US3175397A - Method of and device for automatically ascertaining the heating value of gases with reference to a certain normal condition - Google Patents

Method of and device for automatically ascertaining the heating value of gases with reference to a certain normal condition Download PDF

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US3175397A
US3175397A US151979A US15197961A US3175397A US 3175397 A US3175397 A US 3175397A US 151979 A US151979 A US 151979A US 15197961 A US15197961 A US 15197961A US 3175397 A US3175397 A US 3175397A
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air
pressure
gas
heating value
heat carrier
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US151979A
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Niedergesass Gustav
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EOn Ruhrgas AG
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Ruhrgas AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/20—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity
    • G01N25/22—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. of components of gas mixtures
    • G01N25/28—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. of components of gas mixtures the rise in temperature of the gases resulting from combustion being measured directly
    • G01N25/30—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. of components of gas mixtures the rise in temperature of the gases resulting from combustion being measured directly using electric temperature-responsive elements
    • G01N25/32—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. of components of gas mixtures the rise in temperature of the gases resulting from combustion being measured directly using electric temperature-responsive elements using thermoelectric elements

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  • the present invention relates to a method of and device for automatically ascertaining the heating value of gases with regard to a certain normal condition. More specifically, the present invention concerns the automatic and continuous ascertainment of the heating value or combustion heat of combustible gases while employing for instance air or water as heat carrier, the ascertained heating value being referred to a comparable normal condition.
  • heating value is meant the lower heating value, whereas the upper heating value is designated as combustion heat.
  • This known device lacks means for considering or taking into account the fact that with diiferent temperatures a different specific heat of the steam air mixture is encountered so that the said device can furnish a precise measurement of the combustion heat per Nm. (nonnal cubic meters; definition see below at Formula 5) gas at a certain reference temperature only. Deviation from this reference temperature must by necessity cause measuring errors unless a correction is effected by hand.
  • an object of the present invention to provide a device for and method of automatically ascertaining the heating value of gases referred to a certain normal condition, which will overcome the above mentioned drawbacks.
  • gas and air are prior to their entry into the combustion and mixing chamber in steam-saturated condition and at a corresponding pressure higher than atmospheric pressure separately fed into known pressure control devices which control the pressure of gas and air with regard to pressure values proportional to their specific weights.
  • Pressure control devices of the type involved are described for instance in the German periodical Gaswiirme vol. 5 (1956), pages to 110.
  • branch currents of said two substances gas and air are branched off from the pressure controls and are expanded to atmospheric pressure or to a higher constant pressure.
  • These branch currents are separately conducted to the entrance of two centrifugal blowers operating at the same or proportionally the same speeds.
  • Such centrifugal blowers are known for instance in connection with the dynamic measuring of specific weights.
  • centrifugal blowers of the type involved are described for instance in the German periodical Das Gasund Wasserfach vol. 97 (1956), pages 461 to 465.
  • the compression is effected in conformity with the formula In this formula 1 stands for pressure, c is a blower constant or blower factor, and 7 stands for the specific weight in grams per cubic centimeters.
  • V is the quantity of flow in cubic centimeters per second;
  • F represents the opening cross section of the nozzle or restrictor in square centimeters;
  • a is a flow constant which takes into consideration the friction and the constriction of the gas jet;
  • 6 is the expansion factor considering the influence of the pressure drop at written as:
  • the method of the dynamic specific weight compensation has over the static method with buoyan y pipe the advantage that it can operate at considerably higher pressures above atmospheric pressure whereby room pressure variations will exert a far less influence upon the measuring precision while the gas jet at the burner nozzle will be able automatically to draw in a portion of the combustion air with premixture whereby a better combustion of gases at a high heating value will be obtained.
  • the specific weight dependent control of the gas pressure by a centrifugal blower may also advantageously be employed with continuously measuring calorimeters employing water as heat carrier, if a centrifugal blower rotating at constant speed is employed for controlling the pressure governor preceding the burner, for automatically holding constant the gas flow at the burner nozzle. Varia tions in the specific weight of the gas will be in this way made inelfective and will not any longer affect the measuring precision.
  • the gas and air streams metered by the applied pressure and the selectively applicable restrictors or calibrated nozzles will flow further to the heat exchanger where a small portion of the air is branched off as combustion air and is conveyed preferably to a one flame burner as primary or secondary air.
  • thermovoltage is for any desired reference temperature to be established taken as measurement for the heating value per Nm. gas.
  • the heating value per Nm. gas can be calculated according to the formula H LXAt (C +k.G .C kcal./Nm.
  • Nm. means normal cubic meter; 1 Nm. gas:l m9 dry gas at a temperature of 0 C. and at a pressure of 760 Torr.
  • Torr. is the customary physical measuring unit for the pressure employed in connection with air pressure measurements by means of a mercury barometer.
  • H indicates the heating value in kcaL/Nm. gas.
  • L indicates the air through flow in Nm. referred to l Nm. gas (dry).
  • the At indicates the temperature difference in degrees .centigrade between air entrance and waste gas air mixture exit.
  • o indicates the specific heat of the steam in kcal./kg.
  • G indicates the steam weight in kg/rn. air at the respective condition and saturation.
  • k is a factor for converting the steam weight from kg./m.
  • thermovoltage produced as starting value in the calorimeter is conveyed to f a so-called computer.
  • Such computer corrects the thermovoltage and computes the same to a value which is independent of said influences, which value i by means of an electrical measuring instrument indicated or registered as heating value per Nm. gas, or may also be conveyed to a governor as measuring value.
  • This conversion or computation may be effected by means of heretofore known computers which operate, for instance, according to the principle described in German Patents 459,743 and 640,- 894 for reducing the heating value to a certain normal condition.
