US3400998A - Fountain pen having a porous rod type nib - Google Patents

Fountain pen having a porous rod type nib Download PDF

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Publication number
US3400998A
US3400998A US456169A US45616965A US3400998A US 3400998 A US3400998 A US 3400998A US 456169 A US456169 A US 456169A US 45616965 A US45616965 A US 45616965A US 3400998 A US3400998 A US 3400998A
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United States
Prior art keywords
nib
fountain pen
rod
resin
porous
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US456169A
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English (en)
Inventor
Phillip M Daugherty
Charles K Lovejoy
Harry L Vaughan
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Scripto Inc
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Scripto Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Scripto Inc filed Critical Scripto Inc
Priority to US456169A priority Critical patent/US3400998A/en
Priority to ES0327262A priority patent/ES327262A1/es
Priority to GB21596/66A priority patent/GB1152342A/en
Priority to FR61931A priority patent/FR1480024A/fr
Priority to DE19661511388 priority patent/DE1511388C/de
Priority to BE681176D priority patent/BE681176A/xx
Priority to CH714766A priority patent/CH481762A/de
Priority to US619634A priority patent/US3467564A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3400998A publication Critical patent/US3400998A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B43—WRITING OR DRAWING IMPLEMENTS; BUREAU ACCESSORIES
    • B43K—IMPLEMENTS FOR WRITING OR DRAWING
    • B43K1/00—Nibs; Writing-points
    • B43K1/12—Writing-points comprising fibres; Felt pads

