US2775722A - Electric discharge tubes - Google Patents

Electric discharge tubes Download PDF

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Publication number
US2775722A
US2775722A US347486A US34748653A US2775722A US 2775722 A US2775722 A US 2775722A US 347486 A US347486 A US 347486A US 34748653 A US34748653 A US 34748653A US 2775722 A US2775722 A US 2775722A
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United States
Prior art keywords
cathode
anode
anodes
tube
discharge
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Expired - Lifetime
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US347486A
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English (en)
Inventor
Beck Arnold Hugh William
Jackson Thomas Meirion
Lytollis John
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
International Standard Electric Corp
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International Standard Electric Corp
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Priority claimed from GB4473/55A external-priority patent/GB788593A/en
Priority claimed from GB33617/53A external-priority patent/GB788929A/en
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Publication of US2775722A publication Critical patent/US2775722A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H01J17/38—Cold-cathode tubes
    • H01J17/48—Cold-cathode tubes with more than one cathode or anode, e.g. sequence-discharge tube, counting tube, dekatron
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
    • H03K17/52—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of gas-filled tubes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K29/00—Pulse counters comprising multi-stable elements, e.g. for ternary scale, for decimal scale; Analogous frequency dividers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q3/00—Selecting arrangements
    • H04Q3/42—Circuit arrangements for indirect selecting controlled by common circuits, e.g. register controller, marker
    • H04Q3/52—Circuit arrangements for indirect selecting controlled by common circuits, e.g. register controller, marker using static devices in switching stages, e.g. electronic switching arrangements
    • H04Q3/521—Circuit arrangements for indirect selecting controlled by common circuits, e.g. register controller, marker using static devices in switching stages, e.g. electronic switching arrangements using semiconductors in the switching stages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q3/00—Selecting arrangements
    • H04Q3/42—Circuit arrangements for indirect selecting controlled by common circuits, e.g. register controller, marker
    • H04Q3/52—Circuit arrangements for indirect selecting controlled by common circuits, e.g. register controller, marker using static devices in switching stages, e.g. electronic switching arrangements
    • H04Q3/525—Circuit arrangements for indirect selecting controlled by common circuits, e.g. register controller, marker using static devices in switching stages, e.g. electronic switching arrangements using tubes in the switching stages

