US3339108A - Capacitor charging and discharging circuitry - Google Patents

Capacitor charging and discharging circuitry Download PDF

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Publication number
US3339108A
US3339108A US428654A US42865465A US3339108A US 3339108 A US3339108 A US 3339108A US 428654 A US428654 A US 428654A US 42865465 A US42865465 A US 42865465A US 3339108 A US3339108 A US 3339108A
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United States
Prior art keywords
capacitor
circuit
flash
pulse
tube
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Expired - Lifetime
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US428654A
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English (en)
Inventor
Malcolm C Holtje
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Radio Co
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General Radio Co
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Publication date
Application filed by General Radio Co filed Critical General Radio Co
Priority to US428654A priority Critical patent/US3339108A/en
Priority to DE19651489327 priority patent/DE1489327B2/de
Priority to NL6600650A priority patent/NL6600650A/xx
Priority to GB2508/66A priority patent/GB1116111A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3339108A publication Critical patent/US3339108A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/30—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by pulses, e.g. flash lamp
    • H05B41/32—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by pulses, e.g. flash lamp for single flash operation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/30—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by pulses, e.g. flash lamp
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/30—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by pulses, e.g. flash lamp
    • H05B41/34—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by pulses, e.g. flash lamp to provide a sequence of flashes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electric-discharge apparatus and, more particularly, to circuits for supplying electric energy to storage means, such as capacitors, which may be discharged through discharge devices such as a gaseous-discharge lamp as of the strobotron tube type, to produce a flash of light.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide improved circuits for supplying electric energy to capacitor and similar storage devices.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide improved circuits of the foregoing type which operate from relatively low supply voltage so that solid state switching devices can be readily employed.
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide circuits of the foregoing type which take advantage of resonant charging effects without the disadvantages of prior circuits of this type.
  • An additional object of the invention is to provide improved circuits for supplying electric energy to gaseous discharge devices and the like and in which holdover is prevented by ensuring that the supply voltage remains below the holdover potential threshold for an interval at least as great as the de-ionization time.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide circuits of the foregoing type which are adjustable over a wide operating frequency range without substantially increasing peak currents or operating voltages and with minimal variation of the circuit parameters.
  • An additional object of the invention is to provide an improved circuit for charging an electric storage device incrementally to a desired level.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a flash-tube supply circuit having an adjustable capacitance to obtain maximum light output over a wide range of flash rates and requiring no other adjustments for proper operation.
  • the apparatus of the invention comprises a flash tube as of the strobotron type having capacitor means connected across its principal electrodes for supplying flash-producing electric energy.
  • the capacitor means is charged through a transformer having a primary winding onnected to a source of electric energy and to a solid state switch for controlling the application of such energy to the transformer and a secondary winding connected to the capacitor means to form a resonant charging circuit including a charging rectifier.
  • the triggering electrode of the tube is connected to a trigger circuit which also triggers a mono-stable circuit for supplying a pulse to the solid state switch to render the latter conductive.
  • the pulse duration is made equal to or slightly greater than the de-ionization time of the tube.
  • the charging diode is poled to block the voltage produced in the secondary winding during the switch conduction but to pass the current produced during the collapse of the magnetic field in the transformer following the pulse.
  • a regenerative feedback circuit re-triggers the monostable circuit after a delay causing the production of repetitive pulses after the monostable circuit is initially triggered. Each monostable pulse continues to charge the capacitor means incrementally. When the capacitor means has been charged to the desired level, the feedback is automatically interrupted to terminate operation of the monostable circuit.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a common type o strobotron or similar flash-device supply circuit of the type heretofore employed;
  • FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the operation of the circuit of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another type of priorart strobotron or similar flash-device supply circuit for obtaining better performance at higher flash rates;
  • FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the operation of the circuit of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic circuit diagram of an improved flash supply circuit embodying a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the operation of the circuit of FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a similar schematic diagram of a more refined circuit in accordance with the invention for providing simplified operation over a wide frequency range.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the operation of the circuit of FIG. 7.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the most common circuit heretofore employed for supplying power to a strobotron tube or the like, or similar flash device.