Definitions

  • This invention relates to writing instruments, and more particularly to a fountain pen having a barrel forming an ink reservoir and a nib extended from said barrel and communicating with said ink reservoir, wherein the nib is a porous substantially rigid rod made up of a bundle of longitudinally arranged tows of highly bulked, kinked and twisted polyester filaments bonded together with epoxy resin to form a micro-reticulated structure having substantially uniform interconnecting interstices of capillary dimensions for dispensing said ink to a writing surface.
  • continuous filamentary, highly bulked tow means a material such as that which results when filaments spun from a plurality of spinnerets are brought together, bulked or textured, and combined preferably with filaments from other spinnerets, to form a continuous body of fibers randomly oriented primarily in a longitudinal direction.
  • randomly oriented primarily in a longitudinal direction is intended to describe the condition of a body of fibers which are as a whole longitudinally aligned, and which are, in the aggregate, in a parallel orientation, but which have short portions running more or less at random in a non-parallel diverging and converging direction.
  • the nib structure is referred to as a fiber nib or fiber tip.
  • Straight and textured filaments have been employed.
  • the preferred filament, highly bulked polyester fiber, referred to commercially as stretch Dacron may be obtained from Madison Throwing Company, Madison, NC. This highly bulked polyester fiber is used as received and it is known to contain approximately 3% of a lubricant. This lubricant is a proprietary material used to make the bulky fiber process more easy on textile machinery.
  • the preferred resin materials are those derived from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. These preferred epoxy resins are generally selected to have a molecular weight of 800 to 1500 and to possess both hydroxy and epoxide functional groups.
  • the above refers to the uncured or raw meltable, resinous materials and not to the final thermoset resins that are produced upon curing, or hardening, in combination with the filaments during production of the rod.
  • the curing, or hardening, of the bonding epoxy resins within the fibrous structure can be brought about by means of polyfunctional amines, anhydrides and the like, but with the process to be described, the preferred agent to effect curing of the resin is boron trifiuoride.
  • the actual material employed is the complex formed by neutralizing the boron trifiuoride with monoethylamine; the active boron trifluoride being released from the complex at the proper time during the process by the application of heat suflicient to decompose the complex and to rapidly effect cure of the resin.
  • Modifiers include, for example, tertiary amines containing hydroxyl groups which have been used to promote polymerization and crosslinking of the resin.
  • a specific hydroxyl containing tertiary amine that has been found useful is N,N,N,N tetrakis (Z-hydroxypropyl) ethylene diamine.
  • FIG. 1 is a photograph of the cross section of the Writing instrument of the present invention with the cap removed;
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged photograph of the porous rigid rod type nib
  • FIG. 3 is a 15 power photomicrograph of a tow of highly bulked, kinked polyester filaments in a relaxed state
  • FIG. 4 is a 54 power photomicrograph of a tow of highly bulked, kinked polyester filaments placed under tension;
  • FIG. 5 is a partial longitudinal cross section of the porous rigid rod type nib
  • FIG. 6 is a transverse cross section of the porous rigid rod type nib showing the micro-reticulated structure having substantially uniform interconnecting interstices of capillary dimension;
  • FIG. 7 is a dry porous rigid nib in initial contact with the capillary element of the writing instrument containing a liquid ink supply;
  • FIG. 8 shows the progressive travel of the ink through the porous nib due to the capillary action
  • FIG. 9 shows the fibrous nib fully saturated with liquid ink
  • FIG. 10 is a flow chart showing the method of producing the porous rod of the present invention.
  • the process consists of arranging a plurality of continuous kinked and twisted filamentary highly bulked polyester tows in substantially parallel arrangement, from a suitable creel and then placing said parallel tows under a regulated tension and impregnating said tows with a solution of an epoxy resin, a preferred epoxy solution containing a resin having a molecular weight of 875, a hydroxyl functionality of 6, and epoxide equivalent weight ranging between 450 and 525.
  • the use of a solution serves to insure a uniform application of a limited quantity of the resin binder to the surface of the filaments.
  • the soaked filaments are pulled vertically upward from the resin solution and passed as a loose bundle through a drying oven where the major portion of the solvents employed to dissolve the resin is removed.
  • the bundle of filaments are then pulled through a heated die which effects fusion of the resin and compacts the stretch filament material into the desired rod shape.
  • the rod-like structure then passes through an aqueous solution of the catalyst, BF -C H NH wherein the capillary structure absorbs the catalyst solution.
  • the rod, saturated with the catalyst solution then passes through the pre-curing oven.
  • the elevated temperature in the pro-curing oven removes the moisture that was absorbed during the passage through the catalyst bath and releases the boron trifluoride which in turn promotes the cure of the epoxy resin to a rigid matrix.
  • a tension mechanism operates at the base of the curing oven to maintain the rod in a straight configuration as it passes through the oven.
  • the partially cured rod at this point, is quite strong and can be easily handled. The strength and rigidity at this point permit the rod-like structure to be cut to convenient lengths for post curing to obtain its ultimate strength.
  • the preferred epoxy resin has a molecular weight range of about 800/ to 1500 and possesses both hydroxyl and epoxy functional groups.
  • concentration of the resin used is interdependent upon the number of ends of the filament used and upon the 3 diameter of the rod desired. For purposes of illustration it will be assumed that the desired rod size is to be 0.060 inch in diameter. The resin concentration should then be chosen to fall within the range of 2.0 to 10.0 percent. This solution is maintained at ambient temperature.