  • the devices of said German patents may, when adapted to the calorimeter according to the present invention, be employed as computer for said calorimeter.
  • a computer which has proved particularly advantageous for use in connection with the present invention is described in my copending patent application Serial No. 151,980 filed of even date herewith, now Patent No. 3,153,340.
  • the embodiment of a device comprises a blower 1 which draws air through a humidifier 2 where the air is saturated with steam. More specifically, the air passes in the direction of the arrow A into the humidifier 2 where the humidification may be effected, for instance, by water flowing into the humidifier 2 from above.
  • the water not absorbed by the air is discharged into a discharge pipe 21 which is, in a manner known per se, provided with a gooseneck to act a a gas block, which means that the liquid in the gooseneck prevents the passage of air or gas through the discharge pipe.
  • gas passes at the required pressure throng the humidifier 6 which works according to the same principle as humidifier 2, and after being saturated with steam, passes to the pressure control 7, which latter, similar to the air pressure control 3, is controlled by the outlet pressure of a blower 8 coupled to the blower 4 and which controls the gas pressure to the same or a proportional high pressure.
  • a branched-off current of the gas passes to blower 8 through conduit 9 and the control 10 which controls the pressure so as to be equal to atmospheric pressure.
  • the blower 8 compresses the gas to a pressure proportional to the specific weight of the ga and higher than atmospheric pressure.
  • blowers 4 and 8 are held constant, for instance by the frequency of the alternating current network, whereas the speed ratio between said two blowers may be held constant by means of a rigid coupling through the intervention of a shaft or a transmission.
  • the air fiows to the restrictor 11 where it is metered and similarly, also, the gas at the burner nozzle 12.
  • the burner nozzle 12 is'centrally introduced into the calorimeter vessel C which is formed by the cylinder 13 closed at its bottom.
  • the heat carrier air
  • the upper portion of the calorimeter vessel has concentrically arranged therein two pipes 23 and 24 which form two annular chambers 25 and 26 which chamber communicate with each other at the lower ends thereof.
  • the bottom of the chamber confined by pipe 24 and cylinder 13 is formed by an annular plate 27 provided with air apertures 14. A fraction of the air passes through apertures 14 as combustion air to a burner B which is centrally located above the burner nozzle 12.
  • the by far major portion of the supplied air passes first downwardly through the annular chamber 25 and then upwardly through the annular chamber 26 and above the pipe 24 mixes in mixer 16 with the hot waste gases which emanate from the combustion chamber confined by pipe 24.
  • the mixer 15 will accelerate and complete the intermixture of gas and air by imparting upon the waste gas air mixture a swirl or twist.
  • Corresponding mixers of any known type may be employed for this purpose.
  • the heated and homogeneous waste gas air mixture passes by the thermoelement soldering points 17 or thermocouples.
  • the comparative soldering points are located in the entering air stream so that in the thermoelements, a thermovoltage will be produced which corresponds to the temperature differences between the soldering points 17 and 18.
  • thermovoltage is computed by the computer 19 into a voltage which is proportional to the heating value per Nmfi, and this last mentioned voltage is, by means of an electronic compensating amplifier 20, converted by a currentless measurement into a proportional measuring current, which latter flows through a connecting conductor to electric measuring instruments or controls gauged in heating value per Nmfi.
  • the method according to the present invention is also applicable for determining the heating value of dry combustible gases, if the air employed for the combustion or, as the case may be, as heat carrier, is likewise dry.
  • the method according to the invention will then, while omitting the saturator for gas and air, work in the described manner while compensating for variations in the specific weight.
  • the temperature difference measured by the thermoelements corresponds directly to the heating value of the gases, and the conversion necessary for considering the steam content varying in conformity with pressure and temperature, will be superfluous.
  • a method of continuously and automatically ascertaining the heating value and combustion heat of a combustible gas while employing a gaseous heat carrier in connection therewith which comprises the steps of: separately branching off a minor portion from each of a main flow of said combustible gas and a main How of said gaseous heat carrier, reducing the pressure of each of said branched ofl portions of said combustible gas and said gaseous heat carrier to the same predetermined lower pressure, thereafter separately centrifugally compressing said branched off portions of said combustible gas and said gaseous heat carrier, respectively, to respective pressures above atmospheric pressure and which pressures are proportional to the specific weight of said combustible gas and said gaseous heat carrier, respectively, and adjusting the main flow of said combustible gas and of said gaseous heat carrier respectively, to a calorimeter in accordance with the respective pressures of the compressed branched oil portions of said combustible gasand said gaseous heat carrier.
  • a calorimeter including a burner, first main conduit means for conveying a fluid heat carrier to said calorimeter, first pressure control means interposed in said first main conduit means, first centrifugal blower means, first branch conduit means having a diameter less than that of said first main conduit means: and branching off from said first main conduit means ahead of said first pressure control means and leading to the suction side of said first centrifugal blower means, first additional conduit means leading from the pressure side of said first centrifugal blower means to said first pressure control means, second main conduit means for conveying a combustible gas to said calorimeter, second pressure control means interposed in said second main conduit means, second centrifugal blower means, second branch conduit means having a diameter less than that of said second main conduit means and branching off from the latter and leading to the suction side of said second centrifug
  • a calorimeter comprising a cylindrical vessel having a burner located in the central portion thereof and also comprising passage means for guiding cooling air employed as combusting means and heat carrier, said passage means defining a combustion chamber for receiving waste gas and cooling air, first main conduit means for conveying a fluid heat carrier to said calorimeter, first pressure control means interposed in said first main conduit means, first centrifugal blower means, first branch conduit means having a diameter less than that of said first main conduit means and branching off from said first main conduit means ahead of said first pressure control means and leading to the suction side of said first centrifugal blower means, first additional conduit means leading from the pressure side of said first centrifugal blower means to said first pressure control means, second main conduit means for conveying a combustible gas to said calorimeter, second pressure control means interposed in said second main conduit

