US2859321A - Electric resistance heater - Google Patents

Electric resistance heater Download PDF

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Publication number
US2859321A
US2859321A US521248A US52124855A US2859321A US 2859321 A US2859321 A US 2859321A US 521248 A US521248 A US 521248A US 52124855 A US52124855 A US 52124855A US 2859321 A US2859321 A US 2859321A
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enamel
heating
heating device
ceramic
base plate
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US521248A
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Garaway Alexander
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24C—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES ; DETAILS OF DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F24C7/00—Stoves or ranges heated by electric energy
    • F24C7/04—Stoves or ranges heated by electric energy with heat radiated directly from the heating element
    • F24C7/043—Stoves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H05B3/262—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an insulated metal plate

Definitions

  • Another object of this invention is to provide such a heating device having an insulated electrical circuit and having increased heating capacity.
  • Alnother object of this invention is to provide a heating device which can withstand conditions of extreme temperatures and possesses greater resistance to thermal shock than other heating devices.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide a heating device which is impervious to moisture, fumes, corrosion and the like.
  • Another object of'this invention is to provide a heating -device wherein almost immediate emission .of heat raysvis obtained upon activation of the device.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of a heating device embodying the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a fragmentary plan view of the heating device.
  • Figure 3 is a sectional view thereof before application of the electrical resistance elements.
  • Figure ,4 is a sectional view after application of the resistance elements.
  • Figure 5 is a sectional elevation taken along the line 5--5 of Figure 2.
  • the present invention comprises an electrical resistance heating device in which printed heating elements are applied to one side of a metal base, the heating elements being insulated from the base by means of a coating applied therebetween.
  • a coating applied therebetween attempts have been made to utilize the techniques of printed circuitry in applying heating elements to a metal base, utilizing porcelain enamel as a dielectric coating on the metal. Such attempts have not been completely Isuccessful inasmuch as the dielectric strength of porcelain or vitreous enamel decreases with increase in temperature. In fact, for most applications, the desired temperatures obtained from the resistance heating elements are such that the dielectric strength of the enamel decreases to almost zero.
  • the instant invention includes the discovery that devitrified ceramic enamels form excellent dielectric coatings for producingprinted circuit heating elements applied to a metal base. Thus, it has been found that, while vitreous enamels are not suitable, the devitried enamels possess unexpectedly good dielectric propertieseven at elevated temperatures.
  • FIG. 1 One embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in the drawings and comprises a space heater device generally indicated 10, mounted in a suitable opening in a wall 14.
  • the device comprises a base plate 16 formed of a suitable metal such as steell and supported in the opening by spacers such as 18.
  • a face plate 20 surrounds the base plate, providing a finished appearance.
  • a coat of devitrilied ceramic enamel 22 which completely covers the plate, insulating the same.
  • a coat of devitrilied ceramic enamel 22 which completely covers the plate, insulating the same.
  • primer or ground coat (not shown) is interposed between' the enamel 22 and the base plate to assure a rm bond.
  • a printed electrical resistance circuit 24 Applied to the surface of the devitriiied ceramic enamel dielectric is a printed electrical resistance circuit 24.
  • the circuit in this embodiment is divided into vtwo circuits having a common terminal at 26 behind switch 28 and individual terminals at 30 and 32 behind switch 28.
  • the switch is of any type well known to those skilled in the art which, when in the on position, completes both circuits, connecting the same to a suitable source of electrical power, and when in the oil position opens both circuits.
  • a porcelain enamel coating 34 is applied thereover.
  • devitried ceramic enamels are porous in structure but otherwise basically the same as porcelain or vitreous enamels. These devitrified enamels have been considered as produced as a result of a fault sometimes found in true enamels, due to any one of the following partial list of reasons.
  • a specific example of a devitrified enamel particularly suitable for use in the present invention is produced by Ferro Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio, known as XM-l Frit, having the following chemical analysis on a parts by weight basis:
  • mill additives to this composition to provide the necessary suspension for spraying purposes and to vary the coellicient of expansion.
  • the following ingredients are added to parts of the above composition, in the parts by weight indicated: Ilithium titanate, 4; ball clay, 5; sodium nitrate, 0.5; magnesium carbonate, 0.5.
  • the base plate is first pickled and sand- Partenvted'Nov. 4, 19584 blasted, anda .ground-coatsprayed on the prepared surface.
  • An aqueous suspension of the enamel is then sprayed over the ground coat, dried and then red at 1500-1600 F., preferably l550 F. for about 3 minutes.
  • Preferably-three costs ofthe enamel are applied to provide-a coating of about 25 mils or less in-thickness.
  • the electrical resistance elements are applied onto the devitried .ceramic enamel coat utilizing the techniques of printed circuitry. While many method-s are available., silk screening is preferred. 'Iheformulation off-the resistance material varie-s depending upon the particular design of the heating element,y but in any event the -materialincludes a metal such as silver, and a yux:the mixturel Ibeing dispersed in a suitable oil suspending agent.
  • the linx (which also serves as a bulking agent .toincrease the resistivity of the metal) may comprise ground mica, low-tiring powdered vitreous enamels, devitried ceramic enameladjusted to a firing temperature of about 1400" F., mineralite, etc.
  • a specic example of the Aresistance element material is as follows:
  • a heating device comprising a metallic base plate, a devitrified ceramic enamel coating applied to Vsaid plate, and an electrical resistance circuit applied to said enamel surface.
  • a heating device comprising a metallic base plate, a devitried ceramic enamel coating applied to said plate, said coating having a thickness of about 25 mils and a printed electrical resistance circuit applied to said enamel surface.
  • a heating device comprising a metallic base plate, a devitrifed ceramic enamel coating applied to ⁇ said plate, an electrical resistance circuit applied to said-enamel surface, and a protective coating applied over said circuit.
  • a heating device comprising a metallic base plate, a devitriiied ceramic enamel coating applied to said plate, a printed electrical resistance circuit applied to said enamel surface, and aH-protective coating applied over said circuit.
  • a heating device comprising a metallic base, plate, a devitrified ceramic enamel ,coating applied to sjaid plate, an electrical resistance circuit applied to said enamel surface, and a,protective vitreous lenamel coating applied over said circuit.
  • a heating device comprising ametallic'base plate, a devitrified ceramic enamel coating applied to s'aid platea printed electrical resistance circuit applied to said enamel surface, and @protective vitreousenamel coating Vapplied over said circuit.

