US2867108A - Reel type apparatus for the liquid treatment of yarn - Google Patents

Reel type apparatus for the liquid treatment of yarn Download PDF

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Publication number
US2867108A
US2867108A US315291A US31529152A US2867108A US 2867108 A US2867108 A US 2867108A US 315291 A US315291 A US 315291A US 31529152 A US31529152 A US 31529152A US 2867108 A US2867108 A US 2867108A
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Prior art keywords
processing
roller
yarn
thread
advancing
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Expired - Lifetime
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US315291A
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English (en)
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Severini Goffredo
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STUDI E BREVETTI APPLIC TESSIL
Studi E Brevetti Applicazioni Tessili S R L
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STUDI E BREVETTI APPLIC TESSIL
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D10/00—Physical treatment of artificial filaments or the like during manufacture, i.e. during a continuous production process before the filaments have been collected
    • D01D10/04—Supporting filaments or the like during their treatment
    • D01D10/0436—Supporting filaments or the like during their treatment while in continuous movement
    • D01D10/0445—Supporting filaments or the like during their treatment while in continuous movement using rollers with mutually inclined axes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an apparatus for the continuous spinning of textile fibres that require wet processing, chemical or heat treatments, particularly viscose rayon.
  • the continuous spinning of viscose rayon could be theoretically effected by means of any device that would cause the filaments formed in the coagulation bath to advance while they are successively subjected to the necessary processing and would finally wind the same up in convenient package form.
  • the industrial practice however introduces certain requirements which extremely complicate this theoretically rather simple problem and which Will have to be shortly discussed to bring into
  • the treatments which .the viscose filaments normally undergo after their formation are at least the following: setting, desulphurizing, bleaching and finishing. Between these several treatments the filaments are washed: 1 shall call Wet processing treatments all the above mentioned processing steps including the washings. After the wet processing treatments the yarn is dried and, if required, conditioned.
  • each treatment if it is to have the desired elficiency, must last a certain time which is in relation to the structure of the filaments, the composition of the processing liquors or baths and the result that it is wished to obtain. Therefore, the length or yarn that is undergoing processing at any one time or, as-I shall sometimes say, the stored, or collected, yarn cannot be less than a minimum which increases with the speed with which the yarn travels and with the duration of the treatments.
  • the continuous spinning machine should not have an excessive size, and this has led to the adoption of a helical thread path. All the continuous spinning machines in practice make use of such a path.
  • tread-storing thread-advancing devices In order to move the thread so that it will describe a helix, two types of devices have been resorted to in practice, which we shall generally call tread-storing thread-advancing devices; or, more briefly, storing and advancing devices.
  • the first type comprises two rollers askew to one another, the yarn being wound about both rollers.
  • the second type consists of compound unitary reels comprising various moving parts adapted in their cooperation to cause the thread to progress as desired in a substantially helical path.
  • helical and helix of course,
  • Another fundamental necessity of the continuous spinning is the separation of the processing liquors that must not contaminate each other either while they contact the thread or at any other time, so that they may be recovered, which is essential to the economy of the process.
  • the separation of the liquors is obtained by leading the thread successively over a certain number of storing and advancing devices on each of which a single processing step is performed.
  • compact devices that is, devices consisting each of a compound unitary reel, which is another reason why the spinning machine is structurally complex, costly to install and not easy to operate.
  • the invention has now succeeded in creating a continuous spinning machine which unites the feature of the greatest simplicity, compactness and economy of construction with the capacity to produce desulphurized and bleached yarn working at high speed and employing a single storing and advancing device itself of a very simple structure.
  • the spinning machine according to the invention is easy to operate, inspect and control with a minimum of personnel and is easy to start. Other advantages of the invention will appear as the description I proceeds.
