US3387248A - Flexible electrical heating devices - Google Patents

Flexible electrical heating devices Download PDF

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US3387248A
US3387248A US450306A US45030665A US3387248A US 3387248 A US3387248 A US 3387248A US 450306 A US450306 A US 450306A US 45030665 A US45030665 A US 45030665A US 3387248 A US3387248 A US 3387248A
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conducting
flexible
layer
sheet
electrical
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US450306A
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Donald E W Rees
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Midland Silicones Ltd
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Midland Silicones Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
    • H01R4/04—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation using electrically conductive adhesives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/02—Details
    • H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT OF THE DESCLOSURE A flexible electrical heating device wherein the electrodes are bonded to a thin, flexible layer of electrically conducting silicone rubber employing an electrically conducting, room-ternperature vulcanizing silicone rubber to eflect electrical and physical connection and adhesion be tween the electrically conducting siilcone rubber and the electrodes.
  • This invention relates to electrical heating elements, and more particularly to electrical heating elements of the type comprising a sheet or tape material having conducting properties and having attached thereto metallic or conducting silicone rubber electrodes.
  • Organopolysiloxanes and compositions based thereon are, in general, good electrical insulators and this property has led to the wide use of these materials as such in the electrical industry. It is also known to render organopolysiloxane compositions electrically conducting by incorporating therein a conducting filler such as a powdered metal or a carbon black. This proposal has made possible the development of electrically conducting rubbers which are capable of operating at relatively high temperatures and one example of an application where such a property may be exploited is in the manufacture of flexible heating elements. When the heating element comprises a substantial thickness of conducting silicone rubber little difficulty is experienced in attaching thereto the connections necessary for app ying the activating source of electrical energy.
  • the flexible heating element comprises a woven sheet of glass or other non-conducting fabric coated with a thin layer of conducting rubber, or comprises a thin sheet of the conducting rubber
  • difliculty is experienced in making a good electrical contact with the conducting layer that will withstand a reasonable amount of physical stress, vibration and temperature variation and yet not detract from the compact and lightweight nature of the device.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a flexible heating device having improved electrode attachment means.
  • a further and more specific object is the provision for flexible heating elements of improved electrode attachment means capable of maintaining good electrical contact while withstanding physical stresses, vibration and temperature variation while remaining lightweight and compact.
  • an electrode attachment means comprising an electrically-conducting organopolysiloxane-based, cold setting adhesive as a means whereby the electrode can be caused to adhere to the sheet or layer of rubber and whereby electrical and physical connection is made between the flexible conducting member and the leads thereof.
  • FIG. 1 is a view in perspective of an electrical heating element made in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the element shown in FIG. 1 and taken along the line 22 of that figure.
  • a flexible, electrically conducting device comprising a flexible layer or sheet 11 of an electrically conducting silicone elastomeric material said layer or sheet having metal electrodes 12 and 13 attached thereto by means of an electrically conducting cold-setting, organopolysiloxane based, adhesive composition 14, 15.
  • the conducting layer or sheet 11 of elastomeric material forming part of the device of this invention may be supported or unsupported, that is, it may comprise a layer or a coating of an electrically-conducting silicone elastomer on a fibrous or woven, insulating support material 16 or it may comprise only an unsupported sheet or tape of the said elastomeric material.
  • the conducting or resistive layer comprises a relatively thin coating of the elastomer on a fibrous support which is, for example, woven glass or polyethylene terephthalate cloth.
  • the completed element may be insulated as required with a coating of insulation.
  • the conducting silicone elastomeric material of which the layer or sheet is comprised is based upon a vulcanizable organosilicon polymer.
  • the organosilicon polymer is a high-molecular-weight diorganopolysiloxane in which the organic substituents are selected from lower a'lkyl, alkenyl and phenyl radicals.
  • the layer or sheet 11 of conducting or resistive material has attached thereto metal electrodes or leads 12, 13 by means of which electrical contact between the layer or sheet and an external source of electrical energy is achieved.
  • the electrodes are attached to the layer or sheet of conducting material by adhesion thereto employing a cold setting silicone rubber which has been rendered electrically conducting by the incorporation therein of a quantity of a conducting or semiconducting filler.
  • the electrode, or that part of it which is in contact with the conducting layer may comprise a metal for example aluminium, foil or it may consist of a multi strand electrical conductor. Attachment of the electrode may take place by simple adhesion, the cold setting silicone rubber being employed as the adhesive. Alternatively the electrode may be embedded in a mass of the cold setting rubber which has been deposited on the resistive layer. Electrical contact between the electrode and the layer will be ensured in view of the conducting nature of the cold setting rubber.