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to cold cathode gas-filled electric discharge tubes and switching circuits using such tubes and is particularly concerned with the construction and use of such tubes in switching circuits carrying speech currents.
  • Cold cathode gas-filled electric discharge tubes are frequently used as voltage operated relays and the like in switching circuits. Dilliculties are encountered, however, when it is desired to complete a speech carrying path through a cold cathode tube.
  • the cathode-anode discharge path of a cold cathode tube be included in a speech current circuit there is a tendency for noise to be injected into the circuit, but difiiculty has been experienced in reducing the impedance of the cathode-anode path to values much less than 1000 ohms, which means that the insertion loss of the switch is high, particularly if inserted directly in a normal 600 ohms circuit.
  • inertia efiects of the gaseous ions result in the impedance of such a path appearing as a resistance shunted by an inductance whose value may be of the order of henries.
  • the present invention provides a switching circuit comprising an electric discharge tube having a cold cathode and two anodes cooperating therewith, and means for establishing an electric transmission path across the gap between the two anodes by establishing discharges between the said cathodeand the respective anodes.
  • the invention provides a cold cathode gasfilled electric discharge tube comprising a cathode and a plurality of anodes cooperating therewith 'so that a glow discharge may pass from the cathode to each anode, the said anodes being disposed relative to one another and to the cathode so that during discharge between the cathode and said anodes an electric transmission path is provided across the gap between the anodes or a pair of said anodes.
  • a low anode-anode impedance can be obtained if the two anodes are disposed with respect to the cathodes so that they are both at the edge of the cathode dark space. This means however, that for each gap the anode-cathode striking and maintaining voltages are then similar, which in general is not desired.
  • an electric discharge device comprising within an envelope containing an ionisable gas, a cold cathode and two anodes disposed with respect to the said cathods so that the mainice taining voltage of each gap between the said cathode and either anode is less than the striking voltage and so disposed with respect to each other that a path across the gap between the two anodes presents a low impedance to speech currents.
  • the anodes should be as far distant as possible from the cathods. If the anode-cathode gap is too great, however, not only does the anode-anode impedance, rise, as will be explained later, but noise is introduced so soon as the anode-cathode gap is longer than that appropriate to a limited region of the Faraday dark space.
  • a cold cathode gas-filled electric glow discharge tube comprising a cathode and two mutually adjacent anodes each so positioned that during abnormal glow discharge between the cathode and both anodes the said anode is situated between the edge of the cathods dark space and the end of that region of the Faraday dark space in which there is substantially no electron space charge sheath surrounding the anode.
  • the cathode may be a flat strip
  • the anodes may be adjacent rods or further fiat strips parallel to one another and both parallel to the cathods or at rightangles to it.
  • Adopting a cylindrical geometry other possibilities are: rod-shaped anodes with a surrounding cathode, or a rod-shaped cathode with surrounding anodes.
  • the discharge tube may include means for ejecting photo electrons from the cathode.
  • a simple diode type of tube is required, for other applications a trigger electrode may be incorporated to provide means for firing the anode-cathode gaps.
  • Fig. 1 shows a circuit diagram to illustrate the use of a tube according to the present invention
  • Fig. 2 shows a circuit diagram of an arrangement according to the invention utilising a double tube providing switches in a pair of lines balanced to ground;
  • Fig. 3 shows the construction of an experimental tube according to the invention
  • Fig. 4 shows curves illustrating the behaviour of the tube of Fig. 3;
  • Figs. 5 to 10 show diagrammatically alternative electrode arrangements to that of Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 11 shows curves illustrating the efiect of anodecathode gap length on anode-anode impedance
  • Fig. 12 illustrates the use of an auxiliary trigger electrode for initiating the main anode-cathode discharge.
  • Fig. 1 there .is shown a cold cathode electric discharge tube 1 having a cathode 2 and a pair of anodes 3 and 4.
  • the cathode 2 is connected .to ground through a resistor 5 and rectifier element 6 connected to have a low impedance when current flows from cathode to ground.
  • Resistors 7 and 8 connect the respective anodes to .a terminal 9 which is connected to the positive pole of a source of D. C. potential not shown.
  • ⁇ A speech transformer i10 has one of its secondary terminals connected through D. C. blocking condenser 12 and a load circuit H to anode 3. The other end of the secondary winding is connected through D. C. blocking condenser 16 to 'anode 4.
  • the resistors 5, 7 and 8 and the voltage of the D. C. source connected to terminal 9 is such that when once the gap between either of these anodes and cathode Q has 'been 'fired, the discharge is maintained and covers the whole of the cathode surface but the voltage available is insuflicient to tire the gap initial-1y.
  • resistor 14 is connected between cathode .2 and terminal '15, resistor 14 being of high i-rnpedance.
  • the discharge current passing through rectifier 6 lowers the rectifier resistance and renders inoperative any further negative potentials applied to terminal 15.
  • the impedance between anodes 3 and 4 is very high, so that substantially no speech current can be passed from transformer 10 through the load circuit 111.
  • the impedance between anodes 3 and 4 becomes very low and the circuit to the load I11 is completed.
  • the discharge in the tube may be extinguished by app-lying a negative pulse to terminal 9 to lower the anode voltage below the maintaining voltage of the tube. It is to be understood that the methods of firing and extinguishing the tube are described above merely by way of example and various alternative methods may be used.
  • the switching tube also functions as a surge limiter and the cathode discharge is not extinguished by the surge.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown an arrangement of the invention which is more suitable for use with balanced circuits.
  • a pair of transformers 16 and '17, having centre-tapped secondaries, provide input and output speech connections.
  • the impedance ratio of the transformers is preferably such as to match the high impedance secondary circuits.
  • a double tube 18 having two electrode assemblies similar to those of the tube of Fig. 1 is used with one pair of anodes 19 and 20 connected each to one end of the secondary windings of the respective transformers 16 and 17, the lead .from anode 20 being taken through a rectiher 21 as shown.
