US3127283A - Microns for - Google Patents
Microns for Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3127283A US3127283A US3127283DA US3127283A US 3127283 A US3127283 A US 3127283A US 3127283D A US3127283D A US 3127283DA US 3127283 A US3127283 A US 3127283A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- casing
- vapor
- casing material
- temperature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/06—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/06—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using gases
- C23C10/08—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using gases only one element being diffused
- C23C10/10—Chromising
Definitions
- PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A METAL CASE Filed Oct. 2, 1959 (I) MAINTAIN AT IOOO C. TO I500C. AND 2000 MICRONS FOR 20 TO 60 HOURS (2) COOL TO SOO'C OR LOWER AND INCREASE PRESSURE TO ATMOSPHERIC STEEL PLATE REFRACTORY SUPPORT CHROME CASNG AGENT LINED FLAT CAR- VACUU M FURNACE INVENTOR. CECIL G.
- electrodeposited metal is not free from pores and, thus, does not provide a continuous coating.
- electrodeposited metal generally has a sharply defined interface with the underlying base material and severe stresses resulting from differential expansion at the interface frequently lead to spalling of the coating, especially during heating and cooling.
- a coating could be applied by bringing into contact with the surface of the base material a volatile halide of the coating metal under suitable conditions of temperature and pressure whereby a metal coating is applied to the base material.
- the casing should be substantially uniform and the cased product should exhibit no serious change in dimensions from those of the base material.
- the process which satisfies the objects of the present invention comprises introducing into a casing zone the metal substrate to be treated; introducing into a vaporizing zone a source of the casing material, said casing material being maintained out of contact with the substrate; heating the source of casing material at a reduced pressure to an elevated temperature to produce vapor of the casing material, the material atoms of which vapor have sufficient energy to traverse the distance between the substrate and the source of the casing material, the temperature of the vapor being at least that at which the substrate and the casing material exhibit substantial mutual affinity; heating the substrate in the casing zone under a reduced pressure not exceeding the pressure in the vaporizing zone at least to a temperature at which the substrate and the casing material exhibit substantial mutual affinity but below the temperature at which the substrate melts and below the temperature at which the vapor pressure of absorbed casing material at the surface of the substrate is equal to the vapor pressure of the casing material at the temperature of the vapor of said casing material; intimately contacting the substrate with the casing material vapor; and
- mutual affinity includes either the ability of the materials to form solid solutions or to form intermetallic compounds.
- the vaporizing zone and casing zone for the aforementioned process may be co-extensive. In such a situation, the pressure and temperature in the two zones will, of course, be the same but still must meet the previously mentioned limitations.
- the process of the present invention will be discussed in terms of the applying of a chrome casing (hereinafter referred to as chrome casing) to steels.
- the process will also be described in terms of the co-extensive zoning, i.e., the vaporizing zone and the casing zone being one and the same.
- the articles to be chrome cased may be placed on a suitable conveying mechanism such as, for example, a refractory-lined flat car.
- the chrome source i.e., the casing metal
- the chrome casing agent and the steel articles may be stacked out of contact with each other in rows on this flat car. It is also possible to place a layer of the chrome casing agent on the flat car and employ refractory supports to hold the articles to be chrome cased out of contact with the chrome casing agent as shown in the drawing.
- the loaded flat car may then be placed in a large, horizontal-type vacuum furnace and heated to a suitable temperature, for example, about 1000 to 1500 C. at a suitable pressure, for example, up to about 2000 microns of mercury. The heating is continued until. the desired depth of penetration is obtained. At the exemplified temperatures and pressures, heating for about twenty to sixty hours has been found to provide a good chrome casing for steel.
- the furnace may then be cooled to about 300 C. or lower, the pressure adjusted to about atmospheric and the flat car and its contents removed.
- the source of chrome vapor may be suitable chrome metal or ferrochromium alloys.
- Other forms which have been found suitable include mixtures of high-carbon ferrochromium alloys with various oxidants such as chrome ore, nickel oxide, silica, iron oxide, and oxidized ferrochromium. Such mixtures may be suitably employed in the form of pellets, briquette or other lump form.
- Suitable binding agents such as chromic acid, molasses, Mogul, or glucose with water may be employed.
- the articles were %-inch by 15- inch by 30-inch steel plates.
- the loaded flat car was placed in a vacuum furnace and heated under a reduced pressure of about 100 to 2000 microns of mercury absolute for approximately 50 to 60 hours at a temperature of between 1000 and 1385 C. Casings of chromium 0.08 inch in depth and averaging 20 percent chromium were obtained. (Surface averaged about 35 percent.)
- the process is not limited to the chrome casing of steel. Silicon may also be equally well employed.
- a small quantity of crushed silicon (through 30, on 80 mesh) was placed in a ceramic (A1 0 boat.