  • the electrode may also be anchored mechanically to the sheet or layer, for example by interlacing it with the weave of the fibrous support, where one is employed, or alternatively crimping the electrode to the layer or sheet prior to embedding in the cold setting rubber.
  • the cold setting silicone adhesives employed in the practice of this invention may be any of those known in the art which are capable of producing a flexible bond when vulcanized and which may be loaded with a sufficient proportion of a conducting filler, for example carbon black or a finely divided metal such as silver, to endow the adhesive with the required electrical properties.
  • a conducting filler for example carbon black or a finely divided metal such as silver
  • Such cold setting adhesives include for example compositions based on acetoxy or oxirne substituted organopolysiloxanes and which vulcanize merely on exposure to moisture, and the so-called two component cold-curing systems comprising a reactive siloxane polymer, a cross linking agent and a condensation catalyst.
  • Room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubbers are suitable when sufiiciently loaded with conducting filler.
  • the cold setting siloxane compositions may contain fillers, such as silicas and metallic oxides, in addition to the filler or fillers required to give the composition its conductive properties.
  • Example A tape one inch wide and having a thickness of 0.030 inch was prepared by extruding and thereafter curing a composition comprising by weight 80 parts of a methylvinyl -polysiloxane gum, parts of a silica filler and parts of a conducting carbon black.
  • a cold curing organopolysiloxane adhesive composition was prepared comprising a mixture of adimethylpolysiloxane, an alkyl polysilicate and an organotin compound as condensation catalyst, there being added 25 parts by weight of carbon black for every 100 parts of the adhesive composition to render it electrically conducting.
  • This composition was then applied to the ends of a 12-inch length of the conducting tape and aluminium foil electrodes of dimensions /2 x 1 inch held in contact with the adhesive. After several hours the electrodes had become firmly attached to the tape and the electrical resistance between the electrodes was 30,000 ohms measured at 10 v. DC.
  • the device thus formed has a sustained high temperature capability and good electrical contact is maintained even under physical stress, vibration and extremes in temperature variation.
  • the device is compact and light in weight.
  • the manufacturing process is simple and economical.
  • a flexible electrically conducting heating device comprising:
  • a thin flexible layer of an electrically conducting silicone-elastomeric material a pair of flexible metal electrodes in contact with and adhered to the surface of said silicone elastomeric material by a cured, electrically conducting, room-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber, said electrodes being arranged in approximate parallel relationship with each other.

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  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Description

June 4, 1968 I 0. E. w. REES 3,387,248
FLEXIBLE ELECTRICAL HEATING DEVICES Filed April 23, 1965 INVENTOR. 0ona/a. m Rees HTTORNE Y United States Patent 3,387,248 FLEXIBLE ELECTRICAL HEATING DEVECES Donald E. W. Rees, Barry, Glamorgan, Wales, assignor to Midland Siiicones Limited, Reading, England Filed Apr. 23, 1965, Ser. No. 450,306 Claims priority, application Great Britain, May 4, 1964, 18,346/ 64 3 Claims. (Cl. 338211) ABSTRACT OF THE DESCLOSURE A flexible electrical heating device wherein the electrodes are bonded to a thin, flexible layer of electrically conducting silicone rubber employing an electrically conducting, room-ternperature vulcanizing silicone rubber to eflect electrical and physical connection and adhesion be tween the electrically conducting siilcone rubber and the electrodes.
This invention relates to electrical heating elements, and more particularly to electrical heating elements of the type comprising a sheet or tape material having conducting properties and having attached thereto metallic or conducting silicone rubber electrodes.
Organopolysiloxanes and compositions based thereon are, in general, good electrical insulators and this property has led to the wide use of these materials as such in the electrical industry. It is also known to render organopolysiloxane compositions electrically conducting by incorporating therein a conducting filler such as a powdered metal or a carbon black. This proposal has made possible the development of electrically conducting rubbers which are capable of operating at relatively high temperatures and one example of an application where such a property may be exploited is in the manufacture of flexible heating elements. When the heating element comprises a substantial thickness of conducting silicone rubber little difficulty is experienced in attaching thereto the connections necessary for app ying the activating source of electrical energy. However, when the flexible heating element comprises a woven sheet of glass or other non-conducting fabric coated with a thin layer of conducting rubber, or comprises a thin sheet of the conducting rubber, it is not easy to attach electrodes thereto in order that the required voltage may be applied. For example, difliculty is experienced in making a good electrical contact with the conducting layer that will withstand a reasonable amount of physical stress, vibration and temperature variation and yet not detract from the compact and lightweight nature of the device.
