US3179544A - Electrically conductive coated article with stable electrical resistance and method for producing same - Google Patents

Electrically conductive coated article with stable electrical resistance and method for producing same Download PDF

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Publication number
US3179544A
US3179544A US191759A US19175962A US3179544A US 3179544 A US3179544 A US 3179544A US 191759 A US191759 A US 191759A US 19175962 A US19175962 A US 19175962A US 3179544 A US3179544 A US 3179544A
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Prior art keywords
coating
electrically conductive
particles
resistance
silica
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Expired - Lifetime
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US191759A
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English (en)
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Smith-Johannsen Robert
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Chemelex Inc
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Chemelex Inc
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Priority to US191759A priority Critical patent/US3179544A/en
Priority to GB15810/63A priority patent/GB1034526A/en
Priority to DE19631440969 priority patent/DE1440969A1/de
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Publication of US3179544A publication Critical patent/US3179544A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/14—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive inorganic material
    • H01B1/18—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive inorganic material the conductive material comprising carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/14—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive inorganic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C17/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
    • H01C17/06—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for coating resistive material on a base
    • H01C17/065—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for coating resistive material on a base by thick film techniques, e.g. serigraphy
    • H01C17/06506—Precursor compositions therefor, e.g. pastes, inks, glass frits
    • H01C17/06573—Precursor compositions therefor, e.g. pastes, inks, glass frits characterised by the permanent binder
    • H01C17/0658—Precursor compositions therefor, e.g. pastes, inks, glass frits characterised by the permanent binder composed of inorganic material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • Y10T156/1089—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor of discrete laminae to single face of additional lamina
    • Y10T156/1092—All laminae planar and face to face
    • Y10T156/1093—All laminae planar and face to face with covering of discrete laminae with additional lamina
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
    • Y10T428/259—Silicic material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer

