US3088097A - Evaluation of characters - Google Patents

Evaluation of characters Download PDF

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Publication number
US3088097A
US3088097A US735845A US73584558A US3088097A US 3088097 A US3088097 A US 3088097A US 735845 A US735845 A US 735845A US 73584558 A US73584558 A US 73584558A US 3088097 A US3088097 A US 3088097A
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Prior art keywords
shape
character
characters
output
sensing elements
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US735845A
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English (en)
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Steinbuch Karl
Endres Hermann
Zorll Ulrich
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International Standard Electric Corp
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International Standard Electric Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K11/00—Methods or arrangements for graph-reading or for converting the pattern of mechanical parameters, e.g. force or presence, into electrical signal
    • G06K11/02—Automatic curve followers, i.e. arrangements in which an exploring member or beam is forced to follow the curve
    • G06K11/04—Automatic curve followers, i.e. arrangements in which an exploring member or beam is forced to follow the curve using an auxiliary scanning pattern
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
    • G06F18/20—Analysing
    • G06F18/24—Classification techniques
    • G06F18/243—Classification techniques relating to the number of classes
    • G06F18/24323—Tree-organised classifiers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V30/00—Character recognition; Recognising digital ink; Document-oriented image-based pattern recognition
    • G06V30/10—Character recognition
    • G06V30/14—Image acquisition
    • G06V30/144—Image acquisition using a slot moved over the image; using discrete sensing elements at predetermined points; using automatic curve following means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V30/00—Character recognition; Recognising digital ink; Document-oriented image-based pattern recognition
    • G06V30/10—Character recognition
    • G06V30/14—Image acquisition
    • G06V30/148—Segmentation of character regions
    • G06V30/15—Cutting or merging image elements, e.g. region growing, watershed or clustering-based techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V30/00—Character recognition; Recognising digital ink; Document-oriented image-based pattern recognition
    • G06V30/10—Character recognition
    • G06V30/18—Extraction of features or characteristics of the image
    • G06V30/1801—Detecting partial patterns, e.g. edges or contours, or configurations, e.g. loops, corners, strokes or intersections
    • G06V30/18076—Detecting partial patterns, e.g. edges or contours, or configurations, e.g. loops, corners, strokes or intersections by analysing connectivity, e.g. edge linking, connected component analysis or slices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V30/00—Character recognition; Recognising digital ink; Document-oriented image-based pattern recognition
    • G06V30/10—Character recognition
    • G06V30/20—Combination of acquisition, preprocessing or recognition functions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V30/00—Character recognition; Recognising digital ink; Document-oriented image-based pattern recognition
    • G06V30/10—Character recognition

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for the mechanical evaluation of characters, in particular of printed characters.
  • the conventional methods for the mechanical identification of characters mostly operate according to the principle of scanning certain parts of the character either photoelectrically, magnetically or electrically.
  • the points of scanning are selected so that a characteristic code of the scanning positions will result for the individual characters. This code however, is generally completely chosen at will and, therefore, is hard to follow up.
  • the characters are divided into shape elements appearing in a random arrangement and arbitrarily often, and that thereupon, with the aid of suitable scanning means, the shape elements are examined with respect to their arrangement and frequency.
  • a row of photoelectric cells which is moved in a certain direction relative to the characters.
  • This row of photocells may be arranged in parallel with the longitudinal expansion of the characters and may then be led over the characters vertically in relation thereto. It is also possible to arrange the row of photocells in a stationary manner and to move the characters correspondingly, or to arrange both of them stationarily and to guide the optical arrangement of a dash-shaped light source in the desired manner over the field of characters.
  • the scanning arrangement Upon the relative movement of the scanning arrangement it becomes very easy to ascertain the timely order of succession, the position, and the frequency of the shape elements.
  • the selection of the shape elements depends on the characters to be evaluated and is to be made in such a way that with the aid thereof the characters can .be recognized unambiguously.