- a strip of sandblasted 1020 steel was placed across the boat completely out of contact with the silicon metal.
- the boat and steel were then placed in a furnace which was heated to 1200 C. for 12 hours and then heated to 1350 C. for an additional 12 hours. In the course of the heating, the furnace pressure was maintained at about 25 microns.
- the surface of the steel was spectrographically analyzed and was found to contain from about 1 percent to 10 percent silicon. By this means, silicon casings to a depth of 0.1 inch had been obtained.
- nickel has been introduced satisfactorily into steel to provide steel surfaces containing from 1 percent to 10 percent nickel.
- the substrates suitable for treatment according to the process of the present invention are not limited to steel.
- vanadium, tantalum, columbium, and molybdenum have been treated with metal vapor from vacuum-grade chromium metal pellets in a furnace which Was then heated for 2 hours at 1200 C. and for an additional 12 hours at 1300 C. while maintaining the furnace pressure at about microns.
- About 0.1 gram of chromium was produced as a casing for the 13.7 gram vanadium sample.
- a casing of 0.31 gram of chromium was produced for the 19.24 gram sample of tantalum. Similar casings were produced on the columbium and molybdenum specimens.
- Chromium has been introduced into Hastelloy turbine plates and Haynes 21 alloy (Hastelloy and Haynes are trademarks of the Union Carbide Corporation.) The furnace was held at 1150 C. and SO-microns pressure for 24 hours. Vacuumgrade chromium pellets when heated for 24 hours at a temperature of 1350 C. at a pressure of 50 microns increased the chromium content of stainless steel from 16.68 percent chromium to 17.97 percent.
- Cast iron specimens were heated for 18 hours at 1100 C. in the presence of vacuum-grade chrome pellets at a pressure of 50 microns. The chromium penetration in the specimens averaged 0.035 inch.
- Iron powder of a particle size of through mesh has been provided with a chromium content of 17.0 percent.
- chromium may be introduced very satisfactorily into steel, iron, and nickel.
- chromium may be readily introduced into molybdenum and tungsten as Well as in the metals shown in the previous examples.
- Boron may be readily introduced into steel and manganese and silicon may be introduced into steel, iron, and nickel.
- Iron may be introduced as a casing for other metals but is of limited application.
- Titanium may be introduced into substrates but requires high-vacuum nonoxidizing conditions. Nickel has a very small vapor pressure at its melting point. Hence, it would normally be necessary to use molten nickel to obtain sufficient vapor for high transfer rates.
- beryllium and palladium may be satisfactorily transferred as a casing to other metals.
- a process for providing a metal containing substrate with a diffused and continuous casing of a material selected from the group consisting of chromium, silicon, boron, manganese, nickel, beryllium, titanium and palladium which comprises introducing into a casing zone the metal substrate to be treated; introducing into a vaporizing zone a source of easing material; said source of casing material being spaced away from said substrate; heating said source of casing material at a reduced pressure to an elevated temperature to produce vapor of said casing material, the atoms of which vapor have sufiicient energy to traverse the distance between said substrate and said source of said casing material, the temperature of said vapor being at least that at which said substrate and said casing material exhibit substantial mutual aflinity; heating said substrate in said casing zone under a reduced pressure not exceeding the pressure in said vaporizing zone at least to a temperature at which said substrate and said casing material exhibits substan-' tial mutual aflinity but below the temperature at which said substrate melts and below the
- a process for providing steel with an alloyed chromium casing which comprises introducing into a vacuum furnace chromium metal and the steel to be cased, said chromium and said steel being out of contact with each other; heating said furnace to a temperature in the range of about 1000 to 1500 C. at a pressure not exceeding 2000 microns of mercury; and maintaining said furnace at said temperature and pressure until chromium vapor is produced and diffuses into said steel to a predetermined depth.
