US3381479A - Method of forming a line in a gallery - Google Patents

Method of forming a line in a gallery Download PDF

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US3381479A
US3381479A US407827A US40782764A US3381479A US 3381479 A US3381479 A US 3381479A US 407827 A US407827 A US 407827A US 40782764 A US40782764 A US 40782764A US 3381479 A US3381479 A US 3381479A
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gallery
excavation
lining
reticular
walls
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US407827A
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Curzio Pericle Quadrio
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QUADRIO CURZIO SpA
Silver SpA
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QUADRIO CURZIO SpA
Silver SpA
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
    • E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
    • E21D11/107—Reinforcing elements therefor; Holders for the reinforcing elements

Definitions

  • the isolated and disgregated core that forms around the hollow increases more and more, until, after consumption of the working capacity, the formation of the core is complete.
  • This disgregated body and especially the portion over the gallery exerts pressures upon the walls of' the excavation.
  • the provisional lining so obtained is not suicient when the thrusts of the ground are conside'able.
  • by spraying a mortar against the wall of the excavation it is not possible to build rapidly a lining of a thickness beyond certain limits, namely larger than one decimetre or litle more, because the mortar applied tends to detach itself owing to its own weight as the thickness of its layer is growing, and because a large thickness of mortar would be effected by considerable shrinking which would prejudice the final strength of the lining.
  • lt is an object of the present invention to obtain a definitive lining adapted to sustain the thrust of the ground immediately after making the excavation with great rapidity.
  • the lining after having been formed by successive arches or rings developing over the entire extension of the cross-section of the excavation to be lined so that each of those rings or arches can behave like a load-bearing frame without any discontinuity over its whole development and over its entire thickness.
  • This lining should be made of concrete, in consideration of the requirement it must meet; it must namely be made with a mixture of a cement binder and of a usual portion of inert stony materials, of different granule sizes but comprising at any rate granules of sizes exceeding those conventional of a sand, in practice exceeding 8 mm.
  • Said lining should be cast according to the invention very rapidly without employing any caissons; therefore, it is projected against the wall under strong pressure, for instance by means of compressed air.
  • a concrete so composed however would hardly be sustained against the wall of the excavation if the thickness of the lining exceeds certain limits, for instance 15 cm. to attain thicknesses of 30 to 50 cm. as may sometimes be required.
  • a reticular metal structure having a thickness of at least l5 centimetres, which with its meshes contributes to retain in place the concrete until the latter begins setting, which is promoed by an accelerating agent of any known kind introduced into the mix; said structure remains then embedded in the concrete constituting its reinforcement capable of absorbing even tension and shear stresses.
  • an excavation is effected over the entire cross-section of the gallery all at once, in successive incremental lengths of less than 3 meters.
  • An assembled reticular structure of arch shape and truss form is installed in each incremental length of the gallery after its formation, the recticular structure having a thickness greater than l5 centimeters and a surface extent corresponding to that of the walls and ceiling of the gallery and supported on the oor thereof.
  • a mass of settable compound is injected onto the walls and ceiling of the gallery after the installation of each reticular structure such that the mass completely encases the structure and together therewith forms a reinforced lining for the excavation, the reticular construction of the structure serving to retain the settable compound on the walls and ceiling of the gallery until the compound hardens.
  • Longitudinal reinforcing elements are installed in the gallery to which the reticular structures are successively connected.
  • FIGURE l is a diagrammatical longitudinal section of a portion of gallery in the course of building
  • FIGURE 2 is a cross-section taken along the line II--II of FIGURE l;
  • FIGURE 3 is an enlarged View of a reticular structure used in the construction of the lining.
  • FIGURE l represents the forward portion of a gallery 1 excavated in the ground, with the lining already made up to a short distance, for instance of l metre, from the front of attack indicated by 2, yassuming the excavation to have been made for this latter not yet lined portion after completion of the lining indicated in the ligure.
  • a recticular structure constituted by four steel rods 4 whose sections are placed at the vertices of a trapezoid, and -by further steel rods 5 arranged trelliswise between the aforesaid four rods and connected at their vertices to the latter by means of welding or other means of connections;
  • this reticle structure has the shape of a reticular arch of truss form the feet of which arch are completed by further shaped rods indicated by
  • this metal structure convenlently prepared before-hand and after having preferably tied it up with other rods 7 directed in the longitudinal direction of the gallery or with a metal net, there is projected against the wall 3 a mix of cement with water, sand and pebble gravel of a grain size for instance up to mm., by compressed air.