  • a capacitor C (or capacitors or other storage device) connected across the principal electrodes of the tube FT 1s charged through a resistor R and is periodically discharged through the tube upon the application of a pulse to the triggering electrode of the tube from a trigger circuit 2.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the most common circuit heretofore employed for supplying power to a strobotron tube or the like, or similar flash device.
  • E represents the supply voltage
  • E is the minimum desired operating voltage
  • E the critical holdover voltage
  • I the de-ionization time of the tube FT
  • t the time for the capacitor C to reach E
  • the operating frequency exceeds 233 c.p.s., the operating voltage and, consequently, the light output per flash will decrease.
  • the flash rate is raised to 400 c.p.s., E decreases to 82.5% of its normal value. This is about the maximum frequency for reliable operation.
  • operation is possible up to 1,000 c.p.s., where E, is down to 50% of normal and the light output per flash is about of normal (energy varying as the square of the voltage, but efficiency dropping at lower voltages, also).
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a circuit constructed in accordance with the invention and which is capable of operation at flash rates approaching the theoretical maximum of l/t without the foregoing disadvantages.
  • This circuit moreover, has the advantage that the supply voltage E can be of an appropriate value, so that low voltages compatible with transistors can be used.
  • a transformer T is provided having a primary winding of inductance L and a secondary winding of inductance L the turns ratio being designated lzn, where n has any appropriate value.
  • the polarity of the windings is indicated by the adjacent dots.
  • the secondary winding L is connected to the storage means, illustrated as capacitor C, to form a resonant charging circuit including a charging diode D, the capacitor C being connected across the principal electrodes of the flash device FT, as before.
  • a solid state switch S shown as a transistor, is arranged to complete a circuit through the primary winding L from the source E of DC potential.
  • the base of the transistor switch S is connected to a pulser 4 which produces positive pulses having a duration equal to or slightly greater than the de-ionization time I
  • the pulser 4 is actuated by the trigger circuit 2 which also triggers the strobotron FT to discharge the capacitor, as before described.
  • the operation of the circuit is as follows: Assume that the flash device FT has just been flashed and that the capacitor C is completely discharged.
  • the normally nonconducting or off switch S is rendered conductive or turned on by a pulse of duration t from the pulser 4. This will induce a voltage nE in the secondary winding L of the transformer T. Because of the winding polarity, this voltage back-biases the diode D and no current flows into the storage capacitor C.
  • the flash device FT cannot be used near its maximum rating unless the discharge capacitor C can be changed and several ranges provided. In a representative practical circuit, four six-to-one ranges with a capacitor variation of 2l6-to-l may be provided. For lower frequency operation, the discharge capacitorC may be switched to a larger value and the energy per flash increased proportionately. With a resonant energy transfer of the type just described, the energy stored in the transformer T must also increase proportionately. Some circuit change, accordingly, would appear to be necessary.
  • the increased energy per flash can also be obtained either by increasing the supply voltage or by increasing the on-time of the switching device S by the square root of the ratio of the capacitance increase (i.e., by 15:1).
  • a novel technique for storing more energy per flash without requiring changes in the supply voltage, current, or the transformer is thus provided in accordance with a further feature of the invention illustrated in FIG. 7.
  • the parts corresponding to parts illustrated in FIG. 5 have been designated by the same reference characters, and the corresponding connections need no further description.
  • a monostable circuit or pulser 6 which supplies the pulses of duration r for turning on switch S, is triggered by the same circuit 2 that triggers the strobotron FT and has a regenerative feedback loop FL including a delay device and a gate.
  • the gate 8 is controlled by a flip-flop or bi-stable circuit 10, set in one state in response to the trigger and set in the other state in response to the charging of the capacitor C to the desired potential.
  • an avalanche breakdown device such as a Zener diode D is employed.
  • the Zener diode D is connected between the set input of the flip-flop 10 and the junction of the transistor collector and the lower end of the primary winding L.
  • the operation of the circuit of FIG. 7 is as follows: A pulse from the trigger 2 flashes the strobotron tube FT which discharges the storage means, such as capacitor C Simultaneously, the trigger 2 applies a pulse to the monostable circuit 6 causing it to generate a pulse of duration r and also resets the flip-flop 10 so that the gate 8 is open.
  • the pulse from the monostable circuit 6 turns the transistor switch S on for a time t During this time, the diode D is back-biased, and no voltage appears across thertube FT, permitting the tube FT to de-ionize completely. At the end of the pulse t the transistor S is switched off, and the energy stored in the transformer T is resonantly transferred to the capacitor C. As shown in the charging curve of FIG. 8, voltage on the capacitor C is raised incrementally to a value 2 which may be substantially less than the desired operating voltage E The capacitor charges for a time set by the delay generator 12.
  • a pulse passes through the open gate 8 to the input of the monostable circuit 6 to cause the same to generate a second pulse of duration t which again turns on the transistor S and preliminarily stores energy in the transformer T.
  • the delay is set to provide an interval between the pulses r to permit time for the transfer of energy from the transformer T to the capacitor C.
  • the potential on the capacitor C is raised to level e as shown in FIG. 8.
  • Successive pulses are generated by the monostable circuit 6 in the same manner, the termination of each delay pulse initiating the production of the next monostable pulse.
  • the capacitor voltage can be determined in the lower voltage primary circuit.
