US3206901A - Wall structures - Google Patents

Wall structures Download PDF

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Publication number
US3206901A
US3206901A US2058A US205860A US3206901A US 3206901 A US3206901 A US 3206901A US 2058 A US2058 A US 2058A US 205860 A US205860 A US 205860A US 3206901 A US3206901 A US 3206901A
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United States
Prior art keywords
mullions
spaced
members
web
wall
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US2058A
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English (en)
Inventor
Bakke Bjorn Knag
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A KNAG AS
KNAG AS A
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KNAG AS A
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/88—Curtain walls
    • E04B2/96—Curtain walls comprising panels attached to the structure through mullions or transoms

Definitions

  • This invention relates to wall structures of the kind comprising vertical mullions connected by horizontal transoms to provide a framework with rectangular openings each of which is adapted to be closed by wall panels and/or Opening or non-opening windows.
  • the invention relates to wall structures known in the trade as glazed curtain walling.
  • such structures comprise a main supporting framework formed from reinforced concrete and designed to take the weight of additional wall forming assemblies.
  • non-stressed structures comprising lightweight materials are used.
  • the outer walls of the building may consist of elements constituting a thin walling having the sole purpose of protecting the interior from the weather by having sufficient thermal insulating properties and by affording protection against wind and rain.
  • the assembly thin-walled structures are suspended in a curtain-like manner to form the exterior walls of the building by being secured to the main structure at the outside thereof.
  • the aforesaid thinwalled structures comprise glass panels and supporting bars, the latter being preferably manufactured from aluminum by well known extrusion processes.
  • the number of joints should be kept as low as possible. Furthermore, the difference between the thermal expansions of aluminum and glass must be taken into account. If wood elements are incorporated, the elongation and contraction of such elements under the influence of moisture should also be considered.
  • wall structures of the stated kind should be possible to erect from the inside of the building, that is, without the use of scaffolding.
  • Such wall structures usually involve a number of vertical mullions arranged in spaced relationship and suspended upon the main structure, said mullions forming the main support of transoms and panels of the wall structure. Said mullions are first mounted in their correct positions and then the entire wall structure is assembled thereon. On the other hand, when the exterior panels are broken or damaged, they should at least be replaceable from the outside. The insulating materials enclosed within the wall may then prevent any access from the inside after erection.
  • the glass panes of opening as well as non-opening (or rigidly mounted) windows should, on the other hand, preferably be removable from the inside.
  • the window frames should preferably be removable as a unit in order to enable substitution of the glass pane with associated mounting as a whole.
  • a further object is to provide a simple and rugged construction which is easy to erect and to disassemble particularly when there is a need for repair and maintenance.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a wall structure according to the invention, with a part cut away to show a sectional view of the wall.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the mounting of the mullions on the substructure of the building.
  • FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view of the mounting according to FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 is a somewhat simplified horizontal sectional view of the wall, illustrating the means for mounting transoms in the wall.
  • FIG. 5 is a vertical sectional view of part of the wall at the upper part of an opening window.
  • FIG. 6 is a vertical sectional view corresponding to FIG. 5, but showing the lower part of an opening window.
  • FIG. 1 shows part of a glazed curtain walling comprising horizontal members 10 forming part of the main structure, said main structure being formed from reinforced concrete to form columns which support such horizontal members as are indicated by the reference numeral 10, at desired levels.
  • a number of vertical mullions 11 are suspended in spaced parallel relationship upon said main structure.
  • Horizontal transoms 12 are arranged between the mullions to define rectangular openings 13 in which glass windows 14 or panels 15 are received.
  • the panels 15 may consist of non-transparent glass panes, preferably colored or toned to give a desired architectural effect.