  • This mix is effectively retained, even prior to its setting, by the aforesaid reticular structure and can so constitute a lining layer 8 of suliicient thickness, for instance of to 40 cm. which hardening rapidly by effect of the aforesaid accelerator, cornes to form a new portion of load-bearing definitive lining in a very short time, before any appreciable rock burst of the vault of the excavation can take place.
  • the longitudinal section of the lining appears to have an undulated course, as being composed of successive small vaults; however it could also appear with substantially uniform thickness.
  • the pavement of the gallery can be contemporaneously completed in the shape of a casting 9 adapted to constitute a still between the piers of the arch, or there might be formed a reversed arch with or without a metal reinforcement, possibly by the same technique as above described.
  • the particulars of performance as examplied hereinabove may be Widely varied; so for instance the reticular structure may assume varied sizes and shapes, other longitudinal reinforcements or armatures may be provided at the extrados and/or at the intrados or elsewhere, and the dimensions above mentioned are to be adapted to the conditions of the ground, in every specific case.
  • a method of forming a gallery comprising excavating the gallery in successive incremental lengths of less than 3 meters, each excavation being effected over the entire cross-section of the gallery all at once, installing an assembled reticular structure of arch ⁇ shape and truss lform in each incremental length of the gallery after its formation, the reticular structure having a thickness greater than 15 centimeters and a surface extent corresponding to that of the walls and ceiling of the gallery and supported on the floor thereo, and injecting a mass of settable compound onto the walls and ceiling of the gallery after the installation of each reticular structure such that the mass completely encases the structure and together therewith forms a reinforced lining for the excavation, the reticular construction of said structure serving to retain the settable compound on the walls and ceiling of the gallery until the compound hardens, and installing longitudinal reinforcing elements in the gallery to which the reticular structures are successively connected.
  • a method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said reticular structure is formed by a plurality of curved rods following the course of the vault of the gallery and connected with one another transversely by rods.
  • a method as claimed in claim 1 comprising installing a bottom casing on the floor of the gallery between the feet of the lining of the gallery for each incremental length.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)

Description

May 7, 1968 P. Q. cURzlo METHOD OF FORMING A LINE IN A GALLERY Filed Oct. 30, 1964 M* @@Wfs 75 4 4 United States Patent O l 3 381 479 METHOD or roRMIG A LINE rN A GALLERY Pericle Quadri@ Curzio, Milan, Italy, assigner to Silver S.p.A. and Quadrio Curzio S.p.A., both of Milan, Italy, both companies of Italy Filed Uct. 30, 1964, Ser. No. 407,827 Claims priority, application Italy, Mar. 6, 1964, 44,777, Patent 716,578 4 Claims. (Cl. 61-45) The building of galleries or tunnels in diflicult, degraded, fractured, thrusting soils and the like, which require a load-bearing covering, involves problems in practice which were attempted to be solved in various ways. The main problem in this field is constituted by the necessity of blocking the soil as soon as possible.
It is known that as a consequence of excavation, a new ground settling tends to form; this is equivalent to the consumption of the capacity of work that had accumulated in the compressed ground and to which has been given the possibility of developing after destruction of the prexisting equilibrium.
In other words, the isolated and disgregated core that forms around the hollow increases more and more, until, after consumption of the working capacity, the formation of the core is complete. This disgregated body and especially the portion over the gallery exerts pressures upon the walls of' the excavation.
Hence the larger the volume of this core, the greater the thrusts exerted by the ground.
The building of a carrying (load-bearing) covering (coating, lining) which must necessarily have a certain thickness, requires a certain time: a brick or stone masonry lining is very slow to be made, while a concrete lining can be cast in a shorter time, to that time must be added the time needed for the preparation of the caissons and that for the cement to set.
In consideration of these inconveniences, often metallic lniugs are used, which are constituted by structural shapes or other elements which are put alongside against the wall of excavation to constitute a support thereof. Sometimes these linings are completed by injections or groutings of cement material, which however does not perform in itself any load-bearing function, but merely acts as an impermeabilizer or filter.
