US3449546A - Infra-red heater - Google Patents

Infra-red heater Download PDF

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Publication number
US3449546A
US3449546A US559922A US3449546DA US3449546A US 3449546 A US3449546 A US 3449546A US 559922 A US559922 A US 559922A US 3449546D A US3449546D A US 3449546DA US 3449546 A US3449546 A US 3449546A
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Prior art keywords
energy
source
infrared
temperature
wavelengths
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Expired - Lifetime
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US559922A
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English (en)
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Prafulla S Dhoble
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/44—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor arranged within rods or tubes of insulating material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
    • G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
    • G03G15/2007—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using radiant heat, e.g. infrared lamps, microwave heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/0033—Heating devices using lamps
    • H05B3/0038—Heating devices using lamps for industrial applications
    • H05B3/0066—Heating devices using lamps for industrial applications for photocopying

Definitions

  • a xerographic fusing apparatus for simultaneously heating a xerographic powder image and a paper support material to different temperatures with infrared radiation, the fusing apparatus having the capability of efliciently heating the powder image to its fusing temperature while at the same time heating, without deleterious effects, the paper support material to a different temperature wherein the paper acts as a heat source to aid in the fusing process.
  • This invention relates to apparatus for producing high intensity radiant energy over a wide infrared portion of the electromagnetic wave spectrum and, in particular, to apparatus for heat fusing a xerographic powder image to a support with radiant energy.
  • Radiation is a term used to describe energy which is transmitted by electromagnetic waves.
  • the radiant energy of primary interest is the infrared energy falling within a band of Wavelengths between 0.8 micron and 7.0 micons for it is within this range that most materials will absorb some or all of the radiant energy incident thereon.
  • the true nature of radiation and its associated transport mechanism has not been fully explained, it is known that radiation travels in free space at the speed of light and that no medium, such as conductive metal or the like, is required for its propagation.
  • a body To produce this emissive radiant energy heat transfer, a body must first give up some of its internal energy in the form of electromagnetic waves which then move through space until they strike another body where they will be absorbed therein and converted once again into internal energy, mostly heat.
  • a good source of infrared radiation that is, a source that converts a high percentage of the available internal energy to radiant heat energy, will produce high intensity radiation concentrated about a wavelength at which peak power occurs.
  • the higher the temperature of the source the more concentrated will be the energy within a narrow band of wavelengths and the higher will be the intensity of this energy.
  • Bodies which receive radiant heat energy show varying absorptive qualities to radiations at different wavelengths, absorptivity being the ability of the receiver to accept the radiant energy incident thereon and convert this energy to internal energy or heat.
  • Carbon black for instance, will absorb "ice about 96% of all the energy incident thereon regardless of wavelength of the radiation.
  • a polished aluminum plate on the other hand, will reflect most of the radiation it receives, absorbing only a small percentage found at the longer wavelengths. Generally, most materials will fit somewhere between these two extremes in that they will shown good absorptive qualities to radiation at some particular wavelengths, while showing a reluctance to accept radiation at other wavelengths.
  • a plate comprising a photoconductive insulating coating on a conductive backing is provided with an electrostatic charge and then exposed to a light image, whereupon the coating becomes conductive under the influence of light and the electrostatic charge is selectively dissipated to produce a latent image.
  • the latent image is then developed by means of a variety of pigmented resins that have been specifically developed for this purpose, these resins referred to as xerographic toner.
  • the toner is electrostatically attracted to the latent image in proportion to the amount of charge found thereon so that areas of small charge concentration become areas of low toner density while areas of greater charge concentration become proportionally more dense.
  • the developed image is then transferred to a support material and permanently fixed; the application most generally employed being to transfer the image to a paper support and heat fixing the toner to form a bond with the paper fibers.
  • a further object of this invention is to improve apparatus for heating with infrared radiation so that usable infrared heat energy is produced over a broad band of wavelengths on the infrared wave spectrum.
  • a still further object of this invention is to improve infrared heating apparatus to produce at a single source infrared energy of high intensity covering a broad portion of the infrared wave spectrum.
  • a still further object of this invention is to improve infrared heating apparatus for fusing xerographic images.
  • Another object of this invention is to improve infrared heating apparatus for fusing xerographic images so that toner and a support material having different absorptive qualities may be heated rapidly and efficiently at the same time to fuse the Xerographic image.
  • a still further object of this invention is to improve apparatus for radiant heating of material having varying absorptive qualities by a single source of radiant heat energy.
  • FIG. 1 is an isometric view in partial section of an infrared heating device embodying the present invention
  • FIG. 2 shows two spectroradiometric curves for an ideal radiator plotted on coordinates of the emissive power output and wavelengths showing the resultant wavelength distribution of radiant energy produced by a source at two temperatures
  • FIG. 3 is a plot of the parameters important in the xerographic fusing operation against wavelengths on which are superimposed the characteristics of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
