US3249456A - Diffusion coating process - Google Patents

Diffusion coating process Download PDF

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Publication number
US3249456A
US3249456A US236691A US23669162A US3249456A US 3249456 A US3249456 A US 3249456A US 236691 A US236691 A US 236691A US 23669162 A US23669162 A US 23669162A US 3249456 A US3249456 A US 3249456A
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Prior art keywords
substrate
carbon
steel
alloy coating
chromium
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US236691A
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Michael C Carosella
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Elkem Metals Co LP
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Union Carbide Corp
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Assigned to ELKEM METALS COMPANY, A NEW YORK GENERAL PARTNERSHIP reassignment ELKEM METALS COMPANY, A NEW YORK GENERAL PARTNERSHIP ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, A NY CORP.
Assigned to ELKEM METALS COMPANY, A GENERAL PARTNERSHIP OF NY reassignment ELKEM METALS COMPANY, A GENERAL PARTNERSHIP OF NY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
    • C23C10/28—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using solids, e.g. powders, pastes
    • C23C10/34—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation
    • C23C10/36—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation only one element being diffused
    • C23C10/38—Chromising
    • C23C10/40—Chromising of ferrous surfaces

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for providing metal substrates with a diffusion alloy coating. More particularly, the present invention relates to a diffusion alloy coating process in which decarburization of the substrate metal is avoided.
  • Diffusion alloy coatings have been provided on metal substrates by heating the substrate in contact with coating metal, in elemental form, at low pressures. While a satisfactory diffusion alloy coating is obtained in this manner it has been found that the aforedescribed treatment causes decarburization of the substrate. In the case of steel, this develops a ferritic structure which is detrimental in that it leads to loss of hardness and strength in the coated article.
  • diffusion coated articles have properties which make them advantageous for use in structural applications, in addition to such uses as automobile bumpers and trim, it would be of significant industrial benefit if impairment of the substrate material by carbon depletion could be avoided.
  • a process in accordance with the present invention for providing a metal substrate with a diffusion alloy coating comprises heating a metal substrate in intimate contact with a carbon bearing alloy of the coating metal, the heating being conducted at a pressure of less than 2,000 microns in the temperature range of about 1000 to 1500 C. for a period of time sufficient to provide the substrate with the desired depth of diffusion alloy coating.
  • a steel substrate in the form of plate, for example, is placed in a vacuum furnace and carbon bearing chromium metal is placed in intimate contact with the substrate.
  • carbon bearing chromium metal is placed in intimate contact with the substrate.
  • This can be conveniently accomplished by packing the steel substrate in comminuted high carbon ferrochromium alloy.
  • the aforementioned materials are then heated at a temperature between 1000" C. and 1500 C., at a pressure of less than about 2000 microns, for a time sufficient to provide the desired depth of alloy coating in the substrate. Heating periods of from about 20 to 60 hours have been found to be sufficient to provide alloy coated articles suitable for use in such application as automobile trim, automobile bumpers and the like with the longer heating periods providing greater coating depths of up to about 0.15 inch or more.
  • the alloy surface in the articles produced in this manner are high in chromium, e.g., up to 40%, at the surface of the article with decreasing chromium contents at increasing distances from the surface. Also, importantly, there is substantially no loss of carbon in the substrate as a result of the alloy coating treatment.
  • the proportion of carbon in the source of coating metal e.g., ferrochrome
  • the proportion of carbon in the source of coating metal should be at least about 25 times the proportion of carbon in the substrate. This can be conveniently provided most often with the use of commercially available ferroalloys such as high carbon ferrochrome which contain from 4-9 percent carbon.
  • Example 1 A /2 inch plate of 1020 steel was packed in high carbon ferrochrome alloy powder (325 meshXD) and heated in a vacuum furnace at 1300 C. for 36 hours. The average pressure in the furnace during heating was 70 microns.
  • Another plate of 1020 having the same dimensions as the first was packed in low carbon (vacuum grade chromium metal powder) (325 meshX D) and heated under the same conditions, i.e., 1300" C. for 36 hours at 70 microns pressure. Both steel plates were provided with a diffusion alloy coating of chromium as a result of this treatment.
  • the carbon of the steel plate processed with high carbon ferrochrome was substantially unaffected while the carbon content of the steel plate processed with chromium was depleted to about 10% of its original value as shown in the data of Table I.
  • Example 2 A /2 inch plate of 1020 steel was pack-ed in high carbon ferrochrome alloy powder meshXD) and heated in a vacuum furnace at 1175 C. for 48 hours. The average pressure in the furnace during heating was 60 microns.
  • Another plate of 1020 having the same dimensions as the first was packed in low carbon ferrochrome (20 meshXD) and heated under the same conditions, i.e., 1175 C. for 48 hours .at 60 microns pressure. Both steel plates were provided with a diffusion alloy coating of chromium as a result of this treatment.
  • This carbon content of the steel plate processed with high carbon ferrochrome was substantially unaffected while the carbon content of the steel plate processed with low carbon ferrochrome was depleted to about 30% of its original value as shown in the data of Table II.
  • a process for providing a steel substrate with a diffusion alloy coating of chromium metal and avoiding decarburization of steel substmate which comprises heating the steel substrate in intimate contact with ferrochrome having a carbon content of 49%, said heating being conducted at a pressure of less than about 2,000 microns in the temperature range of 1000 C. to 1500 C. for a period of time sufficient to provide the desired depth of alloy coating whereby the substrate is provided with a diffusion alloy coating of chromium and decarburization of the steel substrate is avoided.
  • earburization of steel substrate which comprises heating 2,141,640 12/1938 Cooper 117-22 the steel substrate in intimate contact with carbon bearing 2,205,864 6/1940 Sghwarzkopt 117 22 X chromium metal, the proportion of earbonin the chro- 5 mium metal being at least about 25 times the proportion OTHER REFERENCES of carbon in the substrate.

