US3174453A - Sail - Google Patents

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Publication number
US3174453A
US3174453A US200107A US20010762A US3174453A US 3174453 A US3174453 A US 3174453A US 200107 A US200107 A US 200107A US 20010762 A US20010762 A US 20010762A US 3174453 A US3174453 A US 3174453A
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Prior art keywords
sail
air
nozzles
sails
wind
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US200107A
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English (en)
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Lemoigne Pierre Marcel
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H9/00—Marine propulsion provided directly by wind power
    • B63H9/04—Marine propulsion provided directly by wind power using sails or like wind-catching surfaces
    • B63H9/06—Types of sail; Constructional features of sails; Arrangements thereof on vessels
    • B63H9/067—Sails characterised by their construction or manufacturing process

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to improvements applied to sails more particularly for boats and has for its object a better utilisation of the force of the wind than that obtained hitherto with conventional sails of equal area.
  • a conventional sail as well as a sail according to the invention has two sides or surfaces, one of which is convex and the other concave when the sail is inflated by the wind, and thus the sail may be defined as concave-convex, and the sail of this invention is so arranged as to cause a directed circulation of the air on and between its two surfaces, the said circulation improving the aerodynamic capacity of the profile formed by the sail and having also the effect that the resultant force produced by the action of the wind on the sail or sails is directed in a direction different from that of the resultant force acting on the conventional sails.
  • This different orientation is chosen in such a way as to assist the movement of the boat, and thus if the resultant of the forces comprises a vertical component turned upwardly, there is obtained a lightening effect or even a lifting effect which is favourable to an increase in the speed of the boat.
  • the invention also covers a process for the manufacture of sails according to the invention and more generally of all structures made of fabric adapted to be exposed to the action of a true or relative wind and comprising the improvements which are the subject of the present invention.
  • At least a part of the surface of the sail comprises panels having a free margin, the said panels being capable, when the sail is filled with the wind, of assuming the form of a nozzle providing communication between the outer and inner surfaces of the sail so as to create a circulation and an acceleration of the air speed between these two surfaces.
  • the orientation of the fabric nozzles formed by the said panels is so chosen that the air streams at high velocity escaping from the nozzles are applied to the outer surface of the sail at a predetermined angle which improves the functioning of the sail formed with the nozzles and/or that 3,174,453 Patented Mar. 23, 1965 of adjacent sails, which may or may not also comprise nozzles.
  • each sail it is possible to provide at various zones of the surface of each sail a certain number of fabric nozzles orientated so as to blow substantially tangential air currents on the surface referred to as the outer surface in order to avoid any detachment or turbulence of the air streams on this surface and thus to increase the aerodynamic capacity.
  • certain or all of the nozzles of a single sail may also be disposed, for example because of a general orientation of the said nozzles towards the base of the sail, so as to cause a thrust effect comparable to that acting on an aircraft wing, the sail thus also transmitting an appreciable lift to the boat.
  • This thrust effect may be considered as originating from the reaction on the sail of air streams deviated by the nozzle, as well as toa certain degree of the air current directed downwardly at the outlet from the nozzle and reacting on the air which is on the outer surface of the sail.
  • This arrangement which is part of the invention, is of particular interest when it is applied to the forward sails of the boat, such as the jibs, storm-jibs and even more so to the balloon sails known as spinnakers which are able, on account of this thrust force, to cause the lifting or even a hydroplaning of the boat, if the form of the hull is suitable for this purpose, thereby introducing very large increases in speed.
  • a single sail has arranged thereon pairs of nozzles made of fabric, of which the escape edges, that is to say, the free margins, face one another and produce in pairs, when the sail is filled, a resultant air current directed substantially normally with respect to the outer surface of the sail.
  • This air current causes a suction eflect on the ambient air, and this increases the vacuum on the outer surface while regulating the flow of air on this face of the sail.
  • the high velocity air escaping from these nozzles can supply the inner surface of another sail situated to leeward of the first, this making it possible to employ sails having very large overlaps without danger of being mutually masked.
  • a nozzle for a sail according to the invention may be formed by a simple slot, suitably reinforced, formed in the sail.
  • the nozzle is formed by a fabric panel sewn by all its edges except one to the sail, the free edge being sufiiciently long to be able to fill out above the general surface of the sail, the latter naturally comprising, opposite the piece of fabric constituting the nozzle, a nozzle supply orifice of more or less large dimensions.