It has also been proposed to spray a cement mortar for rapid setting against the walls of the excavation, as soon as the latter, or a part of it, is finished, in the attempt at blocking the superficial movement of the ground during the period in which the load-bearing lining is installed;
the provisional lining so obtained is not suicient when the thrusts of the ground are conside'able. Gn the other hand, by spraying a mortar against the wall of the excavation it is not possible to build rapidly a lining of a thickness beyond certain limits, namely larger than one decimetre or litle more, because the mortar applied tends to detach itself owing to its own weight as the thickness of its layer is growing, and because a large thickness of mortar would be effected by considerable shrinking which would prejudice the final strength of the lining.
lt is an object of the present invention to obtain a definitive lining adapted to sustain the thrust of the ground immediately after making the excavation with great rapidity. For this purpose the lining after having been formed by successive arches or rings developing over the entire extension of the cross-section of the excavation to be lined so that each of those rings or arches can behave like a load-bearing frame without any discontinuity over its whole development and over its entire thickness.
Consequently the excavation can progress `for the entire` cross-section of the gallery or tunnel and for com- 3,381,479 Patented May 7, 'i968 paratively short forwarding portions, namely of the order of magnitude of one metre or even less, and at any rate not more than 3 metres. As soon as a portion of excavation is finished, its lining should be made.
This lining should be made of concrete, in consideration of the requirement it must meet; it must namely be made with a mixture of a cement binder and of a usual portion of inert stony materials, of different granule sizes but comprising at any rate granules of sizes exceeding those conventional of a sand, in practice exceeding 8 mm.
Said lining should be cast according to the invention very rapidly without employing any caissons; therefore, it is projected against the wall under strong pressure, for instance by means of compressed air.
A concrete so composed however would hardly be sustained against the wall of the excavation if the thickness of the lining exceeds certain limits, for instance 15 cm. to attain thicknesses of 30 to 50 cm. as may sometimes be required. To obviate this diiiiculty, according to the invention, near to the surface of the excavation, there is placed a reticular metal structure having a thickness of at least l5 centimetres, which with its meshes contributes to retain in place the concrete until the latter begins setting, which is promoed by an accelerating agent of any known kind introduced into the mix; said structure remains then embedded in the concrete constituting its reinforcement capable of absorbing even tension and shear stresses.
In accordance with the method according to the invention, an excavation is effected over the entire cross-section of the gallery all at once, in successive incremental lengths of less than 3 meters. An assembled reticular structure of arch shape and truss form is installed in each incremental length of the gallery after its formation, the recticular structure having a thickness greater than l5 centimeters and a surface extent corresponding to that of the walls and ceiling of the gallery and supported on the oor thereof. A mass of settable compound is injected onto the walls and ceiling of the gallery after the installation of each reticular structure such that the mass completely encases the structure and together therewith forms a reinforced lining for the excavation, the reticular construction of the structure serving to retain the settable compound on the walls and ceiling of the gallery until the compound hardens. Longitudinal reinforcing elements are installed in the gallery to which the reticular structures are successively connected.
To make the invention more fully understood, an example of a practical embodiment is hereinafter described, without limitation, making reference to the accompanying drawing in which:
FIGURE l is a diagrammatical longitudinal section of a portion of gallery in the course of building;
FIGURE 2 is a cross-section taken along the line II--II of FIGURE l;
FIGURE 3 is an enlarged View of a reticular structure used in the construction of the lining. g
FIGURE l represents the forward portion of a gallery 1 excavated in the ground, with the lining already made up to a short distance, for instance of l metre, from the front of attack indicated by 2, yassuming the excavation to have been made for this latter not yet lined portion after completion of the lining indicated in the ligure.
As soon as that portion of the excavation has been finished, there is placed in the proximity of the rocky lateral wall 3, a recticular structure constituted by four steel rods 4 whose sections are placed at the vertices of a trapezoid, and -by further steel rods 5 arranged trelliswise between the aforesaid four rods and connected at their vertices to the latter by means of welding or other means of connections; this reticle structure has the shape of a reticular arch of truss form the feet of which arch are completed by further shaped rods indicated by After putting into place this metal structure convenlently prepared before-hand and after having preferably tied it up with other rods 7 directed in the longitudinal direction of the gallery or with a metal net, there is projected against the wall 3 a mix of cement with water, sand and pebble gravel of a grain size for instance up to mm., by compressed air.
To the aforesaid mix there is conveniently added a convenient quantity of a substance adapted to accelerate the setting of the cement, for instance material of the kind of those known in the trade by the name Sika.