  • the diode D conducts and sets the flip-flop 10, which closes the gate 8. No more pulses are then generated by the monostable circuit 6 and the system remains at rest with the capacitor C fully charged until an input trigger pulse causes the device FT to flash, resets the flip-flop 10 and starts the monostable circuit 6 again.
  • the circuit operation is essentially the same regardless of the value of the capacitor. As the capacitor is changed to get maximum light output from tube PT, the number of charging increments changes, but the operation always continues until the capacitor C is charged to the desired value E No changes in the circuit are required.
  • the fixed delay time may become insufiicient to permit complete transfer of energy from the transformer T to the capacitor C during each transfer interval, and some current may be flowing in the transformer T at the start of the next transfer interval. This, however, does not alfect the operation of the circuit.
  • the current from the preceding interval is merely added and the energy transfer per cycle increased. The only resulting effect is an increase in the peak current through the switching device S. If this becomes undesirable, a current-limiting device in this circuit will keep the peak charging current fixed. A few extra charge increments will then be required to reach the desired final capacitor operating voltage.
  • Holdover in this circuit is not possible so long as the duration of the pulses t is at least as great as the deionization time of the tube, because no increase in voltage across the discharge capacitor can occur for at least 2 seconds after a discharge.
  • the circuit of the invention operates with suitable strobotron and related tubes at a frequency of 7,000 c.p.s., approaching the maximum theoretical operating frequency of the tube and the maximum theoretical efficiency.
  • the output voltage is closely regulated by the Zener diode D While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes can be made without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims. Certain advantages of the invention can be obtained with different components.
  • a simple inductor rather than a transformer, may be used.
  • a transistor switch is employed to control the flow of current into the inductor from the source E, the source voltage will have to be compatible with the transistor.
  • Apparatus having, in combination, a gaseous discharge flash tube, a capacitor connected to said tube to supply electric energy for the discharge, a rectifier, an inductance connected to said capacitor through said rectifier, and means for applying a pulse of electric energy to said inductance, said rectifier being poled to block the voltage induced in said inductance during said pulse but to pass current from said inductance to said capacitor during collapse of the magnetic field of said inductance after said pulse, the duration of said pulse being at least as great as the de-ionization time of said tube.
  • said inductance comprising the secondary winding of a transformer having a primary winding to which said pulse is applied.
  • said pulse applying means comprising a solid-state switch connected to said primary winding.
  • said pulse applying means comprising a pulser, and means for causing said pulser to produce repetitive pulses until said capacitor has been charged to a predetermined potential.
  • the apparatus of claim 1 further comprising means for triggering said tube to produce a flash, said pulse applying means being controlled by said triggering means.
  • said pulse applying means comprising a pulser responsive to said triggering means for generating a pulse of duration at least as great as the de-ionization time of said tube, means for causing said pulser to generate another such pulse a predetermined time after the end of the preceding pulse and thereafter to generate such pulses repetitively, and means responsive to the attainment of a predetermined potential on said capacitor for terminating the generation of such pulses.
  • said causing means comprising a regenerative circuit connecting the output and the input of said pulser and including a delay device and a gate
  • said terminating means comprising a bistable device for controlling said gate, said bistable device being set in one state in response to said triggering means and in its other state in response to the capacitor potential.
  • Apparatus for charging an electric storage device by increments until a predetermined potential is attained comprising preliminary means for storing a pulse of electric energy and for thereafter transferring said energy to said storage device, a pulser having an input and an output, means connecting the output of said pulser to said preliminary storage means, means including a pulse delay device for connecting the output of said pulser to the input of said pulser regeneratively, and means responsive to the level of the electric energy in said storage device for interrupting the connection between the output and the input of said pulser.
  • the apparatus of claim 9 further comprising means for discharging said storage device.
  • Apparatus comprising, in combination, a flash tube having a pair of discharge electrodes, a capacitor connected between said electrodes, a transformer having a primary winding and having a secondary winding connected across said capacitor through a rectifier, a source of electric energy, means including a solid state switch for completing a circuit from said source through said primary winding, monostable pulse producing means for applying a pulse to said switch to render said switch conductive and to produce a pulse of electric energy in said secondary winding, said rectifier being poled to block the induced voltage during said pulse of electric energy but to pass a current during the collapse of the field in said transformer after said pulse, means for triggering said flash tube and said monostable means, a regenerative feedback circuit connecting the output of said monostable means and the input thereof and including delay means and gate means, and flip-flop means for opening said gate means upon the triggering of said monostable means and for closing said gate means when said capacitor has been charged to a predetermined potential.
  • said flip-flop means having means connected to said primary winding for determining when said capacitor has been charged to said potential.
  • the last-mentioned means comprising an avalanche breakdown device.

