US3302919A - Apparatus for casting metal wheels - Google Patents

Apparatus for casting metal wheels Download PDF

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Publication number
US3302919A
US3302919A US507999A US50799965A US3302919A US 3302919 A US3302919 A US 3302919A US 507999 A US507999 A US 507999A US 50799965 A US50799965 A US 50799965A US 3302919 A US3302919 A US 3302919A
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United States
Prior art keywords
graphite
mold
cope
cavity
hub
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US507999A
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert H Beetle
John B Dabney
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PepsiAmericas Inc
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Abex Corp
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Publication date
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Priority to US507999A priority Critical patent/US3302919A/en
Priority to GB45665/66A priority patent/GB1161769A/en
Priority to SE14095/66A priority patent/SE300285B/xx
Priority to CH1583466A priority patent/CH465148A/de
Priority to AT1031466A priority patent/AT281321B/de
Priority to BE689613D priority patent/BE689613A/xx
Priority to LU52336D priority patent/LU52336A1/xx
Priority to ES333227A priority patent/ES333227A1/es
Priority to NL6615931A priority patent/NL6615931A/xx
Priority to DE19661508612 priority patent/DE1508612B1/de
Priority to US596980A priority patent/US3460605A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3302919A publication Critical patent/US3302919A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D18/00—Pressure casting; Vacuum casting
    • B22D18/04—Low pressure casting, i.e. making use of pressures up to a few bars to fill the mould
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/06—Permanent moulds for shaped castings
    • B22C9/068—Semi-permanent moulds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
    • B22C9/28—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings for wheels, rolls, or rollers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D15/00—Casting using a mould or core of which a part significant to the process is of high thermal conductivity, e.g. chill casting; Moulds or accessories specially adapted therefor
    • B22D15/005—Casting using a mould or core of which a part significant to the process is of high thermal conductivity, e.g. chill casting; Moulds or accessories specially adapted therefor of rolls, wheels or the like

Definitions

  • This invention relates to casting of metals, and more particularly to casting of metals into molds for receiving the cast metal.
  • the present invention is particularly directed to casting of metals into molds which are used repeatedly for a large number of castings, and hence the molds may be termed either semi-permanent or permanent molds, as contrasted With the sand mold which is expendible with each casting.
  • Permanent molds made of metal with or without refractory lining have heretofore been employed, particularly with the casting of low temperature metals such as aluminum alloys, bronzes or magnesium alloys.
  • metal molds particularly when employed for casting metal such as steel poured at relatively high temperatures, are subject to becoming warped and cracked, which are presently limiting factors as to practices on a commercial scale.
  • a condition such as this is unacceptable when casting parts such as railroad car wheels which must subscribe to rigid dimensional standards.
  • Another deficiency of metal molds is that the metal walls of the mold lack the porosity to provide for escape of gases, resulting in defects caused by gas bubbles trapped at the interface between the mold Wall and the casting, and even within the casting.
  • graphite Another material heretofore suggested for use as a permanent mold material is graphite.
  • Graphite has a number of desirable characteristics recommending it as a mold material, among which characteristics are high resistance to thermal shock, resistance to warpage and ease of machinability.
  • the graphite material has better resistance to warpage than the metal mold and has a much higher thermal conductivity than sand enabling molten metal to solidify more rapidly than in a sand mold, thereby making possible faster production rates.
  • a problem with casting of sharp corners in permanent graphite molds is the inability to solidify metal in sharp corners and/ or the inability of the hot casting to contract Without restraint of the graphite. It is therefore an object of the invention to eliminate the foregoing limitations by controlling the solidification of metal in a permanent mold formed partly of graphite to produce sound fine grain castings without resort to pressure filling techniques or special designs for the casting.
  • a further object of the invention is to control the solidification of metal in a mold by affording selected portions of a graphite mold material with a facing or lining of a material having less thermal conductivity than that of the graphite.
  • Another object of the invention is to reduce substantially the metal loss in risers, hot tops or the like in permanent molds employing graphite.
  • one of the primary objects of the present invention is to economically produce high quality cast steel car wheels for railroad cars or the like in graphite molds.
  • a railroad car wheel typically weighs from 500 to 1000 pounds, and in operation is frequently subjected to large loads, severe dynamic stresses, and heavy wear conditions. Therefore, a car wheel casting must be sound, particularly to assure safety against undue wear or fracture during use.
  • the present invention is directed to the use of graphite molds in a non'pressurized and top-pour casting process for railroad wheels.
  • the casting yield is reduced considerably by the amount of metal in the solid hub and in the plurality of risers located in a ring at the tread and plate areas of the mold. Risers interlock with the casting and the mold, and thus a problem arises in the expense of detaching the risers from the casting and then removing the risers from the mold.
  • the detaching of the risers from a casting often results in pads or areas on the wheel castings which should be ground oil to prevent q. their detracting from the appearance of the casting.
  • Another object of the invention is to produce a railroad car wheel casting in a permanent graphite mold having controlled directional solidification of the metal by an insulating lining selectively applied to the graphite mold material to eliminate surface defects and the considerable amount of risering of prior art processes.
  • a more specific object of the present invention is to produce cast steel railway car Wheels by a non-pressurized top pour of steel into a graphite block having the plate cavity areas thereof lined with an insulating material to afford directional solidification from the tread to a combined pouring gate and riser.
  • a more specific object of the present invention is to produce cast steel railway car wheels by a non-pressurized top pour of steel into a graphite block so configured and arranged as to present a mold wail of graphite at what corresponds to the tread of the wheel to effect a desired chill thereon, and inwardly thereof to present at what corresponds to the plate section of the wheel a mold cavity or wall defined by a ceramic insulating lining on the graphite block to prevent chilling of molten metal flowing through this thin or reduced section of the mold which is likely to result in shotting, spatter or lapped defects.
  • the configuration and arrangement referred to above as a characteristic feature of the present invention assures that the tread area of the mold will be the first to undergo a chill due to the graphite surfaces that are presented, resulting in the desired directional solidification that proceeds from the tread area rearward through the thin plate section and finally to what corresponds to the hub part of the wheel.
  • Another object of the invention is to cast new and improved steel railway wheels.