This mix is effectively retained, even prior to its setting, by the aforesaid reticular structure and can so constitute a lining layer 8 of suliicient thickness, for instance of to 40 cm. which hardening rapidly by effect of the aforesaid accelerator, cornes to form a new portion of load-bearing definitive lining in a very short time, before any appreciable rock burst of the vault of the excavation can take place.
In the example illustrated, the longitudinal section of the lining appears to have an undulated course, as being composed of successive small vaults; however it could also appear with substantially uniform thickness.
The pavement of the gallery can be contemporaneously completed in the shape of a casting 9 adapted to constitute a still between the piers of the arch, or there might be formed a reversed arch with or without a metal reinforcement, possibly by the same technique as above described.
On having performed all of the aforesaid operations, one proceeds with the excavation of la further section 10 of gallery repeating said operations in an identical manner.
Of course the particulars of performance as examplied hereinabove may be Widely varied; so for instance the reticular structure may assume varied sizes and shapes, other longitudinal reinforcements or armatures may be provided at the extrados and/or at the intrados or elsewhere, and the dimensions above mentioned are to be adapted to the conditions of the ground, in every specific case.
In any way, by the method of the invention it has been found to be possible to realize lining thickness much smaller as compared with the other methods used heretofore, which involves a considerable economy in the excavation, which results to be of smaller overall volume, as well as in the amount of materials needed. These results appear to be attributable to the great rapidity with which one succeeds in completing the definitive load-bearing lining, i.e., within a few hours from the finishing of each section of excavation, which prevents an undesirable alteration of the structure of the ground before the lining comes to replace the material removed by the excavation, in its load-bearing function. It should finally be noted that this rapidity constitutes also a further element of great economical advantage of the method according to the invention.
I claim:
1. A method of forming a gallery comprising excavating the gallery in successive incremental lengths of less than 3 meters, each excavation being effected over the entire cross-section of the gallery all at once, installing an assembled reticular structure of arch `shape and truss lform in each incremental length of the gallery after its formation, the reticular structure having a thickness greater than 15 centimeters and a surface extent corresponding to that of the walls and ceiling of the gallery and supported on the floor thereo, and injecting a mass of settable compound onto the walls and ceiling of the gallery after the installation of each reticular structure such that the mass completely encases the structure and together therewith forms a reinforced lining for the excavation, the reticular construction of said structure serving to retain the settable compound on the walls and ceiling of the gallery until the compound hardens, and installing longitudinal reinforcing elements in the gallery to which the reticular structures are successively connected.
2. A method as claimed in claim l wherein the settable compound is concrete having particles larger in size than 8 mm.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said reticular structure is formed by a plurality of curved rods following the course of the vault of the gallery and connected with one another transversely by rods.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 comprising installing a bottom casing on the floor of the gallery between the feet of the lining of the gallery for each incremental length.
References Cited UNTED STATES PATENTS 317,338 5/1885 Goodridge 61-45 1,474,808 11/1923 Zucco 61-45 1,876,205 9/1932 Crom 61-45 X 3,224,203 12/ 1965 Brannfors et al. 61-45 FOREIGN PATENTS 216,3 03 9/1956 Australia. 1,353,578 1/1964 France. 1,355,456 2/1964 France.
633,475 7/ 1936 Germany.
511,080 8/1939 Great Britain.
946,460 1/ 1964 Great Britain.
OTHER REFERENCES Cement Gun Co. bulletin 2200, pub. 1942, Allentown, Pa., pp. 54 and 55.