  • a source operating at a higher temperature produces peak power at a shorter wavelength than one operating at a lower temperature, the black body operating at approximately 3,000 F. has a peak power wavelength occurring at approximately 1.5 microns while the source operating at 2,000 P. will have a peak power point occurring at about 2.2 microns;
  • an efficient radiator that is, a radiator that converts a high percentage of the internal energy available to radiant energy, will closely approximate the wavelength distribution of a black body.
  • a tungsten filament which is considered a good source of infrared radiation, will convert 86% of the internal energy available when operating at a temperature of approximately 4,000 F. This energy is found to be concentrated within a narrow band of wavelengths centered about 1.1 microns.
  • the intensity of the energy produced at the surface of a source is the amount of radiation emitted per unit area by that source.
  • the intensity (height of the curves) at which an ideal radiator is producing energy is dependent on the temperature of the source. The higher the source temperature, the higher the intensity at all wavelengths.
  • Xerographic developing powder is known to act as a black body in that it will absorb a high percentage of radiation at all wavelengths.
  • the toner in most xerographic applications covers a relatively small percentage of the total exposed support area. Therefore, an infrared source of radiation which produces peak power at a wavelength at which paper has good absorptitve quality (3.0 microns or longe r) will not produce infra-red radiation of an intensity capable of rapidly heating the lightly toned image areas.
  • high intensity energy capable of efficiently heating the xerographic toner would be at the shorter wavelength at which paper has relatively poor absorptive qualities.
  • an infrared source which can produce both high intensity infrared radiation at shorter wavelengths to efiiciently heat the toner and high intensity infrared radiation at the longer wavelengths to rapidly and efliciently heat the support material.
  • FIG. 1 shows the present invention utilized as a heat source in the xerographic fusing process.
  • a support 15 upon which developing powder or toner has been loosely adhered is passed under the infrared lamp 14.
  • the image bearing support is transported by belt 16 or similar transporting means so that both the toner and support material remain in thermal contact with the lamp for a period of time sufficient to fuse the toner to the support.
  • Lamp 14 comprises a relatively heavy filament wound in a helical coil configuration which is placed Within envelope 11 so that the outer surface of the coiled filament is maintained in physical contact with the inner surface of cylindrical envelope 11.
  • the heating filament 10 can be electrically energized by connecting contacts 12 to the terminal ends of any suitable power source (not shown).
  • a reflector 13 suspended above the lamp concentrates the propagated energy from lamp 14 upon receiver material 15 moved thereunder by transport 16.
  • Filament 10 can be constructed of any conductive metal capable of efiiciently emitting infrared radiation when electrically energized, however, it has been found that tungsten is preferred because this material has properties giving the filament high efliciency and long operating life at elevated temperatures. 4
  • the lamp 14 shown in FIG. 1 is designed to operate at half voltage, that is, at half the capacity to which such a lamp could be energized without failing, rated capacity being dependent upon the size and physical qualities of the filament.
  • the operating temperature of filament 10 is controlled by spacing the coils in coterminous relation so that a filament temperature at about 2,100" F. is maintained when the filament is energized to half voltage point. It has been estimated that an infrared lamp operating at half volt-' age and a relatively low temperature (2,100 F.) will have an unlimited operating life. On the other hand, a high temperature quartz lamp operating at full capacity and a filament temperature of about 4,000 F has a relatively short operating life in the nature of 5,000 hours.
  • Envelope 11 is constructed of a material having good thermal properties at high temperatures and also being capable of partially transmitting and partially absorbing infrared energy incident thereon.
  • Some vitreous (noncrystalline) glasses such as Vicor, rock salt and quartz are examples of materials having these desired properties. It has been found experimentally, however, that fused quartz lends itself most readily to use in this type of device.
  • tungsten filament In operation the tungsten filament is placed directly in physical contact with the quartz envelope.
  • known infrared lamps have the filament supported on tantalum discs at some distance from the quartz envelope to prevent crystallization of the quartz at this high operating temperature (4,100 F.).
  • a quartz envelope which has been crystallized no longer has the ability to transmit infrared energy and, therefore, becomes a barrier between the source of radiation and a receiver.
  • Fused quartz has a softening temperature of approximately 3,035 F. and, therefore, a tungsten filament operating at a temperature of 2,l00 F., as herein disclosed, may be safely placed in physical contact with the envelope without danger of destroying the transmission properties of the quartz.
  • the present invention will be explained as a heating device in the xerographic fusing process with reference to the curve plotted on the graph in FIG. 3. Shown plotted on the graph in FIG. 3 is (1) the curve for the resultant emissive power distribution of the infrared lamp shown as a solid dark line, (2) the transmission curve of the fused quartz envelope shown as a dotted line, and (3) the absonptive curves for xerographic toner and white bond paper shown as dashed lines.
  • the curves shown in FIG. 3 are a plot of energy against the wavelength at which this energy exists.
  • the curves are based upon theoretical energy levels and expressed as percentages of the total energy so the various parameters can be compared.
  • the lamp In operation the lamp is first energized to its operating potential which is half power voltage. As previously noted, filament 10 (FIG. 1) is wound so that the coils, when energized, interact in such a manner as to produce a filament temperature of between 1,900 F. and 2,100 F. It has been found that a tungsten filament which is operating in this temperature range produces infrared radiation having a characteristic peak wavelength occurring at approximately 2.2 microns.