  • Another object of the invention is to reduce hot tears and cracks in castings formed in graphite molds by lining the mold surfaces at the portion of the casting particularly susceptible to hot tearing and cracking with a collapsible refractory material.
  • a further object of the invention is to prevent erosion of a graphite mold cavity by lining areas subjected to erosion with a protective refractory, thereby achieving more castings before it is necessary to renew the mold cavity by machining.
  • a further object of the invention is to alleviate such stressing of the casting during contraction by providing a lining on the graphite, which lining collapses when the casting contracts thereagainst. More specifically, a further object of the invention is to afford collapsibility during contraction at the back of tread and flange fillets for wheel castings by means of a relatively thick and collapsible lining on a permanent mold material.
  • Another object of the invention is an improved car wheel cast in a composite mold formed from graphite with a refractory lining at the plate cavity area.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a mold constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view taken along the line 2-2 of FIG. 1 in the direction of the arrows;
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged partial sectional view showing the lining of selected portions of the mold cavity with an insulating material
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the use of a sweeping arm to apply an insulating coating to the drag mold section
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the aligning of the cope section with a pattern
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the injection of an insulating material in a cavity between the cope mold section and the pattern
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the forming of a sand lining on the drag mold section of the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of the invention employing a sand lining on the respective selected portions of the mold cavity.
  • FIG. 1 there is illustrated in cross-section a mold comprised of a top section or cope 10 formed from an annular block of graphite 11 disposed on a lower annular graphite block 12 of a mold section or drag 14.
  • the blocks of graphite Ill and 12 are commercially available.
  • the cope 10 and drag 14 are clamped together by suitably spaced clamps 16 extending between a cope flask or support element 20 and drag flask or support element 21.
  • the clamps 16 hold the outer annular mating surfaces 23 and 24 of the graphite blocks 11 and 12, respectively, in fluid-tight contact during solidification of the molten metal entering the mold cavity through a combined gate-riser 25.
  • the mold may be tipped or inclined, as viewed in FIG. 1, prior to pouring of the molten metal through the gate-riser 25; and after pouring, the mold is returned to a level and generally horizontal position.
  • Graphite has the desirable characteristics of good thermal conductivity to chill the metal which affords a fine as-cast grain structure.
  • Graphite blocks are also known to be readily machinable to obtain the desired mold cavity.
  • Graphite has good resistance to thermal shock and warpage even for the high pouring temperatures required for steels. This is in contrast to metal molds which have less resistance to thermal cracking and warpage, particularly when casting steels therein.
  • An important aspect of the present invention is to control solidification of the molten metal in a graphite mold both as to the rate of solidification and as to the direction of solidification.
  • selected areas of the cope and/or drag are faced in an appreciable thickness with an insulating material to delay solidification of the metal in contact with the insulating material.
  • the insulating facings 30 and 31 are disposed opposite one another on selected surfaces of the respective cavities machined into the graphite blocks 11 and 12.
  • the mold cavity, formed when the graphite blocks 11 and 12 are faced with the linings 30 and 31, is that of a railroad car wheel conforming to the AAR standards for railway car wheels, particularly those made of cast steel having a carbon content up to 1.2 percent.
  • the present invention is not limited to railroad car wheels or to the carbon steels, but is applicable to casting other metals such as but not restricted to high alloy steels, heat-resistant steels, stainless steel, malleable iron, manganese steel, abrasionresistant cast iron, nickel and copper base alloys, low carbon alloy and carbon steels.
  • the mold cavity or void has the configuration of a railroad car wheel having plate-forming surfaces 32 and 33, a front rim fillet surface 36, back rim fillet surface 37, tapered annular surfaces 38 and 39, front rim surface 4!), tread surface 4-1, flange surface 42, back of flange surface 43, front hub fillet surface 48, back of hub fillet surface 4? and back hub face 49A.
  • the insulating facings 3t and 31 are of a ceramic material oomprised of colloidal silica, citric acid, magnesium sulphate and kyanite, and the thickness of the facings 3t and 31 is varied to provide the proper rate of solidification of various areas of the casting. Precise thickness will vary depending upon wheel geometry and even ceramic composition. To this end, the coatings 3i) and 31 may be of increasing thickness from the tread to the hub.
  • the facings 3t) and 31 are approximately 7 of an inch thick along the annular plate surfaces 32 and 33.
  • the facings 3d and 31 are feathered from to A of an inch thickness at the front rim fillet surface 36 on the cope block 11 and at the back rim fillet surface 37 on the drag block 12.
  • the graphite walls at the tapered surfaces 38 and 31 are preferably free of an insulating facing; but are coated with a conventional mold wash as are the graphite walls at the front rim face as, tread 41, flange 42 and back of flange 43.
  • the insulating facing is approximately of an inch thick.
  • the relative thickness of the facings 3t and 31 at the hub fillets may be as much as to M2 inch dimension at the front hub fillet 48 for some designs of wheels and for some of the ceramic coating materials employed; and the thickness for bonded sand coating may be even considerably more, as explained hereinafter.
  • the insulating coating of the present inven* tion can exceed the half-inch thickness and in some instances be one inch or more in thickness for sand-based facing materials.
  • the mold may be described as a composite mold with molten metal at the tread and flange areas exposed directly to the graphite for a rapid transfer of heat, and with molten metal at the plate areas exposed to the refractory linings 30 and 31 for a less rapid transfer of heat.
  • the insulating linings 30 and 31 are non-permanent in the sense that they are replaced with a new lining for each of the separate castings formed in the mold. This is in contrast to the exposed (except for mold wash) graphite wall surfaces at the tread 50, which are renewed by machining, as explained hereinafter, only after a large number of castings.
  • the mold is a composite mold in the sense that it has permanent blocks of graphite with non-permanent insulating linings 30 and 31 at selected areas.