  • the other ends of the secondary windings of the transformers are connected to the other pair of anodes 22 and 23, la rectifier '24 being connected as shown in the lead to anode 2 3.
  • Cathodes 2'5 and 26 are connected to ground through respective choke coils 27 and 28 and rectifiers 29 and 30. All the recti'fiers are connected so as to present a low impedance path to anodecathode discharge currents through the tube. High tension supply sufficient to maintain discharge from the anodes of each half of the tube to their respective cathodes is connected to the centre taps 31 and 62 .of the secondaries of transformers 16 and 17 through current limiting resistors 33 and 34. Resistors 35 and 36 of high value are connected between anodes 20 -and.2'3 and respective terminals 37 and 38 to which positive pulses may be applied simultaneously.
  • Negative pulses may be applied simultaneously to cathodes 2-5 and 26 from respective terminals 39 and 40 through high valued resistors 41 and 42. These arrangements are such that the simultaneous presence of positive pulses at terminals 37 and 38 and negative pulses on the corresponding cathode terminals B9 and 40 are required to fire the tube. When this coincidence occurs, the two halves of the tube fire and the rectifiers 21, 24, 29 and 30 then apply low impedance shunts to the pulses so that the latter no longer have any eflect.
  • the discharge gaps cathode 25anode 19 and cathode 26anode 22 are primed lby ionisation coupling from the discharge to the respective adjacent anodes.
  • FIG. 3 one type of experimental tube which has been constructed is similar in appearance to that illustrated, being housed in a conventional minaturc radio valve type of envelope 43.
  • a vertical sheet of mica 44 supported between mica discs 45 and 46, carries a rectangular cathode plate 47 on one side and a similar cathode plate 47 on the other.
  • the cathode plates are mounted spaced away from the supporting sheet 44 so as to avoid trouble due to cathode sputtering.
  • the anodes take the form of rods such as 48 and 49 mounted with their axes lying in a plane parallel to the cathode. The ends of a further pair of anode rods 50 and 51 for the other half of the tube are seen projecting through the disc 45.
  • anode-anode impedances have been obtained with pure inert gases, such as helium, argon and neon and with mixtures of gases, notably neonargon and neon-argon-hydrogen.
  • inert gases such as helium, argon and neon
  • mixtures of gases notably neonargon and neon-argon-hydrogen.
  • anode-cathode separations were chosen to provide a striking voltage to either anode of about 200 volts, the maintaining voltage lying between and volts.
  • a satisfactory tube having helium at a similar pressure had striking voltage of 300 and a maintaining voltage of 200 for each anode.
  • the spacing between anodes has been found not to be critical, otherwise similar tubes in which the anode-anode separation varied from 5 mm. to 0.5 mm. differing insignificantly in characteristics.
  • a tube according to the invention if the anodes are supplied separately from different sources of potential, it is observed that over a range of potential difference between the anodes the diiference in current flowing to the two anodes is substantially linear.
  • a typical ditferential characteristic is represented by the curves of Fig. 4. To obtain these curves a circuit similar to Fig. 1 was used, an additional D. C. source being substituted for the transformer 10, load 1i. and blocking condensers 12 and 13. Meters were inserted in the lead to each anode and the anode currents plotted against anode-anode potential diiference. The total cathode current was adjusted so that abnormal discharge occurred i. e.
  • FIG. 3 a single pair of anodes is shown cooperating with each cathode.
  • An alternative arrangement is shown in Fig. 5.
  • the impedance between the anodes can be reduced if four similar anode rods 52 55 respectively, are mounted in a line with one another parallel to the cathode 47, alternate anodes 52, 54 and 53, 55, respectively, being connected together to replace the single anodes 48 and 49 shown in the drawings.
  • six or more anode rods could be used if desired.
  • Figs. 6 to 10 Other types of anode construction are indicated diagrammatically in Figs. 6 to 10, in each of which the electrodes are indicated by the same reference numerals as in the schematic circuit diagram of Fig. 1.
  • the cathode 2 comprises a rectangular plate and the anodes 3 and 4 are strips parallel to one another and to the cathode 2.
  • embarrassment may be caused by the statistical delay in firing of the anode-cathode gaps. It is well known that, in the absence of any ionisation between cathode and anode in a cold cathode tube, an anode-cathode voltage higher than that normally necessary to cause breakdown can exist for some time before breakdown occurs; as soon as some random charged particle enters the gap, a breakdown can occur.
  • the charged particle may originate from ionisation due to cosmic rays, for example, or the action of light on the cathode, the delay in firing pending the occurrence of such an event being known in the art as the statistical delay of firing of a gap.
  • the statistical delay may be eliminated by inserting some radioactive substance Within the tube envelope, by subjecting the cathode to light of suitable wavelength, or by providing ions by means of an auxiliary priming discharge or night light.
  • two additional electrodes 56 and 57 are indicated between which a night light discharge may be maintained.
  • the electrodes 56 and 57 are enclosed in a quartz tube which will allow light of the required short wave length to pass without substantial attenuation while preventing charged particles reaching the other electrodes and so reducing the anode-cathode striking voltage.
  • the gap between electrodes 56 and 58 is in register with the space between anodes 3 and 4 and the glow between electrodes 56 and 58 passes through said space to fall upon the surface of cathode 2.
  • Fig. 7 the cathode 2 is again represented as a plate, but the anodes 3 and 4 are strips parallel to one another and edge-wise on to the cathode.
  • a wire loop 59 which can be heated, is placed in the vicinity of the discharge gaps.
  • Figs. 8, 9 and 10 cylindrical constructions-are shown.
  • the cathode 2 is a rod surrounded by coaxial cylindrical anodes 3 and 4, spaced apart along the axis of the cathode, while in Fig. 9 the cathode 2 is cylindrical and the anodes 3 and 4 are axial rods inserted at either end so as to leave a small gap between them.
  • the cathode 2 is again cylindrical and the anodes 3 and 4 are rods which, in this example, are positioned side-by-side symmetrically disposed within the cathode.
  • the separation between the anodes of any of the arrangements described is not critical.
  • the anode-cathode separation must be chosen with care, particularly when the anode-cathode gaps are to be fired by coincident pulse arrangements.
  • curve A referes to an argon-filled tube with a cathode current of 20 ma.