  • This orifice may occupy all the surface of the nozzle panel, this having the advantage that the nozzle can be formed equally well on one surface or the other of the sail, depending on which side the sail receives the wind.
  • FIG. 1 shows diagrammatically a sail of the spinnaker type formed according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 represents a sail of the storm-jib type and FIG. 3 represents a main sail and also a top sail compristing panels in the form of nozzles.
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing the general flow of the streams of air on the sails in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3.
  • FIG, 5 is a side view of a boat equipped with the sails in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3.
  • FIG. 6 shows the flow of streams of air in a sail comprising nozzles according to the invention as well as, for comparison purposes, in a high-lift device for an aircraft wing.
  • FIG. 7 represents another constructional form of a spinnaker according to the invention.
  • FIG. 8 shows a method of manufacturing a sail formed with nozzles, in which assembly tapes are used.
  • FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the assembly of the sail according to FIG. 8, on the line IXIX.
  • FIGS. 10 and 11 are respectively views of the same assembly on the lines X-X and XI-XI of FIG. 8.
  • FIG. 12 represents a cutting template of a nozzle used in a sail according to the invention.
  • the spinnaker 1 shown in FIG. 1 is formed by a certain number of panels which are connected together by means of assembly tapes 5, certain of these panels bearing the reference 4 comprising a free edge, which, under the effect of the wind, can assume a rounded form in order to constitute the escape edge of a nozzle.
  • the air striking the inner surface of the sail escapes through the slots 4b formed between the free edges of the panels and the adjacent face of the outer surface of the sail, in the direction indicated by the arrow 6.
  • the sail comprises lateral and lower boltropes or reinforcing bands 5a and 5b respectively, as well as halyards and sheets 7 permitting the hoisting of the sail and the maneuvering thereof.
  • FIG. 6 shows in a substantially vertical plane the circulation of the streams of air on the sail, for example in the upper range of the nozzles shown in FIG. 1. It would be seen that the air escapes at high velocity through the orifices 4b and is directed tangentially to the surface of the sail on the outside of the latter, in the same way as the air is directed along a high-lift flap 14 situated at the trailing edge of an aircraft wing 13. This nozzle effect illustrated by FIG.
  • the spinnaker thus produces a resultant force 12 (FIG. 5), presenting an appreciable component in an upward direction capable of causing the boat 11 to lift and even hydroplane.
  • FIG. 1 the majority of the nozzles are shown directed downwardly so as to obtain the maximum lift effect. It is however quite understood that certain of the nozzles can be directed in different directions so as to obtain the most favourable air circulation on the outer surface of the sail. or two nozzles laterally (three on each side, in the case shown in FIG. 1), which fill up towards the front, as will be seen in FIG. 4.
  • the best orientation of the sail with respect to the direction 6 of the wind can be achieved by means of a rocker bar 9 which can swivel about a spindle 10, the sheets of the spinnaker being made fast to the ends 8 of said bar.
  • a more or less large portion of the area of the sail may be formed of panels without nozzles, in the conventional manner, like the lower strip 16 of the sail shown in FIG. 1.
  • the panels in the form of nozzles are shown in detail in FIGS. 8 and 12. They are preferably formed by a trapezoidal surface sewn to adjacent surfaces of the sail on three sides and left free on the side of the base of the trapezium, which constitutes the escape edge. Under the effect of the wind, the nozzle swells along the rounded surface and allows the air to escape through the orifice of sector form 4b.
  • This constructional form permits the nozzles to extend arbitrarily on one face or the other of the sail, depending on the direction of the wind.
  • the shape of the panels forming nozzles can be different from the trapezium shown in FIG. 12 and it is for example possible to use triangular panels, which then assume a conical form under the effect of the wind.
  • the invention is of particular interest in the case of spinnakers, because of the lifting effect which canbe obtained.
  • the sails of this type being practically always used when sailing free, they always work in the same direction, that is to say, it is always the same surface of the sail which serves as the inner surface and thus particular arrangements of the nozzles can be envisaged.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show sails equipped with double nozzles 4a that is to say, nozzles with the orifices 4b directly facing one another. It is obvious that these opposed nozzles could also be separated by a cloth surface without nozzles. It will be seen from FIG. 4, that these conjugated nozzles formed by the walls 40 and 4a cause an air current from the inner surface towards the outer surface, directed substantially perpendicularly of the mean surface of the sail, this producing an aspiration phenomenon on the air which is on the outside.
  • One advantageous arrangement may also consist in arranging, on sails such as jibs or main sails, a series of parallel nozzles to the luff of the sails, i.e. parallel to the escape edge of the sail, and in proximity to this escape edge.