  • Fig, l is a somewhat schematic view of a unit of the spinning machine, that is of the various parts which serve for the treatment of one thread, said view being substantially transversal with respect to the spinning machine which consists of a convenient number of units like that illustrated, set side by side and supported by a single frame;
  • Fig. 2 shows a thread-storing thread advancing device according to the invention together with the parts cooperating therewith;
  • Fig. 3 shows at a greater scale a detail of said device wherein various parts have been omitted
  • Fig. 4 is a somewhat schematic end view of the same device.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates a detail of another thread-storing thread-advancing device according to the invention together with certain parts cooperating therewith;
  • the invention is characterized in the first place by the structure and operation of the storing and advancing device, which is, generally speaking, of the helical path type, and further possesses in combination certain essential features to be specified hereinafter.
  • a main or processing roller the diameter whereof is not substantially less than 25 cm. and which is slanted with respect to the horizontal by an angle not substantially less than 6, said inclination being in such a direction that the yarn will travel over the roller from the low to the high end thereof.
  • a secondary roller 11 that will be called advancing or feed” roller, which preferably has a smaller diameter, this being useful among other things to reduce the total size of the device, and which has its axis askew with respect to the axis of the main roller.
  • the distance between the two rollers is preferably moderate in order to increase, insofar as possible, the contact angle between main roller and thread.
  • the surfaces of both rollers are preferably free from openings, holes, or grooves which have proved to be not useful or even tendentially harmful to the realization of the invention though they are not incompatible therewith.
  • the main roller is that on which the processing treatments are effected and is longitudinally divided into a certain number of processing or treatment zones.
  • the longitudinal direction with respect to the roller in the specific embodiment shown is substantially transverse with respect to the spinning machine as a whole, inasmuch as it is preferable that the thread should advance from one side to the other of said machine.
  • the number of the zones correspond to the numbers of the processing steps and, while it is not rigidly fixed, should be understodd as being suflicient to perform all the wet processing treatments necessary to obtain a perfectly finished yarn. It is further preferred that the thread should be dried and cooled and, if desired, conditioned on the same processing roller, by providing therein thermally isolated drying and cooling and conditioning zones.
  • the separation between adjacent zones is effected by providing, in suitable positions, separation flanges 12 the minimum height whereof is determined by the particular manner in which they operate, which will be illustrated further on.
  • thread guide members 13 are provided between treatment and advancing rollers.
  • Said members may have the simplest structure, for instance they may be pin-shaped thread guides such as not to harm the thread and at the same time to allow the threadingup of the device.
  • the angle that the thread makes when contacting each guide 13, is preferably about the minimum required to allow the thread to pass over the flange wherewith the guide in question cooperates.
  • a device 16 for distributing the processing liquor or wash water that is to act on the thread in said zone which may be, as illustrated in the drawings, a simple pipe with a suitably positioned orifice or may be a shower nozzle or another distributing device.
  • a drain trough or pan for receiving the liquors that have wetted the various zones is positioned below the processing roller.
  • Said trough, generally indicated at 14, is divided in as many cells as are the processing zones, obviously in order to keep the liquors separate and allow their recovery.
  • the partitions 15 which separate the various cells have positions related to those of flanges 12 according to the following rule: each partition is located slightly before the respective flange, the word before referring to the progress of the thread and meaning therefore towards the lowermost part of the roller.
  • the wet processing zones are seven and precisely correspond to the three operations'of setting, desulphurizing and bleaching, to the corresponding washings and to the finishing operation.
  • the respective processing zones are designated by numerals 20-21--22-23-2425- 26 and the respective cells of trough 14 are designated in succession by numerals 30 to 36.
  • the processing roller also comprises a final drying zone 27. Suitable but otherwise optional means are provided in this zone to impart to the yarn the heat required for drying and the said means may conveniently comprise a cavity that looks toward the end of the processing roller,
  • each treatment zone there exists a distributing means such as a feed pipe 16 for the liquor pertaining to said zone, the orifice 17 whereof is located above the treatment roller and towards the higher portion of the corresponding zone.
  • a distributing means such as a feed pipe 16 for the liquor pertaining to said zone, the orifice 17 whereof is located above the treatment roller and towards the higher portion of the corresponding zone.
  • the posititon of said distributing means follows an original criterion.
