US2967806A - Electrolytic decomposition with permselective diaphragms - Google Patents

Electrolytic decomposition with permselective diaphragms Download PDF

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US2967806A
US2967806A US346365A US34636553A US2967806A US 2967806 A US2967806 A US 2967806A US 346365 A US346365 A US 346365A US 34636553 A US34636553 A US 34636553A US 2967806 A US2967806 A US 2967806A
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compartment
cathode
diaphragm
anode
cell
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Sidney G Osborne
George T Miller
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Hooker Chemical Corp
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Hooker Chemical Corp
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Priority to GB7329/54A priority patent/GB787976A/en
Priority to GB2196/57A priority patent/GB787977A/en
Priority to DEH19793A priority patent/DE1047765B/de
Priority to FR1128904D priority patent/FR1128904A/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/14—Alkali metal compounds
    • C25B1/16—Hydroxides

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  • the electrolysis of salts of organic aliphatic acids which comprise: introducing the salt to be electrolyzed into a multicompartment electrolytic cell having anode and cathode containing compartments, the anode being in contact with a liquid electrolyte containing the organic aliphatic acid resulting from the electrolysis of said salt,
  • This invention relates to the electrolytic decompositionthe c e being in Contact with a liquid electrolyte of substances which gives rise to electrode products normally subject to decomposition at the electrodes, to the recovery of such electrode products, and to apparatus therefor.
  • this invention relates to the eleccontaining the cation resulting from the electrolysis ofsaid salt; interposing a permselective diaphragm between the anode and cathode; maintaining the diaphragm wet with electrolyte; impressing a voltage across said electrolysis of salts of organic aliphatic acids whereby detrodes; and recovering the products of electrolysis so procomposition of the acid at the anode is substantially acids, and derivatives thereof, which, upon electrolysis,-
  • an anionic permselective diaphragm whereby the acid is produced in a compartment adjacent to the anode com-
  • the negative radical or ion which may be designated RCOO- migrates to the anode and, inthe absence of any material with which it can readily unite, decomposes to form carbon dioxide and a hydrocarbon. This? is in accordance with the well known Kolbe synthesis].
  • ' acids may be electrolyzed by the method which comprises:
  • salts of organic aliphatic introducing the salt to be electrolyzed into the cathode containing compartment of a three compartment electrolytic cell having an anode and a cathode in contact with liquid electrolytes, the center compartment of said cell being separated from the anode compartment by a cationic permselective diaphragm, and from the cathode compart' ment by an anionic permselective diaphragm; maintaining said diaphragms wet with liquid electrolyte; impressing a voltage across said electrodes; and recovering the acid and cation so produced from the center andcathode comthird compartment by an anionic permselective diaphragm, e
  • the increased hydrogen ions resulting from the addition of the soluble ionized compound aforementioned will depress the ionization of the organic aliphatic acid. This results in even less decomposition of the organic aliphatic acid at the anode.
  • the soluble ionized compound which gives rise to hydrogen ions during electrolysis is composed of an anion which has a greater tendency to discharge at the anode than hydroxyl ion, it will discharge in preference to the hydroxyl ion and thereby may form a different primary product of the cell rather than oxygen which is produced when the hydroxyl ion is discharged.
  • a primary product of the cell will be chlorine gas.
  • the organic aliphatic acid is formed in the anode compartment; the" product derived fromthis compartment will be amix ture" of the soluble ionized compound and the organic aliphatic acid.
  • the organic aliphatic acid will not be mixed with the soluble compound but its solution will contain the cations resulting from the electrolysis of the anolyte.
  • soluble ionized compounds such as hydrogen chloride or sulfuric acid
  • these cations will be hydrogen ions which will unite with the organic aliphatic acid radicals to produce the organic aliphatic acid.
  • a soluble ionized compound which is composed of cations other than hydrogen ions, such-as sodium sulfate, these cations. will" be found in the compartment adjacent to the anode compartment and the product from this compartment in the processes of the present invention may contain a mixture of organic aliphatic acid and the sodium salt of" the organic aliphatic acid.
  • the cationic diaphragm which should prevent the hydroxyl ions from migrating through it, is not 100 percent permselective, the hydroxyl ions will leak through the.