  • a significant advantage afforded by the insulating linings 30 and 31 is that of controlled solidification of the molten metal as to time and as to direction from the large cross-section tread cavity 50 through the narrow cross-sectional plate cavity 51 to the large cross-sectional hub cavity 45 leading to the combined riser and gate cavity 25. That is, the molten metal is chilled by the mold wall of graphite at the tread of the wheel casting while the solidification of the molten metal within the plate cavity 51 is delayed by the linings 3t and 31 assuring flow of metal through the plate cavity without premature blocking of the plate cavity 51 by solidified metal that would interfere with proper feeding of the molten metal to the wheel tread from the molten metal at the hub gate and riser 25. Also, the linings 3i) and 31 protect the graphite block at the hub and plate areas from being eroded by having the molten metal impinge on the linings 3t and 31 rather than directly on the graphite surface.
  • a significant result achieved by directional solidification from the respective insulating facings 3t) and 31 is reduction of the number of risers to a single combined riser and gate 25.
  • This single riser-gate 25 is in contrast to a ring of risers at the tread portions of the car wheel employed with prior art graphite molds in order to feed metal to the hot spots which could not be fed from the hub because of the rapid solidification of the metal within the narrow cross-sectional plate cavity.
  • the present invention by controlling the solidification of molten metal as above described, reduces the number of risers heretofore required.
  • the combined gate-riser 25 in graphite block 11 includes a cylindrical sleeve 56 with an open-center bore 57 fitted inside a cylindrical opening 59 machined at the center of the graphite block 11 of the cope.
  • the sleeve 56 is a one-piece core of sleeve shape with partial bell-shaped surface 57A, FIG. 1, formed on the bottom interior surface.
  • the sleeve 56 is formed of two separate cores 58A and 58B joined to one another along an interface 58C
  • the lower surface of the hub core defines the front hub face 62 of the wheel casting.
  • the sleeve 56 insulates the metal therein from the graphite at the bore 57 in the cope so that the molten metal in the sleeve 56 feeds in the manner of a riser after pouring of the metal therein.
  • the railroad car wheel has a hollow central hub for mounting on railway car axles. It is preferred that the car wheel have its hub cored.
  • a solid hub core 60 FIG. 1, is set into a recess 63 in the drag section and projects upwardly slightly above the height of the front hub face surface 62.
  • the core recess 63 includes a lower, annular wall 64 intersecting an inclined vertical wall 65.
  • a core paste is used to secure the solid hub core 60 in the recess 63 against floating free of the drag section 14 as the molten metal is enveloping the hub core 60.
  • the hub core 66 may be an oil bonded sand core. Other suitable core materials may also be used and still fall within the purview of the present invention.
  • vents '70 in the cope it may be advantageous to accelerate venting of gas by forming vents '70 in the cope it Such venting of the gas may be at the elevated side of the cope 1t that is, the righthand side of FIG. 1. Then, as the left hand and lower portion mold cavity, FIG. 1, is being filled, the gases continue to escape during filling of the cavity through the vent holes 70 disposed in a arc on the righthand portion (FIG. 1) of the cope 10 in the area of the front rim face 40. If deemed advisable, several vents 70, up to six in number, may be employed and equally spaced along the 180 arc.
  • vent openings '70 are preferably formed by drilling a hole through the graphite block 11, filling the holes with an oil-bonded sand, and then driving a /s inch wire through the oil-bonded sand to form a A; inch hole lined by sand.
  • One of the vents '70 has a tapered steel plug in lieu of the sand lining so that if a casting does not readily release from the cope, the steel plug may be tapped with a hammer to exert a force on the top surface of the casting to knock the casting free of the cope 10.
  • the mold is preferably tilted at an angle up to 8 by the hydraulically operated plunger 75, FIG. 1.
  • the mold is leveled almost immediately after filling. After three or four minutes have elapsed from the finish of pouring, the clamps 16 are loosened to permit contraction of the wheel casting after solidification particularly along the tapered back of the tread surfaces 38 and 39.
  • These angles and times may vary from the example given depending upon wheel geometry and the nature of the lining.
  • the cope 10 is lifted and the wheel casting detached therefrom.
  • the wheel castings may then be transported to a soaking pit for temperature equalization, and thereafter subjected to heat treatment.
  • the handling of the cope and drag is facilitated by the flasks 2t) and 21 which include annular bands 89 and 81 disposed in contact with the outer peripheral surfaces 82 and 83 of the cope 10 and drag 14-.
  • the cope flask has a top, inwardly directed flange 84 disposed to engage the top surface 85 of the cope.
  • the top flange 84 is an annular member.
  • the peripheral surface 82 of the cope is machined to a shoulder at 88 and a series of spaced, segmental-shaped plates, three or four in number, extending beneath the annular shoulder 88, are secured by bolts 89 to outwardly turned annular flanges 90 on the lower portion of the band 80.
  • segmental plates 58 extend inwardly toward the hub and are clamped against the shoulders 88.
  • the cope 113 is adapted for convenient lifting and moving by connection to trunnions 92 secured to the cope flask 21) at the center of gravity of the cope to facilitate rotation thereof about the trunnions 92.
  • the drag flask 21 is similar to the cope flask 2d and includes a bottom, annular flange 95 which is inwardly directed into engagement with the bottom surface 96 of the cope 1t).
  • Spaced rectangular plates 97 are secured by suitable fasteners 98 to outwardly directed an nular flanges 99 integrally formed on the bands 81.
  • the plates 97 extend inwardly toward the hub of the wheel and over a shoulder 11% machined in the peripheral sur face 83 of the drag 14.
  • Suitable trunnions 1M are provided and attached to the cope flask 21 to permit the convenient handling of the block of graphite constituting the drag 14.
  • the shoulders 88 and 1% in the graphite blocks of the cope 1t and drag 14 are readily machined.
  • the surface of the mold cavity is refurbished by machining away proportional increments of approximately inch along the generally horizontal mold cavity surfaces including the mating annular surfaces 23 and 24.
  • the tapered and generally vertical surfaces at the hub and tread are not machined, as machining of the vertical surfaces would increase the diameter of the hub and the wheel.
  • the graphite blocks are sufliciently thick to permit a plurality of machining operations to renew the casting cavity.
  • the flasks 20 and 21 need not be removed.
  • a major problem of the aforementioned patented processes using graphite as a mold material has been erosion of the graphite by the molten metal, thereby necessitating renewal of the mold cavity by more frequent machining 'of the cavity than is desirable.