  • the assembly of these nozzles, filling towards the rear, is equivalent to a high-lift flap of an aircraft wing extending substantially over the entire span of the wing.
  • the air streams are thus guided on the two surfaces of the sail and, moreover, the air escaping from the jib nozzles can be supplied at high velocity to the main sail which is in the vicinity thereof.
  • simple nozzles can be arranged on one part of the sail and double nozzles on another part of the same sail this making it possible for certain sails to be used under sailing conditions and under certain directions of the wind with which they would not be able to operate satisfactorily if they were of conventional manufacture.
  • FIG. 7 shows another spinnaker, the major part of the area thereof being formed by nozzles which are all directed downwardly so as to obtain the highest possible lifting effect from this sail.
  • FIGS. 8 to 12 show in detail one preferred method of manufacturing the cloth structures according to the invention, which are capable of being subjected to a true or relative wind.
  • a plurality of trapezoidal panels 15 are assembled together at three of their sides by means of assembly tapes 5.
  • the free margins of the trapezoidal panels constituting the escape edge of the nozzles are reinforced by tapes 50 while the leading edge of said nozzles is reinforced by tapes 5d.
  • the edges folded as hems with a width 18 of the panels 15-15 (FIG.
  • FIGS 9 and 11 show a similar method of assembly between adjacent panels of the sail, for example the lower panels 16 of the spinnaker shown in FIG.
  • the two parts 20 and 20a of the stays can be fixed by double stitching 17a, 2, between the assembly tape and the lower reinforcing tape 5b of the sail, the assembly being completed by a zig-zag stitching 17f.
  • a sail comprising a fabric surface, said surface having a slot therein defining two lips, said lips, slot and the adjacent surfaces deforming and bulging under the effect of the wind to define two nozzles having escape edges facing one another, and said nozzles allowing a resultant stream of rapidly flowing air to escape from the side of the sail which is not exposed to the wind.
  • a balloon sail presenting when inflated by the wind opposite concavo-convex surfaces and comprising a plurality of panel sections forming each an air nozzle means adapted to deflect the air entering the nozzle means from the windward side of the sail to the other side thereof in a downward direction substantially tangentially of the convex surface of the inflated sail so as to produce a reacting lift component as well as a power increasing suction effect by imparting velocity to the air at said other side of the sail.
  • a balloon sail presenting, when inflated by the wind, a concave-convex sheet portion, a plurality of first air nozzle means adapted to deflect the air entering said first nozzle means to the convex side of said sheet portion in a downward direction tangentially of the convex surface of the inflated sail, and second air nozzle means arranged along two opposite vertical margins of said sheet portion and adapted to deflect the air entering said second nozzle means to the convex side of said sheet portign in a horizontal direction tangential to said convex si e.
  • a sail boat having a hull, a vertical mast and a horizontal boom adjacent the lower end of said mast, a balloon sail attached to said mast adjacent the upper end thereof and to said hull adjacent the front end thereof and presenting when inflated by the wind opposite concavo-convex surface portions, a main sail attached along one edge to said mast and along its bottom edge to said boom, a jib sail positioned between said balloon sail and said main sail, a plurality of first air nozzle means in said balloon sail for deflecting the air entering said first nozzle means from the windward side of the balloon sail to the other side thereof in a direction substantially tangentially of the convex surface portions of the inflated sail, and a plurality of second air nozzle means in said main sail and in said jib sail for producing horizontal air streams therethrough whereby to increase the area of negative pressure at the side of said main sail and of said jib sail opposite the windward side thereof.
  • a balloon sail having top, bottom and lateral edges, a plurality of expansible trapezoidal panel sections united to each other in vertical alined relationship along their convergent lateral sides so as to form, when the sail is expanded by the wind, a concave-convex sheet extending between said edges of the sail, the lower longer side of each expanded panel section forming with the upper shorter side of the adjacent panel section a substantially horizontal nozzle outlet adapted to direct the air from the concave side of said sheet downwardly to the convex side thereof in a direction substantially tangentially of the convex side.
  • a balloon sail having top, bottom and lateral edges, a plurality of expansible trapezoidal panels the lower side of which is longer than the upper side, said panels being united in vertical alined relationship along their lateral sides only to form, when the sail is expanded by the wind, a concavo-convex sail portion between said edges of the sail, the lower side of each expanded panel forming with the upper side of an adjacent panel a downwardly opening mouth.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
  • Air-Flow Control Members (AREA)
US200107A 1961-06-08 1962-06-05 Sail Expired - Lifetime US3174453A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR864259A FR1299061A (fr) 1961-06-08 1961-06-08 Perfectionnements aux voilures de bateaux