JACOB SHAPIRO, Primary Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A METHOD OF FORMING A GALLERY COMPRISING EXCAVATING THE GALLERY IN SUCCESSIVE INCREMENTAL LENGTHS OF LESS THAN 3 METERS, EACH EXCAVATION BEING EFFECTED OVER THE ENTIRE CROSS-SECTION OF THE GALLERY ALL AT ONCE, INSTALLING AN ASSEMBLED RETICULAR STRUCTURE OF ARCH SHAPE AND TRUSS FORM IN EACH INCREMENTAL LENGTH OF THE GALLERY AFTER ITS FORMATION, THE RETICULAR STRUCTURE HAVING A THICKNESS GREATER THAN 15 CENTIMETERS AND A SURFACE EXTENT CORRESPONDING TO THAT OF THE WALLS OF CEILING OF THE GALLERY AND SUPPORTED ON THE FLOOR THERETO, AND INJECTING A MASS OF SETTABLE COMPOUND ONTO THE WALLS AND CEILING OF THE GALLERY AFTER THE INSTALLATION OF EACH RETICULAR STRUCTURE SUCH THAT THE MASS COMPLETELY ENCASES THE STRUCTURE AND TOGETHER THEREWITH FORMS A REINFORCED LINING FOR THE EXCAVATION, THE RETICULAR CONSTRUCTION OF
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Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3751929A (en) * 1969-02-12 1973-08-14 Pfeiffer H Method of supporting exposed ground or rock
US3855801A (en) * 1971-08-11 1974-12-24 Pfeiffer H Tunnel structure
US3858400A (en) * 1971-09-29 1975-01-07 Jean Bernold Method of tunnel boring and tunnel reinforcement mats
US3990249A (en) * 1974-07-30 1976-11-09 Georg Senn Method and an apparatus for producing a draining channel
US4043137A (en) * 1974-07-02 1977-08-23 Gewerkschaft Eisenhutte Westfalia Apparatus for and a method of constructing a tunnel
US4112694A (en) * 1976-05-07 1978-09-12 Gd Anker Gebirgs-Dubel-Anker Gmbh & Co. Kg Tunnel-lagging element and system
US4187037A (en) * 1977-03-03 1980-02-05 Rudolf Seiz Wall supporting arrangement, especially for supporting mine gallery walls
US4245926A (en) * 1977-05-17 1981-01-20 Magyar Szenbanyaszati Troszt Welded grid, primarily for securing underground cavities, cavity systems, as well as process for making the grid
EP0033820A2 (en) * 1979-06-25 1981-08-19 Pantex-Stahl AG Tubbing, use of this tubbing and method of constructing it
US4369004A (en) * 1980-10-01 1983-01-18 Schnabel Foundation Company Earth retaining method and structure
US4459063A (en) * 1980-08-07 1984-07-10 Shaw Christopher B Building construction
US4505622A (en) * 1977-05-17 1985-03-19 Magyar Szenbanyaszati Troszt Process and arrangement for the support of underground cavity systems by an efficient safety casing wall
US4561804A (en) * 1980-10-01 1985-12-31 Schnabel Foundation Company Earth retaining method
US4695188A (en) * 1984-03-13 1987-09-22 Neste Oy Lined rock cistern or tunnel
US4786206A (en) * 1987-02-06 1988-11-22 Tekken Construction Co., Ltd. Lining tunnel wall made by shield type tunnel excavator
US5054964A (en) * 1989-02-01 1991-10-08 Pantex-Stahl Ag Stiffening element for a lattice girder
FR2708969A1 (en) * 1993-08-13 1995-02-17 Vicat Method of producing civil engineering works and resulting work
US6193439B1 (en) * 1996-01-08 2001-02-27 Mbt Holding Ag Process for cladding substrates and constructions produced thereby
ITMO20090160A1 (en) * 2009-06-16 2010-12-17 Carmine Melara METHOD AND ARMOR FOR THE CREATION OF ARTIFICIAL GALLERIES
CN103527219A (en) * 2013-10-18 2014-01-22 四川省交通运输厅公路规划勘察设计研究院 Tunnel supporting structure used for large deformation stratum and construction method of tunnel supporting structure
AU2019203228B2 (en) * 2019-02-20 2023-06-15 Fci Holdings Delaware, Inc. Tunnel support system and method

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US317338A (en) * 1885-05-05 goodridg-e
US1474808A (en) * 1920-02-24 1923-11-20 Zucco Pierre Method of tunnel construction
US1876205A (en) * 1930-12-31 1932-09-06 Nat Gunite Contracting Co Monolithic construction
DE633475C (en) * 1935-03-23 1936-07-28 Heinrich Droste Ring or arched track extension from profile iron segments
GB511080A (en) * 1938-03-28 1939-08-14 John Murray Improvements relating to the construction of tunnels
GB946460A (en) * 1959-11-24 1964-01-15 Charles Terence Mulvaney Improvements in structural members for buildings