  • the quartz will transmit about 92% of the radiant energy incident thereon which is traveling at wavelengths shorter than 4.0 microns. It can be seen, however, that the transmission properties of the quartz drops rapidly from a level plateau of about 92% to 0 between the wavelengths of 4.0 and 5.0 microns meaning quartz becomes opaque to infrared radiation traveling at wavelengths longer than 5 .0 microns.
  • a tungsten filament which is operating at temperatures of approximately 2,200 F. has a high efficiency, that is, a tungsten filament operating at elevated temperatures converts a high percentage of its input energy into infrared radiation.
  • the infrared radiation propagated by the tungsten filament which is concentrated about 2.2 microns, will be readily transmitted by the quartz envelope. This peak power energy which is propagated from the tungsten filament and transmitted by the quartz envelope is discernible as the first peak occurring on the resultant radiation curve at about 2.2 microns.
  • Fused quartz which is heated to a temperature of between 1,l00 F. and 1,200" F. approaches a condition of thermal equilibrium in that it will reradiate as infrared energy between and of all internal energy that it receives (.8 to .9 emissivity at about 1.200" F.).
  • a quartz body which is at 1,200 F. is not capable of receiving and storing internally more heat energy, therefore, any heat energy it receives must be thrown off in some manner. It
  • quartz at elevated temperatures reradiates this excess energy as infrared radiation.
  • a reradiating quartz envelope as herein described, which is operating at a temperature of about 1,200 F., will distribute most of the reradiated energy so that it is concentrated about a peak power point occurring at a wavelength of 3.4 microns.
  • the resultant emissive power curve for the lamp has a secondary peak power point which is discernible at about 3.4 microns, the peak power wavelength about which the quartz envelope concentrates its reradiated energy.
  • the peak power wavelength about which the quartz envelope concentrates its reradiated energy.
  • 92% of the energy propagated from the filament which is traveling at wavelengths shorter than 4.0 microns will be transmitted by the envelope.
  • energy emitted by the tungsten filament at longer wavelengths is first absorbed within the quartz where it is later redistributed and reradiated at wavelengths concentrated in a narrow band centered about 3.4 microns. This redistributed energy propagated from the envelope reinforces the energy transmitted from the primary source which is at like wavelengths to produce a resultant wave distribution which is similar to that depicted by the resultant radiation curve shown in FIG. 3.
  • the second peak power point found on the resultant radiation curve at about 3.4 microns is shown at the same intensity level as the peak power propagated from the tungsten filament, that is, at the same level as the energy transmitted through the quartz envelope.
  • the intensity of the second peak power point may not reach that produced by the primary source, the intensity of the resultant energy concentrated about the second peak power point (3.4 microns) being a product of energy being transmitted through the quartz and the energy being reradiated by the envelope.
  • the resultant energy propagated from lamp 14 (FIG. 1), rather than being mostly monochromatic in wave form, has a high intensity energy distribution covering a relatively broad portion of the infrared spectrum capable of heating any material having an absorptivity between 0.5 and 1.0 falling within the lamps effective wavelength range.
  • the operating temperature of a source and the efficiency of the source are directly proportional, that is, any increase in source temperature will also produce an increase in source efficiency. It has been found that a single source of infrared energy which op erates within a band of wavelengths at which white bond paper has good absorptive qualities (3.0 microns or longer) must operate at relatively low temperatures and hence, by definition, must be an inefiicient source.
  • an efficient source of infrared energy is utilized to produce high intensity infrared energy at the longer wavelengths capable of heating white bond paper while at the same time producing efficient high intensity energy found at the shorter wavelengths for rapidly and effectively heating xerographic toner. This principle is graphically illustrated by comparing the superimposed resultant radiation curve for the infrared lamp with the absorptive curve for white bond paper as shown in FIG. 3.
  • a heat lamp as herein described is capable of fusing xerographic toner to a white bond paper within an operating range of 40 volts. That is, there is a 40 volt range between the no-fuse temperature and the temperature at which a white paper support material will be damaged.
  • most known xerographic heat fusers operated within a relatively narrow 4 volt range because such fusers were designed to produce a highly selective, semi-monochromatic, band of infrared energy for reasons of efficiency.
  • a xerographic fusing apparatus for heat fixing a xerographic powder image to a paper support material including a primary source of infrared energy comprising a spiral wound filament for radiating energy concentrated about a first peak power point occurring at a wavelength of approximately 2.0 microns and being of an intensity capable of heat fixing the xerographic powder image,
  • a second source of infrared energy encompassing said primary source comprising an envelope having an inside diameter substantially equal to the outside diameter of said primary source such that the filament is supported in contiguous relation with the inside surface of the envelope, the envelope transmitting radiation emitted by said primary source concentrated about the first peak power point, the envelope re-radiating other heat energy transferred thereto from said primary source at a second peak power point concentrated at a wavelength of approximately 3.4 microns and being of an intensity to heat the paper support material,
  • transport means for moving the image bearing support material into thermal communication with the radiation for a period of time sufficient to transfer heat energy to the paper support material and the toner images to heat fix the images thereto, the period of thermal communication being insuflicient to damage the support material.
  • said primary source of radiation comprising a tungsten wire filament having a cross-sectional diameter of approximately 0.020 inch which radiates infrared energy at between 1900 F. and 2100" F. when operating at a half voltage capacity.
  • the secondary source of radiation comprises a quartz envelope reradiating heat energy received from said primary source at a temperature of between 1100 F. and 1200 F.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)
US559922A 1966-06-23 1966-06-23 Infra-red heater Expired - Lifetime US3449546A (en)