  • curve B relates to a helium-filled tube at a cathode current of 20 ma.
  • the curve B relates to the same tube as the curve B but with the cathode current reduced to 10 ma.
  • the anode of a glow discharge tube for use in telephone circuits and the like should be positioned within the Faraday dark space to avoid noise.
  • the electrons of the discharge which are being accelerated towards the anode, may acquire sufficient kinetic energy to liberate secondary electrons from the material of the anode.
  • These secondary electrons establish an electronic space charge sheath around the anode, under which conditions, in an arrangement such as that of Fig. 1, the transmission path becomes noisy and the anode-anode impedance rises.
  • the formation of an electronic space charge sheath around an anode is negligible and noise in the anode-anode transmission path is low.
  • anode-cathode gap length should obviously be as large as possible.
  • the rise of the anode-anode impedance dictates that the product of gas pressure and anode-cathode gap length should be below values which would correspond to the steep skirts of the curves shown and the formation of an electronic space charge sheath adjacent the anodes.
  • a simple diode type of anode-cathode gap has been used.
  • this is preferred.
  • a trigger electrode can usefully be employed to fire the cathode-anode gaps.
  • Such an arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 12, in which, in addition to the cathode 2 and anodes 3 and 4, a trigger electrode 60 is employed.
  • the gaps between the trigger electrode 60 and cathode 2 may have either a lower or a higher breakdown potential than that of either of the gaps between cathode 2 and anodes 3 and 4.
  • the cathode-anode separation must be greater than the length of the cathode dark space, so that the anodeanode impedance is not the smallest possible.
  • the anode-cathode gap may be reduced to the length at which a maximum valued signal surge, imposed upon the D. C. anode-cathode voltage in the absence of discharge, is just insufiicient to cause breakdown. This value of gap-length will then provide the lowest prac tical value of anode-anode impedance.
  • the triggercathode gap length may then be chosen to provide .a convenient value of trigger gap breakdown potential which may be greater than that of the anode-cathode gaps.
  • the electrodes 61 and 62 form an auxiliary discharge gap, this gap being shielded by means, such, for example, as a quartz partition, indicated at 63, so as only to eliminate the statistical delay of firing of the cathode to trigger gap but not to affect the other electrical characteristics of the tube.
  • the priming gap is shown energised by a D. C. source 6 5 connected across the gap electrodes through a currentdimitfng resistor 65.
  • the anodes 3- and 4 are inter-connected by the secondary winding of transformer 66 and are each connected to a source of high tension through individual resistors 67 and 68, respectively, and a common anode resistor 69.
  • the trigger electrode 60 is shown connected through a resistor '76 to terminal '73, while an additional connection to the anode circuit is provided through D. C. blocking capacitor 72 to terminal 73.
  • the cathode 2 is connected to ground 8 through a high impedance choke 74. A positive pulse applied to terminal 7]. fires both anode-cathode gaps and so establishes the speech path between the anodes 3 and 4, so that a low impedance is presented to any circuit terminated by the primary winding of transformer 66.
  • the tube may be extinguished by means of a negative pulse applied to terminal 72, after which the impedance across the primary terminals of transformer 66 becomes high.
  • a switching circuit for switching a signal source to a load comprising an electric discharge tube having a cold cathode and two anodes cooperating therewith, means for establishing a transmission path across the gap between the two anodes by establishing discharges between the said cathode and the respective anodes, and means coupling said transmission path in series between said source and load.
  • a cold cathode gas-filled electric discharge tube arrangement for switching between a signal source and its load comprising a cathode and a plurality of anodes cooperating therewith so that a glow discharge may pass from the cathode to each anode, the said anodes being so disposed relative to one another and to the cathode that during discharge between the cathode and the said anodes an electric current transmission path is provided across the gap between each pair of the said anodes, and means coupling the anodes of each pair and their gap in series with each other and in series between the source and load.
  • An electric discharge device arrangement for switching between a signal source and its load comprising, within an envelope containing an ionisable gas, a cold cathode and two anodes disposed with respect to the said cathode so that the maintaining voltage of the gap between the said cathode and either anode is less than the striking voltage and so disposed with respect to each other that, during discharge between the cathode and the said anodes, a path for signals is provided of low impedance at least for signals in the voice-frequency range, and means coupling said anodes in series between said source and said load.
  • a cold cathode gas-filled electric discharge tube arrangement for switching a signal source to its load comprising a cathode and two mutually adjacent anodes each so positioned that during abnormal glow discharge between the cathode and both anodes the said anodes are situated between the edge of the cathode dark space and the end of that region of the Faraday dark space in which there is substantially no electron space charge sheath surrounding the anode, and means coupling said anodes in series between the source and load.
  • a cold cathode gas filled electric glow discharge tube arrangement for switching a signal source to a load comprising a cathode and a pair of mutually adjacent anodes characterised in this, that the product of the pressure of the gas filling and the gap length from the cathode to either said anode is such that, for a given glow discharge current from the said cathode, the said product lies within the range of values for which, at that said current, the resistance of the gap between the said anodes is near its minimum value and varies slowly with change of the said product when compared to its rate of variation outside the said range, and means coupling said anodes in series between the source and load.
  • a tube arrangement according to claim 2 further comprising a planar cathode and a pair of planar anodes parallel to one another and opposed to and parallel with the said. cathode.
  • a tube arrangement according to claim 2 in which an auxiliary discharge gap is positioned to illuminate the 10 said cathode and is so mounted that charged particles from the said auxiliary discharge gap are shielded from the said cathode and anodes.
  • a tube arrangement according to claim 2 comprising cathode illuminating means adapted on being heated by the passage of current therethrough to illuminate the said cathode.