  • the cationic permselective diaphragm second from the cathode is greatly increased in its permselectivity, and the base thereby substantially prevented from passing into the next adjacent compartment.
  • the weak base so produced in the compartment between the two cationic diaphragms is transferred back into the cathode compartment by way of a conduit in communication between the two compartments.
  • Another technique for reducing the loss of efficiency resulting from the imperfect permselectivity of the permselective diaphragms involves forming an additional compartment next to the cathode compartment, as above, by using an asbestos diaphragm facing the cathode and the cationic permselective diaphragm second from the cathode, as above, introducing water between said diaphragms and allowing the solution to slowly percolate through the asbestos diaphragm from the additional compar'tment into the cathode compartment.
  • a permselective diaphragm structure in the electrolysis of salts of organic aliphatic acids in electrolytic cells, said structure comprising two cationic permselective diaphragms separated from each other to form an additional compartment, containing' an inlet for introducing a chemical reactive with the products of electrolysis migrating from the cathode compartment into theadditional compartment, and containing an outlet for removing the products so produced.
  • the reactive chemical addedto the diaphragm structure is:carbon dioxide the added product of the cell will be the carbonate and under controlled conditions may be thc-bicarbonateof the cation of the salt of the organic aliphatic acid.
  • This diaphragm type structure may be used in any of the processes of this invention as depicted in Figures 2' and 3 and is specifically depicted in Figure 4 wherein the process of Figure 2 is described to include this structure.
  • the structure may be used in the processes described in our copending application S.N. 306,362, filed August 26, 1952.
  • This structure may consist of two diaphragms, one a cationic permselective diaphragm and the other an asbestos diaphragm, or the two diaphragms may be both cationic permselective or both asbestos, the choice of which will depend on the particular organic aliphatic acid salt to be electrolyzed, the particular process to be employed, and the solution concentrations to be desired in the cell compartments.
  • FIGS. 1 through 4 are diagrammatic drawings of electrolytic cells for effecting the processes of this invention and are illustrated for the electrolysis of'sodium acetate to produce acetic acid and sodium hydroxide as' primary products of the cell. Many modifications other than depicted in the drawings are contemplated as will become evident hereinafter.
  • the electrolytic cell comprises a vessel 1 separated into an anode compartment 2, and a center compartment 3 and a cathode compartment 4, by a permselective cationic diaphragm 5 and a permselective anionic diaphragm 6.
  • the anode compartment contains an anode 7 in contact with the anolyte 8, and the cathode compartrnent contains a cathode 9, in contact with the catholyte 10.
  • the electrolytic cell is provided with outlet 14, for removal of material from the anode compartment, outlets 13 and 15 for removal of material from the cathode compartment, outlet 12 for removal of material from the center compartment and inlets 16 and 17 for introducing water into the cell.
  • Suitable inlets for introducing other materials into the cell, means for making electrical contact to the electrodes, and in addition, any other necessary accessories for the given electrolysis are also provided. It should be particularly noted that the electrolytic cell is provided with an inlet 11 for introducing the salt of the organic aliphatic acid into the cathode compartment to be electrolyzed.
  • sodium acetate is electrolyzed to acetic acid and sodium hydroxide in a three compartment electrolytic cell having a cationic diaphragm 5 at the anode and an anionic diaphragm 6 at the cathode, thereby forming separated anode, center and cathode compartments.
  • Water is fed to the anode compartment 2 and the center compartment 3 and sodium acetate solution is fed to the cathode compartment 4.
  • the acetate ions derived from sodium acetate in the cathode compartment, migrate toward the anode and penetrate the anionic diaphragm because of its selective character which permits the passage of such ions toward the anode, but upon reaching the cationic diaphragm 5, are kept from passage through the cationic diaphragm because of its selective character which resists the passage of such ions; it is our theory that such acetateions form a layer at or near the face of the diaphragm opposite the anode.
  • the hydrogen ions liberated in the anode compartment migrate toward the cathode and penetrate the cationic diaphragm 5 into the center compartment 3 because of its selective character which permits the passage of such ions toward the cathode, but upon reaching the anionic diaphragm 6 are kept from passage through the anionic diaphragmbecause of its selective character which resists the passage of such ions; it is our theory that such hydrogen ions form a layer at or near the face of the diaphragm opposite the cathode.