  • the number of ends for the production of a 0.060 inch diameter rod will be selected from the range 40 to 60 for the 2 x 100 denier, 34 filament Dacron yarn. This solution is maintained at ambient temperature.
  • the temperature at which the dryer is operated will range between 100 F.-180 F., provided the speed at which the material is passed through the system is held between 7 and inches per minute. It is desirable not to obtain complete dryness of the fibers as they pass through this portion of the system as trace amounts of the solvents aid in lubricating the molten resin-fiber combination as it passes through the die. Too much solvent remaining in the fibers, however, will interfere with proper absorption of the catalyst solution at the next stage of the process. At speeds higher than 10 inches per minute it is desirable to use drier temperatures of up to 220 F. to obtain optimum drying. It should be apparent that the actual temperature required will be dependent upon the construction of the drier as well as upon the rate of passage of the fiber.
  • the catalyst solution is maintained at a concentration of about 3 to 6 percent boron trifiuoride-ethylamine and it is advantageous, but not entirely necessary, to include small quantities of a wetting agent in the catalyst solution. Amounts up to about 1.0 percent of a non-ionic wetting agent is adequate for proper absorption of the catalyst.
  • a suitable wetting agent is an alkylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol, commercially available as Triton X-100, manufactured by Rohm & Haas Company, Philadelphia, Pa.
  • the catalyst uptake should be regulated so that the catalyst solution is used at a rate equivalent to 0.1 to 0.3 the rate of depletion of the resin solution, if the concentration of the boron trifluoride complex is in the range lasted above. This regulation is obtained by adjusting the amount of wetting agent utilized and by adjusting the degree of drying of the fibers as they pass through the dryer tube.
  • the catalyst solution is maintained at room temperature.
  • the die in the case being considered the die is 0.059 inch in diameter
  • the die may be constructed of a number of materials and is conveniently a brass block with an insert of hardened steel. The selection of a hardened steel insert was made because of the ease of obtaining a highly polished, hard wearing surface.
  • the temperature of the die is maintained at 430 F. to 460 F. Below 430 F. the rod produced may not be sufficiently bonded to maintain a cylindrical configuration while passing through the drive mechanism. Above 460 F. it is difficult to maintain continuous operation because at this high die temperature the Dacron fibers lose strength with the result that the material is frequently pulled apart in the die.
  • the drive mechanism is adjusted to give a flow of material through the system of about 7 to 10 inches per minute. This rate of production is intended to provide a basis for example and is not meant to imply that this is the optimum rate of flow of material through this system.
  • the pre-curing oven is operated at approximately 300 F. to 450 F. and the residual time of the material in the oven should be of the order of at least 10 to 12 minutes. Under these conditions the rod structure should be sufiiciently sturdy to permit cutting to convenient lengths for post curing.
  • the tension device which maintains the straight configuration of the material as it passes through to pre-curing oven is adjustable so that a very slight tugging effect is initiated when any movement (of the rod-like material) other than vertical is detected.
  • the post curing of the rod is accomplished by heating at 350 F. to 475 F. for periods of l to 2 hours. It should be obvious to one cognizant with curing or hardening of epoxy resins that lower temperatures for greater periods of time could be used to eifect this post cure. Temperatures significantly higher than the above range will not be beneficial and, in fact, may be detrimental to the structural strength of the final fiber nib.
  • the rod-like material may be pointed by dry or wet grinding; for example, with a coarse silicone carbide grinding wheel. Microscopic examinations of the fiber nib structure are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.
  • the one drive mechanism serves both to pull the rod through the system to a point beyond the die and to push the formed rod throughout the remainder of the system.
  • Parts Xylene 40-60 Methyl ethyl ketone 40-60 Car-bitol (monoethyl ether of diethylene glycol) 0-10 are useful with most epoxy resins of the desired molecular weight range, and in addition, such mixtures serve Well to dissolve the additional materials, e.g., bisphenol A, that are also used.
  • Typical formulations are:
  • the fiber nib produced by this process has been found to function very well for transferring the above Writing or marking fluids from a capillary type reservoir.
  • a typical reservoir material is a loosely compacted, cemented, cellulose acetate capillary material similar to that commonly used for cigarette filters.
  • To produce a Writing or marking instrument it is necessary only to contain the capillary material in a suitable pen barrel or holder, allow the writing fluid to be pulled into the reservoir by capillary action, and insert the fiber nib into the pen barrel so that it contacts the filled reservoir, all as shown in FIGS. 1, 7, 8 and 9.
  • a predetermined quantity of the writing or marking fiuid can be forced into the capillary reservoir by any convenient means.
  • a fountain pen having a barrel forming an ink reservoir and a nib extending from said barrel and comrnunicating with said reservoir, the improvement of said nib being a porous substantially rigid rod comprising a bundle of longitudinally arranged tows of highly bulked kinked and twisted linear polyester filaments bonded together with epoxy resin to form a micro-reticulate structure having substantially uniform interconnecting interstices of capillary dimensions.
  • a fountain pen having a barrel forming an ink reservoir, a capillary element disposed Within said reservoir, a supply of ink contained in said capillary element, and a porous substantially rigid rod type ni'o extending from said barrel and communicating with said ink supply, said nib comprising a bundle of longitudinally arranged tows of highly bulked kinked and twisted linear polyester filaments bonded together with epoxy resin to form a micro-reticulate structure having substantially uniform interconnecting interstices of capillary dimensions for dispensing said ink to a writing surface.