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3174453A true US3174453A (en) 1965-03-23

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US200107A Expired - Lifetime US3174453A (en) 1961-06-08 1962-06-05 Sail

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US (1) US3174453A (es)
CH (1) CH377215A (es)
DE (1) DE1247890B (es)
ES (1) ES278078A1 (es)
FR (1) FR1299061A (es)
GB (1) GB965494A (es)
SE (1) SE306025B (es)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3776170A (en) * 1973-02-23 1973-12-04 A Slemmons Air foil with vortex generators
US3851612A (en) * 1972-10-20 1974-12-03 D Jalbert Spinnaker construction
US4122792A (en) * 1977-09-02 1978-10-31 Rhoades John S Aerodynamic device, particularly for sails
FR2408516A1 (fr) * 1977-11-14 1979-06-08 Botturi Raymond Invention perfectionnant les voiles dont la propulsion est obtenue par le vent
US4296704A (en) * 1979-05-07 1981-10-27 Bridge John G Anti-gravity spinnaker
US4387818A (en) * 1980-11-07 1983-06-14 Itnoc Dairy Cap Co. Inc. Snap-on tamper-proof closure
US4593639A (en) * 1984-12-14 1986-06-10 Sobstad Sailmakers, Inc. Method of stress distribution in a sail and sail construction
US4624205A (en) * 1984-12-14 1986-11-25 Sobstad Sailmakers, Inc. Method of stress distribution in a sail, a sail embodying the same and sail construction
US4981273A (en) * 1989-05-09 1991-01-01 Petteys Charles Q S Air baffle for stunt kite and stunt kite
US5123368A (en) * 1990-02-06 1992-06-23 Tran Duc H Laminar air-flow sail
WO2004007280A1 (fr) * 2002-07-16 2004-01-22 Yvan Brulhart Deflecteur aerodynamique ainsi que mat et voile muni de deflecteurs aerodynamiques pour vehicule a voile
WO2010034839A2 (en) * 2008-09-26 2010-04-01 Creaidea Sail with vertical slots

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2055752B1 (es) * 1969-08-08 1974-02-01 Lemoigne Pierre
FR2189257B1 (es) * 1972-06-21 1977-04-01 Efa Etu Fabric Eronauti
FR2462337A1 (fr) * 1979-07-27 1981-02-13 Baulard Gerard Engin a voile a contre-gite automatique
ES8100194A1 (es) * 1979-09-10 1980-11-01 Plana Salas J Perfeccionamientos en los sistemas de propulsion para embarcaciones
DE3934240A1 (de) * 1989-10-13 1991-04-18 Menke Josef F Spezielle bauform fuer spinnaker
PT968915E (pt) * 1998-06-29 2004-12-31 Schaedlich Birgit Vela de proa