  • the linings 3t) and 31 protect the graphite blocks at the hub and plate cavities where the metal is incoming from the ladle. This results in less erosion and less frequent machining to renew the mold cavity.
  • the cope 10 and drag 14- are each undercut by machining away a contour in the graphite block from that of the wheel contour.
  • the insulating linings 30 and 31 of ceramic adhere to the undercut graphite surfaces without any adhesive bonding agents or mechanical fasteners. It is thought that the graphite surface is sutficiently porous to receive the ceramic lining material which, as it sets, mechanically interlocks and keys itself to the graphite blocks. For other insulating materials, mechanical means, fasteners or adhesives may be employed to retain the linings in place.
  • the drag 12 is provided with aligning apertures 121 in a pattern plate 122 of a pattern assembly 124.
  • the pattern assembly 124 has secured thereto a centrally located wheel pattern 125 having an upper surface 126 configured to the shape of a car wheel.
  • the insulating material is placed on the pattern 125 and the drag 12 is brought into engagement with the pattern 12-5 along the annular flange face 43, FIG. 6, with sufficient force to squeeze and spread the ceramic material. Any excess ceramic material is squeezed outwardly and removed.
  • the pattern 125 can be provided with internal ducts through which the facing material can be injected into the space between the plate surface 103 of the drag 12 and the surface 126 of the pattern 125.
  • the ceramic facing fat) is allowed to gel and the drag 12 is lifted in its now attached insulating lining 30 from the surface 126 of the pattern 125 which may be coated with a releasing or parting medium, if desired, to facilitate its release from the lining 30.
  • the cope 11 may also be disposed over a pattern similar to the pattern 125 from the drag, and the insulating material interposed between the pattern and the recess surface on the cope 11 to form the desired thickness of the facing 31 at the pre-selected recessed areas at the p ate.
  • FIG. 4 Another method of applying the insulating linings 30 and 31 is that of using a rotatable sweep 135, FIG. 4, which includes a sweep arm 136 secured to a sleeve 137 journaled for rotation about a shaft 138.
  • the shaft 138 is secured to a plug 140 seated in the core recess 63 of the drag 14.
  • the sweep arm 136 is revolved to rotate a sweep plate 142 to form the ceramic material between opposite ends 145 and 146 of the sweep plate 142.
  • the curvature and recess surface 148 of the sweep plate 142 is such that sweeping of the plate 142 forms the ceramic slurry into the de sired configuration and sweeps away the excess materEl, which may then be removed.
  • a suitable sweep for the cope 10 may be provided to deposit the refractory lining material over the plate surface in a coating of the desired thickness.
  • sand may be used as the material for the linings 30 and 31.
  • a number of ceramic materials could be employed.
  • a ceramic coating material for the respective linings 30 and 31 is comprised of the following ingredients:
  • Colloidal silica (30% SiO cc 0.160 Citric acid (one molar solution) cc 34 Kyanite (100 mesh x down) lbs 16.5 Magnesium sulphate solution (600 gm./1000 cc.
  • the colloidal silica, citric acid and kyanite are mixed thoroughly, kyanite being added until the viscosity reaches approximately 82 B.
  • the sulphate solution is added and mixed well.
  • the slurry is then ready for use.
  • the amount of sulphate solution controls the time in which the miX gels. The more sulphate solution added, the quicker the setting time.
  • a setting time of about l minutes at room temperature produces a setting time of about 1 minute on a mold at 160 R, which is satisfactory for sweeping.
  • the cope 10 and drag 14 will be at elevated temperatures because of the residual heat of previous casting operations.
  • the cope and drag are preheated to approximately 150l80 F. to facilitate the gelling of the refractory ceramic linings 30 and 31.
  • the cope 10 and drag 14 may be brought together to form a complete mold and heated at a temperature and for a time sufficient to cure the linings, in an oven at about 400 F. for a period of several hours. Also, as much moisture as possible is driven olf of the mold during this baking operation. Shortly before the mold is to receive the molten metal, the mold is removed from the oven, the vent holes (if used) are lined with sand, and the central opening is formed in the vent holes, the hub core 60 is pasted in position and the unlined areas of the mold cavity are sprayed with a mold wash made of a mixture of zircon flour, bentonite and water.
  • the mold wash is sprayed or brushed on to form a very light layer of about 2 of an inch or less in thickness.
  • the function of the mold wash is to protect the graphite surfaces.
  • Metal is poured into the mold through the central combined gate and riser means 25 to fill the entire mold cavity and the riser cavity 57 within a maximum pouring time of about 20 seconds.
  • the pouring temperature and time of pour will depend upon the composition of the metal and the size and shape of the casting.
  • the mold As soon as the mold is filled, the mold is leveled, that is, untilted. After a skin is formed on the metal, the clamps 16 are loosened to allow contraction of the wheel tread with the consequent lifting of the cope 10 relative to the car wheel casting. After the casting is cooled to a desired temperature, the cope 10 is lifted and the wheel casting is separated therefrom. The riser having been knocked off, the wheel casting is immersed in a soaking pit. The wheel casting is taken from the soaking pit and subjected to heat treatment.
  • the cope and drag have their casting cavities cleaned
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 Another embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8, wherein the refractory linings 200 and 201 of sand are disposed on the plate areas of the graphite block 11 of the cope 10 and the graphite block 12 of the drag 14.
  • the sand linings 200 and 201 function in the manner of the linings 30 and 31 to achieve the advantages of protecting the graphite plate surface against erosion and to afford directional solidification.
  • the particular thickness and shape of the refractory lining may be varied when changing the kind of refractory material used as a lining.
  • the ceramic linings 30 and 31 are approximately /1s of an inch thick along the annular plate surfaces 32 and 33, while the sand linings 200 and 201 are approximately of an inch thick along annular plate surfaces 32 and 33 of the respective graphite blocks 11 and 12.
  • the thickmess of the sand linings 200 and 201 is increased to approximately of an inch at the back of rim fillet 36.
  • the sand ilining at the back of flange fillet 37 is approximately 11% inches thick.
  • sand linings 200 and 201 are thick and less rigid, that is, more yieldable than the graphite and are displaceable under pressure from the tapered surfaces 38 and 39 contracting 'after solidification of the metal.