  • the timely succeeding number of intersections of the light source with the contours of the characters may be used as an additional characteristic for the unambiguous identification of the characters.
  • the shape element E 3638,097 Patented Apr. 30, 1963
  • the arrangement for carrying out the invention has to be capable, under consideration of the time succession, of recognizing the shape elements, of counting the frequency thereof within the corresponding time interval, and of assigning them to the proper figure.
  • FIG. 1 shows a figure field with a vertical row of photocells
  • FIG. 2 shows a figure field with a slantingly arranged row of photocells, 7
  • FIG. 3 shows a figure held with a horizontal row of photocells
  • FIG. 4 shows an amplifier arrangement for a photocell
  • FIG. 5 shows the figures 0 9 as well as the shape elements to the invention
  • FIG. 6 shows an arrangement for identifying the shape element A
  • FIG. 7 shows an arrangement for identifying the shape element B
  • FIG. 8 shows an arrangement for identifying both the shape clement C and the shape element D
  • FIG. 9 shows an arrangement for distinguishing between simultaneously appearing shape elements of the same type
  • FIG. 10 shows an arrangement for identifying the shape element E
  • FIG. 11 shows, in a detailed representation, the discriminator as shown in FIGURE 10, and
  • FIG. 12 shows the total arrangement for the identification of characters in a schematical representation.
  • the photoelectric devices are arranged in such a way that each will make one only of two statements, so that accordingly it is possible to evaluate the characters by means of logical circuits.
  • the photocells are capable of making either the statement black or White.
  • the photocell delivers the identification signal with respect to black after the corresponding percentage of the black portions within its surface area has existed for a predetermined period of time. This requirement is adapted to eliminate all interferences caused by small dark eontaminations within the field of the character, which for a short time may cause a substantial covering of the surface area of a photocell.
  • a band-pass filter 2 (FIG. 4) is arranged behind the photocell 1 to which filter the not-yet-digitalized indication of the photocell is fed.
  • the upper frequency limit is chosen in such a way that small impurities or contaminations will remain without effect, whereas the lower cutoff frequency is adapted to prevent the colouring of the paper background, which is changed in the course of scanning many characters, from appearing as blackened portions.
  • From the bandpass filter the signals are applied to the amplifier 3 in which these signals are amplified in such a Way that the limiter 4 will only be capable of delivering an output signal from a certain percentage on, e.g. from 50% of black portions onward. In the case of black portions exceeding 50%, the limiter will maintain the potential U on the output line 5, thus indicating the condition black. In this way the output signals on the output lead 5 are now digitalized, because only the two potentials O and U are capable of appearing.
  • the output of a photocell will indicate the condition black, by providing the potential U, although the coverage of the surface area of the photocells by character portions is still less than would correspond to the percentage of the condition black.
  • the still missing portions of black are simulated by the paper background within the surface area, not yet covered by a character, but which has become darker in the course of time.
  • the colouring of the paper background just existing in the interval between two characters may be determined as a white colour of reference for the scanning of the next character. This function may be carried out by the amplifier as well by means of the conventional type of clamping-circuit.
  • FIG. 5 shows the figures 0 9 including the assignment of the individual shape elements. Besides the shape elements, the frequency of the concurrent appearance in one figure is also decisive.
  • the vertical separating lines in the figures provide an indication for the assignment with respect to time of the different shape elements. The repeated appearance of the same shape elements at the same time positions is indicated by the corresponding figure in front of the shape element designation.
  • the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 6, presenting an integration member is suitable. Because of the existence of a horizontal dash or line, the output of at least one photocell amplifier will remain at the potential U for a longer period of time.
  • the integrating circuit therefore, may be arranged in such a way that the integrated voltage at the condenser C will exceed a certain threshold voltage value after a certain time, so that the threshold of the amplifier 6, normally having the voltage 0 at its output 7, will now deliver the output voltage E1.