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
US151979A 1960-11-16 1961-11-13 Method of and device for automatically ascertaining the heating value of gases with reference to a certain normal condition Expired - Lifetime US3175397A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DER29096A DE1136849B (de) 1960-11-16 1960-11-16 Verfahren zur selbsttaetigen Bestimmung des Heizwertes von Gasen und Vorrichtung zurDurchfuehrung des Verfahrens

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3460385A (en) * 1966-04-12 1969-08-12 George F Johnson Comparison calorimeter
US4525137A (en) * 1981-04-06 1985-06-25 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Liquid fuel combustion device

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1295236B (de) * 1964-02-06 1969-05-14 Junkalor Veb Kalorimeter zur automatischen und kontinuierlichen Bestimmung des Heizwertes von Brenngasen

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1625277A (en) * 1919-12-24 1927-04-19 Cutler Hammer Mfg Co Method of and means for determining the heating value of combustible gases
US1923331A (en) * 1925-02-13 1933-08-22 Gas Res Co Calorimeter and fluid regulating device
GB503164A (en) * 1937-06-26 1939-04-03 Junkers Kalorimeterbau G M B H Apparatus for determining the calorific value of flowing fuels

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE174753C (de) * 1903-09-02
DE390004C (de) * 1921-01-21 1924-02-11 Horace N Packard Verfahren zum Messen des Heizwerts brennbarer Stoffe
DE645305C (de) * 1932-08-18 1937-09-02 Union Appbau Ges M B H Vorrichtung zur Regelung des Gasstroms fuer Kalorimeter
DE900279C (de) * 1951-11-08 1953-12-21 Iaunionia Appbau Ges M B H Automatisches Kalorimeter
DE1022391B (de) * 1956-01-24 1958-01-09 Junkalor Dessau Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur selbsttaetigen Heizwertbestimmung von brennbaren Gasen

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1625277A (en) * 1919-12-24 1927-04-19 Cutler Hammer Mfg Co Method of and means for determining the heating value of combustible gases
US1923331A (en) * 1925-02-13 1933-08-22 Gas Res Co Calorimeter and fluid regulating device
GB503164A (en) * 1937-06-26 1939-04-03 Junkers Kalorimeterbau G M B H Apparatus for determining the calorific value of flowing fuels

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3460385A (en) * 1966-04-12 1969-08-12 George F Johnson Comparison calorimeter
US4525137A (en) * 1981-04-06 1985-06-25 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Liquid fuel combustion device

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