  • the orifice 17 of each feed pipe or other distributing means is somewhat displaced with respect to the flange that determines the end of the related zone and precisely somewhat before, that is in a lower position than, said flange.
  • the amount of said displacement is determined in relation to the delivery of the liquor in such a way that when the liquor hits the treatment roller and forms thereon a film that covers its surface, said film in spreading out after leaving orifice 17 should approach but not. contact the flange. It is desirable that it should approach it, because this leads to a complete utilization of the roller surface, but it is necessary that it Should not contact it.
  • each flange 12 has one dry face 12 (see Fig. 3).
  • the processing liquor forms, as has been stated, a film on the roller surface thus participating in the rotation thereof, and flows towards the beginning of the roller, that is to say downwards, in counter-current with respect to the thread. Since the inclination of the roller is relatively high and since on the other hand relatively abundant quantities of treatment liquors are employed in the operation of the device, the liquid film thus formed flows against the flange that limits the beginning of the corresponding processing zone and precisely against the face 12 (see Fig. 3) of said flange and thereafter falls into the corresponding cell of trough 24.
  • each flange has one dry and one wet face and since the corresponding partition of the trough is located on the side of the dry face, each cell of the trough receives only one processing liquor and any mixture thereof is rigorously avoided. It is however necessary that the height of the flanges be snfiicient to stop and deflect the liquid films which, as has been stated, are relatively abundant.
  • the combination of the means described permits to ootain on a single processing roller the positive and certain separation of the various processing liquors even while these latter are abundantly fed and while a liquid film on the roller and a strong countercurrent eifect are obtained.
  • the separation of the liquid is imperfect and in any case one is obliged to employ quantities of liquors that are too small and such as not to produce a speedy and reliable treatment.
  • the processing liquor should not be subjected to an excessively centrifugal action even while a high advancing speed of the thread is maintained.
  • This is possible in the device according to the invention inasmuch as the treatment takes place over a roller with a 6 relatively large diameter; the diameter of the treatment roller should desirably he the greater, the larger the yarn speed.
  • a denier yarn has been produced with an advancing speed equal to and even greater than 100 meters per minute and with the following processing times: setting 27 seconds, first wash 12 seconds, desulphurizing 20 seconds, second wash 12 seconds, bleaching 17 seconds, third wash 12 seconds, finishing 3 seconds, drying 15 seconds.
  • the dimensions of the storing and advancing device are related to the pitch of the helix described by the yarn, that is, to the distance between two successive yarn turns. This distance should be small enough to allow of 'a good utilization of the liquid baths and of a reduced size of the device. In the case of the present device, said distance depends upon the angle between the axes of the two rollers, which may be varied through suitable regulating means, and, once the angle is fixed, upon the ratio of the diameters of the rollers. It is possible to keep the distance between the turns within acceptable limits, inasmuch as there are provided means to cause the yarn to travel past the flanges that separate the several proc essing zones.
  • the advancing roller 11 is also provided with separation flanges.
  • the flanges of the advancing roller that will be called subsidiary flanges, indicated at 40 in Figs. 3 and 4, may
  • flanges 12 of the processing roller are displaced with respect to these latter towards the end of the device, that is forwards in the direction in which the yarn travels, and are located thus approximately above guides 13, in order that the thread may easily travel past them. It is noted that the adjacent turns of the thread are further apart in correspondence to each guide, and that is, there is at that The two intrevals are however displaced with respect to one another, the flanges being located precisely in said intervals.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention.
  • the adjacent wet processing zones are separated by pair of flanges, the flange of each pair that follows the other in the direction of the yarn travel being located towards the higher end of the treatment roller and being designated by numerals 42 and 43.
  • the corresponding flange of each pair that precedes the other iii direction of the yarn travel is designated by numerals 42' and 43.
  • the flanges have a height that is sufiicient to stop the processing liquors that flow on the roller in countercurrent to the thread, such height being therefore related to the slant of the roller and to the amount of processing liquors employed.
  • a suitable thread guide such as 49 and S0 is located in correspondence to each pair of flanges.