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US456169A 1965-05-17 1965-05-17 Fountain pen having a porous rod type nib Expired - Lifetime US3400998A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US456169A US3400998A (en) 1965-05-17 1965-05-17 Fountain pen having a porous rod type nib
GB21596/66A GB1152342A (en) 1965-05-17 1966-05-16 Improvements in and relating to Fountain Pens and Nibs and Ink therefor
ES0327262A ES327262A1 (es) 1965-05-17 1966-05-16 Un metodo para producir una varilla rigida, sustancialmente porosa, tipo punta, aplicable como deposito de tinta en los instrumentos escritores.
DE19661511388 DE1511388C (de) 1965-05-17 1966-05-17 Schreibspitze fur einen Full schreibstift und Verfahren zum Her stellen einer solchen Schreibspitze
FR61931A FR1480024A (fr) 1965-05-17 1966-05-17 Porte-plume à réservoir muni d'une plume en forme de tige poreuse
BE681176D BE681176A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1965-05-17 1966-05-17
CH714766A CH481762A (de) 1965-05-17 1966-05-17 Füllhalter mit porösem Tintenkanal
US619634A US3467564A (en) 1965-05-17 1967-03-01 Method of producing a porous,substantially rigid rod type nib for writing instruments

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US456169A US3400998A (en) 1965-05-17 1965-05-17 Fountain pen having a porous rod type nib

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US3400998A true US3400998A (en) 1968-09-10

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US (1) US3400998A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE681176A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH481762A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES327262A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1152342A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3609052A (en) * 1969-02-17 1971-09-28 A Albert Airosus Fluid dispensing
US3623941A (en) * 1966-06-27 1971-11-30 Gillette Co Porous objects for writing instruments
US3648804A (en) * 1969-10-15 1972-03-14 Union Carbide Corp Nonwoven wick unit
JPS4993122A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1972-11-21 1974-09-05
US3998982A (en) * 1975-06-02 1976-12-21 The Gillette Company Method of cutting and grinding porous pen tips
US4086312A (en) * 1976-04-08 1978-04-25 Glasrock Products, Inc. Writing pen core having an integral nib and ink reservoir and method of manufacture
US4093769A (en) * 1976-02-18 1978-06-06 Glasrock Products, Inc. Capillary body and method of producing the same
US4104781A (en) * 1976-06-10 1978-08-08 Glasrock Products, Inc. Method of manufacturing a marking pen having a nib and an ink reservoir integral therewith
US4119756A (en) * 1976-06-10 1978-10-10 Glasrock Products, Inc. Method of manufacturing a marking pen having a nib and an ink reservoir integral therewith
US4269526A (en) * 1978-05-02 1981-05-26 Baumgartner Papier S.A. Pen and integral capillary store
US4761089A (en) * 1983-06-27 1988-08-02 Aubex Corporation Synthetic resin pen nib
US4822193A (en) * 1986-04-15 1989-04-18 American Filtrona Corporation Ink reservoir having continuous random sliver with stretch yarn
US5885020A (en) * 1995-11-15 1999-03-23 Spartan Felt Company, Inc. Marker pen having improved fibrous nib
US6561713B2 (en) 1999-10-12 2003-05-13 Dri Mark Products, Inc. Metallic ink composition for wick type writing instruments
US6893181B1 (en) * 1999-05-14 2005-05-17 Conte Nib and methods of treating an elongate element designed to form such a nib
US20050151805A1 (en) * 2002-12-23 2005-07-14 Ward Bennett C. Porous substrate for ink delivery systems
USD749505S1 (en) 2014-03-07 2016-02-16 VMR Products, LLC Charger for a vaporizer
USD750320S1 (en) 2014-08-05 2016-02-23 VMR Products, LLC Vaporizer
USD752280S1 (en) 2014-03-07 2016-03-22 VMR Products, LLC Cartomizer for a vaporizer
USD752278S1 (en) 2014-03-07 2016-03-22 VMR Products, LLC Battery portion of a vaporizer
US9326549B2 (en) 2004-04-14 2016-05-03 Fontem Holdings 1 B.V. Electronic cigarette
USD763502S1 (en) 2014-03-04 2016-08-09 Vmr Products Llc Cartomizer for a vaporizer
USD788697S1 (en) 2014-03-04 2017-06-06 VMR Products, LLC Battery portion for a vaporizer
US9682886B1 (en) 2014-06-17 2017-06-20 Amazon Technologies, Inc. Ink coating application system and method
US9781953B2 (en) 2013-11-15 2017-10-10 Vmr Products Llc Vaporizer with cover sleeve
USD804090S1 (en) 2014-04-08 2017-11-28 VMR Products, LLC Vaporizer with indicators
US10039321B2 (en) 2013-11-12 2018-08-07 Vmr Products Llc Vaporizer