  • the sand linings 200 and 201 collapse during contraction of the casting, it is also preferred to release the clamps 16 holding the cope and drag sections together during contraction of the wheel rim.
  • each graphite block 11 and 12 is provided with a series of spaced holes 203, 204 and 205, which are drilled throughout the graphite blocks 11 and 12 and which extend from the respectivelinings 200 and 201 through to the outer surface of its respective graphite block 11 or 12.
  • the holes 203, 204 and 205 each are of an inch in diameter and as many as nineteen such holes have been provided in each of the graphite blocks 11 and 12.
  • Small screens 203A, 204A and 205A are disposed in their respective openings about of an inch from the graphite surfaces to block the sand from moving outwardly with the air through the screens 203A, 204A and 205A.
  • the holes 203, 204 and 205 function as vent holes to permit the escape of gas, thereby functioning to replace the vent holes 70 described in relationship to the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 1 3.
  • the sand linings 200 and 201 are mechanically interlocked by portions 208 and 209 formed in annular grooves cut in the graphite blocks 11 and 12 adjacent the rim face and back of the flange face.
  • the lining 201 is also anchored to the graphite block 12 by an annular portion 210 at the inner and lower end thereof adjacent the back hub surface 49 at which the graphite is exposed directly to the metal.
  • the sand lining 200 is increased appreciably in thickness to approximately 1 inches, and the sand lining 200 has an upper and annular sleeve or portion 212 extending considerably above the front hub face or plane 62.
  • This additional annular sleeve 212 of sand lining affords additional insulation against rapid heat transfer to the graphite for the metal disposed in the combined gate-riser above the hub face plane 62.
  • the cores employed in the combined gate-riser 25 illustrated in FIG. 8 are preferred to the simple core sleeve 56 and the hub core 60 described hereinabove in conjunction with FIG. 1.
  • the combined gate and riser means 25 includes a sleeve 213 similar to the sleeve 56 hereinabove described. Disposed beneath the riser sleeve 213 is a circular strainer core 214 which includes an annular flange 214F which is secured by core paste to the sleeve 213 and to the annular portion 212 of the lining 200.
  • the strainer core 214 is provided with a plurality of arcuate slots 214$ through which the metal is free to flow into the hub cavity 45 about the hub core 216.
  • the apertures 2148 in the strainer core 214 are so dimensioned that the metal flowing therethrough, from a pool of metal disposed within the riser sleeve 213, flows at a constant controlled rate to gradually fill the mold cavity without turbulence.
  • the barrier core 219 ceases to function as a barrier across the central opening 214G and this large central opening 214G makes available the hot molten metal above the strainer core 214 for feeding into the hub zone to prevent shrink in the solidifying metal in the mold cavities.
  • the strainer core 214 also creates a plane of weakness to permit the riser to be readily broken from the wheel hub along the front hub face or plane 62, FIG. 8.
  • the sand linings 200 and 201 thus constitute a refractory lining in the manner of the ceramic linings and 31. Like the ceramic linings 30 and 31, the sand linings 200 201 are gas permeable.
  • the sand mixtures for the linings 200 and 201 may be bonded by oil, resin bonded, or bonded by other materials.
  • the drag 14 is shown in FIG. 7 as mounted on a base plate B and an inverted pattern 223 is aligned and secured in clamped relationship above the drag 14.
  • Aligning pins 221 extend downwardly from a pattern base plate 222 into apertures formed in the flask means 20 to align pattern 223 to have its axis centrally located coincident with the central axis of the drag 14.
  • the pattern 223 has an outer rim portion 225 which fits tightly against the rim face 43 of the graphite block 12 to prevent the escape of sand outwardly from the pattern 223.
  • the pattern 223 is suitably secured to the base plate 222 with a plurality of central apertures 223 aligned with apertures 229 in the base plate 222.
  • the apertures 228 lead to the pattern face 230 which is spaced from the plateforming surface 106 of the graphite block 12.
  • the sand is blown by a blast of air from a duct 235 through the apertures 229 in base plate 222 and through the apertures 228 in the pattern 223.
  • the incoming sand for forming the lining 201 is compacted in the cavity formed between the pattern face 230 and the graphite block 12.
  • the air blast carrying the sand exits through openings 239 in the pattern 223.
  • Strainer members 240 may be employed above the base plate 222 in aligned relationship with the openings 239 to permit the air to exit out of openings 23% while retaining the sand within the openings 239.
  • the air also exits the apertures 203, 204 and 205 while filling the same with sand, which, after hardening serves as a mechanical lock for the lining 201.
  • a similar arrangement is provided for forming the sand lining 200 on the graphite block 11 constituting the cope. That is to say, a cope pattern generally similar to the drag pattern, illustrated in FIG. 7, is aligned with the sand blowing duct 235 to blow sand through the openings in the cope pattern, which openings correspond to the openings 223 in the drag pattern 223.
  • the apparatus for blowing the sand lining does not constitute a part of the present invention and hence is not described in detail.
  • the sand linings 200 and 201 be made from known sand mixtures bonded by oil or sodium silicate; however, resin bonds or other bonding materials may be successfully employed.
  • the interior surface 230 of the drag pattern 211 and the interior surface of the cope pattern are smooth, and if desired may be lined with a release agent so that the pattern may be removed without causing the sand to be broken away from the graphite blocks 11 and 12.
  • the sand linings 200 and 201 have also been applied by using the sweep 135, FIG. 4, as hereinabove described in connection with the ceramic linings 30 and 31.
  • Additional light washes or sprays are preferably applied to the exposed graphite surfaces at the tread cavity 50, FIG. 8, and at the back hub face.
  • a light wash may be applied to the sand linings 200 and 201 to provide an improved surface on the castings at the plate area thereof.
  • the residual heat in the graphite blocks 11 and 12 dries the wash, core paste and sets the sand linings 200 and 201.
  • the mold is baked for two or three hours at 425 F. to set the coatings 200 and 201 and core paste, and to dry the wash and pre-heat the mold.
  • the present invention affords a commercially feasible method and apparatus for producing sound castings in molds having graphite material with selected areas lined with an insulating material.
  • This insulating lining protects the graphite against erosion and affords controlled directional solidification from the chill afforded by the exposed graphite.