  • the drain trough 14 is divided in cells 35' and 31, corresponding to the wet processing zones and separated by partitions 45, 46. Each partition pro: jects within the gap between the two flanges of a pair. If several separate drip pans are employe'd instead of a single trough, as might be done in connection with any application of the invention, the walls of said pans will project into said gaps in lieu of the partitions.
  • each flange has one dry and one wet face.
  • the flanges 42 and 43 are wetted on the face that looks to the direction towards which the yarn travels, the right face in Fig. 5.
  • the flanges are dry on the face that looks towards the direction from which the yarn comes. The opposite occurs with respect to the flanges indicated by numerals 42' and 43'.
  • flanges 42 and 43 serve also as stop projections duringthe threading-up of the device, inasmuch as the yarn initially wound on the device at the beginning of any zone proceeds until it bears against the corresponding flanges 42' and 43 and it stops there until it is caused to engage the corresponding guide thus going over the flanges and passing to the following zone.
  • the flanges 42' and 43' therefore have also the function of preventing the treatment liquor of each zone from contaminating the successive zones during the starting phase when the wet yarn has not yet disposed itself along its final or normal path.
  • the system of flange pairs described above may be associated with a system of single flanges or of flange pairs located on the advancing roller, to permit subsidiary treatment thereupon and/or to separate liquors carried by the yarn.
  • a spinning machine comprises as a whole a widely arbitrary number of units each of which is composed as schematically indicated in Fig. 1, that is, comprises a spinning nozzle 2 and a coagulation bath 3 from which the thread passes, with the interposition of godets if desired, to the lowermost portion of the storing and advancing device.
  • the thread receives on said device all the necessary treatments including the non-liquid processing steps, it passes from the highermost part of the device to a winding device 5 of any convenient type.
  • the two rollers that make up the device advantageously have a cantilever mounting being supported by arm 6 connected in any convenient manner to a spinning machine frame not indicated in the drawings.
  • a spacing device 7 is preferably mounted on the unsupported end of the rollers, the journals of the two rollers rotating freely therein and being maintained thereby at the desired mutual distance, preferably in a controllable manner. Any known mechanical device, which need not be described, may be adopted to vary the angle between the two rollers.
  • the processing roller is driven by any trans mission, not indicated, and the advancing roller may be driven as well or may be carried into rotation by the yarn.
  • the storing and advancing device is preferably disposed in a substantially transverse direction with respect to the spinning machine as a whole, so that each thread travels in a perpendicular, or not very far from perpendicular direction wtih respect to the larger dimension of the machine.
  • the dimensions of the spinning machine units are such that the storing and advancing device is completely accessible to the worker assigned to watching it, even if it is accessible part from one side and part from the other, inasmuch as the machine as a Whole possesses, as it is readily understood, one dry and one wet side.
  • each storing and advancing device with a suitable cover, which may be opened to perform the required manipulations, but which normally keeps the device itself isolated from the surrounding space, each device preferably being provided with an individual cover.
  • a certain number of spinning units is mounted on a single frame.
  • the wet processing treatments to be effected on the processing roller according to the invention are all those necessary to the production of finished yarn, including those necessary to complete the coagulation and the setting of the filaments, While successive treatments different from or in addition to those contemplated hereinbefore, such as for instance an after-bleaching acid treatment known as antichlor treatment, may also be included.
  • This invention may be conveniently employed to effect continuous wet processing treatments also on artificial protein filaments, such as for instance, washing, prehardening and/or hardening operations, by using saltcontaining baths, that may also contain formaldehyde and are known in themselves.
  • a thread-storing thread-advancing device comprising a processing roller divided into processing zones comprising at least one zone for each of the following wet processing treatments at least: setting, first washing, desulphurizing, second Washroller, said flange means extending over the entire periphery of said processing roller, means for rotating at least the processing roller to progress the thread along the device, thread guide means located between said advancing roller and said processing roller.
  • flange means for deflecting the thread to travel past said flange means without contacting them, means for feeding processing liquor to each treatment zone, a plurality of collecting receptacles below the processing roller, a separate receptacle for each processing zone, said flange means overlapping the walls of said receptacle and being directed toward the interior of said receptacles to cause the drip from each treatment zone to be deposited in only one receptacle.