Description

TIS
A. GARAWAY Filed July l1, 1955 ELECTRIC RESISTANCE HEATER Nov. 4,- 1958 INVENTOR. ,4L fxff/s/.Qf/ea @/MAwmf Irap/vf K5 United Stateslatent O This invention relates to heating devices, and has particular reference to improved electrical resistance heaters. l
- It is a primary object of this invention to provide a heating device which occupies a minimum of space and yet is highly eilcient and inexpensive.
Another object of this invention is to provide such a heating device having an insulated electrical circuit and having increased heating capacity.
Alnother object of this invention is to provide a heating device which can withstand conditions of extreme temperatures and possesses greater resistance to thermal shock than other heating devices.
A further object of this invention is to provide a heating device which is impervious to moisture, fumes, corrosion and the like.
Another object of'this invention is to provide a heating -device wherein almost immediate emission .of heat raysvis obtained upon activation of the device.
It islstill a further object-'of this invention to provide a heating device particularly adaptable for use in space heaters, water heaters, immersion heaters, commercial and industrial heating and drying plates, ovens, hot plates, aircraft de-icing assemblies, spot and auxiliary heaters for pipe lines, and the like.
Other objects and advantage-s of this invention it is believed will be readily apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
In the drawings:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a heating device embodying the invention.
Figure 2 is a fragmentary plan view of the heating device.
Figure 3 is a sectional view thereof before application of the electrical resistance elements.
Figure ,4 is a sectional view after application of the resistance elements.
Figure 5 is a sectional elevation taken along the line 5--5 of Figure 2.
Briefly, the present invention comprises an electrical resistance heating device in which printed heating elements are applied to one side of a metal base, the heating elements being insulated from the base by means of a coating applied therebetween. Heretofore, attempts have been made to utilize the techniques of printed circuitry in applying heating elements to a metal base, utilizing porcelain enamel as a dielectric coating on the metal. Such attempts have not been completely Isuccessful inasmuch as the dielectric strength of porcelain or vitreous enamel decreases with increase in temperature. In fact, for most applications, the desired temperatures obtained from the resistance heating elements are such that the dielectric strength of the enamel decreases to almost zero.
The instant invention includes the discovery that devitrified ceramic enamels form excellent dielectric coatings for producingprinted circuit heating elements applied to a metal base. Thus, it has been found that, while vitreous enamels are not suitable, the devitried enamels possess unexpectedly good dielectric propertieseven at elevated temperatures.
One embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in the drawings and comprises a space heater device generally indicated 10, mounted in a suitable opening in a wall 14. The device comprises a base plate 16 formed of a suitable metal such as steell and supported in the opening by spacers such as 18. A face plate 20 surrounds the base plate, providing a finished appearance.
Applied to the front face of the base plate 16 is a coat of devitrilied ceramic enamel 22 which completely covers the plate, insulating the same. Preferably, a
primer or ground coat (not shown) is interposed between' the enamel 22 and the base plate to assure a rm bond. Applied to the surface of the devitriiied ceramic enamel dielectric is a printed electrical resistance circuit 24. The circuit in this embodiment is divided into vtwo circuits having a common terminal at 26 behind switch 28 and individual terminals at 30 and 32 behind switch 28. The switch is of any type well known to those skilled in the art which, when in the on position, completes both circuits, connecting the same to a suitable source of electrical power, and when in the oil position opens both circuits.
In order to protect the relatively thin printed resistance heating elements, a porcelain enamel coating 34 is applied thereover.
As is known to those skilled in the art, devitried ceramic enamels are porous in structure but otherwise basically the same as porcelain or vitreous enamels. These devitrified enamels have been considered as produced as a result of a fault sometimes found in true enamels, due to any one of the following partial list of reasons.
(l) One or more of the ingredients in the enamel crystallizing out, produced by:
(a) Maintaining the temperature of the smelt just below the melting point for a prolonged period of time prior to shattering, or
(b) Slow cooling of the smelt, such as cooling in air instead of the usual immersion in cold water.
(2) An excess of barium carbonate; above 5%.
(3) An excess of calcium carbonate; above 5%.
(4) An excess of fluorspar; above 5%.
A specific example of a devitrified enamel particularly suitable for use in the present invention is produced by Ferro Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio, known as XM-l Frit, having the following chemical analysis on a parts by weight basis:
Kzo 22.42 Nago 2.60 zno 4.19 B203 5.82 snzo5 0.92 Tio2 29.54 S102 34.57 can2 3.27
Although not essential, it is preferred to add mill additives to this composition to provide the necessary suspension for spraying purposes and to vary the coellicient of expansion. Preferably, the following ingredients are added to parts of the above composition, in the parts by weight indicated: Ilithium titanate, 4; ball clay, 5; sodium nitrate, 0.5; magnesium carbonate, 0.5.
In applying the devitriied ceramic enamel to the metal base plate, conventional enamelling techniques are utilized. That is, the base plate is first pickled and sand- Partenvted'Nov. 4, 19584 blasted, anda .ground-coatsprayed on the prepared surface. An aqueous suspension of the enamel is then sprayed over the ground coat, dried and then red at 1500-1600 F., preferably l550 F. for about 3 minutes. Preferably-three costs ofthe enamel are applied to provide-a coating of about 25 mils or less in-thickness.
The electrical resistance elements are applied onto the devitried .ceramic enamel coat utilizing the techniques of printed circuitry. While many method-s are available., silk screening is preferred. 'Iheformulation off-the resistance material varie-s depending upon the particular design of the heating element,y but in any event the -materialincludes a metal such as silver, and a yux:the mixturel Ibeing dispersed in a suitable oil suspending agent. The linx (which also serves as a bulking agent .toincrease the resistivity of the metal) may comprise ground mica, low-tiring powdered vitreous enamels, devitried ceramic enameladjusted to a firing temperature of about 1400" F., mineralite, etc. A specic example of the Aresistance element material is as follows:
Percent by Weight Metals D'isintegrating Co., YFlake Silver MD-750 31.40
325 mesh water ground mica 3.38 Drakenfeld Squeegee Oil #530 47.46 Drakenfe'ld Squeegee"0il #695 16.37 Sidney Springer Sync-Oil N-6 1.39
,-,Ihis .suspension ishapplied to the-enamel coat suchas by the silk screening method, to `form the desired configuration of thecircuit, and then dried Vat a temperature` in the approximate range of 200-400 F. preferably at about l250" F. The heating element is then red at about 1410 F. to bond the resistance elements to the enamel. A clear vitreous enamel glaze is then applied over the plate as a protective coat and fired at about 14.10 F.
Having fully described my invention, itis to be understood that I do not wish to be limited to the details set forth, but my invention is of the full scope of the appended claims.
`I claim:
1. A heating device comprising a metallic base plate, a devitrified ceramic enamel coating applied to Vsaid plate, and an electrical resistance circuit applied to said enamel surface.
2. A heating device comprising a metallic base plate, a devitried ceramic enamel coating applied to said plate, said coating having a thickness of about 25 mils and a printed electrical resistance circuit applied to said enamel surface.
3. A heating device comprising a metallic base plate, a devitrifed ceramic enamel coating applied to `said plate, an electrical resistance circuit applied to said-enamel surface, and a protective coating applied over said circuit.
4. A heating device comprising a metallic base plate, a devitriiied ceramic enamel coating applied to said plate, a printed electrical resistance circuit applied to said enamel surface, and aH-protective coating applied over said circuit.
5. A heating device comprising a metallic base, plate, a devitrified ceramic enamel ,coating applied to sjaid plate, an electrical resistance circuit applied to said enamel surface, and a,protective vitreous lenamel coating applied over said circuit. Y
6. A heating device comprising ametallic'base plate, a devitrified ceramic enamel coating applied to s'aid platea printed electrical resistance circuit applied to said enamel surface, and @protective vitreousenamel coating Vapplied over said circuit.
References Cited in the tile of this Apatent UNITED .STATES PATENTS
US521248A 1955-07-11 1955-07-11 Electric resistance heater Expired - Lifetime US2859321A (en)