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US721286A (en) * 1902-12-15 1903-02-24 Joel Couch Sail.
FR325763A (fr) * 1902-08-27 1903-05-07 Lignon Joseph Henri Francois Perfectionnement de la voile guiran-long
GB354131A (en) * 1930-11-15 1931-08-06 Neville Blond Improvements in or relating to waterproof garments
US1849965A (en) * 1931-09-25 1932-03-15 Switlik Parachute And Equipmen Reenforcing for parachute shroud cords
US2858789A (en) * 1956-09-06 1958-11-04 Murphy & Nye Inc Jib sail
FR1214095A (fr) * 1959-01-23 1960-04-06 Le Vetement Des Temps Nouveaux Procédé pour renforcer les coutures de tissus ou matières similaires
US2971488A (en) * 1957-11-29 1961-02-14 Ray J Morissette Sail boat sails

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR323579A (fr) * 1902-06-28 1903-03-10 Lignon Joseph Voiles " guiran-long "
GB459293A (en) * 1935-07-05 1937-01-05 Thomas Henry Pryor Improvements in and relating to sails
DE909899C (de) * 1951-04-03 1954-04-26 Walter Kostelezky Segel

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR325763A (fr) * 1902-08-27 1903-05-07 Lignon Joseph Henri Francois Perfectionnement de la voile guiran-long
US721286A (en) * 1902-12-15 1903-02-24 Joel Couch Sail.
GB354131A (en) * 1930-11-15 1931-08-06 Neville Blond Improvements in or relating to waterproof garments
US1849965A (en) * 1931-09-25 1932-03-15 Switlik Parachute And Equipmen Reenforcing for parachute shroud cords
US2858789A (en) * 1956-09-06 1958-11-04 Murphy & Nye Inc Jib sail
US2971488A (en) * 1957-11-29 1961-02-14 Ray J Morissette Sail boat sails
FR1214095A (fr) * 1959-01-23 1960-04-06 Le Vetement Des Temps Nouveaux Procédé pour renforcer les coutures de tissus ou matières similaires

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3851612A (en) * 1972-10-20 1974-12-03 D Jalbert Spinnaker construction
US3776170A (en) * 1973-02-23 1973-12-04 A Slemmons Air foil with vortex generators
US4122792A (en) * 1977-09-02 1978-10-31 Rhoades John S Aerodynamic device, particularly for sails
FR2408516A1 (fr) * 1977-11-14 1979-06-08 Botturi Raymond Invention perfectionnant les voiles dont la propulsion est obtenue par le vent
US4296704A (en) * 1979-05-07 1981-10-27 Bridge John G Anti-gravity spinnaker
US4387818A (en) * 1980-11-07 1983-06-14 Itnoc Dairy Cap Co. Inc. Snap-on tamper-proof closure
US4593639A (en) * 1984-12-14 1986-06-10 Sobstad Sailmakers, Inc. Method of stress distribution in a sail and sail construction
US4624205A (en) * 1984-12-14 1986-11-25 Sobstad Sailmakers, Inc. Method of stress distribution in a sail, a sail embodying the same and sail construction
US4981273A (en) * 1989-05-09 1991-01-01 Petteys Charles Q S Air baffle for stunt kite and stunt kite
US5123368A (en) * 1990-02-06 1992-06-23 Tran Duc H Laminar air-flow sail
WO2004007280A1 (fr) * 2002-07-16 2004-01-22 Yvan Brulhart Deflecteur aerodynamique ainsi que mat et voile muni de deflecteurs aerodynamiques pour vehicule a voile
WO2010034839A2 (en) * 2008-09-26 2010-04-01 Creaidea Sail with vertical slots
WO2010034839A3 (en) * 2008-09-26 2010-07-29 Creaidea Sail with vertical slots

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1247890B (de) 1967-08-17
CH377215A (fr) 1964-04-30
ES278078A1 (es) 1962-09-16
GB965494A (en) 1964-07-29
FR1299061A (fr) 1962-07-20
SE306025B (es) 1968-11-11

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