  • an inner wall structure 16 Inwardly of the panels 15 is arranged an inner wall structure 16, there being disposed within part of the space between said panels and the structure, insulating material 17. Mineral wool has been found to be very suitable for this particular purpose.
  • each mullion comprises a number of mullion section bars, each section bar spanning from one floor to the adjacent floor, and being mounted at the top upon the floor plate 10 of the main structure.
  • each section bar is slidably located by guide means on the next adjacent section bar, whereby vertical movements, for instance due to thermal ex pansion and contraction, are taken up and limited to a single floor spacing.
  • This individual mounting of mullion section bars of a length corresponding to one single floor spacing has the further advantage that the inherent variations due to constructional tolerances which are unavoidable in such buildings are readily compensated for, enabling the use of prefabricated elements.
  • the individual mullion section bars 11 are mounted on the floor plates 10 of the main structure by a threaded stud 18.
  • This stud 18 has at its lower end a support member 19 attached thereto, said support member being bent to hairpin shape and embedded in the reinforced concrete during pouring thereof.
  • the stud 18 protrudes from the bottom of a recess 20, said recess being open at the top and at its outwardly facing side.
  • the mullion 11 has the general shape of an I-beam, having a web portion 21, an outer flange 22 and an inner flange 23.
  • the inner flange 23 carries a vertical mounting plate 24 secured to the inner flange 23 by means of rivets 25, which at the outer side of the flange 23 maintainsin position a pair of angular mounting plate members 26.
  • the mounting plate members 26 are also secured to the web 21 by rivets 27.
  • the inner mounting plate 24 carries a horizontal bracket 28 with an opening '29 receiving the stud 18, nut and washer means 30 being associated with said stud 18 to keep the brackets 28 in position upon the supporting stud.
  • the mounting plate 24 and the mounting plate members 26 are extended beyond the top of the section bar to define a T-shaped space into which the lower end of the adjacent section bar may be slidably received.
  • the adjacent section bar is firmly held against lateral displacement, while being aligned in vertical direction in end to end contiguous relation. 7
  • each section bar is'provided with a lip portion 31 at its lower end, said lip portion 31 covering the joint between adjacent section bars.
  • the inner flange 23 of the mullion bar is provided with a pair of inwardly extending flange portions 32 terminating at their remote ends in beads 33. Said flange portions 32 are arranged to support the inner wall structure 16.
  • the inner flange terminates at its remote edges in protrusions 34 having generally a T-shaped cross section with a groove 35, whereby a sealing strip 36 with a U-shaped cross section maybe arranged to cover the protrusions 34.
  • the sealing strip 36 seals the joint between the inner wall and the mullion while also forming a cover to prevent exposure of bare metal of the mullion towards the inside of the building.
  • the flange portions 32 with the associated beads 33 are arranged to support the inner Wall structure together with the insulating material.
  • the connection between the mullion 11 and the inner wall 16 with the insulating material is solely obtained by interengagement between the beads 33 and "recesses in the wooden members 37 supporting the inner walling.
  • a sliding connection is obtained between the mullions and inner walling, enabling the mullions and associated parts carried thereby to expand or contract without transfer of such movements caused by thermal influences to the interior part of the wall structure.
  • the outer flange 22 terminates along its free edges in L-shaped protrusions 38.
  • a channel member 39 is provided adjacent its outer edges with recesses 40 receiving the ends of said protrusions 38.
  • An inclined entering portion 41 enables movement of the channel member 39 into snap engagement with the flange 22 by virtue of the engagement between the protrusions 39 and the recesses 40, thus the channel member is firmly but removably held in position on the outer flange 22.
  • This flange 22 and the channel member 39 define together a .hollow space extending continuously from the ground to the'roof at the outer side of the wall structure.
  • a sealing strip 42 is received in a groove 43 at the outer edges of the outer flange. This strip 42 serves mainly to ensure a firm fit between the channel member and other parts of the walling.
  • the channel members 39 have a length corresponding to the length of the associated mullion section bar 11, i.e., corresponding to the spacing between adjacent floors.
  • the joint between two It is preferred to abutting channel members is situated at 44, remote from the joint between the corresponding mullion section bars. The channel members will therefore bridge the latter joints to form a reinforcement of the outer flanges at said joints.