- a process for providing a steel article with an alloyed chromium casing which comprises arranging in References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,224,339 Darrah et al May 1, 1917 1,899,569 Howe Feb. 28, 1933 2,413,605 Colbert et a1 Dec. 31, 1946 2,479,541 Osterberg Aug. 16, 1949 2,610,606 Weber et al Sept. 16, 1952 2,809,127 Gibson Oct. 8, 1957 2,822,301 Alexander et a1.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
Description
Claims (1)
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3127283A true US3127283A (en) | 1964-03-31 |
Family
ID=3456287
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US3127283D Expired - Lifetime US3127283A (en) | Microns for |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3127283A (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3812718A (en) * | 1972-04-26 | 1974-05-28 | Robertshaw Controls Co | Cased heat resistant alloy to reduce mercury corrosion |
US3900636A (en) * | 1971-01-21 | 1975-08-19 | Gillette Co | Method of treating cutting edges |
EP0176379A1 (en) * | 1984-08-09 | 1986-04-02 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Vanadium alloy having improved oxidation resistance |
EP0179704A1 (en) * | 1984-10-19 | 1986-04-30 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Hydrogen permeation protection for metals |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1224339A (en) * | 1914-04-04 | 1917-05-01 | Ind Dev Company | Vapor treatment of metals. |
US1899569A (en) * | 1929-05-28 | 1933-02-28 | Gen Electric | Process of coating metals |
US2413605A (en) * | 1944-05-27 | 1946-12-31 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Process of evaporating metals |
US2479541A (en) * | 1942-12-29 | 1949-08-16 | American Optical Corp | Apparatus for treating surfaces |
US2610606A (en) * | 1946-09-26 | 1952-09-16 | Polytechnic Inst Brooklyn | Apparatus for the formation of metallic films by thermal evaporation |
US2809127A (en) * | 1948-11-19 | 1957-10-08 | Metal Gas Company Ltd | Surface treatment of metals |
US2822301A (en) * | 1952-06-03 | 1958-02-04 | Continental Can Co | Vacuum metallizing and apparatus therefor |
-
0
- US US3127283D patent/US3127283A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1224339A (en) * | 1914-04-04 | 1917-05-01 | Ind Dev Company | Vapor treatment of metals. |
US1899569A (en) * | 1929-05-28 | 1933-02-28 | Gen Electric | Process of coating metals |
US2479541A (en) * | 1942-12-29 | 1949-08-16 | American Optical Corp | Apparatus for treating surfaces |
US2413605A (en) * | 1944-05-27 | 1946-12-31 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Process of evaporating metals |
US2610606A (en) * | 1946-09-26 | 1952-09-16 | Polytechnic Inst Brooklyn | Apparatus for the formation of metallic films by thermal evaporation |
US2809127A (en) * | 1948-11-19 | 1957-10-08 | Metal Gas Company Ltd | Surface treatment of metals |
US2822301A (en) * | 1952-06-03 | 1958-02-04 | Continental Can Co | Vacuum metallizing and apparatus therefor |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3900636A (en) * | 1971-01-21 | 1975-08-19 | Gillette Co | Method of treating cutting edges |
US3812718A (en) * | 1972-04-26 | 1974-05-28 | Robertshaw Controls Co | Cased heat resistant alloy to reduce mercury corrosion |
EP0176379A1 (en) * | 1984-08-09 | 1986-04-02 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Vanadium alloy having improved oxidation resistance |
EP0179704A1 (en) * | 1984-10-19 | 1986-04-30 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Hydrogen permeation protection for metals |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US2351798A (en) | Coating metal articles | |
US3642522A (en) | Method for producing hard coatings on a surface | |
US2783164A (en) | Method of coating a metal substrate with molybdenum | |
US3127283A (en) | Microns for | |
US3877961A (en) | Method for increasing the adhesive strength of layers applied by thermal spraying | |
JPS5942070B2 (en) | What is the best way to do this? | |
US2894320A (en) | Coating uranium from carbonyls | |
US3276903A (en) | Heat treatment of metals | |
US3183588A (en) | Production of alloy-clad articles | |
US3184330A (en) | Diffusion process | |
JPS59229482A (en) | Metal coated matter and manufacture | |
US6197436B1 (en) | Method and composition for diffusion alloying of ferrous materials | |
US4007302A (en) | Case-hardening method for carbon steel | |
Bahadur | Structural studies of calorized coatings on mild steel | |
US3800406A (en) | Tantalum clad niobium | |
US6340398B1 (en) | Oxidation protective coating for Mo-Si-B alloys | |
JPS5811507B2 (en) | Molten metal bath immersion parts | |
US3356487A (en) | Prevention of splattering during vaporization processing | |
US4654091A (en) | Elimination of quench cracking in superalloy disks | |
US3249456A (en) | Diffusion coating process | |
US3692596A (en) | Dispersion strengthened nickel-chromium alloys | |
US3449151A (en) | Deposition of metal containing coating from vapor | |
US3196056A (en) | Methods for protecting furnace parts and the like | |
JP2000282217A (en) | Method for diffusing aluminum onto steel surface | |
CN102864415A (en) | Ferro-aluminum alloying technique based on vacuum evaporation method |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: ELKEM METALS COMPANY, A NEW YORK GENERAL PARTNERSH Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, A NY CORP.;REEL/FRAME:003882/0761 Effective date: 19810626 Owner name: ELKEM METALS COMPANY, 270 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, N Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, A NY CORP.;REEL/FRAME:003882/0761 Effective date: 19810626 Owner name: ELKEM METALS COMPANY, A GENERAL PARTNERSHIP OF NY, Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:003882/0752 Effective date: 19810626 Owner name: ELKEM METALS COMPANY, 270 PARK AVE., NEW YORK, NY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:003882/0752 Effective date: 19810626 |