  • This output voltage E1 will then be independent of a further charging of the condenser C, so that accordingly, a digital characteristic for the identification of the shape element A is supplied at the output thereof.
  • the identification or recognition of the shape element B is effected with the aid of the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 7.
  • the output leads 5 of all photocell amplifiers are connected via the same value resistors R1 to the common resistor R2, the opposite end of which is connected to a fixed potential, e.g. 0. If it is assumed that R2 R1 then each of the output leads having the potential U, will contribute the same share towards the voltage drop across the resistor R2, so that this voltage drop will be in proportion to the number of photocells simultaneously being in the condition black.
  • the common connecting point 8 is connected with the emitter of the transistor 9, the base electrode of which has a fixed biasing potential applied to it.
  • This biasing potential is chosen so that the potential, which is produced by a certain number of photocells being in the condition black at the point 8, will overcome the biasing potential and will thus allow the transistor 9 to change from the non-conductive to the conductive condition.
  • the potential relations are chosen so that this may only happen when the potential U is being supplied by so many photocells that the seizure of a vertical shape element is indicated.
  • the through-connected transistor 9 will then deliver an output signal E2 serving as a digital identification signal for the shape element B.
  • one photocell just changed over from the condition White to black, contains one already black and one still white neighbouring cell. The latter will then be reliably the adjacent cell, which changes its condition.
  • the position of both, the black and the white adjacent cell of the photocells just changed over from black to white, is reversed with respect to the shape elements C and D, so that this presents the only difference for the identification of these two shape elements.
  • the signals of the photocells are applied via the output leads 5 to the differential elements 10.
  • the differentiated signal is only capable of passing AND-gates 11-12 when the second input lead is given the potential U.
  • This second input lead is now connected with the output of the respective adjacent cell, which, in the case of the shape element C or D respectively is already supposed to be black. Accordingly the AND-gates 11 serve the identification of the shape element D, while the AND- gates 12 serve the identification of the shape element C.
  • the time-delay elements 17 and 18 are arranged in precedence to the counter-s, and upon arrival of a pulse, will block the leads 13 and 14 to the next successive impulse for a certain time. If the line slope corresponding to the shape elements C and D exists, then the next pulse will follow only after the impulse line has been released again.
  • each impulse will block the line to the next successive impulse following very quickly, so that during the scanning of a very steep line, only the first impulse will be admitted to the counter. Accordingly, it is ensured that the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 8 can only respond to a certain or predetermined slope of the shape elements C and D.
  • FIG. 9 a circuit arrangement is shown which may be used for distinguishing between simultaneously appearing shape elements C and D.
  • a plurality of counters is assigned to each AND-gate 11 or 12 respectively.
  • the row of the second iine will seize the next successive idle counter, only adapted to count the impulses thereof. Accordingly, as many counting devices have to be provided as shape elements of the same kind are likely to appear concurrently. In the case of figures it is sufiicient to provide three counting devices for each of the shape elements C and D.
  • a number of flip-flop circuits 19 corresponding to the number of photocells employed are assigned A coincidence lead 20 extends from each flip-flop circuit to a gating circuit 21 whose opposite input lead is connected with the output of the gate 11. Accordingly, the output impulse will at first have to pass the gate 21 before being admitted to the counting device 16.
  • the output lead of each gate 21 is connected with the 0-position of all flip-flop circuits, with the exception of the neighbouring flip-flop circuit, at which circuit it is connected with the l-position thereof. Since at first all of the flip-flop circuits are in position 1, all of the gates 21 are also open.
  • the first counting device As soon as the first counting device has been seized in this way by the first counted impulse, it will open the next one which, until then had been in a blocked condition like all of the other counting devices.
  • An arrangement of the same type as described hereinbefore is associated with this counting device, so that now the same process may be repeated by involving another first cell of a further slanting line. This may be any other photocell; care must only be taken, however, that the photocell intended as the next one to be switched over in the first row, is incapable of releasing this process.