  • each mullion When the section bars are assembled and mounted to form a mullion with the channel members attached thereto for reinforcement each mullion will form a rigid vertical support of the wall structure, on which supports the transoms 12 may be arranged without, any need for the transoms to take horizontal stresses in the wall. There fore, the transoms may be supported on the bottom webs 50 of, the brackets.
  • the brackets are secured by rivets 51 to the mullions 11 (see FIG. 4). Said brackets are moulded to fit into the channel shaped space at the corresponding side of the mullions.
  • a peripheral flange 52 surrounds each bracket thus the bracket will form a tray having a depression 53 leading into an outlet 54.
  • This outlet leads into the space defined by the outer flange 22 and the channel member 39, whereby this space may form a discharge conduit for moisture.
  • a central opening 55 having a peripheral flange 56 is arranged in order to obtain a venting effect within the wall structure.
  • the transom 12 is provided with a hole 57 receiving a pin 58 of the corresponding bracket.
  • a similar pin 58 is arranged on the bracket of the opposite mullion, this second pin being received in an elongated hole 59 at the corresponding end of the transom 12.
  • longitudinal movements, for example thermal expansion and contraction, of the transom 12 may take place without stresses being applied to the mullions in the horizontal direction.
  • this arrangement which is similar to the arrangement at the joints of the mullion section bars, will not only act to take up thermal expansion and contraction, but enables easy erection and security against variations in the main structure, specifically relating to the spacings between the vertical mullions.
  • the transoms are shown to have a central channel portion 60 for conducting water. that may have penetrated into the wall to the trays formed by the brackets, such water being eifectively removed through the outlets 54.
  • the actual design of one such transom is shown in FIG. 5, which illustrates a vertical sectional View of a transom 12 forming the upper bar defining an opening for a transparent window, said transom also forming the support of a glass panel 15 in the next higher rectangular space of the wall.
  • Thisupper transom is provided at the exterior side, with a flange portion 61 extending downwardly to terminate in a recess receiving a sealing strip 62 abutting the exterior face of the window pane. From a central horizontal portion 63 containing the channel portion 60 a similar exterior vertical flange portion 64 extends upwards to terminate in a recess receiving a sealing strip 65 abutting the outer face of the glass panel 15. At the inner side the transom has an upwards extending flange portion 66 terminating in a hook shaped end 67. At the extreme inner part the transom has a small flange portion 68, serving as a support of the lower face of a wooden window sill 69. This wooden sill is at its upper face gripped by the hook shaped end 67.
  • the window pane comprises a laminated structure 70 embedded in a plastic mass 71 such as mastic in a recess 72 of a window frame bar'73.
  • a sealing gasket strip 74 is arranged along the inner side to seal between the glass pane 70 and the window frame, bar 73.
  • a flange portion 75 extends upwards to engage a sealing strip 76 covering the inwardly facing part 68 of the transom 12.
  • the glass panel 15 is supported on small blocks 80 their lower edges thereby being situated above the bottom of the channels 60.
  • the flange portion' 66 has an inclined portion in order to co-operatewith wedge members 81 by means of which the glass panel may be .5 pressed firmly outwards against the sealing strip 65.
  • a small flange 82 serves as a location for a partition member 83, said partition member retaining the insulating material 17 (FIG. 1) in position, there being a hollow space between the glass panel and the partition member.
  • the window frame comprises a recess 84 receiving the plastic mass 71 in which the lower edges of the window pane 70 are embedded.
  • a sealing strip 85 is arranged between the window pane and the aluminum bar forming the frame.
  • the aluminum bar comprises a vertical flange portion 86 terminating in a recess receiving a sealing strip 87 directed towards and abutting the surface of the lower glass panel 15. The flange 86 will entirely cover the aluminum bar forming the lower transom 12.
  • the transom has a vertical flange portion 91 terminating in a T-shaped portion 92 with a recess for receiving a sealing gasket strip 93. Said strip engages the inner face of the window pane 70.
  • a horizontal flange Portion 94 ter-- minates in a hook shaped portion 95 to grip a wooden sill plate 96. It remains to be noted that a hairpin clip member 97 serves to keep the glass panel 15 in position while also serving as an engagement for the partition member 83.
  • the flange portions 61 and 86 will form cover means for defining an air pocket between the window frame and the wall, while still allowing opening windows to be pivoted over an angle of up to 170, when the opening window frame is pivotably supported on a horizontal axis intermediate the upper and lower edges of the window frame (FIG. 1).