FR1353578A (en) * 1964-06-03 trim elements for gallery retaining frames
FR1355456A (en) * 1964-06-19 Balanced reinforcement for concrete joists
US3224203A (en) * 1961-02-28 1965-12-21 Skanska Cementgjuteriet Ab Method of driving tunnels in rock

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US317338A (en) * 1885-05-05 goodridg-e
FR1353578A (en) * 1964-06-03 trim elements for gallery retaining frames
FR1355456A (en) * 1964-06-19 Balanced reinforcement for concrete joists
US1474808A (en) * 1920-02-24 1923-11-20 Zucco Pierre Method of tunnel construction
US1876205A (en) * 1930-12-31 1932-09-06 Nat Gunite Contracting Co Monolithic construction
DE633475C (en) * 1935-03-23 1936-07-28 Heinrich Droste Ring or arched track extension from profile iron segments
GB511080A (en) * 1938-03-28 1939-08-14 John Murray Improvements relating to the construction of tunnels
GB946460A (en) * 1959-11-24 1964-01-15 Charles Terence Mulvaney Improvements in structural members for buildings
US3224203A (en) * 1961-02-28 1965-12-21 Skanska Cementgjuteriet Ab Method of driving tunnels in rock

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3751929A (en) * 1969-02-12 1973-08-14 Pfeiffer H Method of supporting exposed ground or rock
US3855801A (en) * 1971-08-11 1974-12-24 Pfeiffer H Tunnel structure
US3858400A (en) * 1971-09-29 1975-01-07 Jean Bernold Method of tunnel boring and tunnel reinforcement mats
US4043137A (en) * 1974-07-02 1977-08-23 Gewerkschaft Eisenhutte Westfalia Apparatus for and a method of constructing a tunnel
US3990249A (en) * 1974-07-30 1976-11-09 Georg Senn Method and an apparatus for producing a draining channel
US4112694A (en) * 1976-05-07 1978-09-12 Gd Anker Gebirgs-Dubel-Anker Gmbh & Co. Kg Tunnel-lagging element and system
US4187037A (en) * 1977-03-03 1980-02-05 Rudolf Seiz Wall supporting arrangement, especially for supporting mine gallery walls
US4505622A (en) * 1977-05-17 1985-03-19 Magyar Szenbanyaszati Troszt Process and arrangement for the support of underground cavity systems by an efficient safety casing wall
US4245926A (en) * 1977-05-17 1981-01-20 Magyar Szenbanyaszati Troszt Welded grid, primarily for securing underground cavities, cavity systems, as well as process for making the grid
EP0033820A2 (en) * 1979-06-25 1981-08-19 Pantex-Stahl AG Tubbing, use of this tubbing and method of constructing it
EP0033820B1 (en) * 1979-06-25 1984-01-25 Pantex-Stahl AG Tubbing, use of this tubbing and method of constructing it
US4459063A (en) * 1980-08-07 1984-07-10 Shaw Christopher B Building construction
US4369004A (en) * 1980-10-01 1983-01-18 Schnabel Foundation Company Earth retaining method and structure
US4561804A (en) * 1980-10-01 1985-12-31 Schnabel Foundation Company Earth retaining method
US4695188A (en) * 1984-03-13 1987-09-22 Neste Oy Lined rock cistern or tunnel
US4786206A (en) * 1987-02-06 1988-11-22 Tekken Construction Co., Ltd. Lining tunnel wall made by shield type tunnel excavator
US5054964A (en) * 1989-02-01 1991-10-08 Pantex-Stahl Ag Stiffening element for a lattice girder
FR2708969A1 (en) * 1993-08-13 1995-02-17 Vicat Method of producing civil engineering works and resulting work
WO1995005523A1 (en) * 1993-08-13 1995-02-23 Vicat Method and device for lining and supporting tunnels
US6193439B1 (en) * 1996-01-08 2001-02-27 Mbt Holding Ag Process for cladding substrates and constructions produced thereby
ITMO20090160A1 (en) * 2009-06-16 2010-12-17 Carmine Melara METHOD AND ARMOR FOR THE CREATION OF ARTIFICIAL GALLERIES
CN103527219A (en) * 2013-10-18 2014-01-22 四川省交通运输厅公路规划勘察设计研究院 Tunnel supporting structure used for large deformation stratum and construction method of tunnel supporting structure
CN103527219B (en) * 2013-10-18 2016-03-16 四川省交通运输厅公路规划勘察设计研究院 For the construction of the tunnel support structure on large deformation stratum
AU2019203228B2 (en) * 2019-02-20 2023-06-15 Fci Holdings Delaware, Inc. Tunnel support system and method
US12031435B2 (en) * 2019-02-20 2024-07-09 Dsi Tunneling Llc Tunnel support system and method

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