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  • Discharge-Lamp Control Circuits And Pulse- Feed Circuits (AREA)
  • Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Generation Of Surge Voltage And Current (AREA)
US428654A 1965-01-28 1965-01-28 Capacitor charging and discharging circuitry Expired - Lifetime US3339108A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US428654A US3339108A (en) 1965-01-28 1965-01-28 Capacitor charging and discharging circuitry
DE19651489327 DE1489327B2 (de) 1965-01-28 1965-08-12 Anordnung zur Steuerung des periodischen Betriebes einer Gasentladungslampe
NL6600650A NL6600650A (enExample) 1965-01-28 1966-01-18
GB2508/66A GB1116111A (en) 1965-01-28 1966-01-19 Electric-discharge apparatus

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US428654A US3339108A (en) 1965-01-28 1965-01-28 Capacitor charging and discharging circuitry

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US3339108A true US3339108A (en) 1967-08-29

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DE (1) DE1489327B2 (enExample)
GB (1) GB1116111A (enExample)
NL (1) NL6600650A (enExample)

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3576468A (en) * 1967-01-04 1971-04-27 Automation Ind Inc Stroboscope control system
US3946271A (en) * 1974-12-26 1976-03-23 Grimes Manufacturing Company SCR strobe lamp control for preventing capacitor recharge during after-glow
US5196766A (en) * 1991-09-04 1993-03-23 Beggs William C Discharge circuit for flash lamps including a non-reactive current shunt
EP1665902A4 (en) * 2003-09-17 2007-10-10 Synaptic Tan Inc METHOD AND CIRCUIT FOR THE REPEATED OPERATION OF A FLASHLIGHT OR THE LIKE
US10659019B2 (en) * 2018-07-27 2020-05-19 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser ADC system
US10903047B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2021-01-26 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Precise plasma control system
US11004660B2 (en) 2018-11-30 2021-05-11 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Variable output impedance RF generator
US11222767B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2022-01-11 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser bias compensation
US11227745B2 (en) 2018-08-10 2022-01-18 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Plasma sheath control for RF plasma reactors
US11404246B2 (en) 2019-11-15 2022-08-02 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser bias compensation with correction
US11430635B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2022-08-30 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Precise plasma control system
US11527383B2 (en) 2019-12-24 2022-12-13 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser RF isolation for plasma systems
US11532457B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2022-12-20 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Precise plasma control system
US11996677B2 (en) 2019-12-30 2024-05-28 Waymo Llc Laser pulser circuit with tunable transmit power
US12230477B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2025-02-18 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser ADC system
US12348228B2 (en) 2022-06-29 2025-07-01 EHT Ventures LLC Bipolar high voltage pulser
US12354832B2 (en) 2022-09-29 2025-07-08 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. High voltage plasma control
US12437967B2 (en) 2020-07-09 2025-10-07 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Ion current droop compensation
US12451811B2 (en) 2014-02-28 2025-10-21 EHT Ventures LLC Nanosecond pulser bias compensation
US12456604B2 (en) 2019-12-24 2025-10-28 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser RF isolation for plasma systems

