US2511886A - varfan - Google Patents

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US2511886A
US2511886A US2511886DA US2511886A US 2511886 A US2511886 A US 2511886A US 2511886D A US2511886D A US 2511886DA US 2511886 A US2511886 A US 2511886A
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resonator
electron
electrons
stream
energy
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Priority claimed from US268898A external-priority patent/US2259690A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/22—Reflex klystrons, i.e. tubes having one or more resonators, with a single reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the modulator zone
    • H01J25/24—Reflex klystrons, i.e. tubes having one or more resonators, with a single reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the modulator zone in which the electron stream is in the axis of the resonator or resonators and is pencil-like before reflection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/06—Tubes having only one resonator, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the modulation produced in the modulator zone is mainly velocity modulation, e.g. Lüdi-Klystron
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/10—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator
    • H01J25/12—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator with pencil-like electron stream in the axis of the resonators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/10—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator
    • H01J25/20—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator having special arrangements in the space between resonators, e.g. resistive-wall amplifier tube, space-charge amplifier tube, velocity-jump tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03D—DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER
    • H03D7/00—Transference of modulation from one carrier to another, e.g. frequency-changing
    • H03D7/20—Transference of modulation from one carrier to another, e.g. frequency-changing by means of transit-time tubes

Definitions

  • This invention relates generallyto ultra high frequency radio apparatus-and method, and the invention has reference more particularly to a novel converter and method forconverting, direct current into ultra high frequency alternating current.
  • This application is a division'of my copending application Serial No. 168 355, filed October ll, 1937, for Electrical converter, now Patent No;,2',242,275,- issued May 20,- 19511.
  • the principal object ofqthe presentinvention is to provide an efiicient generator or;- thermionic tube means'ior generating ultra highfrequency alternating currents,- said tube meansihavingyall ultra high frequency circuits substantiallyycom fined, thereby eliminating undesired radiation.
  • Another-object of the present invention lies in the provision of a novel ultra high frequency oseilIatoremployi-ng a cavity resonator means-together with means forprojectin astream of electrons therethrough for effecting bunchingpf the-electrons of the stream andenergy absorption from: the bunched stream;
  • Still another object of the-present invention is to provide a method of controlling the flow of electrons in an electron stream which comprises passing the-stream through a region ofstanding eleotromagneticwaves provided in a, hollow resenator to impart variable. velocities. tothe electrons of the streamand then passing the electron stream into an energy absorbing region of electromagnetic waves, energy being conveyed from said energy absorbing region to the-hollow resonator for maintaining the standing waves therein.
  • A,;further object of the present invention lies inthe provision of a novel ultra high frequency oscillator having a cavity resonator for effecting velocity modulation of an electron stream and also having a. second cavity resonator suitably spaced from the first sothat the resulting density modulated stream, uponentering the second resonator, serves to set up and maintain'a standing electromagnetic field therein, suitable feed-back means-being providedbetween said second resonator and said first resonator to. maintain oscillations in the latter.
  • Still another object is: to provide an ultra high frequency oscillator utilizinga minimum starting current.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for controlling the flow of electrons in. an electronstream by passing. the, stream through a region of standing electromagnetic wavesto impartvariable velocities to the: electrons of thestream, and,,,;then
  • object of thespresent invention is to provide a method and apparatus for generatinguultrachigh frequency waves by causing grouping of the electrons of an electron stream, absorbing energy; from these: groups of electrons b13311 electromagnetic field; which may be confinediwithin acavity; resonator, and maintaining grpupsyofrthese:electronsby energy conveyed from; the: energy-absorbiug field to the grouping mea s;
  • Stillanotherrobjecttof the present invention is to proyidaarjmethod and; apparatus for generating ultra-high .frequency waves, by passing a stream of-ixelectrons: thruajregion of standing electroma neticw waves; which. may be confined; within a-hollowcavity resonator; and supplying energy from r the "stream; leaving theregion to maintain these standing: waves.
  • Fig.3 is aview, partly in section and partly in perspective,-: showing a portion of the resonant circpi-t utilized in thetube shown in Fig. 1;
  • I shall 'electric'resonator 25. are electrically connected and illustrated-with describe a self-oscillator or converter wherein all of the resonant circuits are small enough to be self-contained within a single envelope.
  • the word grid is deemed to refer to any electron-permeable electrode, irrespective of the number of aperturespresent,so
  • an envelope I is provided atone end thereof with a reentrant stem2' which supports a thermionic cathode 4. It is obvious that any of the known thermionic cathode structures directly or indirectly heated, may be utilized to form'the source of electrons for the tube.
  • the electrons emitted from the cathode '4 are caused to travel therefrom in the form of a stream along a substantially straight-line path.