Description

United States Patent 49 456 DIFFUSION COATING PROCESS Michael C. Carosella, Niagara Falls, N.Y., assignor to Union Carbide Corporation, a corporation of New York No Drawing. Filed Nov. 9, 1962, Ser. No. 236,691 2 Claims. (Cl. 11722) The present invention relates to a process for providing metal substrates with a diffusion alloy coating. More particularly, the present invention relates to a diffusion alloy coating process in which decarburization of the substrate metal is avoided.
Diffusion alloy coatings have been provided on metal substrates by heating the substrate in contact with coating metal, in elemental form, at low pressures. While a satisfactory diffusion alloy coating is obtained in this manner it has been found that the aforedescribed treatment causes decarburization of the substrate. In the case of steel, this develops a ferritic structure which is detrimental in that it leads to loss of hardness and strength in the coated article.
Since diffusion coated articles have properties which make them advantageous for use in structural applications, in addition to such uses as automobile bumpers and trim, it would be of significant industrial benefit if impairment of the substrate material by carbon depletion could be avoided.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a diffusion alloy process for coating metal substrates in which decarburization of the substrate is avoided.
Other objects will be apparent from the following description and claims.
A process in accordance with the present invention for providing a metal substrate with a diffusion alloy coating comprises heating a metal substrate in intimate contact with a carbon bearing alloy of the coating metal, the heating being conducted at a pressure of less than 2,000 microns in the temperature range of about 1000 to 1500 C. for a period of time sufficient to provide the substrate with the desired depth of diffusion alloy coating.
In a particular embodiment of the present invention, a steel substrate, in the form of plate, for example, is placed in a vacuum furnace and carbon bearing chromium metal is placed in intimate contact with the substrate. This can be conveniently accomplished by packing the steel substrate in comminuted high carbon ferrochromium alloy. The aforementioned materials are then heated at a temperature between 1000" C. and 1500 C., at a pressure of less than about 2000 microns, for a time sufficient to provide the desired depth of alloy coating in the substrate. Heating periods of from about 20 to 60 hours have been found to be sufficient to provide alloy coated articles suitable for use in such application as automobile trim, automobile bumpers and the like with the longer heating periods providing greater coating depths of up to about 0.15 inch or more. The alloy surface in the articles produced in this manner are high in chromium, e.g., up to 40%, at the surface of the article with decreasing chromium contents at increasing distances from the surface. Also, importantly, there is substantially no loss of carbon in the substrate as a result of the alloy coating treatment.
In the practice of the present invention in order to avoid any substantial loss of carbon from the substrate, the proportion of carbon in the source of coating metal, e.g., ferrochrome, should be at least about 25 times the proportion of carbon in the substrate. This can be conveniently provided most often with the use of commercially available ferroalloys such as high carbon ferrochrome which contain from 4-9 percent carbon.