  • a thread-storing thread-advancing device comprising a processing roller divided into processing zones comprising at least one zone for each of the following Wet processing treatments at least: setting, first washing, desulphurizing, second washing, bleaching and third washing, and so slanted as to cause the processing liquors to flow on its surface in countercurrent to the thread, an advancing roller of substantially smaller diameter than said processing roller and in askew relationship, thereby to cause the thread to travel over both rollers in a generally helical path, pairs of peripheral flanges extending unbrokenly over the entire periphery of said processing roller, each pair separating two adjacent wet treatment zones of the processing roller for deflecting the processing liquors and causing the same to drip from said roller without contaminating each other, and thread guide means so positioned between said advancing and processing roller in correspondence to said pairs of flanges as to engage and deflect the thread to cause the same to

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
US315291A 1951-11-08 1952-10-17 Reel type apparatus for the liquid treatment of yarn Expired - Lifetime US2867108A (en)

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IT718852X 1951-11-08

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US (1) US2867108A (de)
BE (1) BE515351A (de)
CH (1) CH326112A (de)
DE (1) DE1099691B (de)
FR (1) FR1071171A (de)
GB (1) GB718852A (de)
IT (1) IT535752A (de)
NL (1) NL266813A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3036426A1 (de) * 1979-09-27 1981-04-02 Asahi Kasei Kogyo K.K., Osaka Viskosereyon-filamentgarn und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
US4404157A (en) * 1981-06-17 1983-09-13 Snia Viscosa Societa' Nazionale Industria Applicazioni Viscosa S.P.A. Process for the continuous production of viscose rayon yarns having high degree of whiteness
US5259743A (en) * 1990-08-10 1993-11-09 Glanzstoffe Austria Aktiengesellschaft Spinning machine for wet-spinning process
US20030161964A1 (en) * 2002-02-27 2003-08-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Strand coating device and method

Citations (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1759179A (en) * 1929-03-22 1930-05-20 Wiesman Jerome Garment drier
US2002995A (en) * 1932-03-05 1935-05-28 American Bemberg Corp Continue process apparatus
US2002996A (en) * 1932-03-05 1935-05-28 American Bemberg Corp Continue process and apparatus
US2020057A (en) * 1932-03-05 1935-11-05 American Bemberg Corp Process and apparatus for the treatment of artificial silk
US2189195A (en) * 1937-03-09 1940-02-06 Ind Rayon Corp Apparatus for drying or otherwise treating thread or the like
US2254251A (en) * 1934-02-05 1941-09-02 Uytenbogaart Johannes Device for use in the aftertreatment of artificial silk
US2287031A (en) * 1938-09-29 1942-06-23 North American Rayon Corp Apparatus for the continuous aftertreatment of threads
US2294871A (en) * 1939-07-19 1942-09-01 American Bemberg Corp Method and apparatus for the continuous spinning of artificial silk
US2416534A (en) * 1942-07-14 1947-02-25 North American Rayon Corp Apparatus for treating yarn
US2533103A (en) * 1948-05-07 1950-12-05 Courtaulds Ltd Apparatus for the liquid treatment of threads
US2571494A (en) * 1949-03-25 1951-10-16 Spooner William Wycliffe Apparatus for the treatment of textiles
US2572268A (en) * 1947-10-01 1951-10-23 Kuljian Harry Asdour Apparatus for manufacture of thread
US2596520A (en) * 1943-01-04 1952-05-13 Lustrafil Ltd Thread guiding apparatus
US2608850A (en) * 1948-02-06 1952-09-02 American Viscose Corp Apparatus for the liquid treatment of yarns and the like
US2620258A (en) * 1948-05-29 1952-12-02 Ind Rayon Corp Method for the manufacture of viscose rayon
US2634597A (en) * 1945-04-06 1953-04-14 American Viscose Corp Apparatus for liquid treatment of strands

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE670893C (de) *
CH175981A (de) * 1933-06-14 1935-03-31 Glanzstoff Ag Vorrichtung zur Nassbehandlung und zur Trocknung von frisch gesponnenen Kunstseidenfäden im fortlaufenden Arbeitsgang.