Definitions

  • FIG. 1 ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE COATED ARTICLE WITH STABLE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME Filed May 2, 1962 FIG. 1
  • FIG. 1 is a view showing an insulating base 2 upon which has been placed a conductive coating 3 which has been heated to a temperature of at least 312 F. Electrodes 4 which are preferably copper are placed and i adhered to the conductive coating and an insulating layer 5 adhered thereover.
  • the view in FIG. 1 is exaggerated for the purposes of illustration and actually the space shown between the top insulating layer 5 and the conductive coating 3 does not exist. is thus adhered continuously not only to the electrodes 4 but to the conductive coating 3 producing slight elevations in the element in the areas where the electrode was applied.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the base 2 and the conductive layer adhered thereto, the electrodes 4 are adhered to this conductive coating and the insulating layer '5 adhered over the electrodes and conductive coating by means of an adhesive as illustrated.
  • the colloidal silica used as a non-conductive, adhesive bonding housing agent or carrier for the conductive particles in the composition of the present invention is a unique colloidal dispersion.
  • a colloidal silica is marketed under the trade name Ludox" by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company and under the trade name Syton by Monsanto Chemical Company.
  • Ludox coloidal silica generally marketed is composed of 29 to 31% SiO 0.29 to 0.39% Na O and a maximum of 0.15% sulfates as Na SO and is obtainable in the form of a Water slurry containing about 30%
  • the silica particles are extremely small, ranging from about 0.01 to 0.03 micron in maximum dimension.
  • the colloidal dispersion has an insolubilizing action on water soluble substances, such as Water Soluble synthetic
  • water soluble substances such as Water Soluble synthetic
  • Another very important property of such a colloidal silica is that the silica is irreversibly precipitated. Once the colloidal silica is dispersed, in water for example, and dried, it becomes irreversible and cannot be redispersed.
  • Ludox colloidal silica as a stable aqueous silica sol generally having a silica-alkali ratio
  • the insulating layer "ice from about 60:1 to 130:1 containing discrete silica particles, having a molecular Weight, as determined by light scattering of more than one-half million.
  • the silica-alkali ratio of Ludox silica is calculated at Na O and may be as low as 10:1 but it is advantageous to use a Ludox silica containing a silica-alkali ratio of between about 60:1 to 130:1.
  • the silica-alkali ratio makes it obvious that the silica and alkali are combined in a special manner not found in conventional metal alkali silicates since the latter cannot be prepared in a form soluble and stable in aqueous solutions at ratios above 4:1.
  • the alkali present is not uniformly distributed throughout the SiO particles as it is in conventional silicates such as water glass but is substantially all outside the SiO particles.
  • the alkali is present as a stabilizer for the S10 sol and prevents condensation of the SiO particles.
  • Other stable colloidalsilica sols can also be used such as discussed in US. Patent 2,892,797 and marketed by Du Pont under the trade name Ludox A.M.
  • Ludox colloidal silicas are generally prepared by passing a silicate through an ion exchange resin to remove the alkali as described in United States Patent No. 2,244,325. If all of the alkali is removed from the silicate, the resulting sols are not stable, but they can be stabilized by adding a small amount of alkali such as Na O or K 0.
  • Ludox silica having a particle size of less than 30 millimicrons (0.03 micron), although the particles of Ludox may be of colloidal dimensions, that is, particles having an average size not exceeding 100 millimicrons (0.1 micron) nor less than about .1 millimicron (0.001 micron).
  • the particle size of Ludox colloidal silica is determined as the average size of particle present when the solution is diluted to about 0.1% SiO with water and dried in a very thin layer deposit as described in the above-mentioned patent.
  • Ludox silica containsin between about 29-30% Si0 although higher and lower amounts can be used.
  • Stable Ludox silica sols containing 5 to 15% SiO can be prepared according to the United States Patent No. 2,244,325, while the more advantageous Ludox silica sols containing 20 to 35% by weight SiO can be prepared according to the United States Patent No. 2,574,902.
  • the above patents may be referred to.
  • the colloidal silica is mixed with electrically conductive particles of a much larger size than the silica particles and formed into a slurry.
  • the conductive particles may range in size from about 1 to 10 microns.
  • a typical example of a composition of the present invention in parts by weight is as follows:
  • the extremely active particles of the colloidal silica act as a very strong binder in themselves, and it is not necessary to use any soluble binder at all with the above composition.
  • composition has been found satisfactory in producing these elements and comprises an aqueous dispersion of particles of electrically conductive material such as graphite and an alkali stabilized colloidal silica in the form of dispersed particles having a particle size of about 1 to millimicrons and having the alkali substantially all outside the silica particles.
  • This coating a and variations thereof are more particularly described in United States Patent No. 2,803,5 66.
  • the elements may be saturated and encapsulated in plastics, bonded to various structures, for example, walls of a room, or merely cut into lengths and used as they are.
  • the procedure previously used in producing the conductive coatings included the step of drying the coating after it V was applied to the insulating base. These coated insulated bases could then be stored in this manner without producing any significant change in their resistance.
  • One reason for this is the fact that even though the paper and the coating were wet at one time, they were not wet for a sufiiciently long period of time to effect the resistance desired.
  • the resistance tolerances of the final product is plus or minus If the resistance changes during wet storage or during the application of the electrodes and insulating material to, say, 75 ohms, the entire production run will not be within specification and it will have to be discarded or used in some other manner than originally intended.
  • the change in resistance of the conductive coating is especially apparent where the electrodes and the top insulating layer are adhered to the conductive coating by means of an adhesive containing alkali such as sodium silicate or water'glass.
  • an adhesive containing alkali such as sodium silicate or water'glass.
  • the storing of these elements while wet results in a permanent change in the resistance of the elements prohibiting any prior determination of the final resistance which would be obtained from the product.
  • the resistance of the elements will be higher when they are wet than when they are dry.
  • an electrically conductive coating having a resistance of 60 ohms per square when dry might have a resistance [of ohms per square when wet.
  • the resistance of a coating were to rise from 60 ohms per square to 90 ohms per square during the wet combining step and the coating was allowed to stay in a wet condition for any length of time, the resistance might tend to stabilize itself around approximately 90 ohms per square when subseqeuntly dried.