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US (1) US3449546A (xx)
JP (1) JPS525854B1 (xx)
AT (1) AT303518B (xx)
BE (1) BE700101A (xx)
CH (1) CH499143A (xx)
DE (1) DE1690659C3 (xx)
DK (1) DK118703B (xx)
ES (1) ES341906A1 (xx)
GB (1) GB1187481A (xx)
NL (1) NL6708388A (xx)
NO (1) NO123480B (xx)
SE (1) SE332936B (xx)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3861863A (en) * 1973-12-19 1975-01-21 Ibm Fusing apparatus
US3898424A (en) * 1974-02-25 1975-08-05 Xerox Corp Radiant fuser for xerographic reproducing apparatus
US3922520A (en) * 1974-02-19 1975-11-25 Itek Corp Heating apparatus for electrophotographic copiers
US3953709A (en) * 1974-02-25 1976-04-27 Xerox Corporation Two source radiant fuser for xerographic reproducing apparatus
JPS52141950U (xx) * 1976-04-23 1977-10-27
US4366177A (en) * 1981-01-26 1982-12-28 Pet Incorporated Method of flameless broiling or baking greasy meat products
US4452589A (en) * 1981-08-14 1984-06-05 Denison Tom G Arc welding simulator
US4462307A (en) * 1983-05-23 1984-07-31 Pet Incorporated Humpback oven-broiler
EP0629930A2 (en) * 1993-06-18 1994-12-21 Xeikon Nv Electrostatographic printer with image-fixing station
US5382805A (en) * 1993-11-01 1995-01-17 Fannon; Mark G. Double wall infrared emitter
US5526108A (en) * 1993-06-18 1996-06-11 Xeikon Nv Electrostatographic printer with image-fixing station
US5970301A (en) * 1997-12-03 1999-10-19 Xeikon N.V. Device and method fixing and glossing toner images
US6399955B1 (en) 1999-02-19 2002-06-04 Mark G. Fannon Selective electromagnetic wavelength conversion device
US20040065981A1 (en) * 2001-10-09 2004-04-08 Grimmer Robert A Plastic skin forming process
US20040113322A1 (en) * 2001-10-09 2004-06-17 Grimmer Robert A. Plastic skin forming process
US20090010385A1 (en) * 2005-08-03 2009-01-08 Krones Ag Method and Device for Monitoring Wall Thickness
US20130087723A1 (en) * 2010-06-16 2013-04-11 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Downhole sources having enhanced ir emission
US8833925B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2014-09-16 Ricoh Production Print Solutions LLC Radiant drum drier for print media in a printing system
US8885163B2 (en) 2009-12-23 2014-11-11 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Interferometry-based downhole analysis tool
US9091151B2 (en) 2009-11-19 2015-07-28 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Downhole optical radiometry tool
CN115022993A (zh) * 2022-08-04 2022-09-06 西安交通大学 一种空天飞机热环境模拟用模块化超高温加热装置及方法
US11613073B2 (en) 2018-01-24 2023-03-28 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Method and apparatus for build material heating