  • the electrolytic cell comprises a vessel 1, separatedinto four compartments: a'first or anode compartment 2, a second compartment 3, a third compartment-24 and a fourth or cathode compartment 4.
  • the first or anode compartment is separated from the second compartment by a permselective cationic diaphragm 5, the second fromthe third compartment by a permselective anionic diaphragm 25 and the third from the fourth or cathode compartment by a permselective cationic diaphragm 26.
  • the anode compartment contains an anode 7, in contact with anolyte 8
  • the cathode compartment contains I a cathode 9 in contact with catholyte 10.
  • the electrolytic cell is provided with an outlet 14 for removal of material from the anode compartment, outlet 12 for removal of material from the'second compartment, out lets 13 and 15 for removal of material from the cathode.
  • the electrolytic cell is provided with an inlet 27 for introducing the salt of an organic aliphatic acid into the third compart ment to be electrolyzed.
  • sodium acetate is electrolyzed to acetic acid and sodium hydroxide in a four compartment electrolytic cell having a cationic diaphragm 5 between the first or anode compartment andthe second compartment, and anionic diaphragm 25 be- ⁇ I tween the second and third compartments, and a ca: tionic diaphragm 26 between the third and the fourth or the cathode compartments.
  • Water is fed into the first or anode compartment 2
  • the second compartment 3 and the fourth or cathode compartment 4 and sodium acetate solution is fed into the third compartment "24.
  • the acetate ions which penetrate the anionic diaphragm 25 enter the second compartment 3 and combine with the hydrogenions thus forming acetic acid, which is removed from the cell through outlet 12.
  • oxygen which is derived from the water contained in the anode compartment, is liberated and removed from the cell through outlet 14.
  • the sodium ions migrate toward the cathode and penetrate the cationic diaphragm.
  • the sodium ions which penetrate the cationic diaphragm 26 enter into the cathode compartment and associate with the hydroxyl ions thereby forming sodium hydroxide which is removed from the cell through outlet 13.
  • hydrogen which is derived from the water contained in the cathode compartment, is liberated and removed from the cell through outlet 15.
  • the electrolytic cell comprises a vessel 1, separated into anode compartment 2, a center compartment 3, and a cathode compartment 4, by a permselective anionic diaphragm 21 and a permselective cationic diaphragm 18.
  • the anode compartment contains an anode 7, in contact with anolyte 8, and the cathode compartment contains a cathode 9, in contact with the catholyte 10.
  • the electrolytic-cell is provided with outlets 22 and 14 for removal of material from the anode compartment, outlets 13 and 15 for removal of material from the cathode compartment and inlet 19 for introducing water into the cell.
  • the electrolytic cell is provided with an inlet 20 for introducing the salt of an organic aliphatic acid into the center compartment to be electrolyzed, and an inlet 23 for introducing a soluble ionized compound which gives rise to hydrogen ionseither before and/0r during'electrolysis into the anode compartment to be electrolyzed.
  • sodium acetate is electrolyzed to acetic acid and sodium hydroxide in a three; compartment electrolytic cell having an anionic diaphragm 21 at the anode, and, a cationic diaphragm 18, at the cathode, thereby forming separated anode, center'and cathode compartments.
  • Sulfuric acid solution is fed to the anode compartment 2
  • sodium acetate solution is fed'to the centerco'm'partment 3 and water is fed to the cathode compartment 4.
  • the acetate ions migrate toward the anode-and penetrate the anionic diaphragm 21 because of its selective character which permits the passage of such ions toward the anode.
  • the hydrogen ions liberated in the anode compartment as a result of the discharge of hydroxyl ions at the anode which are derived from the water contained in the anode compartment, are attracted toward the cathode but, are kept from passage through the anionic diaphragm 21 because of itsse lective character which resists the passage of such ions; it is our theory that such hydrogen ions form a layer at or near the face of the diaphragm 21 opposite the anode; the acetate ions which penetrate the anionic diaphragm 21 enter into the anode compartment and combine with hydrogen ions at or near the face of the diaphragm thereby forming acetic acid, which is removed from the cell with the cell with the sulfuric acid solution through outlet 22.