An object of the present invention is to provide a flexible heating device having improved electrode attachment means.
A further and more specific object is the provision for flexible heating elements of improved electrode attachment means capable of maintaining good electrical contact while withstanding physical stresses, vibration and temperature variation while remaining lightweight and compact.
In accordance with these and other objects there is provided by the present invention an electrode attachment means comprising an electrically-conducting organopolysiloxane-based, cold setting adhesive as a means whereby the electrode can be caused to adhere to the sheet or layer of rubber and whereby electrical and physical connection is made between the flexible conducting member and the leads thereof.
Other objects and many of the attendant advantages of the present invention will become obvious to those skilled in the art by a consideration of the following de- 3,387,248 Patented June 4, 1968 tailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a view in perspective of an electrical heating element made in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the element shown in FIG. 1 and taken along the line 22 of that figure.
Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference characters designate like parts throughout the views, there is shown in the figures a flexible, electrically conducting device comprising a flexible layer or sheet 11 of an electrically conducting silicone elastomeric material said layer or sheet having metal electrodes 12 and 13 attached thereto by means of an electrically conducting cold-setting, organopolysiloxane based, adhesive composition 14, 15.
The conducting layer or sheet 11 of elastomeric material forming part of the device of this invention may be supported or unsupported, that is, it may comprise a layer or a coating of an electrically-conducting silicone elastomer on a fibrous or woven, insulating support material 16 or it may comprise only an unsupported sheet or tape of the said elastomeric material. Preferably the conducting or resistive layer comprises a relatively thin coating of the elastomer on a fibrous support which is, for example, woven glass or polyethylene terephthalate cloth. The completed element may be insulated as required with a coating of insulation.
The conducting silicone elastomeric material of which the layer or sheet is comprised is based upon a vulcanizable organosilicon polymer. Preferably the organosilicon polymer is a high-molecular-weight diorganopolysiloxane in which the organic substituents are selected from lower a'lkyl, alkenyl and phenyl radicals. The general preparation of electrically conducting silicone elas tomers and their use in the fabrication of heating elements and in other electrical applications is well-known.
The layer or sheet 11 of conducting or resistive material has attached thereto metal electrodes or leads 12, 13 by means of which electrical contact between the layer or sheet and an external source of electrical energy is achieved. In one method of carrying out this invention the electrodes are attached to the layer or sheet of conducting material by adhesion thereto employing a cold setting silicone rubber which has been rendered electrically conducting by the incorporation therein of a quantity of a conducting or semiconducting filler. The electrode, or that part of it which is in contact with the conducting layer, may comprise a metal for example aluminium, foil or it may consist of a multi strand electrical conductor. Attachment of the electrode may take place by simple adhesion, the cold setting silicone rubber being employed as the adhesive. Alternatively the electrode may be embedded in a mass of the cold setting rubber which has been deposited on the resistive layer. Electrical contact between the electrode and the layer will be ensured in view of the conducting nature of the cold setting rubber.
In order to improve the fixation of the electrode it may also be anchored mechanically to the sheet or layer, for example by interlacing it with the weave of the fibrous support, where one is employed, or alternatively crimping the electrode to the layer or sheet prior to embedding in the cold setting rubber.
The cold setting silicone adhesives employed in the practice of this invention may be any of those known in the art which are capable of producing a flexible bond when vulcanized and which may be loaded with a sufficient proportion of a conducting filler, for example carbon black or a finely divided metal such as silver, to endow the adhesive with the required electrical properties. Such cold setting adhesives include for example compositions based on acetoxy or oxirne substituted organopolysiloxanes and which vulcanize merely on exposure to moisture, and the so-called two component cold-curing systems comprising a reactive siloxane polymer, a cross linking agent and a condensation catalyst. Room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubbers are suitable when sufiiciently loaded with conducting filler.
In order to improve the strength of the vulcanized adhesive the cold setting siloxane compositions may contain fillers, such as silicas and metallic oxides, in addition to the filler or fillers required to give the composition its conductive properties.
The following example illustrates the invention.