  • the wetting operation might increase the resistance to a considerably higher value than 90 ohms per square; or upon drying, the resistance value might even go down rather than become stabilized at the higher value. It can thus be seen that the effect that wetting has on the resistance of the coating is quite unpredictable.
  • a final element can be produced with a coating having a predetermined resistance which is the same as the initial resistance of the coating composition before it is applied to the insulating base. This is possible even though the coating is wetted during the combining steps and stored in a wet condition for considerable periods of time.
  • the resistance of the coating may increase from 60 ohms per square to 90 ohms per square, for example, when it is wetted, it will not become stabilized at 90 ohms per square but will return to its original resistance'value when it is finally dried.
  • the temperatures to which the conductive coatings described above must be heated in order to effect this stabilization is at least 312 F. Much higher temperatures can, of course, be used; but any lower temperature will not produce the results desired. If, for example, the coating is heated to 305 F., the subsequent change in the resistance of the element may be more pronounced than if the coating were heated to 300 F.
  • the maximum temperatures which can be used will depend mainly upon the components and materials used in the base supporting layer as well as in the coating composition itself. Certainly, if a material such as cellulose is used as a base for the conductive coating, the curing temperature should be below that which would cause injury to the base coating.
  • the exact temperature which might be more advantageous will also depend upon the coating equipment available and the speed at which the coated insulating base is passed through the dryer.
  • the critical temperature is not that of the dryer itself but the temperature obtained by the coating.
  • the conductive coatings can be stabilized against resistance change as discussed herein by heating the coating composition to a temperature of 312 F. in a matter of a few seconds so long as the coating itself reaches this critical temperature.
  • the insulating base is coated with an aqueous suspension of conductive particles and colloidal silicate.
  • This wet coated insulating base is then transferred to the dryer which may, for example, be heated to 350 F. Before the coating can reach the stabilizing temperature it must be dried and the water removed. Thus, during the first period that the wet coated paper is in the dryer, a drying function is being performed and it is not until the paper is nearing the end of the dryer that it actually reaches the stabilizing temperatures.
  • the wet coating can, of course, be dried at any temperature so long as the coating itself reaches the stabilizing temperature for a short period of time on the order of 15 to 20 seconds.
  • the actual time that the conductive coating and insulating base are in the dryer will include that necessary for drying the coating as well as that necessary for stabilizing the coating.
  • the-temperature of the dryer was maintained at about 315 F. and a 6 inch width web coated with the conductive coating described herein was passed through a 16 foot dryer at about 8 feet per minute.
  • the conductive coating on the paper at the exit end of the dryer had a measured temperature of 315 F. and this was sufficient to stabilize the coating.
  • the Wet paper was transferred through the dryer at approximately 100 feet per minute. In view of the speed of the paper passing through the dryer it was advantageous to extend the length of the dryer and to heat the dryer in this case to a temperature of 400 F.
  • the conductive coatings exiting from the dryer had a measured temperature of about 400 F.
  • the resulting product may be shipped directly to the consumer.
  • electrodes and a top layer of insulating material may be applied over the coating.
  • the product being wet due to the combining steps may still be rolled up and stored Without drying.
  • aqueous alkaline stabilized colloidal silica having 31% solids and marketed by the E. I du Pont Company under the trademark Ludox HS was thoroughly mixed with 100 lbs. of graphite Acheson Grade 38.
  • 300 pounds of the same Ludox HS was added and thoroughly mixed therewith to form a dispersion of coatable consistency.
  • This coating composition was applied using a 4 mil wet gap metering roll to a web of asbestos paper having a suitable wet strength and a thickness of about 7 mils.
  • the coating composition applied to the asbestos web was designed to give a coating resistance of 60 ohms per square.
  • the coated asbestos base was then passed through a dryer 16 feet in length at the rate of about 8 feet per minute.
  • the temperature in the drier at the last stage was measured at 350 F. and the temperature of the paper and conductive coating at the exit of the drier was measured by a thermocouple at 350 F.
  • the thickness of the resulting dried coating was about 1.7 mils and the resistance of the coating upon exit from the drier was measured and found to be 60 ohms per square. Electrodes were applied to each end of the Web along the length of the web and a top insulating asbestos layer was next applied over the conductive coating using a sodium silicate adhesive.
  • the water present in the sodium silicate adhesive wet the coating and the resistance of the wet coating varied and measured anywhere from between 92 to ohms per square.
  • the web was rolled up and stored in the wet condition.
  • the conductive web was then allowed to dry by exposing it to air and the final resistance of the dry coating was measured and found to be 60 ohms per square, the original resistance intended.
  • the coating at this stage can, of course, be dried in other manners if desired even by the use of positive drying means but in all instances, the resistance will return to approximately 60 ohms per square and will not be permanently afiected.
  • the conductive coating will permanently change in resistance upon exposure to moisture.
  • the exposure to moisture can occur in other manners aside from contact with an adhesive containing moisture such as by exposure to weather and high humidity conditions.
  • an electrically conductive composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of electrically conductive particles, consisting essentially of graphite particles, in an amount sutficient to render the composition electrically conductive when dry and a non-conductive stabilized colloidal silica in the form of dispersed particles having substantially no alkali within the silica particles and a silica-alkali ratio expressed as Na O of at least 10: 1,
  • an electrically conductive composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of electrically conductive particles consisting essentially of graphite particles in an amount sufficient to render the composition electrically conductive when dry and a non-conductive alkali stabilized colloidal silica in the form of dispersed particles having substantially no alkali within the silica particles and a silica-alkali ratio expressed as Na O of at least 10:1,
  • An article of manufacture comprising:
  • An article of manufacture comprising:
  • silica-alkali ratio expressed as Na O is between about :1 and :1.
  • colloidal silica particles range in size from about 0.001 to 0.1 micron and said particles of graphite range in size from about 1 to 10 microns.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)
US191759A 1962-05-02 1962-05-02 Electrically conductive coated article with stable electrical resistance and method for producing same Expired - Lifetime US3179544A (en)