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Interface Circuits In Exchanges (AREA)
  • Gas-Filled Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Exchange Systems With Centralized Control (AREA)
  • Sub-Exchange Stations And Push- Button Telephones (AREA)
  • Devices For Supply Of Signal Current (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
  • Structure Of Telephone Exchanges (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
  • Monitoring And Testing Of Exchanges (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
US347486A 1952-04-10 1953-04-08 Electric discharge tubes Expired - Lifetime US2775722A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9307/52A GB734345A (en) 1952-04-10 1952-04-10 Improvements in or relating to electric signal switching circuits and cold cathode gas-filled discharge tubes therefor
GB4473/55A GB788593A (en) 1952-04-10 1953-09-02 Improvements in or relating to automatic telecommunication exchange systems
GB33617/53A GB788929A (en) 1952-04-10 1953-12-03 Improvements in or relating to automatic telecommunication exchanges

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2775722A true US2775722A (en) 1956-12-25

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US347486A Expired - Lifetime US2775722A (en) 1952-04-10 1953-04-08 Electric discharge tubes
US452034A Expired - Lifetime US2843782A (en) 1952-04-10 1954-08-25 Electric discharge tubes
US471444A Expired - Lifetime US2911475A (en) 1952-04-10 1954-11-26 Electrical signalling systems

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US452034A Expired - Lifetime US2843782A (en) 1952-04-10 1954-08-25 Electric discharge tubes
US471444A Expired - Lifetime US2911475A (en) 1952-04-10 1954-11-26 Electrical signalling systems

Country Status (7)