Example A tape one inch wide and having a thickness of 0.030 inch was prepared by extruding and thereafter curing a composition comprising by weight 80 parts of a methylvinyl -polysiloxane gum, parts of a silica filler and parts of a conducting carbon black. A cold curing organopolysiloxane adhesive composition was prepared comprising a mixture of adimethylpolysiloxane, an alkyl polysilicate and an organotin compound as condensation catalyst, there being added 25 parts by weight of carbon black for every 100 parts of the adhesive composition to render it electrically conducting. This composition was then applied to the ends of a 12-inch length of the conducting tape and aluminium foil electrodes of dimensions /2 x 1 inch held in contact with the adhesive. After several hours the electrodes had become firmly attached to the tape and the electrical resistance between the electrodes was 30,000 ohms measured at 10 v. DC.
The device thus formed has a sustained high temperature capability and good electrical contact is maintained even under physical stress, vibration and extremes in temperature variation. The device is compact and light in weight. The manufacturing process is simple and economical.
Obviously variations and modifications of the present invention, other than those described, will become obvious to those skilled in the art. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
That which is claimed is:
1. A flexible electrically conducting heating device comprising:
a thin flexible layer of an electrically conducting silicone-elastomeric material, a pair of flexible metal electrodes in contact with and adhered to the surface of said silicone elastomeric material by a cured, electrically conducting, room-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber, said electrodes being arranged in approximate parallel relationship with each other.
2. A flexible heating device as defined in claim 1 wherein the flexible layer consists of a fibrous support of an insulating material with a coating of a vulcanized electrically conductive silicone rubber.
3. A flexible heating device as defined in claim 1 wherein the flexible metal electrodes are metal foil.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,876,392 3/1959 Sanders 338-309 X 2,982,934 5/1961 Browne 338-323 3,050,490 8/1962 Nitzscheet al. 260-37 3,060,303 10/1962 Skoglund et al 219-549 3,070,566 12/1962 Nitzsche et al 260-37 3,127,363 3/1964 Nitzsche et al. 260-18 3,287,684 11/1966 Armbruster 338-211 3,296,195 1/ 1967 Goossens 260-465 2,559,077 7/ 1951 Johnson et al 219-528 X 2,683,673 7/1954 Silversher 338-211 X 2,745,931 5/1956 Heibel 338-203 2,781,277 2/1957 Dwyer 338-203 X 2,789,155 4/1957 Marshall et al. 1'74-120 2,952,761 9/1960 Smith-Johannsen 117-226 X 2,961,522 11/1960 Hammer 219-549 X 3,099,578 7/1963 Hunter 338-308 X 3,179,544 4/ 1965 Smith-Johannsen 117-22 6 X 3,221,145 11/1965 Hager 219-549 FOREIGN PATENTS 674,309 11/ 1963 Canada.
BERNARD A. GILHEANY, Primary Examiner. VOLODYMYR Y. MAYEWSKY, Examiner.
US450306A 1964-05-04 1965-04-23 Flexible electrical heating devices Expired - Lifetime US3387248A (en)

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Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3597591A (en) * 1969-09-25 1971-08-03 Delta Control Inc Bonded flexible heater structure with an electric semiconductive layer sealed therein
US3783242A (en) * 1972-04-25 1974-01-01 Smith Industries Ltd Electrical connections using discrete, electrically-conductive particles
US3876968A (en) * 1974-02-12 1975-04-08 Burlington Industries Inc Glass heating fabric
US3878362A (en) * 1974-02-15 1975-04-15 Du Pont Electric heater having laminated structure
US3934119A (en) * 1974-09-17 1976-01-20 Texas Instruments Incorporated Electrical resistance heaters
US3935422A (en) * 1974-02-12 1976-01-27 Burlington Industries, Inc. Electrically heated laminate with a glass heating fabric
US3944787A (en) * 1973-12-26 1976-03-16 Texas Instruments Incorporated Heater on metal composites
US3999040A (en) * 1974-02-01 1976-12-21 Delphic Research Laboratories, Inc. Heating device containing electrically conductive composition
US4051454A (en) * 1973-02-16 1977-09-27 Wacker-Chemie Gmbh Adhesive compositions and flexible heating device fabricated therewith
US4058704A (en) * 1974-12-27 1977-11-15 Taeo Kim Coilable and severable heating element
US4060710A (en) * 1971-09-27 1977-11-29 Reuter Maschinen-And Werkzeugbau Gmbh Rigid electric surface heating element
US4367398A (en) * 1974-08-14 1983-01-04 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Contact element and process for the manufacture thereof