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US191759A US3179544A (en) 1962-05-02 1962-05-02 Electrically conductive coated article with stable electrical resistance and method for producing same
GB15810/63A GB1034526A (en) 1962-05-02 1963-04-22 Improvements in electrically conductive stable coating
DE19631440969 DE1440969A1 (de) 1962-05-02 1963-04-30 Elektrisch leitender UEberzug und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung

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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3387248A (en) * 1964-05-04 1968-06-04 Midland Silicones Ltd Flexible electrical heating devices
US3657038A (en) * 1968-07-31 1972-04-18 Grace W R & Co Method of bonding employing high frequency alternating magnetic field
DE2438984A1 (de) * 1974-08-14 1976-03-04 Hoechst Ag Kontaktvorrichtung an einem elektrisch leitfaehigen flaechengebilde sowie verfahren zur herstellung der kontaktvorrichtung
US4060710A (en) * 1971-09-27 1977-11-29 Reuter Maschinen-And Werkzeugbau Gmbh Rigid electric surface heating element
US4262053A (en) * 1978-09-19 1981-04-14 Gaf Corporation Anti-blocking means for dielectric film
US4276466A (en) * 1979-05-11 1981-06-30 Raychem Corporation Heater with distributed heating element
US4374312A (en) * 1981-03-16 1983-02-15 Damron John W Panel type heating apparatus
US4698457A (en) * 1985-09-25 1987-10-06 Thomas & Betts Corporation Strippable shielded electrical cable assembly
US4833300A (en) * 1985-03-01 1989-05-23 Buchtal Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung Space heating element having a ceramic body with an electrically resistive coating thereon
US5138134A (en) * 1984-02-10 1992-08-11 Ellison Mearl E Decorative wall hanging heater
US5225663A (en) * 1988-06-15 1993-07-06 Tel Kyushu Limited Heat process device
US5660878A (en) * 1991-02-06 1997-08-26 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Process for the reduction of breakdown risks of the insulant of high voltage cable and lines during their aging
US6353707B1 (en) * 1998-01-09 2002-03-05 Ceramitech, Inc. Electric heating ribbon with multiple coating sections attached to ribbon
US20060081584A1 (en) * 2004-09-28 2006-04-20 Christopher Norman Gaskell Building incorporating a thermal insulation assembly and method of conserving energy
US9327923B1 (en) 2014-11-17 2016-05-03 Quintin S. Marx Portable heated ramp and method

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3325204A1 (de) * 1983-07-13 1985-01-24 Reimbold & Strick GmbH & Co, 5000 Köln Auf einem traeger aus elektrisch isolierenden werkstoffen aufgebrachtes heizelement aus elektrisch leitenden werkstoffen, seine herstellung und verwendung
GB9919737D0 (en) * 1999-08-21 1999-10-20 Printable Field Emitters Limit Field emitters and devices