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Cited By (39)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3020379A (en) * 1959-09-21 1962-02-06 Arvin Ind Inc Electric heating panel
US3057989A (en) * 1958-05-23 1962-10-09 Thermway Ind Inc Curtain wall
US3141954A (en) * 1962-02-26 1964-07-21 Lester S Simon Heat-radiating curtain
US3174211A (en) * 1965-03-23 Gaszak method of manufacturing a resistance-heating type water heater
US3309643A (en) * 1964-01-02 1967-03-14 Massachusetts Inst Technology Electric heating element
US3349722A (en) * 1964-11-27 1967-10-31 Cleveland Technical Ct Inc Electrical resistance rail heater
US3370262A (en) * 1963-05-27 1968-02-20 Sprague Electric Co Electrical resistor
US3534148A (en) * 1969-02-11 1970-10-13 Sybron Corp Encapsulated electrical circuit and terminals and method of making the same
US3610888A (en) * 1970-01-30 1971-10-05 Westinghouse Electric Corp Oxide resistor heating element
US3748439A (en) * 1971-12-27 1973-07-24 Texas Instruments Inc Heating apparatus
US3751633A (en) * 1971-10-08 1973-08-07 W Green Plug-in chamber furnace
US3816702A (en) * 1972-06-26 1974-06-11 R Green Electronic isothermal device
US3816704A (en) * 1972-03-20 1974-06-11 Gen Electric Surface heating apparatus
US3852564A (en) * 1969-03-07 1974-12-03 Saint Gobain Electrically heated windows
US3869596A (en) * 1973-09-28 1975-03-04 Safeway Products Inc Cookware heater
JPS50133336A (en) * 1974-04-10 1975-10-22
US3934119A (en) * 1974-09-17 1976-01-20 Texas Instruments Incorporated Electrical resistance heaters
US4035613A (en) * 1976-01-08 1977-07-12 Kyoto Ceramic Co., Ltd. Cylindrical ceramic heating device
US4315128A (en) * 1978-04-07 1982-02-09 Kulicke And Soffa Industries Inc. Electrically heated bonding tool for the manufacture of semiconductor devices
US4371862A (en) * 1981-08-03 1983-02-01 Emhart Industries, Inc. Variable resistance control
US4501951A (en) * 1982-08-16 1985-02-26 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electric heating element for sterilely cutting and welding together thermoplastic tubes
US4501713A (en) * 1983-06-15 1985-02-26 Phillips Petroleum Company Stabilizing melt crystallization temperature in arylene sulfide polymer heat treatment
EP0136001A2 (en) * 1983-08-30 1985-04-03 Labsystems Oy Apparatus for measuring characteristics of liquid samples which have to be heated
US4527050A (en) * 1981-07-08 1985-07-02 E.G.O. Elektro-Gerate Blanc Und Fischer Hotplate
US4542268A (en) * 1980-01-28 1985-09-17 Litton Systems, Inc. Browning heater for a microwave oven
EP0229351A1 (en) * 1985-12-19 1987-07-22 Buchtal Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Flat ceramic element
US4696257A (en) * 1985-08-30 1987-09-29 John F. Neary Self drying pet litter box
US4864101A (en) * 1987-01-09 1989-09-05 Denco, Inc. Hybrid welding wafer
US5026970A (en) * 1988-07-29 1991-06-25 Emaco Ltd. Cooking appliances
US5027425A (en) * 1988-03-30 1991-06-25 Melitta-Werke Bentz & Sohn Flow-through heater, particularly for a coffee or tea maker
US5155800A (en) * 1991-02-27 1992-10-13 Process Technology Inc. Panel heater assembly for use in a corrosive environment and method of manufacturing the heater
US5241157A (en) * 1990-04-27 1993-08-31 Georg Fischer Ag Arrangement for butt-welding plastic material components
EP0675670A2 (en) * 1994-03-28 1995-10-04 Morillo Casals, Pilar Radiant panel with improved printed circuit
US5502293A (en) * 1992-05-26 1996-03-26 Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha Heater element for a tube connecting device
US5605715A (en) * 1993-12-09 1997-02-25 The Erie Ceramic Arts Company Methods for making electrical circuit devices
US20040240864A1 (en) * 2003-05-30 2004-12-02 Lee Chang Hwan Sauna far infrared heat emitting article and method
US20050002659A1 (en) * 2001-10-09 2005-01-06 Stylianos Panaghe Radiant electric heating element
US20050025470A1 (en) * 2001-12-19 2005-02-03 Elias Russegger Method for the production of an electrically conductive resistive layer and heating and/or cooling device
FR2862374A1 (en) * 2003-11-18 2005-05-20 Kj Soc Heating panel for forming heating sheath on e.g. wall, has plate with thickness lower than four millimeters, and layer made up of insulating and thermally conductive material, and having thickness slightly greater than thickness of plate