  • the controlled solidification enables thinner crosssectional areas to be cast in graphite molds while permitting significant increases in yield by reducing the amount of risering.
  • the ability to cast thin cross-sectional plates for car wheels is a significant advantage for producing car wheels having the required degree of flexibility at the plate section of the wheel.
  • the present invention is not limited to the casting of steel.
  • Typical steels for car wheels have carbon up to 1.20 percent, manganese 0.60 to 0.85 percent, phosphorous not over 0.05 percent, sulphur not over 0.05 percent, silicon not less than 0.15 percent, and the balance substantially pure iron except for special additive agents.
  • the refractory linings afford a number of advantages, such as protecting the graphite from erosion, that is, mechanical abrasion, either from the metal being poured from the ladle or from the hot casting moving against a graphite surface during contraction of the casting after solidification. Also, the graphite from erosion, that is, mechanical abrasion, either from the metal being poured from the ladle or from the hot casting moving against a graphite surface during contraction of the casting after solidification. Also, the
  • the present invention is not limited to the casting of wheels; but it is to be pointed out that the present invention is as well not limited to the particular shapes of wheels nor particular shapes of linings, set forth in the specific examples described hereinbefore.
  • wheels are cast in a number of different shapes having different thicknesses of plate and different thicknesses at the rim to constitute the familiar one-wear or multi-wear wheels.
  • the amount of metal disposed in the tread cavity 50 is increased appreciably from the amount of metal in the tread cavity 50 when a one-wear wheel is being cast.
  • the amount of lining may be changed not only as to thickness, but also as to shape of the lining.
  • the graphite at the back hub face 49 it is desirable to line the graphite at the back hub face 49, as illustrated in FIG. 3, and in other instances it is not desired to line the graphite at the back hub face 59, for example, as seen in FIG. 8.
  • the graphite at the back hub face 49 is unlined, the metal in the hub is solidified more rapidly, permitting the wheels to be removed more quickly from the mold than would be the case when the back hub face 49 is lined with a refractory lining.
  • the wheel cast with the thick linings 200 and 201 solidifies and can be shaken out after 20 to 25 minutes because the hub face 49 is not lined other than by a thin mold wash coating.
  • the permanent mold body may be formed most-1y from cast iron with ring-like graphite inserts to afford the metal chill and with the refractory linings to afford the directional solidification.
  • the refractory linings and graphite protect the large body of cast iron from the thermal gradients, heretofore the cause of warping and cracking of the surface of such permanent molds formed of cast iron.
  • said mold comprising: a graphite cope section having a cavity therein, a graphite drag section having a cavity therein for mating with the cavity of said cope section, central core means disposed in a central opening in said graphite cope for receiving molten metal during pouring and constituting a riser, hub core means disposed on said drag and aligned with said central core means, said cavity of said cope section and said cavity of said drag section having recesses formed along hub fillet areas, plate areas and rim fillet are-as, and a yieldable insulating refractory means disposed in said rim fillet and in said plate area recesses to substantially cover the entire surfaces of the plate areas and having surfaces complementary to the Wheel plate geometry and for receiving said molten metal thereagainst, said insulating refractory means having a thermal conductivity lower than the thermal conductivity of said graphite, and said graphite being devoid of said
  • a wheel mold for receiving molten metal to form therein a wheel having an enlargedouter tread, an enlarged inner hub and a thinner plate therebetween, said mold comprising: a graphite cope section having a cavity therein, a graphite drag section having a cavity therein for mating with the cavity of said cope section, said cope having a riser opening, the cavities of said cope section and said drag section having graphite mold surfaces conforming generally to the tread of the wheel and having mold recesses formed along plate areas corresponding to the plate of the wheel, and refractory means of appreciable thickness disposed in said recesses at said plate areas to substantially cover the entire surfaces of said plate areas, said graphite surfaces which conform to the tread surfaces of the Wheel being devoid of said refractory means, said refractory means presenting surfaces complementary to the Wheel plate geometry and for receiving said molten metal thereagainst, the thermal conductivity of said refractory means being less that the thermal conductivity of said graphite at said tread surfaces and sufiiciently
  • a wheel mold for casting steel wheels under atmospheric pressure to have a hub and a plate and a tread said mold comprising: graphite block means constituting a cope section and having a cavity therein, graphite block means constituting a graphite drag section having a cavity therein for mating with the cavity of said cope section, said cope section having a single centrally located gateriser opening extending to said cavities to receive molten metal, a cylindrical insulating lining of refractory material in said gate-riser opening, the graphite of said cope section cavity and of said drag section cavity being conformed generally to the configuration of the Wheel tread to solidify the steel of said tread at a rapid rate by direct contact between the molten steel and the graphite, the graphite of said cope section cavity and of said drag section cavity presenting recesses for the plate of the wheel casting, and insulating refractory means covering substantially the entirety of the areas presented by said plate recesses of said mold cavity and having surfaces complementary to the wheel plate geometry, and for receiving said molten
  • a wheel mold for casting wheels each having a hub joined to a plate along hub fillets, and a tread, a
  • said mold comprising: a graphite cope section having a cavity therein; said cope section having a central opening therein leading to its cavity; a graphite drag section having a cavity therein for mating with the cavity of said cope section; strainer core means in said central opening of the graphite cope for receiving molten metal during pouring; a float core means on said strainer core to float upwardly when said cavities are full of metal; hub core means disposed on said drag and aligned with said central opening; said cope section and drag section having recesses formed along first fillet areas, a plate area, rim fillet areas, tread, flange and back of flange areas; and sand lining means in selected of said recesses including the rim fil-let areas and having surfaces complementary to the wheel geometry and for receiving said molten metal thereagainst; said tread, flange, and back of flange areas being of graphite devoid of said
  • a railroad wheel mold for receiving molten metal to form therein a wheel having an enlarged radially outward portion including a tread, an enlarged radially inward hub and a thinner plate therebetween, said wheel having a front rim fillet and a rear rim fillet joined to the plate and interposed between the plate and tread, said mold comprising: a graphite cope section having a mold cavity therein, a graphite drag section having a mold cavity therein for mating with the cavity of said cope section, the cavities in the cope and drag sections cooperating to define a mold cavity corresponding gen- 16 erally to the hub, the plate, the rim fillets and the tread of the wheel to be cast therein, said mold having a riser opening in communication with the cope cavity, a yieldab'le refractory lining of appreciable thickness applied to a substantially uniform depth throughout a continuous circumferential portion of graphite surfaces between the hub and tread to cover at least the portion of the mold cavity corresponding to one of the rim
  • a mold according to claim 8 wherein there is but a single riser opening and which is in communication with the portion of the mold cavity corresponding to the hub of the wheel.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
US507999A 1965-11-12 1965-11-12 Apparatus for casting metal wheels Expired - Lifetime US3302919A (en)

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US507999A US3302919A (en) 1965-11-12 1965-11-12 Apparatus for casting metal wheels
GB45665/66A GB1161769A (en) 1965-11-12 1966-10-12 Apparatus and method for casting metal.