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2803566A (en) * 1953-04-28 1957-08-20 S J Chemical Company Method of coating articles with heatresistant electrically conducting compositions
US2891228A (en) * 1955-08-24 1959-06-16 S J Chemical Company Compositions and heating elements produced therefrom
US2952761A (en) * 1957-04-02 1960-09-13 Chemelex Inc Electrically conductive laminated structure and method of making same
US2991257A (en) * 1957-01-18 1961-07-04 Chemelex Inc Electrically conductive compositions and the process of making the same
US2995529A (en) * 1955-08-24 1961-08-08 Chemelex Inc Zinc silicate sols, their preparation and use in making electrically conductive compositions, films, and heating elements
US3002862A (en) * 1955-08-24 1961-10-03 Chemelex Inc Inorganic compositions and method of making the same
US3022213A (en) * 1958-02-13 1962-02-20 Michigan Res Lab Inc Conductive web and method of making same

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2803566A (en) * 1953-04-28 1957-08-20 S J Chemical Company Method of coating articles with heatresistant electrically conducting compositions
US2891228A (en) * 1955-08-24 1959-06-16 S J Chemical Company Compositions and heating elements produced therefrom
US2995529A (en) * 1955-08-24 1961-08-08 Chemelex Inc Zinc silicate sols, their preparation and use in making electrically conductive compositions, films, and heating elements
US3002862A (en) * 1955-08-24 1961-10-03 Chemelex Inc Inorganic compositions and method of making the same
US2991257A (en) * 1957-01-18 1961-07-04 Chemelex Inc Electrically conductive compositions and the process of making the same
US2952761A (en) * 1957-04-02 1960-09-13 Chemelex Inc Electrically conductive laminated structure and method of making same
US3022213A (en) * 1958-02-13 1962-02-20 Michigan Res Lab Inc Conductive web and method of making same

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3387248A (en) * 1964-05-04 1968-06-04 Midland Silicones Ltd Flexible electrical heating devices
US3657038A (en) * 1968-07-31 1972-04-18 Grace W R & Co Method of bonding employing high frequency alternating magnetic field
US4060710A (en) * 1971-09-27 1977-11-29 Reuter Maschinen-And Werkzeugbau Gmbh Rigid electric surface heating element
DE2438984A1 (de) * 1974-08-14 1976-03-04 Hoechst Ag Kontaktvorrichtung an einem elektrisch leitfaehigen flaechengebilde sowie verfahren zur herstellung der kontaktvorrichtung
US4367398A (en) * 1974-08-14 1983-01-04 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Contact element and process for the manufacture thereof
US4262053A (en) * 1978-09-19 1981-04-14 Gaf Corporation Anti-blocking means for dielectric film
US4276466A (en) * 1979-05-11 1981-06-30 Raychem Corporation Heater with distributed heating element
US4374312A (en) * 1981-03-16 1983-02-15 Damron John W Panel type heating apparatus
US5138134A (en) * 1984-02-10 1992-08-11 Ellison Mearl E Decorative wall hanging heater
US4833300A (en) * 1985-03-01 1989-05-23 Buchtal Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung Space heating element having a ceramic body with an electrically resistive coating thereon
US4698457A (en) * 1985-09-25 1987-10-06 Thomas & Betts Corporation Strippable shielded electrical cable assembly
US5225663A (en) * 1988-06-15 1993-07-06 Tel Kyushu Limited Heat process device
US5660878A (en) * 1991-02-06 1997-08-26 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Process for the reduction of breakdown risks of the insulant of high voltage cable and lines during their aging
US6353707B1 (en) * 1998-01-09 2002-03-05 Ceramitech, Inc. Electric heating ribbon with multiple coating sections attached to ribbon
US20060081584A1 (en) * 2004-09-28 2006-04-20 Christopher Norman Gaskell Building incorporating a thermal insulation assembly and method of conserving energy
US7576301B2 (en) * 2004-09-28 2009-08-18 Freegen Research Limited Building incorporating a thermal insulation assembly and method of conserving energy
US9327923B1 (en) 2014-11-17 2016-05-03 Quintin S. Marx Portable heated ramp and method
US10568164B2 (en) 2014-11-17 2020-02-18 Quintin S. Marx Heated surface and method

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DE1440969B2 (OSRAM) 1970-12-17
GB1034526A (en) 1966-06-29
DE1440969A1 (de) 1969-10-23

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