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BR112015031101A2 (pt) * 2013-06-26 2017-07-25 Nestec Sa dispositivo de aquecimento volumétrico para máquina de preparo de bebidas ou alimentos

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US2535268A (en) * 1948-03-13 1950-12-26 Merco Ind Inc Infrared generator
US2658984A (en) * 1950-06-23 1953-11-10 Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze Optical radiator
US2807703A (en) * 1956-06-14 1957-09-24 Ibm Xerographic image fixing apparatus
US2891136A (en) * 1956-10-02 1959-06-16 Nathanson Max Radiant heating device
US3197614A (en) * 1961-08-31 1965-07-27 Dick Co Ab Fuser unit for electronic printing machine
US3223875A (en) * 1958-12-13 1965-12-14 Eggers Reinhold Electric heating tube in which enlarged convolutions of filament coil act as filament supports
US3225247A (en) * 1962-06-13 1965-12-21 Sylvania Electric Prod Incandescent lamp
US3307017A (en) * 1963-07-11 1967-02-28 Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze Electric infrared emitter
US3325629A (en) * 1963-12-26 1967-06-13 Monsanto Co Infrared heating apparatus for molding machines and the like
US3346723A (en) * 1964-04-20 1967-10-10 Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze Electric infrared emitter

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2535268A (en) * 1948-03-13 1950-12-26 Merco Ind Inc Infrared generator
US2658984A (en) * 1950-06-23 1953-11-10 Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze Optical radiator
US2807703A (en) * 1956-06-14 1957-09-24 Ibm Xerographic image fixing apparatus
US2891136A (en) * 1956-10-02 1959-06-16 Nathanson Max Radiant heating device
US3223875A (en) * 1958-12-13 1965-12-14 Eggers Reinhold Electric heating tube in which enlarged convolutions of filament coil act as filament supports
US3197614A (en) * 1961-08-31 1965-07-27 Dick Co Ab Fuser unit for electronic printing machine
US3225247A (en) * 1962-06-13 1965-12-21 Sylvania Electric Prod Incandescent lamp
US3307017A (en) * 1963-07-11 1967-02-28 Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze Electric infrared emitter
US3325629A (en) * 1963-12-26 1967-06-13 Monsanto Co Infrared heating apparatus for molding machines and the like
US3346723A (en) * 1964-04-20 1967-10-10 Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze Electric infrared emitter

Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3861863A (en) * 1973-12-19 1975-01-21 Ibm Fusing apparatus
US3922520A (en) * 1974-02-19 1975-11-25 Itek Corp Heating apparatus for electrophotographic copiers
US3898424A (en) * 1974-02-25 1975-08-05 Xerox Corp Radiant fuser for xerographic reproducing apparatus
US3953709A (en) * 1974-02-25 1976-04-27 Xerox Corporation Two source radiant fuser for xerographic reproducing apparatus
JPS52141950U (xx) * 1976-04-23 1977-10-27
JPS5642679Y2 (xx) * 1976-04-23 1981-10-06
US4473004A (en) * 1981-01-26 1984-09-25 Pet Incorporated Humpback oven-broiler
US4366177A (en) * 1981-01-26 1982-12-28 Pet Incorporated Method of flameless broiling or baking greasy meat products
US4452589A (en) * 1981-08-14 1984-06-05 Denison Tom G Arc welding simulator
US4462307A (en) * 1983-05-23 1984-07-31 Pet Incorporated Humpback oven-broiler
WO1984004662A1 (en) * 1983-05-23 1984-12-06 Pet Inc Humpback oven-broiler
EP0629930A2 (en) * 1993-06-18 1994-12-21 Xeikon Nv Electrostatographic printer with image-fixing station
EP0629930A3 (en) * 1993-06-18 1995-09-06 Xeikon Nv Electrostatographic printing apparatus with an image fixing station.
US5526108A (en) * 1993-06-18 1996-06-11 Xeikon Nv Electrostatographic printer with image-fixing station
US5382805A (en) * 1993-11-01 1995-01-17 Fannon; Mark G. Double wall infrared emitter
US5970301A (en) * 1997-12-03 1999-10-19 Xeikon N.V. Device and method fixing and glossing toner images
US6399955B1 (en) 1999-02-19 2002-06-04 Mark G. Fannon Selective electromagnetic wavelength conversion device
US7550103B2 (en) * 2001-10-09 2009-06-23 International Automotive Components Group North America, Inc. Plastic skin forming process
US20040113322A1 (en) * 2001-10-09 2004-06-17 Grimmer Robert A. Plastic skin forming process
US7425294B2 (en) 2001-10-09 2008-09-16 Grimmer Robert A Plastic skin forming process
US20040065981A1 (en) * 2001-10-09 2004-04-08 Grimmer Robert A Plastic skin forming process
WO2005016613A3 (en) * 2003-08-15 2005-04-21 Collins & Aikman Automotive Co Plastic skin forming process
US7858942B2 (en) 2005-08-03 2010-12-28 Krones Ag Method and device for monitoring wall thickness
US20090010385A1 (en) * 2005-08-03 2009-01-08 Krones Ag Method and Device for Monitoring Wall Thickness
US9091151B2 (en) 2009-11-19 2015-07-28 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Downhole optical radiometry tool
US8885163B2 (en) 2009-12-23 2014-11-11 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Interferometry-based downhole analysis tool
US20130087723A1 (en) * 2010-06-16 2013-04-11 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Downhole sources having enhanced ir emission
US8946660B2 (en) * 2010-06-16 2015-02-03 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Downhole sources having enhanced IR emission
US8833925B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2014-09-16 Ricoh Production Print Solutions LLC Radiant drum drier for print media in a printing system
US11613073B2 (en) 2018-01-24 2023-03-28 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Method and apparatus for build material heating
CN115022993A (zh) * 2022-08-04 2022-09-06 西安交通大学 一种空天飞机热环境模拟用模块化超高温加热装置及方法
CN115022993B (zh) * 2022-08-04 2022-11-04 西安交通大学 一种空天飞机热环境模拟用模块化超高温加热装置及方法

Also Published As

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ES341906A1 (es) 1968-10-16
DE1690659A1 (de) 1971-06-09
GB1187481A (en) 1970-04-08
BE700101A (xx) 1967-12-01
SE332936B (xx) 1971-02-22
JPS525854B1 (xx) 1977-02-17
CH499143A (fr) 1970-11-15
DE1690659C3 (de) 1978-10-12
DE1690659B2 (de) 1978-02-02
AT303518B (de) 1972-11-27
NO123480B (xx) 1971-11-22
NL6708388A (xx) 1967-12-27
DK118703B (da) 1970-09-21

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