However, if, in certain applications, some loss of car- 3,249,456 Patented May 3, 1966 bon in the substrate can be tolerated, then coating metal sources containing somewhat lesser amounts of carbon may be used.
The following examples will further illustrate the present invention.
Example 1 A /2 inch plate of 1020 steel was packed in high carbon ferrochrome alloy powder (325 meshXD) and heated in a vacuum furnace at 1300 C. for 36 hours. The average pressure in the furnace during heating was 70 microns.
Another plate of 1020 having the same dimensions as the first was packed in low carbon (vacuum grade chromium metal powder) (325 meshX D) and heated under the same conditions, i.e., 1300" C. for 36 hours at 70 microns pressure. Both steel plates were provided with a diffusion alloy coating of chromium as a result of this treatment.
The carbon of the steel plate processed with high carbon ferrochrome was substantially unaffected while the carbon content of the steel plate processed with chromium was depleted to about 10% of its original value as shown in the data of Table I.
TABLE- I Example 2 A /2 inch plate of 1020 steel was pack-ed in high carbon ferrochrome alloy powder meshXD) and heated in a vacuum furnace at 1175 C. for 48 hours. The average pressure in the furnace during heating was 60 microns.
Another plate of 1020 having the same dimensions as the first was packed in low carbon ferrochrome (20 meshXD) and heated under the same conditions, i.e., 1175 C. for 48 hours .at 60 microns pressure. Both steel plates were provided with a diffusion alloy coating of chromium as a result of this treatment.
This carbon content of the steel plate processed with high carbon ferrochrome was substantially unaffected while the carbon content of the steel plate processed with low carbon ferrochrome was depleted to about 30% of its original value as shown in the data of Table II.
TABLE II Percent carbon in steel plate Percent carbon in chromium source What is claimed is:
1. A process for providing a steel substrate with a diffusion alloy coating of chromium metal and avoiding decarburization of steel substmate which comprises heating the steel substrate in intimate contact with ferrochrome having a carbon content of 49%, said heating being conducted at a pressure of less than about 2,000 microns in the temperature range of 1000 C. to 1500 C. for a period of time sufficient to provide the desired depth of alloy coating whereby the substrate is provided with a diffusion alloy coating of chromium and decarburization of the steel substrate is avoided.
2. A process for providing a steel substrate with a dif- 1,672,444 6/ 1928 Becket 11722 fusion alloy coating of chromium metal and avoiding de- 1,902,092 3/ 1933 Norwood. earburization of steel substrate which comprises heating 2,141,640 12/1938 Cooper 117-22 the steel substrate in intimate contact with carbon bearing 2,205,864 6/1940 Sghwarzkopt 117 22 X chromium metal, the proportion of earbonin the chro- 5 mium metal being at least about 25 times the proportion OTHER REFERENCES of carbon in the substrate. Laissus, Compt. Rend., Jan. 29, 1925, 180, pp. 2040- 2 References Cited by the Examiner 1 043 UNITED STATES A S 1O RICHARD D. NEVIUS, Primary Examiner.
1,155,974 10/ 1915 Van A1191 R. S. KENDALL, Assistant Examiner.
1,365,499 1/1921 Kelley 117-22