  • the arrangement for the shape element D (gate 12) is identical, so that there is no need for particularly describing it herein.
  • the circuit arrangement according to FIGS. 10 and 11 is provided.
  • a pair of series-connected voltage divider resistors 22 is connected between every two of the leads '5 from the photocell-s. Then the centre point 23 between two of these resistors will only assume the potential /2 U when the two adjacent photocells are in different conditions.
  • this potential /2 U has to be twice determinable, so that half the number of appearances of this potential will indicate the number of the momentary intersections.
  • the voltage dividing centree 23 are respectively connected with an amplitude discriminator 24 which only delivers an output signal 'E in the presence of the potential /2 U.
  • These discriminator outputs are cyclically read by a quick operatmg timing device, so that the number of the intersections can be continuously determined in the course of scanning a figure.
  • this discriminator 24 is shown in detail.
  • the centre 23 of the voltage divider conducts the potential U, that is, when both cells are black, or when conducting the potential 0, that is, when both cells are white, then always one of the two transistors 25 and 26 1s conductive, provided that care has been taken for the corresponding emitter bias at the transistor 25, or respectively for the base bias at the transistor 26.
  • both the emitter electrode of the transistor 25 and the base electrode of the transistor 26 have the same biasing potential, while the base electrode of transistor 25 and the emitter electrode of transistor 26 are connected with the emitter electrode of the input transistor 27.
  • Both the transistors 25 and 26 are non-conductive at the same time and only when the potential /2 U exists at the centre 23 of the voltage divider, in other words, at the base electrode of transistor 27. For this reason an output signal E will only be produced at the collector electrodes of the transistors 25 and 26 in this single case.
  • V photocell amplifier comprising band-pass filter and limiter, as shown in FIG. 4,
  • e voltage divider comprising an amplitude discriminator for the shape element E, as shown in FIG. 10,
  • A, B, C, D, E indicating switching for stating whether and how often the corresponding shape element exists.
  • the identification signals produced by the switching means AE are applied to a shape element combining means (combinator) 28 where the character is determined from the kind, number and order of succession of the respective shape elements.
  • shape element combinator comprises 10 output leads or outlets for the figures '0 through 9.
  • Apparatus for evaluating characters comprising a plurality of sensing elements mounted in a predetermined arrangement, means for presenting a character to said sensing elements and for causing relative movement of said character and sensing elements in a predetermined direction, a plurality of shape-recognition circuits, each connected to all of said sensing elements for producing an output in response to a different efiect of said sensing elements, one of said circuits comprising a plurality of ditferentiating networks, there being one connected to each said sensing element, first and second coincidence gates for each element, each having two inputs, each first gate having one input connected to said corresponding differentiating circuit, and the other input connected to the preceding sensing element, and each said second gate having one input connected to said corresponding differentiating circuit and the other input connected to the succeeding sensing element, a first counting means connected to the outputs of all of said first gates, and a second counting means connected to the outputs of all said second gates, said first counting means adapted to produce an output when a
  • Apparatus as defined in claim 1, further comprising a time delay circuit connected between each counting means and its corresponding gates, each time delay circuit having a time delay shorter than a predetermined repetition rate of the outputs from successively opened gates.
  • Apparatus as defined in claim 2, further comprising a plurality of counting devices connected to each first gate, a plurality of counting devices connected to each second gate, and means for successively seizing said counting devices in response to successive signals appearing at the associated first or second gate.