US4525233A (en) * 1981-12-24 1985-06-25 Brooks Ronald H Improvements relating to method and apparatus for joining sheet material
WO1986002228A1 (en) * 1984-09-26 1986-04-10 Flexwatt Corporation Flexible electric sheet heater
US4654475A (en) * 1985-01-29 1987-03-31 University Of Strathclyde Elastomeric electro-conductive devices
EP0218797A2 (en) * 1985-09-30 1987-04-22 Dov Z. Glucksman Electrically heated curling iron
US4719335A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-01-12 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4761541A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-08-02 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4764664A (en) * 1976-12-13 1988-08-16 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
EP0278611A1 (en) * 1987-02-03 1988-08-17 Chomerics, Inc. Combined busbar and electrical lead
US4777351A (en) * 1984-09-14 1988-10-11 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4812135A (en) * 1984-07-26 1989-03-14 The General Electric Company, P.L.C. Flexible electrical connectors
US4832621A (en) * 1986-01-31 1989-05-23 Ando Electric Co., Ltd. Probe for in-circuit emulator
US4866253A (en) * 1976-12-13 1989-09-12 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4876440A (en) * 1976-12-13 1989-10-24 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US5073683A (en) * 1990-06-21 1991-12-17 Hughes Aircraft Company Edge repair and reinforcement of flexible flat cables
US5925275A (en) * 1993-11-30 1999-07-20 Alliedsignal, Inc. Electrically conductive composite heater and method of manufacture
US6353707B1 (en) * 1998-01-09 2002-03-05 Ceramitech, Inc. Electric heating ribbon with multiple coating sections attached to ribbon
WO2013163585A1 (en) * 2012-04-26 2013-10-31 Northeastern University Device and method to additively fabricate structures containing embedded electronics or sensors
EP3917280A1 (en) * 2020-05-28 2021-12-01 Ohmvo Flexible Heat, S.L.U. Embedded composite heating element

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US2683673A (en) * 1952-03-10 1954-07-13 Electrofilm Corp Film-type heating element
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US2781277A (en) * 1954-01-12 1957-02-12 Sanders Associates Inc Method of manufacturing electrical resistors
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Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3597591A (en) * 1969-09-25 1971-08-03 Delta Control Inc Bonded flexible heater structure with an electric semiconductive layer sealed therein
US4060710A (en) * 1971-09-27 1977-11-29 Reuter Maschinen-And Werkzeugbau Gmbh Rigid electric surface heating element
US3783242A (en) * 1972-04-25 1974-01-01 Smith Industries Ltd Electrical connections using discrete, electrically-conductive particles
US4051454A (en) * 1973-02-16 1977-09-27 Wacker-Chemie Gmbh Adhesive compositions and flexible heating device fabricated therewith
US3944787A (en) * 1973-12-26 1976-03-16 Texas Instruments Incorporated Heater on metal composites
US3999040A (en) * 1974-02-01 1976-12-21 Delphic Research Laboratories, Inc. Heating device containing electrically conductive composition
US3935422A (en) * 1974-02-12 1976-01-27 Burlington Industries, Inc. Electrically heated laminate with a glass heating fabric
US3876968A (en) * 1974-02-12 1975-04-08 Burlington Industries Inc Glass heating fabric
US3878362A (en) * 1974-02-15 1975-04-15 Du Pont Electric heater having laminated structure
US4367398A (en) * 1974-08-14 1983-01-04 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Contact element and process for the manufacture thereof
DK153620B (en) * 1974-08-14 1988-08-01 Hoechst Ag ELECTRICAL CONTACT DEVICE BY A PLATFORM BODY AND PROCEDURE FOR ITS MANUFACTURING
US3934119A (en) * 1974-09-17 1976-01-20 Texas Instruments Incorporated Electrical resistance heaters
US4058704A (en) * 1974-12-27 1977-11-15 Taeo Kim Coilable and severable heating element
US4876440A (en) * 1976-12-13 1989-10-24 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4866253A (en) * 1976-12-13 1989-09-12 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4764664A (en) * 1976-12-13 1988-08-16 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4525233A (en) * 1981-12-24 1985-06-25 Brooks Ronald H Improvements relating to method and apparatus for joining sheet material
US4761541A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-08-02 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4719335A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-01-12 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
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