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US636203A (en) * 1898-04-19 1899-10-31 Hugo Helberger Electric resistance.
US1847653A (en) * 1928-03-12 1932-03-01 Technidyne Corp Manufacture of resistance units
US1881444A (en) * 1928-07-05 1932-10-11 Technidyne Corp Manufacture of resistance units
US2394591A (en) * 1944-09-09 1946-02-12 Du Pont Electrical resistor
US2501322A (en) * 1946-11-07 1950-03-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Moisture-resistant lightning arrester valve block
US2508511A (en) * 1946-12-12 1950-05-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Resistor coated with ceramic composition

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US636203A (en) * 1898-04-19 1899-10-31 Hugo Helberger Electric resistance.
US1847653A (en) * 1928-03-12 1932-03-01 Technidyne Corp Manufacture of resistance units
US1881444A (en) * 1928-07-05 1932-10-11 Technidyne Corp Manufacture of resistance units
US2394591A (en) * 1944-09-09 1946-02-12 Du Pont Electrical resistor
US2501322A (en) * 1946-11-07 1950-03-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Moisture-resistant lightning arrester valve block
US2508511A (en) * 1946-12-12 1950-05-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Resistor coated with ceramic composition

Cited By (46)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3174211A (en) * 1965-03-23 Gaszak method of manufacturing a resistance-heating type water heater
US3057989A (en) * 1958-05-23 1962-10-09 Thermway Ind Inc Curtain wall
US3020379A (en) * 1959-09-21 1962-02-06 Arvin Ind Inc Electric heating panel
US3141954A (en) * 1962-02-26 1964-07-21 Lester S Simon Heat-radiating curtain
US3370262A (en) * 1963-05-27 1968-02-20 Sprague Electric Co Electrical resistor
US3309643A (en) * 1964-01-02 1967-03-14 Massachusetts Inst Technology Electric heating element
US3349722A (en) * 1964-11-27 1967-10-31 Cleveland Technical Ct Inc Electrical resistance rail heater
US3534148A (en) * 1969-02-11 1970-10-13 Sybron Corp Encapsulated electrical circuit and terminals and method of making the same
US3852564A (en) * 1969-03-07 1974-12-03 Saint Gobain Electrically heated windows
US3610888A (en) * 1970-01-30 1971-10-05 Westinghouse Electric Corp Oxide resistor heating element
US3751633A (en) * 1971-10-08 1973-08-07 W Green Plug-in chamber furnace
US3748439A (en) * 1971-12-27 1973-07-24 Texas Instruments Inc Heating apparatus
US3816704A (en) * 1972-03-20 1974-06-11 Gen Electric Surface heating apparatus
US3816702A (en) * 1972-06-26 1974-06-11 R Green Electronic isothermal device
US3869596A (en) * 1973-09-28 1975-03-04 Safeway Products Inc Cookware heater
JPS50133336A (en) * 1974-04-10 1975-10-22
JPS5334255B2 (en) * 1974-04-10 1978-09-19
US3934119A (en) * 1974-09-17 1976-01-20 Texas Instruments Incorporated Electrical resistance heaters
US4035613A (en) * 1976-01-08 1977-07-12 Kyoto Ceramic Co., Ltd. Cylindrical ceramic heating device
US4315128A (en) * 1978-04-07 1982-02-09 Kulicke And Soffa Industries Inc. Electrically heated bonding tool for the manufacture of semiconductor devices
US4542268A (en) * 1980-01-28 1985-09-17 Litton Systems, Inc. Browning heater for a microwave oven
US4527050A (en) * 1981-07-08 1985-07-02 E.G.O. Elektro-Gerate Blanc Und Fischer Hotplate