  • the means for successively seizing the counting devices comprises a plurality of auxiliary coincidence gates associated with each of said first and second gates, said auxiliary gates being connected respectively between the associated first or second gate and said counting devices, a plurality of flip-flop circuits divided into groups, there being one group for each counting device and each group having the same number of flip-flop circuits as there are sensing elements,
  • each auxiliary gate means for connecting the output of each auxiliary gate to the associated counting device and to the 0 side of all the associated flip-flop circuits except the next successive flip-flop circuit where said output is connected to the 1 side, one input of each auxiliary gate being connected to the output of the associated first or second gate and the other input being connected to the 1 output of the associated flip-flop circuit, whereby only that particular counting device which is seized by the first signal impulse of a train of impulses will be successively controlled by all the auxiliary gates associated with one or the other of the first and second gates.
  • Apparatus as defined in claim 4, further comprising means in each counting device responsive to seizure thereof for unblocking the next successive counting device for receipt of a subsequent train of signal impulses from successive sensing elements.
  • Apparatus for evaluating characters comprising a plurality of sensing elements mounted in a predetermined arrangement, means for presenting a character tcgaid sensing elements and for causing relative movement of said character and sensing elements in a predetermined direction, a plurality of shape-recognition circuits, each connected to all said sensing elements for producing an output in response to a different effect of said sensing elements, one of said shape-recognition circuits comprising a plurality of resistors arranged in pairs, each pair being connected in series between adjacent sensing elements, a plurality of amplitude discriminator circuits, one being connected to the juncture of every pair of resistors, said discriminator circuits being arranged to respond when there is a response from one sensing element connected to one of a pair of resistors while there is no response from the sensing element connected to the other resistor of said pair, and said apparatus further comprising means responsive to the combination of said circuits producing an output for recognizing the character.
  • each amplitude discriminator circuit comprises first and second transistors having their collector electrodes connected together, a third amplifying transistor, the base electrode of said first transistor and the emitter electrode of said second transistor being connected to the emitter electrode of said third transistor, means for applying the potential appearing at the junction of the associated pair of resistors to the base electrode of said third transistor, means for biasing the emitter electrode of said first transistor to a predetermined voltage value, and means for biasing the base electrode of said second transistor to a predetermined voltage value,
  • Apparatus for evaluating characters comprising a plurality of sensing elements mounted in a predetermined arrangement, means for imaging the character on said sensing elements, means for causing relative motion between said character image and said sensing elements, a plurality of shape recognition circuits connected in parallel to said sensing elements, each of the said circuits being arranged to ascertain the existence of a difierent fundamental shape, said plurality of circuits including four different types which coact to recognize five fundamental shapes and means for combining the existing fundamental shapes to identify the character.
  • Apparatus for evaluating characters comprising a plurality of sensing elements mounted in a predetermined arrangement, means for presenting a character to said sensing elements and for causing relative movement of said character and sensing elements in a predetermined direction, a plurality of shape-recognition circuits each connected to all of said sensing elements for producing an output in response to a different efiect of said sensing elements, one of said circuits comprising a transistor, means for connecting all of the sensing elements through individual resistors to the emitter electrode of said transistor, a common resistor, means for connecting said common resistor between said emitter electrode and a fixed poten- 9 tial, the values of said individual resistors being such that said transistor will become conductive when at least a predetermined number of said sensing elements are producing output signals, and said apparatus further comprising means responsive to the combination of said circuits producing an output for recognizing the character.
  • Apparatus for evaluating characters comprising a plurality of sensing elements mounted in a predetermined arrangement, means for presenting a character to said sensing elements and for causing relative movement of said character and sensing elements in a predetermined direction, a plurality of shape-recognition circuits each connected to all of said sensing elements for producing an output in response to a different effect of said sensing elements, said shape-recognition circuits being responsive to a horizontal line, a vertical line, a line slantingly ascending towards the right, and a line slantingly descending towards the right, respectively, said apparatus further comprising means responsive to the combination of said circuits producing an output for recognizing a character, means for counting the intersections of the sensing elements with portions of the character being evaluated during relative movement of said sensing elements and said character, and means for utilizing the result of said counting means in said character recognizing means.