  • the electrons travel through the screen 20, into and through a cavity resonator or space-resonant device 2
  • the electrons then travel through a space or region 24 and through a second cavity or di-
  • Two parallel grids 9 and Ill forming part of the resonator 2
  • these space-resonators which comprise sus-'
  • the portion of the field of the extends between the opposed inner surfaces of the grid 2'! and the anode I2.
  • these resonators constitute substantially closed and non-radiating containers, and while the openings in the grid structures permit the passage of the electrons, they do not permit the passage of an appreciable amount of electromagnetic radiation.
  • the anode I2 may also be permeable, as illustrated in Fig. 2. ,fIhe electrons, after passing through the permeable electrode I2, may travel to a further anode 56.
  • the cathode structure 4 should be so designed, and the screen 20 so shaped, that the stream of electrons shall be focused'into a collimated beam that-does not spread excessively, notwithstanding that-it is projected a considerable distance.
  • the form of the screen 2!] depends upon the physical configuration of the apparatus. Though it is connectedthrough the frame of the apparatus to the positive terminal of the accelerating battery 6, it does'not'take part in the hereinafterdescribed cyclic operation of the system.
  • the grids 9 and I 0 be spaced to give an electron flight time therebetween substantially equal to or less than a'half-cycle; or substantially an odd number of half-cycles, in accordance with the initial velocity of the entering electrons, and as determined by thefrequency' of the space-resonant device 2
  • Each of the resonators '2I and 25 is shown as reentrant, as described in a copending application 'of William W. Hansen with David L. Webster,
  • the grids 9 and Ill are designed so as to offer as little obstruction to the passage of the electron stream as possible and are located at the inner extremities of the poles 22 and 23 of the resonator 2 I, and the grid '21 and the collector “I2 are also located at the inner extremities of the poles 26 and 29 of the resonator 25.
  • the grids 9, II] and 21 serve to confine the resonator standing fields within the respective resonators. The electron stream, therefore, is projected through the pole 22 and the grid 9 before entering the resonator 2
  • Energy may be transferred to or from the electromagnetic field of a resonator of this character by means of inductive loops or capacitive elements in the field, as Well as by means of a stream of electrons.
  • the resonators are shown coupled together by a single coupling loop 30 that enters the respective resonators through adjacent coupling; slots 3
  • l so interconnects the twov resonators thataany oscillation vset; up in oneresonator shall cause an oscillation to; be set upin the other resonator having a definite-phase relation with the first;
  • the oscillatory field must be automatically built up by the action ofthe electron stream to a high level from a very minute transientvalue; such as that supplied by thermalagitation of electrons in the metal of the resonator 2
  • the resonant circuit 251 will therefore automaticall build up oscillations in such.
  • phase as to extract energy fromany" group ofelectrons appearing with the. proper: frequency between the grid 21 andathe anode I21 If a portion ofxthe energy in the-resonant circuit 25 is transferredhy feed-back totheresonantcircuit 2
  • thiscoupling loop 383 may; of course, be omitted, unless reed-back is desired.
  • the electron flight time therethrough should be one half cycle or less, because if the field reverses before the electron gets through, some of the change in velocity will be canceled by the reversed field before the electron leaves the field. If the flight time in the field must for some reason be longer than one half cycle, it should be an odd number of half cycles, and then one half cycle of the field will be effective in changing the velocity of the electrons.
  • the phase of the oscillations in the electron grouping resonator be such as to deliver electron groups in the right phase to enhance the oscillations in the energy absorbing resonator. It is generally easiest to meet this condition by adjusting the accelerating voltage of the electron beam, and thus to change the transit time of the electrons between the electron grouping resonator and the energy absorbing resonator.
  • the length of the flight time between the electron grouping and the energy absorbing means will depend upon the requirements of any particular installation. This flight time can be made very short if no regard is had for efficiency. The shorter the flight time is made, thestronger .must be the excitation of the electron grouping circuit, because when the electrons have less time to catch up on each other, their velocity differences must be greater if they are to catch up within such short distances. This increased velocity difference introduces a difficulty in extracting the energy from the electron groups, for the fast electrons of a group will have considerably more energy than the slow electrons of the same group, and if the field extracts all the energy from the fast electrons, the slow electrons will be turned back, and will come out of 'the field on the subsequent half cycle withconsiderable energy. If the field extracts all the energy of the slow electrons, the fast ones will leave the energy absorbing means with considerable energy. This condition can be partially corrected for by rephasing the energy absorbing field slightly, but it cannot be completely cured if the flight time is made too short.
  • Fig. 1 The advantage of the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 lies in the compactness of the apparatus, and the smallness of the current required to make it operate.
  • Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of the invention which is preferred if large amounts of power are desired. It is necessarily of larger dimensions, but has very much larger power handling capacity.
  • the resonators M and 25 correspond to the resonators 2
  • resonator 2! is the electron grouping resonator
  • resonator 25' is the energy absorbing resonator.