  • Capping strips 98 are arranged to bridge the gap between the mullions 11 and the vertical edges of the wall panels 14, 15.
  • the upper and lower edges are preferably arranged in the same manner as in opening windows.
  • the mullion section bars of the lowermost floor are first brought into position by being mounted as aforesaid upon the studs 18, while their lower ends are secured in a manner not shown to the lowermost floor.
  • the walling covers the building from the first floor and upwards, the ground floor being occupied by shops etc.
  • the mullion section bars may be erected with the channel members 39 secured to the outer flanges. As mentioned, said channel members have a snapping engage ment with said flange. Any subsequent section bar may be brought into position by sliding engagement between the overlapping channel member 39 and the section bar, whereby correct alignment of the mullion will be easy to obtain. Any misalignment may also be corrected by loosening the nuts engaging the studs 18.
  • the transoms When the mullions have been erected, the transoms are brought in position one by one and the panels as Sild with the strips. Finally, the inner Walling is mounted on the flange portions 32, 33.
  • outer walling consisting of mullions, transoms and glass panels is erected first, whereby mounting of the inner walling parts may take place under protection of the outer walling.
  • the wall structure may be erected in a minimum of time from the inside of the building. Furthermore, the novel arrangement enabling discharge of water as well as a venting effect within the wall structure will assist in obtaining and maintaining dry conditions within the wall.
  • each mullion including a plurality of vertically aligned members substantially I-shaped in crosssection in end to end contiguous relationship, each I-shaped member including a Web extending outwardly from said floors and a pair of parallel flanges connected to the Web and constituting inner and outer flanges, each mullion further including a plurality of vertically aligned channel members in end to end contiguous relationship, each including a web portion and leg portions integral therewith, the leg portions having ends remote from said web portions connected to the ends of the outer flanges of the I-shaped members, the contiguous ends of the I-shaped members being vertically offset
  • each of the opposite ends of the transoms is provided with a hole, one of which is of elongated shape, said means supporting each transom, comprising for each opposed pair of brackets integral supporting means engaging an associated transom through said holes.
  • a building as claimed in claim 1 comprising an inner wall structure for each floor of said structure, intermediate supporting means interposed between the inner flanges of the I-shaped members and the inner Wall structure, the inner flanges of said I-shaped members including integral flange portions extending inwardly towards the inner wall structure and engaging in recesses provided in the intermediate supporting means, such that the intermediate supporting means provides sliding connection between the mullions and the inner wall structure whereby the inner wall structure is indirectly supported by the mullions through the intermediate supporting means.
  • the means suspending the framework outwardly of the floors comprises means connecting each I-shaped member at the upper end thereof to a respective floor, the latter means defining a T-shaped slot accommodating the contiguous end of the next higher I-shaped member in vertical sliding arrangement, a fixed stud at each floor and a bracket secured to the inner flange of each I-shaped member engaging a corresponding stud.
  • each of said transoms being between one of the wall panel elements and one of the glass window elements for supporting the element thereabove and engaging the element therebelow, each said transom including a flange portion adapted to sealably engage said elements corresponding therewith.
  • a window structure operatively positioned in at least one of said rectangular spaces, said window structure comprising an upper horizontal wall member, a lower horizontal wall member and a windowmember in said space between said upper and lower members, said win+ dow member including an inner and outer face, said upper wall member including a downwardly extending flange and a sealing member on said flange for engaging the outer face of the Window member in sealing engagement, the lower horizontal wall member including an upwardly extending flange and a sealing member on the latter flange for engaging the inner face of said Window member in sealing engagement, the upper and lower ends of the window members each including a flange provided with a sealing member, said sealing members respectively engaging the upper and lower'horizontal wall members and the said two pairs of'flanges defining a pair of air pockets one at each end of the window member.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
US2058A 1959-01-16 1960-01-12 Wall structures Expired - Lifetime US3206901A (en)