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3626567C3 (de) * 1985-08-06 1997-03-13 Canon Kk Aufzeichnungsflüssigkeit und deren Verwendung in Schreibgeräten, Druckern und Tintenstrahldruckgeräten

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3039908A (en) * 1953-07-13 1962-06-19 Hollingsworth & Vose Co Method of making a tobacco smoke filter
US3094736A (en) * 1962-03-27 1963-06-25 United States Filter Corp Marking device
US3111702A (en) * 1963-06-24 1963-11-26 United States Filter Corp Products formed from continuous filamentary tows
US3214324A (en) * 1962-05-11 1965-10-26 Gen Mills Inc Fibrous materials impregnated with a partial reaction product derived from fatty guanamines and epoxy resins
US3232805A (en) * 1959-07-15 1966-02-01 Eastman Kodak Co Method of making tobacco smoke filters from crimped thermoplastic tows
US3246997A (en) * 1961-05-09 1966-04-19 Gen Aniline & Film Corp Printing emulsions

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3039908A (en) * 1953-07-13 1962-06-19 Hollingsworth & Vose Co Method of making a tobacco smoke filter
US3232805A (en) * 1959-07-15 1966-02-01 Eastman Kodak Co Method of making tobacco smoke filters from crimped thermoplastic tows
US3246997A (en) * 1961-05-09 1966-04-19 Gen Aniline & Film Corp Printing emulsions
US3094736A (en) * 1962-03-27 1963-06-25 United States Filter Corp Marking device
US3214324A (en) * 1962-05-11 1965-10-26 Gen Mills Inc Fibrous materials impregnated with a partial reaction product derived from fatty guanamines and epoxy resins
US3111702A (en) * 1963-06-24 1963-11-26 United States Filter Corp Products formed from continuous filamentary tows