  • Apparatus for evaluating characters comprising a plurality of sensing elements mounted in a predetermined arrangement, means for presenting a character to said sensing elements and for causing relative movement of said character and sensing elements in a predetermined direction, a plurality of shape-recognition circuits, each connected to all of said sensing elements for producing an output in response to a different effect of said sensing 10 elements, one of said shape-recognition circuits being adapted to recognize a signal corresponding to a horizontal line, another of said shape-recognition circuits being adapted to recognize a signal corresponding to a vertical line, still another of said shape-recognition circuits being adapted to recognize a signal corresponding to a line slantingly ascending towards the right and still another of said shape-recognition circuits being adapted to recognize a signal corresponding to a line slantingly descending towards the right, said apparatus further comprising means coupled to all of said shape-recognition circuits for producing an output representative of a

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Data Mining & Analysis (AREA)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Computational Biology (AREA)
  • Evolutionary Biology (AREA)
  • Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Character Input (AREA)
  • Character Discrimination (AREA)
  • Input From Keyboards Or The Like (AREA)
  • Image Analysis (AREA)
US735845A 1957-05-17 1958-05-16 Evaluation of characters Expired - Lifetime US3088097A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEST12572A DE1135226B (de) 1957-05-17 1957-05-17 Anordnung zum maschinellen Auswerten von Zeichen
DEST12850A DE1114348B (de) 1957-05-17 1957-08-06 Formelementkombinator zur Durchfuehrung eines Verfahrens zur Zeichenerkennung
DEST14739A DE1257458B (de) 1957-05-17 1959-02-05 Zentrierverfahren fuer die maschinelle Zeichenerkennung
DEST16812A DE1225426B (de) 1957-05-17 1960-08-17 Verfahren und Schaltungsanordnung zur maschinellen Erkennung von Zeichen
DEST16975A DE1175471B (de) 1957-05-17 1960-10-05 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum maschinellen Erkennen von Zeichen

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US3088097A true US3088097A (en) 1963-04-30

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US735845A Expired - Lifetime US3088097A (en) 1957-05-17 1958-05-16 Evaluation of characters
US4777A Expired - Lifetime US3234511A (en) 1957-05-17 1960-01-26 Centering method for the automatic character recognition
US130550A Expired - Lifetime US3234513A (en) 1957-05-17 1961-08-10 Character recognition apparatus
US141198A Expired - Lifetime US3245036A (en) 1957-05-17 1961-09-27 Character recognition by contour following

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US4777A Expired - Lifetime US3234511A (en) 1957-05-17 1960-01-26 Centering method for the automatic character recognition
US130550A Expired - Lifetime US3234513A (en) 1957-05-17 1961-08-10 Character recognition apparatus
US141198A Expired - Lifetime US3245036A (en) 1957-05-17 1961-09-27 Character recognition by contour following

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US (4) US3088097A (it)
AT (1) AT214490B (it)
BE (2) BE587299A (it)
CH (4) CH366992A (it)
DE (5) DE1135226B (it)
FR (1) FR1206799A (it)
GB (4) GB827822A (it)
NL (3) NL248121A (it)

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GB827822A (en) 1960-02-10
GB994697A (en) 1965-06-10
DE1114348B (de) 1961-09-28
NL269949A (it)
NL268306A (it)
BE569902A (it)
DE1257458B (de) 1967-12-28
CH379816A (de) 1964-07-15
DE1225426B (de) 1966-09-22
BE587299A (it)
DE1175471B (de) 1964-08-06
US3245036A (en) 1966-04-05
CH373205A (de) 1963-11-15
AT214490B (de) 1961-04-10
CH366992A (de) 1963-01-31
US3234511A (en) 1966-02-08
GB912634A (en) 1962-12-12
NL248121A (it)
CH400631A (de) 1965-10-15
FR1206799A (fr) 1960-02-11
DE1135226B (de) 1962-08-23
US3234513A (en) 1966-02-08
GB934558A (en) 1963-08-21

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