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NO13049459 1959-01-16

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US (1) US3206901A (de)
BE (1) BE586616A (de)
DE (1) DE1212269B (de)
GB (1) GB878796A (de)
NO (1) NO97816A (de)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3321875A (en) * 1964-10-05 1967-05-30 L & J Specialty Corp Stair rail mounting post with lighting fixtures
US3509672A (en) * 1967-12-21 1970-05-05 Ppg Industries Inc Curtain wall construction
US3522684A (en) * 1967-10-18 1970-08-04 Abraham Grossman Water barrier coupling means for vertical mullions
US3755980A (en) * 1971-04-08 1973-09-04 Salvadari G Bracing for structural steel building frames
FR2429881A1 (fr) * 1978-06-27 1980-01-25 Stoakes Richard Perfectionnement a des ensembles de construction
US4387542A (en) * 1980-04-17 1983-06-14 Cyclops Corporation Integrated window and wall system
US4393632A (en) * 1981-01-26 1983-07-19 C. Levesque Co. Inc. Building system
US4447995A (en) * 1982-04-21 1984-05-15 Neal J. Mosely Building with illuminated sign
USD405198S (en) * 1997-05-31 1999-02-02 Haden, Inc. Spray paint booth wall
WO2003023159A1 (en) * 2001-09-10 2003-03-20 Clark Pacific Secondary moisture drainage system for structures having pre-manufactured exterior cladding systems
US6968659B2 (en) * 1998-11-19 2005-11-29 Centria, Inc. Composite joinery
US20060213139A1 (en) * 2005-03-23 2006-09-28 Stramandinoli S.R.I. Structural facade having punctually suspended panes and window or wall frame system for said structural facade
US20150135615A1 (en) * 2013-11-08 2015-05-21 Cupples International Inc. Perimeter wall
US20170241133A1 (en) * 2016-02-23 2017-08-24 Advanced Building Systems, Inc. Curtain Wall Mullion Anchoring System
US10145112B2 (en) * 2016-06-24 2018-12-04 Universiteit Gent Structural glass beam elements and connection system

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3729878A (en) * 1971-06-25 1973-05-01 Intern Environmental Dynamics Curtain wall construction
DE3421901A1 (de) * 1984-06-13 1985-12-19 Ernst Nipp & Co (GmbH & Co), 2800 Bremen Vorhangfassade fuer gebaeude
CN108222338A (zh) * 2017-10-25 2018-06-29 浙江德清森朗装饰材料有限公司 一种幕墙连接结构
CN113246253B (zh) * 2021-04-12 2023-01-31 山东京博木基材料有限公司 一种新型京泰木节能仿古木窗的生产方法
CN115324246B (zh) * 2022-08-25 2023-11-24 中国建筑土木建设有限公司 便于安装的幕墙用铝单板及其安装方法

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US385624A (en) * 1888-07-03 Cowlposite beam
US1052207A (en) * 1912-03-18 1913-02-04 August H Beckman Building element.
US2164261A (en) * 1936-11-07 1939-06-27 Martin Parry Corp Building wall construction
US2280142A (en) * 1939-11-25 1942-04-21 Albert J Daniels Glazing construction
US2711233A (en) * 1954-03-08 1955-06-21 Wilford F Pierce Sash construction
US2885040A (en) * 1956-04-30 1959-05-05 Grossman Abraham Curtain wall construction
US2914145A (en) * 1955-01-26 1959-11-24 Benson Russell Richard Curtain wall framing
US2916108A (en) * 1954-07-24 1959-12-08 Gartner & Co J Metal window wall
US2944641A (en) * 1954-12-06 1960-07-12 Gerald D Peterson Wall construction
US2949981A (en) * 1957-12-17 1960-08-23 Robertson Co H H Wall structure
US2963126A (en) * 1956-10-31 1960-12-06 Moynahan Bronze Company Wall structure
US2966242A (en) * 1956-09-18 1960-12-27 Kaiser Willy Light steel girder
US2985263A (en) * 1957-11-19 1961-05-23 Olin Mathieson Field fabricated curtain wall construction
US2996160A (en) * 1958-07-30 1961-08-15 Acrow Eng Ltd Builder's appliances

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DE1739188U (de) * 1954-08-14 1957-02-07 Marcus Metallbau Fassadenverkleidung fuer stahl-skelettbauten.
GB790691A (en) * 1955-01-26 1958-02-12 Russell Richard Benson Improvements in and relating to a curtain wall framing
US2866527A (en) * 1956-12-10 1958-12-30 Frederick A Schilling Extruded window mullion and curtain wall structures
DE1772216U (de) * 1958-01-28 1958-08-14 Siegener Ag Fuer Eisenkonstruk Befestigungsvorrichtung fuer verkleidungsbleche oder aehnliche verkleidungsteile.