  • oxygen which is derived from the water contained in the anode compartment, is liberated and removed from the cell through outlet 14.
  • the sodium ions derived from the sodium acetate solution contained in the center compartment 3, migrate toward the cathode and penetrate the cationic diaphragm 18 because of its selective character which permits the passage of such ions toward the cathode.
  • the hydroxyl ions liberated in the cathode compartment as a result of the discharge of hydrogen ions at the cathode which are derived from the water contained in the cathode compartment, are attracted toward the anode, but, are kept from passage through the cationic diaphragm 18 because of its selective character which resists passage of such ions; it is our theory that such hydrox'ylions'forma layer at or near the face of the diaphragm 18opposit e the cathode.
  • the sodium ions which penetrate the cationic" diaphragm 18 enter into the cathode'compartment and associate with the hydroxyl ions thereby forming sodium hydroxide, which is removed from the cell through outlet 13.
  • Hydrogen, which is derived from th'e'water contained in the cathode compartment is liberated at the cathode and removed from the cell through outlet 15.
  • the electrolytic cell comprises a vessel 1, separated into five compartments.
  • the first or anode compartment 2 is separated from the second compartment by a permselective cationic diaphragm 5, the second from the third compartment by a perm'selective anionic diaphragm 25, the third from the fourth compartment by a permselective cationic diaphragm 29, and the fourth from the fifth or cathode compartment by a permselective cationic diaphragm 30.
  • the anode compartment contains an anode 7, in contact with anolyte 8, and the cathode compartment contains a cathode 9, in contact with catholyte 10.
  • the electrolytic cell is provided with outlet 14 for removal of material from the first or anode compartment 2, outlet 12 for removal of material from the second compartment 3, outlet 31 for removal of material from the fourth compartment 28, outlets l3 and 1-5 for removal of material from the fifth or cathode compartment 4, and inlets 16, 17, 32 and 19 for introducing water into the cell. Suitable inlets for introducing other materials into the cell, means for making electrical contact to the electrodes, and in addition, any other necessary accessories for the given electrolysis are also provided.
  • the electrolytic cell is provided with inlet 32 for introducing a chemical compound such as carbon dioxide into the fourth compartment 23'and inlet 27 for introducing the salt of an organic aliphatic acid into the third compartment 24 to be electrolyzed.
  • inlet 32 for introducing a chemical compound such as carbon dioxide into the fourth compartment 23'and inlet 27 for introducing the salt of an organic aliphatic acid into the third compartment 24 to be electrolyzed.
  • sodium acetate is electrolyzed to acetic acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate in a five compartment electrolytic cell havinga 9 a cationic diaphragm between the first or anode compartment and the second compartment, an anionic diaphragm 25 between the second and third compartments, a cationic diaphragm 29 between the third and the fourth compartments and a cationic diaphragm 30 between the fourth and the fifth or cathode compartments.
  • Water is fed into the first or anode compartment 2, the second 3, the fourth 28 and the fifth or cathode compartment 4
  • sodium acetate solution is fed into the third compartment 24 and carbon dioxide is fed into the fourth compartment 28 to form a solution of carbonic acid.
  • the acetate ions migrate toward the anode and penetrate the anionic diaphragm 25 into the second compartment 3 because of its selective character which permits the passage of such ions toward the anode, but upon reaching the cationic diaphragm 5 are kept from passage through the cationic diaphragm S because of its selective character which resists the passage of such ions; and it is our theory that such acetate ions form a layer at or near the face of the diaphragm 5 opposite the anode.
  • the acetate ions which penetrate the anionic diaphragm 25 enter the second compartment 3 and combine with the hydrogen ions thereby forming acetic acid which is removed from the cell through outlet 12.
  • oxygen which is derived from the water contained in the anode compartment, is liberated and removed from the cell through outlet 14.
  • the sodium ions derived from the sodium acetate solution contained in the third compartment 24 migrate toward the cathode and penetrate the cationic diaphragm 29 into the fourth compartment 28 and the cationic diaphragm 30 into the fifth or cathode compartment 4 because of the diaphragms selective character which permit the passage of such ions toward the cathode.