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2448561A (en) * 2007-04-20 2008-10-22 Cyden Ltd Control circuit for discharge tube

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3237052A (en) * 1962-10-11 1966-02-22 Edgerton Germeshausen & Grier Electric discharge circuit
US3248605A (en) * 1962-08-27 1966-04-26 Honeywell Inc Capacitor charge monitoring and controlling apparatus

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3248605A (en) * 1962-08-27 1966-04-26 Honeywell Inc Capacitor charge monitoring and controlling apparatus
US3237052A (en) * 1962-10-11 1966-02-22 Edgerton Germeshausen & Grier Electric discharge circuit

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3576468A (en) * 1967-01-04 1971-04-27 Automation Ind Inc Stroboscope control system
US3946271A (en) * 1974-12-26 1976-03-23 Grimes Manufacturing Company SCR strobe lamp control for preventing capacitor recharge during after-glow
US5196766A (en) * 1991-09-04 1993-03-23 Beggs William C Discharge circuit for flash lamps including a non-reactive current shunt
EP1665902A4 (en) * 2003-09-17 2007-10-10 Synaptic Tan Inc METHOD AND CIRCUIT FOR THE REPEATED OPERATION OF A FLASHLIGHT OR THE LIKE
US12451811B2 (en) 2014-02-28 2025-10-21 EHT Ventures LLC Nanosecond pulser bias compensation
US10659019B2 (en) * 2018-07-27 2020-05-19 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser ADC system
US10903047B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2021-01-26 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Precise plasma control system
US11587768B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2023-02-21 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser thermal management
US11101108B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2021-08-24 Eagle Harbor Technologies Inc. Nanosecond pulser ADC system
US11222767B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2022-01-11 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser bias compensation
US11430635B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2022-08-30 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Precise plasma control system
US12230477B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2025-02-18 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser ADC system
US11532457B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2022-12-20 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Precise plasma control system
US11227745B2 (en) 2018-08-10 2022-01-18 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Plasma sheath control for RF plasma reactors
US11004660B2 (en) 2018-11-30 2021-05-11 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Variable output impedance RF generator
US11670484B2 (en) 2018-11-30 2023-06-06 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Variable output impedance RF generator
US12198898B2 (en) 2018-11-30 2025-01-14 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Variable output impedance RF generator
US11404246B2 (en) 2019-11-15 2022-08-02 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser bias compensation with correction
US11527383B2 (en) 2019-12-24 2022-12-13 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser RF isolation for plasma systems
US12456604B2 (en) 2019-12-24 2025-10-28 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Nanosecond pulser RF isolation for plasma systems
US11996677B2 (en) 2019-12-30 2024-05-28 Waymo Llc Laser pulser circuit with tunable transmit power
US12437967B2 (en) 2020-07-09 2025-10-07 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. Ion current droop compensation
US12348228B2 (en) 2022-06-29 2025-07-01 EHT Ventures LLC Bipolar high voltage pulser
US12354832B2 (en) 2022-09-29 2025-07-08 Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. High voltage plasma control

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1489327A1 (de) 1970-09-03
NL6600650A (enExample) 1966-07-29
DE1489327B2 (de) 1970-12-23
GB1116111A (en) 1968-06-06

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