Cited By (38)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3623941A (en) * 1966-06-27 1971-11-30 Gillette Co Porous objects for writing instruments
US3609052A (en) * 1969-02-17 1971-09-28 A Albert Airosus Fluid dispensing
US3648804A (en) * 1969-10-15 1972-03-14 Union Carbide Corp Nonwoven wick unit
JPS4993122A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1972-11-21 1974-09-05
US3864183A (en) * 1972-11-21 1975-02-04 Tokyo Hat Method for producing pen core from filament tows
US3998982A (en) * 1975-06-02 1976-12-21 The Gillette Company Method of cutting and grinding porous pen tips
US4093769A (en) * 1976-02-18 1978-06-06 Glasrock Products, Inc. Capillary body and method of producing the same
US4086312A (en) * 1976-04-08 1978-04-25 Glasrock Products, Inc. Writing pen core having an integral nib and ink reservoir and method of manufacture
US4104781A (en) * 1976-06-10 1978-08-08 Glasrock Products, Inc. Method of manufacturing a marking pen having a nib and an ink reservoir integral therewith
US4119756A (en) * 1976-06-10 1978-10-10 Glasrock Products, Inc. Method of manufacturing a marking pen having a nib and an ink reservoir integral therewith
US4269526A (en) * 1978-05-02 1981-05-26 Baumgartner Papier S.A. Pen and integral capillary store
US4761089A (en) * 1983-06-27 1988-08-02 Aubex Corporation Synthetic resin pen nib
US4822193A (en) * 1986-04-15 1989-04-18 American Filtrona Corporation Ink reservoir having continuous random sliver with stretch yarn
US5885020A (en) * 1995-11-15 1999-03-23 Spartan Felt Company, Inc. Marker pen having improved fibrous nib
US6117260A (en) * 1995-11-15 2000-09-12 Spartan Felt Company, Inc. Method of manufacturing fibrous nib for use in a marker pen
US6893181B1 (en) * 1999-05-14 2005-05-17 Conte Nib and methods of treating an elongate element designed to form such a nib
US6561713B2 (en) 1999-10-12 2003-05-13 Dri Mark Products, Inc. Metallic ink composition for wick type writing instruments
US7018031B2 (en) 2002-12-23 2006-03-28 Filtrona Richmond, Inc. Porous substrate for ink delivery systems
US20050151805A1 (en) * 2002-12-23 2005-07-14 Ward Bennett C. Porous substrate for ink delivery systems
US10045564B2 (en) 2004-04-14 2018-08-14 Fontem Holdings 1 B.V. Electronic cigarette
US9326549B2 (en) 2004-04-14 2016-05-03 Fontem Holdings 1 B.V. Electronic cigarette
US10238144B2 (en) 2004-04-14 2019-03-26 Fontem Holdings 1 B.V. Electronic cigarette
US9717278B2 (en) 2004-04-14 2017-08-01 Fontem Holdings 1 B.V. Electronic cigarette
US10039321B2 (en) 2013-11-12 2018-08-07 Vmr Products Llc Vaporizer
US10980273B2 (en) 2013-11-12 2021-04-20 VMR Products, LLC Vaporizer, charger and methods of use
US10085481B2 (en) 2013-11-12 2018-10-02 VMR Products, LLC Vaporizer
US9781953B2 (en) 2013-11-15 2017-10-10 Vmr Products Llc Vaporizer with cover sleeve
USD763502S1 (en) 2014-03-04 2016-08-09 Vmr Products Llc Cartomizer for a vaporizer
USD788697S1 (en) 2014-03-04 2017-06-06 VMR Products, LLC Battery portion for a vaporizer
USD846492S1 (en) 2014-03-04 2019-04-23 VMR Products, LLC Battery for a vaporizer
USD800383S1 (en) 2014-03-07 2017-10-17 VMR Products, LLC Cartomizer for a vaporizer
USD749505S1 (en) 2014-03-07 2016-02-16 VMR Products, LLC Charger for a vaporizer
USD752278S1 (en) 2014-03-07 2016-03-22 VMR Products, LLC Battery portion of a vaporizer
USD752280S1 (en) 2014-03-07 2016-03-22 VMR Products, LLC Cartomizer for a vaporizer
USD804090S1 (en) 2014-04-08 2017-11-28 VMR Products, LLC Vaporizer with indicators
USD825835S1 (en) 2014-04-08 2018-08-14 VMR Products, LLC Vaporizer with indicators
US9682886B1 (en) 2014-06-17 2017-06-20 Amazon Technologies, Inc. Ink coating application system and method
USD750320S1 (en) 2014-08-05 2016-02-23 VMR Products, LLC Vaporizer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE681176A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1966-11-17
CH481762A (de) 1969-11-30
ES327262A1 (es) 1967-09-01
GB1152342A (en) 1969-05-14
DE1511388A1 (de) 1969-07-31

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