  • the hydrogen ions lib-- 30 because of its selective character which resists passage 7 to such ions; it is our theory that such hydroxyl ions form alayer at or near the face of the diaphragm opposite the cathode.
  • Example 1 A concentrated solution of sodium acetate was eleclmlyzed in an ordinary two-compartment electrolytic cell h'a'viag'a graphite anode, an asbestos diaphragm steel cathode.
  • the cathode'compartment contained water and the anode compartment contained the aqueous concentrated sodium acetate solution to be electrolyzed.
  • the current efiiciencies obtained were as follows: current efiiciency on acetic acid: zero percent; current efliciency on caustic soda: 26.5 percent.
  • Example 2 Example 1 was repeated except that a permselective cationic diaphragm was employed in the two-compartment cell in place of the asbestos diaphragm. After operating the cell for approximately two hours the current efficiency on acetic acid was found to be 12 percent, and on caustic soda: 71 percent.
  • Example 3 A concentrated solution of sodium acetate was introduced into the center compartment of a three compartment cell.
  • the anode compartment contained a graphite anode and was separated from the center compartment by an anionic diaphragm and was filled with water.
  • the cathode compartment which was separated from the center compartment by a cationic diaphragm contained a steel cathode and was also filled with water. After operating the cell for approximately two hours the current efliciency on acetic acid was found to be 86.4 percent, and on caustic soda: 84 percent.
  • Example 5 Example 3 was repeated except that carbon dioxide gas was bubbled through the cathode compartment. After operating approximately two hours the current efficiency on acetic acid was found to be 87 percent and on sodiumcarbonate': percent.
  • Example 6 Example 5 was repeated except that a solution of percent acetic acid was used as anolyte instead of water alone, and substantially no current flowed at seven'volts potential difference across the electrodes within. the first minute, was also the case when water alone was '11 used as anolyte, namely that substantially no current. flowed during the first minute
  • Example 7 Example 8 Example 7 was repeated except that the anolyte was made one-tenth normal with sulfuric acid, and substantially 90 amperes per square foot of diaphragm flowed at six and one half volts potential difference across the electrodes within the first minute.
  • Examples 6, 7 and 8 show'the vast improvement in the voltage-amperage relationship which can be obtained when the anolyte contains a compound which gives rise to hydrogen ions during electrolysis, i.e. when the anolyte contains a strong electrolyte.
  • soluble ionized compounds such as soluble sulfates including sulfuric acid
  • the gaseous product given off at the anode will be oxygen.
  • compounds such as the soluble chlorides including hydrochloric acid the product given 01f at the anode will be gaseous chlorine;
  • Sodium formate was also electrolyzed under conditions similar to those of the foregoing examples.
  • the cell was operated using two cationic diaphragms to form a three compartment cell, the formic acid being formed in the center compartment.
  • The-summation of'results obtained is as follows:
  • Example 10 The abnormally high sodium carbonate current efliciency in Example 10 is probably due to some leakage and dircte transformation of sodium iormnte into sodium carbonate.
  • Sodium oxalate was also electrolyzedunder conditions similar to those of the foregoing examples.
  • two other diaphragm modified cells wereused.
  • the cell was operated using a cationic diaphragm facing the anode and an anionic diaphragm facing the cathode to form a three compartment cell, the sodium oxalate being added to the cathode compartment and the oxalic acid beingformed in the center compartment, all similar to that depicted in Figure 1.
  • the cell was divided into four compartments similar to that depicted in Figure 2 wherein the sodium oxalate was introduced into the compartment adjacent to the cathode compartment and the oxalic acid was separately recovered in the compartment adjacent to the anode compartment. The summation of results obtained is as follows:
  • the permselective diaphragms employed in the electrolytic decompositions described in the preceding examples can be constructed using ion exchange resins which have been formed into continuous thin' sheets.
  • a cation active ion exchange resin is employed a cationic permselective membrane is produced, i.e., one which selectively permits passage of cations through its structure from one compartment of the cellto the next adjacent compartment in the direction toward. the attraction of its electrode under the influence of an im pressed voltage and when wet with electrolyte.