Claims (1)

1. A PROCESS FOR PROVIDING A STEEL SUBSTRATE WITH A DIFFUSION ALLOY COATING OF CHROMIUM METAL AND AVOIDING DECARBURIZATION OF STEEL SUBSTRATE WHICH COMPRISES HEATING THE STEEL SUBSTRATE IN INTIMATE CONTACT WITH FERROCHROME HAVING A CARBON CONTENT OF 4-9%, SAID HEATING BEING CONDUCTED AT A PRESSURE OF LESS THAN ABOUT 2,000 MICRONS IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE OF 1000*C. TO 1500*C. FOR A PERIOD OF TIME SUFFICIENT TO PROVIDE THE DESIRED DEPTH OF ALLOY COATING WHEREBY THE SUBSTRATE IS PROVIDED WITH A DIFFUSION ALLOY COATING OF CHROMIUM AND DECARBURIZATION OF THE STEEL SUBSTRATE IS AVOIDED.
US236691A 1962-11-09 1962-11-09 Diffusion coating process Expired - Lifetime US3249456A (en)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3485595A (en) * 1965-09-10 1969-12-23 Wmf Wuerttemberg Metallwaren Metal fiber bodies
US3717444A (en) * 1970-12-14 1973-02-20 Inland Steel Co Chromized steel product
FR2370106A1 (en) * 1976-11-04 1978-06-02 Gen Electric PROCESS FOR IMPROVING THE RESISTANCE TO OXIDATION AND TO HOT CORROSION OF SUPERALALLIES
FR2483468A2 (en) * 1980-05-29 1981-12-04 Creusot Loire IMPROVEMENT IN THE CHROMIZATION OF STEELS BY GAS

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1155974A (en) * 1911-10-04 1915-10-05 Gen Electric Treatment of metals.
US1365499A (en) * 1919-10-23 1921-01-11 Gen Electric Surface-alloyed metal
US1672444A (en) * 1926-03-17 1928-06-05 Electro Metallurg Co Producing corrosion-resistant surfaces on metals
US1902092A (en) * 1931-03-10 1933-03-21 Electro Metallurg Co Production of castings with coatings composed of high-chromium alloys
US2141640A (en) * 1936-11-11 1938-12-27 Cooper Products Inc Method of chromizing
US2205864A (en) * 1940-06-25 Method of manufacturing hard

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2205864A (en) * 1940-06-25 Method of manufacturing hard
US1155974A (en) * 1911-10-04 1915-10-05 Gen Electric Treatment of metals.
US1365499A (en) * 1919-10-23 1921-01-11 Gen Electric Surface-alloyed metal
US1672444A (en) * 1926-03-17 1928-06-05 Electro Metallurg Co Producing corrosion-resistant surfaces on metals
US1902092A (en) * 1931-03-10 1933-03-21 Electro Metallurg Co Production of castings with coatings composed of high-chromium alloys
US2141640A (en) * 1936-11-11 1938-12-27 Cooper Products Inc Method of chromizing

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3485595A (en) * 1965-09-10 1969-12-23 Wmf Wuerttemberg Metallwaren Metal fiber bodies
US3717444A (en) * 1970-12-14 1973-02-20 Inland Steel Co Chromized steel product
FR2370106A1 (en) * 1976-11-04 1978-06-02 Gen Electric PROCESS FOR IMPROVING THE RESISTANCE TO OXIDATION AND TO HOT CORROSION OF SUPERALALLIES
FR2483468A2 (en) * 1980-05-29 1981-12-04 Creusot Loire IMPROVEMENT IN THE CHROMIZATION OF STEELS BY GAS
EP0043742A1 (en) * 1980-05-29 1982-01-13 Creusot-Loire Method of gas-chromizing steels

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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, A NY CORP.;REEL/FRAME:003882/0761

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