DE625353C (de) * 1933-10-02 1936-02-07 Ver Glanzstoff Fabrik A G Geschraenkt und fliegend angeordnetes Walzenpaar zur Foerderung des Fadens bei der Herstellung von Kunstseidefaeden im fortlaufenden Arbeitsgang
US2108285A (en) * 1935-02-20 1938-02-15 Henry C Forrest Method and apparatus for making and treating artificial fibers
GB509854A (en) * 1939-02-24 1939-07-24 Lustrafil Ltd Improvements in or relating to the treatment of filaments, threads or yarns
BE479531A (de) * 1947-01-17

Patent Citations (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1759179A (en) * 1929-03-22 1930-05-20 Wiesman Jerome Garment drier
US2002995A (en) * 1932-03-05 1935-05-28 American Bemberg Corp Continue process apparatus
US2002996A (en) * 1932-03-05 1935-05-28 American Bemberg Corp Continue process and apparatus
US2020057A (en) * 1932-03-05 1935-11-05 American Bemberg Corp Process and apparatus for the treatment of artificial silk
US2254251A (en) * 1934-02-05 1941-09-02 Uytenbogaart Johannes Device for use in the aftertreatment of artificial silk
US2189195A (en) * 1937-03-09 1940-02-06 Ind Rayon Corp Apparatus for drying or otherwise treating thread or the like
US2287031A (en) * 1938-09-29 1942-06-23 North American Rayon Corp Apparatus for the continuous aftertreatment of threads
US2294871A (en) * 1939-07-19 1942-09-01 American Bemberg Corp Method and apparatus for the continuous spinning of artificial silk
US2416534A (en) * 1942-07-14 1947-02-25 North American Rayon Corp Apparatus for treating yarn
US2596520A (en) * 1943-01-04 1952-05-13 Lustrafil Ltd Thread guiding apparatus
US2634597A (en) * 1945-04-06 1953-04-14 American Viscose Corp Apparatus for liquid treatment of strands
US2572268A (en) * 1947-10-01 1951-10-23 Kuljian Harry Asdour Apparatus for manufacture of thread
US2608850A (en) * 1948-02-06 1952-09-02 American Viscose Corp Apparatus for the liquid treatment of yarns and the like
US2533103A (en) * 1948-05-07 1950-12-05 Courtaulds Ltd Apparatus for the liquid treatment of threads
US2620258A (en) * 1948-05-29 1952-12-02 Ind Rayon Corp Method for the manufacture of viscose rayon
US2571494A (en) * 1949-03-25 1951-10-16 Spooner William Wycliffe Apparatus for the treatment of textiles

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3036426A1 (de) * 1979-09-27 1981-04-02 Asahi Kasei Kogyo K.K., Osaka Viskosereyon-filamentgarn und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
US4383962A (en) * 1979-09-27 1983-05-17 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Process for producing viscose rayon filament yarn
US4404157A (en) * 1981-06-17 1983-09-13 Snia Viscosa Societa' Nazionale Industria Applicazioni Viscosa S.P.A. Process for the continuous production of viscose rayon yarns having high degree of whiteness
US5259743A (en) * 1990-08-10 1993-11-09 Glanzstoffe Austria Aktiengesellschaft Spinning machine for wet-spinning process
US20030161964A1 (en) * 2002-02-27 2003-08-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Strand coating device and method
US6926772B2 (en) * 2002-02-27 2005-08-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Strand coating device and method
US20050257737A1 (en) * 2002-02-27 2005-11-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Strand coating device and method
US7329435B2 (en) 2002-02-27 2008-02-12 3M Innovative Properties Company Strand coating device and method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB718852A (en) 1954-11-24
CH326112A (it) 1957-12-15
IT535752A (de)
DE1099691B (de) 1961-02-16
NL266813A (de)
FR1071171A (fr) 1954-08-26
BE515351A (de)

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