  • an anionic perselective membrane is produced, i.e., one which selectively permits passage of anions through its structure a 13 from one compartment of the cell to the next adjacent compartment in the direction toward the attraction of its electrode under the influence of an impressed voltage and when wet with electrolyte.
  • anionic perselective membrane i.e., one which selectively permits passage of anions through its structure a 13 from one compartment of the cell to the next adjacent compartment in the direction toward the attraction of its electrode under the influence of an impressed voltage and when wet with electrolyte.
  • Such membranes or sheets which are self-supporting, pliable, substantially impermeable to liquids and permselective can be made by intimately and unifornily distributing a substantial proportion of particles of an insoluble, infusible ion exchange resin into a plastic material such as those used for making plastic sheets and films for example, synthetic hydrocarbon type plastic and naturalor synthetic rubber.
  • permselective membranes to be employed in electrolytic cells in accordance with this invention may be varied. For example, when it is desired to produce a substantially pure cathodic product of electrolysis of a salt of an organic aliphatic acid, such as sodium hydroxide resulting from the electrolysis of sodium acetate, it is only necessary to employ a cationic permselective membrane facing the cathode and to introduce the salt to be electrolyzed into a compartment on the other side of the membrane, as illustrated in Examples 2 and 10.
  • the processes of the present invention produce an organic aliphatic acid in the compartment adjacent to the anode compartment, the anode compartment being separated from the next adjacent compartment by a cationic permselective membrane and the next adjacent compartment being separated from the third compartment by an anionic permselective membrane.
  • the salt of the organic aliphatic acid is introduced in the cathode compartment of a three compartment cell, the cathode compartment being separated from the other two compartments by an anionic permselective membrane.
  • the salt of the organic aliphatic acid is introduced into the third compartment of a multicompartment electrolytic cell where the first or anode compartment is separated from the second adjacent compartment by a cationic permselective membrane, the second from the third by an anionic permselective membrane and the third compartment is separated from the cathode by at least one cationic permselective membrane.
  • a conventional diaphragm such as an asbestos diaphragm may be inserted in combination with or in addition to the permselective diaphragm arrangements shown to form additional multicompartment electrolytic cells for the processes of the present invention.
  • the relative qunimport'ance of maintaining critical operating conditions under this invention for effecting the electrolysis of organic-aliphatic acid salts into the acid andcation is a material advantage which allows for the practical recovery of these products. It is of course apparent that the voltage necessary in the electrolytic processes of this invention, is a voltage large enough to cause the electrolytic discharge or decomposition of the anions in the anolyte at the anode and the cations in the catholyte at the cathode, to form primary products of the cell.
  • salts of organic aliphatic acids such as formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, stearates, etc.
  • salts of substituted aliphatic acids such as monochloroacetates, trichloroacetates, aminoacetates, lactates, sulphoacetates, mandelates, etc.
  • salts of unsaturated aliphatic acids such as acrylates, methacrylates, etc.
  • salts of ketonic aliphatic acids such as acetoacetates, pyruvates, etc.
  • salts of polycarboxylic aliphatic acids such as oxalates succinates, maleates, etc.
  • salts of polycarboxylic aliphatic acids such as oxalates succinates, maleates, etc.
  • a process for effecting the electrolytic decomposition of salts of organic aliphatic acids which comprises: introducing the salt to be electrolyzed into the third compartment of a multicompartment electrolytic cell, said cell having a first compartment containing an anode in contact with liquid electrolyte, a second compartment adjacent to the anode compartment containing the organic aliphatic acid resulting from the electrolysis of said salt and a cathode compartment containing a cathode in contact with liquid electrolyte, said liquid electrolyte containing the cation resulting from the electrolysis of said salt; interposing a cationic permselective diaphragm between the first compartment and the second compartment containing the organic aliphatic acid and interposing an anionic permselective diaphragm between the second compartment and the third compartment containing the salt oi the organic aliphatic aci maintaini g the diaphragms wet with electrolyte; impressing a voltage across said 'elect
  • first compartment being separated from the second com-.