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US (3) US2775722A (de)
BE (3) BE519096A (de)
CH (1) CH318619A (de)
DE (5) DE1021497B (de)
FR (4) FR1079163A (de)
GB (5) GB734345A (de)
NL (1) NL235805A (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2940012A (en) * 1957-07-08 1960-06-07 Philips Corp Potential indicating device
US3350602A (en) * 1965-02-11 1967-10-31 Eg & G Inc Gaseous-discharge device having a trigger electrode and a light producing spark gap to facilitate breakdown between the trigger electrode and one of the principal electrodes

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB967252A (en) * 1960-05-25 1964-08-19 Pye Ltd Automatic telephone systems
US3205312A (en) * 1960-12-23 1965-09-07 Gen Dynamics Corp Off-hook detector
ES292363A1 (es) * 1962-10-15 1963-12-01 Standard Electrica Sa Sistema telefënico conmutador electrënico

Citations (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1738169A (en) * 1926-05-08 1929-12-03 Old Colony Trust Company Rectifier
US1834072A (en) * 1928-07-04 1931-12-01 Telefunken Gmbh Glow lamp
US2103022A (en) * 1933-08-23 1937-12-21 Hazeltine Corp Gaseous discharge tube
US2293570A (en) * 1940-11-07 1942-08-18 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Amplifier using gas-filled tube
US2294910A (en) * 1941-03-26 1942-09-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Signaling and communication system
US2309525A (en) * 1941-01-21 1943-01-26 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electric signaling
US2593375A (en) * 1950-06-12 1952-04-15 Northrop Aircraft Inc Asymmetrical cold cathode flip-flop circuit

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2387018A (en) * 1942-08-05 1945-10-16 Bell Lab Inc Communication system
US2419485A (en) * 1943-06-03 1947-04-22 Ncr Co Electronic device
US2427533A (en) * 1943-12-31 1947-09-16 Research Corp Electronic switching device
FR944842A (de) * 1947-03-26 1949-05-02
US2490833A (en) * 1947-04-26 1949-12-13 Fed Telecomm Labs Inc All electronic line finder and selector system
US2579306A (en) * 1948-03-05 1951-12-18 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Multielectrode gaseous discharge devices
DE812933C (de) * 1949-04-26 1951-09-06 Siemens & Halske A G Schaltungsanordnung fuer Nullfrequenzruf und -wahl
BE500226A (de) * 1949-12-24
US2565103A (en) * 1950-12-19 1951-08-21 Pierre M G Toulon Switching tube
BE509052A (de) * 1951-02-23

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1738169A (en) * 1926-05-08 1929-12-03 Old Colony Trust Company Rectifier
US1834072A (en) * 1928-07-04 1931-12-01 Telefunken Gmbh Glow lamp
US2103022A (en) * 1933-08-23 1937-12-21 Hazeltine Corp Gaseous discharge tube
US2293570A (en) * 1940-11-07 1942-08-18 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Amplifier using gas-filled tube
US2309525A (en) * 1941-01-21 1943-01-26 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electric signaling
US2294910A (en) * 1941-03-26 1942-09-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Signaling and communication system
US2593375A (en) * 1950-06-12 1952-04-15 Northrop Aircraft Inc Asymmetrical cold cathode flip-flop circuit

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2940012A (en) * 1957-07-08 1960-06-07 Philips Corp Potential indicating device
US3350602A (en) * 1965-02-11 1967-10-31 Eg & G Inc Gaseous-discharge device having a trigger electrode and a light producing spark gap to facilitate breakdown between the trigger electrode and one of the principal electrodes

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Publication number Publication date
CH318619A (fr) 1957-01-15
GB734345A (en) 1955-07-27
DE1021497B (de) 1957-12-27
GB788595A (en) 1958-01-02
GB788594A (en) 1958-01-02
FR67472E (fr) 1958-03-13
FR67471E (fr) 1958-03-13
FR1079163A (fr) 1954-11-26
FR68806E (fr) 1958-06-10
DE1052474B (de) 1959-03-12
US2843782A (en) 1958-07-15
DE1047258B (de) 1958-12-24
BE531570A (de)
BE533837A (de)
DE1047259B (de) 1958-12-24
US2911475A (en) 1959-11-03
BE519096A (de)
NL235805A (de)
GB788592A (en) 1958-01-02
GB788591A (en) 1958-01-02
DE1071765B (de) 1959-12-24

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