US4371862A (en) * 1981-08-03 1983-02-01 Emhart Industries, Inc. Variable resistance control
US4501951A (en) * 1982-08-16 1985-02-26 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electric heating element for sterilely cutting and welding together thermoplastic tubes
US4501713A (en) * 1983-06-15 1985-02-26 Phillips Petroleum Company Stabilizing melt crystallization temperature in arylene sulfide polymer heat treatment
EP0136001A2 (en) * 1983-08-30 1985-04-03 Labsystems Oy Apparatus for measuring characteristics of liquid samples which have to be heated
EP0136001A3 (en) * 1983-08-30 1986-03-05 Labsystems Oy Apparatus for measuring characteristics of liquid samples which have to be heated
US4696257A (en) * 1985-08-30 1987-09-29 John F. Neary Self drying pet litter box
EP0229351A1 (en) * 1985-12-19 1987-07-22 Buchtal Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Flat ceramic element
US4864101A (en) * 1987-01-09 1989-09-05 Denco, Inc. Hybrid welding wafer
US5027425A (en) * 1988-03-30 1991-06-25 Melitta-Werke Bentz & Sohn Flow-through heater, particularly for a coffee or tea maker
US5026970A (en) * 1988-07-29 1991-06-25 Emaco Ltd. Cooking appliances
US5241157A (en) * 1990-04-27 1993-08-31 Georg Fischer Ag Arrangement for butt-welding plastic material components
US5155800A (en) * 1991-02-27 1992-10-13 Process Technology Inc. Panel heater assembly for use in a corrosive environment and method of manufacturing the heater
US5502293A (en) * 1992-05-26 1996-03-26 Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha Heater element for a tube connecting device
US5605715A (en) * 1993-12-09 1997-02-25 The Erie Ceramic Arts Company Methods for making electrical circuit devices
EP0675670A2 (en) * 1994-03-28 1995-10-04 Morillo Casals, Pilar Radiant panel with improved printed circuit
EP0675670A3 (en) * 1994-03-28 1996-08-28 Morillo Casals Pilar Radiant panel with improved printed circuit.
US20050002659A1 (en) * 2001-10-09 2005-01-06 Stylianos Panaghe Radiant electric heating element
US7764873B2 (en) * 2001-10-09 2010-07-27 Stylianos Panaghe Radiant electricating element with printed heating and ceramic tracks
US20050025470A1 (en) * 2001-12-19 2005-02-03 Elias Russegger Method for the production of an electrically conductive resistive layer and heating and/or cooling device
US7361869B2 (en) * 2001-12-19 2008-04-22 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Method for the production of an electrically conductive resistive layer and heating and/or cooling device
US20040240864A1 (en) * 2003-05-30 2004-12-02 Lee Chang Hwan Sauna far infrared heat emitting article and method
US20050133492A1 (en) * 2003-05-30 2005-06-23 Lee Chang H. Sauna far infrared heat emitting article and method
US7194198B2 (en) 2003-05-30 2007-03-20 American Infrared Sauna Corp. Sauna far infrared heat emitting article and method
FR2862374A1 (en) * 2003-11-18 2005-05-20 Kj Soc Heating panel for forming heating sheath on e.g. wall, has plate with thickness lower than four millimeters, and layer made up of insulating and thermally conductive material, and having thickness slightly greater than thickness of plate

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