  • first compartment being separated from the second compartment by a cationic permselective diaphragm
  • the second from the third by an anionic permselective diaphragm
  • the third from the fourth by a cationic permselective diaphragm
  • the fourth compartment from the cathode compartment by a cationic permselective diaphragm
  • the acid is withdrawn from the second compartment and the cation of the salt is with drawn from both the fourth compartment and cathode compartment.

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
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  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
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US346365A 1953-04-02 1953-04-02 Electrolytic decomposition with permselective diaphragms Expired - Lifetime US2967806A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US346365A US2967806A (en) 1953-04-02 1953-04-02 Electrolytic decomposition with permselective diaphragms
GB7329/54A GB787976A (en) 1953-04-02 1954-03-12 Electrolysis process
GB2196/57A GB787977A (en) 1953-04-02 1954-03-12 Electrolysis process
DEH19793A DE1047765B (de) 1953-04-02 1954-03-27 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von gesaettigten aliphatischen Carbonsaeuren durch Elektrolyse von waessrigen Loesungen ihrer Salze in mehrkammerigen Zellen
FR1128904D FR1128904A (fr) 1953-04-02 1954-03-29 Procédé de décomposition électrolytique des sels des acides organiques aliphatiques

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US346365A US2967806A (en) 1953-04-02 1953-04-02 Electrolytic decomposition with permselective diaphragms
GB7329/54A GB787976A (en) 1953-04-02 1954-03-12 Electrolysis process

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US3113911A (en) * 1960-09-06 1963-12-10 Armour Pharma Process of preparing aluminum chlorhydroxides and aluminum hydroxide
US3220941A (en) * 1960-08-03 1965-11-30 Hooker Chemical Corp Method for electrolysis
US3294657A (en) * 1962-11-05 1966-12-27 Standard Oil Co Electrolytic process of making cyanogen halides
US3364127A (en) * 1962-08-24 1968-01-16 Teijin Ltd Method for producing caustic soda and chlorine by means of electrolysis of sea water or other similar saltish water
US3523068A (en) * 1966-12-19 1970-08-04 Monsanto Co Process for electrolytic preparation of quaternary ammonium compounds
US3775272A (en) * 1972-02-25 1973-11-27 Olin Corp Mercury diaphragm chlor-alkali cell and process for decomposing alkali metal halides
US4058441A (en) * 1974-05-28 1977-11-15 Societe D'etude Pour La Regeneration De L'acide Chlorhydrique Seprac Process for the regeneration of spent pickling solutions
US4098672A (en) * 1973-07-18 1978-07-04 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Porous diaphragms
US4998296A (en) * 1989-11-28 1991-03-12 Stames Rebecca M Hypothermia protection suit collapsible into compact package for storage
WO1992007648A2 (fr) * 1990-10-31 1992-05-14 Reilly Industries, Inc. Electro-synthese d'alcools et d'acides carboxyliques a partir des sels de metaux correspondants
US20050282066A1 (en) * 2004-06-18 2005-12-22 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Water-activated cell and method of power generation
EP1659197A1 (fr) * 2004-11-18 2006-05-24 Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek TNO Procédé pour recuperation d'acides
WO2015184388A1 (fr) * 2014-05-29 2015-12-03 Liquid Light, Inc. Procédé et système pour la réduction électrochimique de dioxyde de carbone au moyen d'une électrode à diffusion gazeuse
US20170130342A1 (en) * 2014-11-28 2017-05-11 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Electrochemical reaction device
US10329676B2 (en) 2012-07-26 2019-06-25 Avantium Knowledge Centre B.V. Method and system for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide employing a gas diffusion electrode
US12031221B1 (en) * 2023-09-18 2024-07-09 Dioxycle Separators for liquid products in oxocarbon electrolyzers

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US3113911A (en) * 1960-09-06 1963-12-10 Armour Pharma Process of preparing aluminum chlorhydroxides and aluminum hydroxide
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US20170130342A1 (en) * 2014-11-28 2017-05-11 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Electrochemical reaction device
US10443136B2 (en) * 2014-11-28 2019-10-15 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Electrochemical reaction device
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FR1128904A (fr) 1957-01-14
GB787976A (en) 1957-12-18
DE1047765B (de) 1958-12-31

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