SE14095/66A SE300285B (enrdf_load_html_response) 1965-11-12 1966-10-17
CH1583466A CH465148A (de) 1965-11-12 1966-11-02 Dauergiessform
AT1031466A AT281321B (de) 1965-11-12 1966-11-08 Dauerform zum Gießen von Metall
LU52336D LU52336A1 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1965-11-12 1966-11-10
BE689613D BE689613A (enrdf_load_html_response) 1965-11-12 1966-11-10
ES333227A ES333227A1 (es) 1965-11-12 1966-11-10 Un metodo de moldear metal en la cavidad de un molde perma-nente.
NL6615931A NL6615931A (enrdf_load_html_response) 1965-11-12 1966-11-11
DE19661508612 DE1508612B1 (de) 1965-11-12 1966-11-11 Giessform zum Giessen eines Metallgussteiles
US596980A US3460605A (en) 1965-11-12 1966-11-25 Method for casting in a permanent mold a casting having thick and thin sections

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Cited By (23)

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US3406736A (en) * 1966-04-04 1968-10-22 Ford Motor Co Mold for sampling molten iron
US3429364A (en) * 1965-10-23 1969-02-25 Budd Co Method for casting separate annular castings
US3480070A (en) * 1967-02-16 1969-11-25 Abex Corp Permanent mold for casting a wheel
US3498366A (en) * 1966-08-05 1970-03-03 Amsted Ind Inc Graphite mold having resin-bonded sand portions
US3735796A (en) * 1971-12-22 1973-05-29 Amsted Ind Inc Permanent mold risering
JPS539840U (enrdf_load_html_response) * 1976-07-09 1978-01-27
US4786027A (en) * 1987-02-17 1988-11-22 Motor Wheel Corporation Apparatus for molding composite metal-elastomer wheels
US4804035A (en) * 1986-04-24 1989-02-14 Mazda Motor Corporation Method of gravity casting
US4963083A (en) * 1988-12-16 1990-10-16 Motor Wheel Corporation Composite metal-elastomer styled wheels and method and apparatus for molding the same
US5238216A (en) * 1991-08-30 1993-08-24 Amsted Industries Incorporated Apparatus for modifying thermal gradient for casting in graphite molds
DE19621945C1 (de) * 1996-05-31 1997-08-28 Daimler Benz Ag Verfahren zum Schwerkraftgießen von Leichtmetall-Gußteilen im Kokillen-Gießverfahren
US6745816B2 (en) * 2000-05-10 2004-06-08 Nissin Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Method of casting and casting machine
US6745817B2 (en) * 2001-04-05 2004-06-08 Nissin Kogyo Co., Ltd. Casting method and casting apparatus
CN102059336A (zh) * 2009-07-01 2011-05-18 Ksm铸造有限公司 铸造材料的方法、实现该方法的铸型及其制造的物体
CN102699310A (zh) * 2012-06-08 2012-10-03 天津立中车轮有限公司 一种低压铸造轮毂排气系统及其铸造方法
CN102847882A (zh) * 2012-07-31 2013-01-02 吴江信谊精密五金有限公司 曳引轮模具
CN103042193A (zh) * 2012-12-21 2013-04-17 浙江今飞凯达轮毂股份有限公司 轮毂砂芯及低压铸造轮毂模具
CN103769535A (zh) * 2014-01-21 2014-05-07 浙江今飞凯达轮毂股份有限公司 砂芯模具、砂芯的制造方法及砂芯
CN106042777A (zh) * 2016-05-26 2016-10-26 银亿集团有限公司 一种后桥轮毂连接器及其生产模具和铸造工艺
CN106311987A (zh) * 2015-06-24 2017-01-11 天津建筑机械厂 一种链轮轮毂的铸造工艺
US20180029410A1 (en) * 2013-12-06 2018-02-01 Rail 1520 Ip Ltd. Railcar wheel, apparatus and method of manufacture
CN113042708A (zh) * 2021-03-09 2021-06-29 滁州金诺实业有限公司 一种整体铸造成型水道的冰箱内胆成型模铸造工艺
CN114130958A (zh) * 2021-11-25 2022-03-04 山东联诚精密制造股份有限公司 高强度轮毂的低碳铸造装置

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DE3323697C1 (de) * 1983-07-01 1985-02-28 Gerhard 5905 Freudenberg Müller-Späth Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Giessstueckes in einer Giessform
US4875518A (en) * 1987-08-21 1989-10-24 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Method of and apparatus for low-pressure casting of light metal alloy
JPS6453755A (en) * 1987-08-21 1989-03-01 Honda Motor Co Ltd Low pressure casting method for light alloy casting
DE102007014744A1 (de) * 2007-03-28 2008-10-02 Rwth Aachen Form und Verfahren zur gießtechnischen Herstellung eines Gusstücks
RU2643537C9 (ru) * 2017-01-18 2020-03-25 РЕЙЛ 1520 АйПи ЛТД Литое железнодорожное колесо с маркировочными знаками и способ литья железнодорожного колеса с маркировочными знаками
CN106955973A (zh) * 2017-05-18 2017-07-18 天润曲轴股份有限公司 铸造冒口
CN107350188B (zh) * 2017-08-27 2024-09-06 中信戴卡股份有限公司 改进的轮毂锻造模具润滑剂自动清理装置

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US1908741A (en) * 1929-07-06 1933-05-16 Southern Wheel Company Car wheel and method of making same
US2070821A (en) * 1933-11-22 1937-02-16 Magnesium Castings And Product Casting of magnesium and its alloys
US2451505A (en) * 1945-05-21 1948-10-19 Edwin T Myskowski Screen for casting risers
US2779075A (en) * 1950-10-13 1957-01-29 Griffin Wheel Co Cast article and method of making

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DE911064C (de) * 1952-04-06 1954-05-10 Fritz Werner Ag Dauerform, insbesondere fuer Stahldruckguss, und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung

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US1161034A (en) * 1911-02-21 1915-11-23 James Carey Davis Mold.
