solid, film-forming polymeric binder,
  • particulate spacing means comprising a plurality of substantially inert filler particles embedded in the polymeric binder in such a manner that said filler particles protrude from about 1 to about 4.0 microns above the surface of said layer, said particles having an effective diameter from about 2 to about 50' microns and being randomly dispersed throughout said layer with an average spacing between particles ranging from about 25 to about 500 microns,
  • inert filler particles are selected from the group consisting of barium sulfate, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc carbonate, calcium carbonate, polystyrene beads and glass beads.
  • a process for transferring a developed electrostatic image comprising:
  • an electrostatic image receiving element comprising a support having coated thereon a layer comprising (1) an electrically insulating, solid, film-forming polymeric binder,
  • particulate spacing means comprising a plurality of substantially inert filler particles embedded in the polymeric binder in such a manner that said filler particles protrude from about 1 to about 40 microns above the surface of said layer, said particles having an effective diameter from about 2 to about 50 microns and being randomly dispersed throughout said layer with an average spacing between particles ranging from about 25 to about 500 microns,
  • inert filler C E CHURCH Assistant Examiner particles are selected from the group consisting of barium sulfate, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc carbonate, US. Cl, X,R calcium carbonate, polystyrene beads and glass beads. 15 961; 250-495

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Transfer Or Thermal Recording In General (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
US673544A 1967-10-09 1967-10-09 Electrophotographic image receiving element with means to space said element from an image bearing surface during image transfer Expired - Lifetime US3519819A (en)

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US (1) US3519819A (fr)
BE (1) BE721885A (fr)
BR (1) BR6802919D0 (fr)
CH (1) CH504026A (fr)
DE (1) DE1797232C3 (fr)
FR (1) FR1585558A (fr)
GB (1) GB1237386A (fr)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4717578U (fr) * 1971-03-26 1972-10-28
US3793016A (en) * 1972-10-19 1974-02-19 Xerox Corp Electrophotographic sheet binding process
US3992091A (en) * 1974-09-16 1976-11-16 Xerox Corporation Roughened imaging surface for cleaning
US4102682A (en) * 1975-04-29 1978-07-25 Xerox Corporation Imaging member
US4149486A (en) * 1975-01-30 1979-04-17 Xerox Corporation Transfer development apparatus using self-spacing donor member
EP0019068A1 (fr) * 1979-04-05 1980-11-26 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Couche réceptrice de charge pour le transfert d'images de charge
JPS5689575A (en) * 1979-12-20 1981-07-20 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Electrostatic recording body
US4364661A (en) * 1980-05-13 1982-12-21 Savin Corporation Process and apparatus for transferring developed electrostatic images to a carrier sheet, improved carrier sheet for use in the process and method of making the same
US20090022902A1 (en) * 2007-07-17 2009-01-22 Mark William Johnson Radiation cured coatings for image forming device components
US20110139577A1 (en) * 2009-12-14 2011-06-16 Xerox Corporation Surface roughness for improved vacuum pressure for efficient media hold-down performance
US20110139584A1 (en) * 2009-12-14 2011-06-16 Xerox Corporation Vacuum transport belts
US20110139586A1 (en) * 2009-12-14 2011-06-16 Xerox Corporation Vacuum transport belts

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4415626A (en) * 1982-01-08 1983-11-15 Eastman Kodak Company Antistatic composition and elements and processes utilizing same
EP0488437B1 (fr) * 1990-11-30 1995-02-15 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Méthode pour obtenir des chlichés lithographiques moyennant la formation d'images électrophotographiques

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2825814A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-03-04 Haloid Co Xerographic image formation
US2937943A (en) * 1957-01-09 1960-05-24 Haloid Xerox Inc Transfer of electrostatic charge pattern
US3079253A (en) * 1957-06-19 1963-02-26 Rca Corp Method of electrophotography employing a heat glossing composition

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2825814A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-03-04 Haloid Co Xerographic image formation
US2937943A (en) * 1957-01-09 1960-05-24 Haloid Xerox Inc Transfer of electrostatic charge pattern
US3079253A (en) * 1957-06-19 1963-02-26 Rca Corp Method of electrophotography employing a heat glossing composition

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS528584Y2 (fr) * 1971-03-26 1977-02-23
JPS4717578U (fr) * 1971-03-26 1972-10-28
US3793016A (en) * 1972-10-19 1974-02-19 Xerox Corp Electrophotographic sheet binding process
US3992091A (en) * 1974-09-16 1976-11-16 Xerox Corporation Roughened imaging surface for cleaning
US4076564A (en) * 1974-09-16 1978-02-28 Xerox Corporation Roughened imaging surface for cleaning
US4149486A (en) * 1975-01-30 1979-04-17 Xerox Corporation Transfer development apparatus using self-spacing donor member
US4102682A (en) * 1975-04-29 1978-07-25 Xerox Corporation Imaging member
EP0019068A1 (fr) * 1979-04-05 1980-11-26 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Couche réceptrice de charge pour le transfert d'images de charge
US4263359A (en) * 1979-04-05 1981-04-21 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Charge receptor film for charge transfer imaging
JPS6325331B2 (fr) * 1979-12-20 1988-05-25 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd
JPS5689575A (en) * 1979-12-20 1981-07-20 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Electrostatic recording body
US4364661A (en) * 1980-05-13 1982-12-21 Savin Corporation Process and apparatus for transferring developed electrostatic images to a carrier sheet, improved carrier sheet for use in the process and method of making the same
US20090022902A1 (en) * 2007-07-17 2009-01-22 Mark William Johnson Radiation cured coatings for image forming device components
US8017192B2 (en) 2007-07-17 2011-09-13 Lexmark International, Inc. Radiation cured coatings for image forming device components
US20110139577A1 (en) * 2009-12-14 2011-06-16 Xerox Corporation Surface roughness for improved vacuum pressure for efficient media hold-down performance
US20110139584A1 (en) * 2009-12-14 2011-06-16 Xerox Corporation Vacuum transport belts
US20110139586A1 (en) * 2009-12-14 2011-06-16 Xerox Corporation Vacuum transport belts
US8695783B2 (en) * 2009-12-14 2014-04-15 Xerox Corporation Vacuum transport belts
US8708135B2 (en) * 2009-12-14 2014-04-29 Xerox Corporation Vacuum transport belts
US8863939B2 (en) * 2009-12-14 2014-10-21 Xerox Corporation Surface roughness for improved vacuum pressure for efficient media hold-down performance

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FR1585558A (fr) 1970-01-23
BR6802919D0 (pt) 1973-01-11
CH504026A (fr) 1971-02-28
DE1797232C3 (de) 1978-05-18
DE1797232B2 (de) 1975-03-20
GB1237386A (en) 1971-06-30
BE721885A (fr)
DE1797232A1 (de) 1971-03-04

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