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US385624A (en) * 1888-07-03 Cowlposite beam
US1052207A (en) * 1912-03-18 1913-02-04 August H Beckman Building element.
US2164261A (en) * 1936-11-07 1939-06-27 Martin Parry Corp Building wall construction
US2280142A (en) * 1939-11-25 1942-04-21 Albert J Daniels Glazing construction
US2711233A (en) * 1954-03-08 1955-06-21 Wilford F Pierce Sash construction
US2916108A (en) * 1954-07-24 1959-12-08 Gartner & Co J Metal window wall
US2944641A (en) * 1954-12-06 1960-07-12 Gerald D Peterson Wall construction
US2914145A (en) * 1955-01-26 1959-11-24 Benson Russell Richard Curtain wall framing
US2885040A (en) * 1956-04-30 1959-05-05 Grossman Abraham Curtain wall construction
US2966242A (en) * 1956-09-18 1960-12-27 Kaiser Willy Light steel girder
US2963126A (en) * 1956-10-31 1960-12-06 Moynahan Bronze Company Wall structure
US2985263A (en) * 1957-11-19 1961-05-23 Olin Mathieson Field fabricated curtain wall construction
US2949981A (en) * 1957-12-17 1960-08-23 Robertson Co H H Wall structure
US2996160A (en) * 1958-07-30 1961-08-15 Acrow Eng Ltd Builder's appliances

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3321875A (en) * 1964-10-05 1967-05-30 L & J Specialty Corp Stair rail mounting post with lighting fixtures
US3522684A (en) * 1967-10-18 1970-08-04 Abraham Grossman Water barrier coupling means for vertical mullions
US3509672A (en) * 1967-12-21 1970-05-05 Ppg Industries Inc Curtain wall construction
US3755980A (en) * 1971-04-08 1973-09-04 Salvadari G Bracing for structural steel building frames
FR2429881A1 (fr) * 1978-06-27 1980-01-25 Stoakes Richard Perfectionnement a des ensembles de construction
US4387542A (en) * 1980-04-17 1983-06-14 Cyclops Corporation Integrated window and wall system
US4393632A (en) * 1981-01-26 1983-07-19 C. Levesque Co. Inc. Building system
US4447995A (en) * 1982-04-21 1984-05-15 Neal J. Mosely Building with illuminated sign
USD405198S (en) * 1997-05-31 1999-02-02 Haden, Inc. Spray paint booth wall
US6968659B2 (en) * 1998-11-19 2005-11-29 Centria, Inc. Composite joinery
WO2003023159A1 (en) * 2001-09-10 2003-03-20 Clark Pacific Secondary moisture drainage system for structures having pre-manufactured exterior cladding systems
US20060213139A1 (en) * 2005-03-23 2006-09-28 Stramandinoli S.R.I. Structural facade having punctually suspended panes and window or wall frame system for said structural facade
US20150135615A1 (en) * 2013-11-08 2015-05-21 Cupples International Inc. Perimeter wall
US10202763B2 (en) 2013-11-08 2019-02-12 Cupples International, Inc. Perimeter wall
US20170241133A1 (en) * 2016-02-23 2017-08-24 Advanced Building Systems, Inc. Curtain Wall Mullion Anchoring System
US9896840B2 (en) * 2016-02-23 2018-02-20 Advanced Building Systems, Inc. Curtain wall mullion anchoring system
US10145112B2 (en) * 2016-06-24 2018-12-04 Universiteit Gent Structural glass beam elements and connection system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1212269B (de) 1966-03-10
BE586616A (fr) 1960-05-03
GB878796A (en) 1961-10-04
NO97816A (de)

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