US1025438A (en) * 1911-10-18 1912-05-07 Thomas D West Mold for casting circular objects.
US1908741A (en) * 1929-07-06 1933-05-16 Southern Wheel Company Car wheel and method of making same
US2070821A (en) * 1933-11-22 1937-02-16 Magnesium Castings And Product Casting of magnesium and its alloys
US2451505A (en) * 1945-05-21 1948-10-19 Edwin T Myskowski Screen for casting risers
US2779075A (en) * 1950-10-13 1957-01-29 Griffin Wheel Co Cast article and method of making

Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3429364A (en) * 1965-10-23 1969-02-25 Budd Co Method for casting separate annular castings
US3406736A (en) * 1966-04-04 1968-10-22 Ford Motor Co Mold for sampling molten iron
US3498366A (en) * 1966-08-05 1970-03-03 Amsted Ind Inc Graphite mold having resin-bonded sand portions
US3480070A (en) * 1967-02-16 1969-11-25 Abex Corp Permanent mold for casting a wheel
US3735796A (en) * 1971-12-22 1973-05-29 Amsted Ind Inc Permanent mold risering
JPS539840U (enrdf_load_html_response) * 1976-07-09 1978-01-27
US4804035A (en) * 1986-04-24 1989-02-14 Mazda Motor Corporation Method of gravity casting
US4786027A (en) * 1987-02-17 1988-11-22 Motor Wheel Corporation Apparatus for molding composite metal-elastomer wheels
US4963083A (en) * 1988-12-16 1990-10-16 Motor Wheel Corporation Composite metal-elastomer styled wheels and method and apparatus for molding the same
US5238216A (en) * 1991-08-30 1993-08-24 Amsted Industries Incorporated Apparatus for modifying thermal gradient for casting in graphite molds
DE19621945C1 (de) * 1996-05-31 1997-08-28 Daimler Benz Ag Verfahren zum Schwerkraftgießen von Leichtmetall-Gußteilen im Kokillen-Gießverfahren
US6964293B2 (en) 2000-05-10 2005-11-15 Nissin Kogyo Co., Ltd. Method of casting and casting machine
US20050000672A1 (en) * 2000-05-10 2005-01-06 Keisuke Ban Method of casting and casting machine
US6745816B2 (en) * 2000-05-10 2004-06-08 Nissin Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Method of casting and casting machine
US6745817B2 (en) * 2001-04-05 2004-06-08 Nissin Kogyo Co., Ltd. Casting method and casting apparatus
US20040108091A1 (en) * 2001-04-05 2004-06-10 Keisuke Ban Casting method and casting apparatus
US6848496B2 (en) 2001-04-05 2005-02-01 Nissin Kogyo Co., Ltd. Casting method and casting apparatus
CN102059336A (zh) * 2009-07-01 2011-05-18 Ksm铸造有限公司 铸造材料的方法、实现该方法的铸型及其制造的物体
CN102699310A (zh) * 2012-06-08 2012-10-03 天津立中车轮有限公司 一种低压铸造轮毂排气系统及其铸造方法
CN102847882A (zh) * 2012-07-31 2013-01-02 吴江信谊精密五金有限公司 曳引轮模具
CN103042193B (zh) * 2012-12-21 2014-10-29 浙江今飞凯达轮毂股份有限公司 轮毂砂芯及低压铸造轮毂模具
CN103042193A (zh) * 2012-12-21 2013-04-17 浙江今飞凯达轮毂股份有限公司 轮毂砂芯及低压铸造轮毂模具
US20180029410A1 (en) * 2013-12-06 2018-02-01 Rail 1520 Ip Ltd. Railcar wheel, apparatus and method of manufacture
CN103769535A (zh) * 2014-01-21 2014-05-07 浙江今飞凯达轮毂股份有限公司 砂芯模具、砂芯的制造方法及砂芯
CN103769535B (zh) * 2014-01-21 2015-11-04 浙江今飞凯达轮毂股份有限公司 砂芯模具、砂芯的制造方法及砂芯
CN106311987A (zh) * 2015-06-24 2017-01-11 天津建筑机械厂 一种链轮轮毂的铸造工艺
CN106311987B (zh) * 2015-06-24 2019-04-05 天津移山工程机械有限公司 一种链轮轮毂的铸造工艺
CN106042777A (zh) * 2016-05-26 2016-10-26 银亿集团有限公司 一种后桥轮毂连接器及其生产模具和铸造工艺
CN106042777B (zh) * 2016-05-26 2018-10-02 银亿集团有限公司 一种后桥轮毂连接器的铸造工艺
CN113042708A (zh) * 2021-03-09 2021-06-29 滁州金诺实业有限公司 一种整体铸造成型水道的冰箱内胆成型模铸造工艺
CN114130958A (zh) * 2021-11-25 2022-03-04 山东联诚精密制造股份有限公司 高强度轮毂的低碳铸造装置
CN114130958B (zh) * 2021-11-25 2023-10-27 山东联诚精密制造股份有限公司 高强度轮毂的低碳铸造装置

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BE689613A (enrdf_load_html_response) 1967-04-14
SE300285B (enrdf_load_html_response) 1968-04-22
LU52336A1 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1967-05-10
AT281321B (de) 1970-05-11
DE1508612B1 (de) 1970-06-04
NL6615931A (enrdf_load_html_response) 1967-05-16
ES333227A1 (es) 1968-10-16
GB1161769A (en) 1969-08-20
CH465148A (de) 1968-11-15

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