  • the surfaces of the resonator are generated by rotation of the dumb-bell cross-section shown about the vertical axis of symmetry of the cross-section, thereby producing a spheroidal shape with pushed in poles which support the grids 9, I and 21.
  • the surfaces of the resonators of Fig. 5 are generated by rotation of the off- 8 set ordouble dumb-bell cross-section shown about a vertical axis of symmetry of the resulting figure, producing a toroidal or annular figure with pushed in annular poles supporting annular grids 9, l0 and 21.
  • the resonator of Fig. 5 may be considered to be generated by rotating the dumbbell cross-section of the resonator of Fig. 1 about an axis outside this cross-section but parallel to the axis of symmetry thereof.
  • the resonant frequency of these resonators will be somewhat lower for a given cross-section of dumb-bell, i.
  • cathode 4 In order to supply an annular beam of electrons to pass through grids 9, l0 and 21, cathode 4 is provided with an annular ring of emitting material 50.
  • the electron beam is directed from emitter 50 through grids 9, ID and 21, and excites the device in the same manner as already described in connection with Fig. 1.
  • An alternating current generator comprising an annular cavity resonator comprising a toroidal structure consisting of two annular lobes connected by a narrow apertured annular isthmus, means for projecting an annular stream of electrons across said isthmus to set up a standing electromagnetic field within said cavity resonator, and coupling means extending into said cavity resonator.
  • Apparatus for generating high frequency currents comprising an electron emitter, hollow resonator means, means for projecting an electron stream from said emitter through said hollow resonator means to effect cyclic changes in the velocity of the electrons of said electron stream at the frequency of the hollow resonator means, a second hollow resonator means spaced from said first named resonator means in the direction of travel of said stream for absorbing energy of the frequency of said first resonator means from said electron stream and feed-back means coupling said second hollow resonator means to said first hollow resonator means.
  • Apparatus for generating high frequency currents comprising, means arranged to provide two mutually spaced regions and adapted to contain standing electromagnetic waves resonant therein, an electron emitter, means for drawing electrons therefrom through said first-named means for setting up standing electromagnetic waves therein and establishing alternating electric fields in said spaced regions for acting upon the electron stream, said first named means comprising feed-back means for conveying energy from the second of said regions to the first thereof for maintaining the oscillating field in the latter.
  • Apparatus for generating high frequency currents comprising, means having two mutually spaced substantially annular regions and adapted to contain oscillating electric fields.
  • said-first named means including means for extracting-energy from. the field of'the second of said regions and for" usin part of said energy tomaintainthe oscillating field in the first of said regions.
  • a t forengrav sf e ents currents comprising I electron emitter means 2 for producing a stream of electrons of annular crosssection, annular hollow resonator means, means for projecting said electron stream from said emitter through said annular hollow resonator means to effect cyclic changes in velocity of the electrons of said annular stream at the frequency of the said resonator means, a second annular hollow resonator means spaced from said first resonator in the direction of travel of said stream for absorbing energy of the frequency of said first resonator means from said electron stream, and feed-back means coupling said second resonator means to said first annular hollow resonator means.
  • Apparatus for generating high frequency currents comprising, an electron emitter, hollow resonator means, means for drawing electrons in the form of a stream from said emitter through said hollow resonator means to effect periodic variation of the velocity of the electrons of said stream by the oscillating high frequency electromagnetic field transiently present in said resonator means, said periodic variation in velocity of the electrons of said stream resulting in recurrent grouping thereof after leaving said field, and means for supplying energy derived from said grouped electron stream to said hollow resonator means to maintain said hollow resonator means in a steady state of oscillation.
  • Apparatus for generating high frequency currents comprising, an electron emitter, annular hollow resonator means, means acting between said emitter and said hollow resonator means for projecting an annular electron stream from said emitter through said resonator means to effect periodic variation of the velocity of the electrons of said electron stream by the oscillating high frequency electromagnetic field transiently present in said resonator means, and means for supplying energy derived from said electron stream after varying the velocity thereof to maintain said hollow resonator means in a steady state of oscillation.
  • Apparatus for generating high frequency currents comprising conductive enclosing means having two mutually spaced regions and adapted to contain oscillating electric field portions resonant therewithin, means in said apparatus for producing an annular stream of electrons, means for passing electrons from said producing means through said regions in succession for setting up the oscillating electric field portions therein, said first-named means including feedback means for extracting energy from the field of said second region and for feeding back part of said energy to maintain the oscillating field in the first of said regions.
  • Apparatus for generating high frequency currents comprising a pair of spaced hollow resonators adapted to contain oscillating electric fields, means in said apparatus for producing an annular stream of electrons and for passing said stream through said resonators in succession for interacting with the oscillating electriic ifilds therein; 1 and feedback means coupling said-vsecondihollow.resonator tossaid first hollow resonaton l #10- flltram gh frequency apparatus comprisingy-a pair -of .,spa cedhollow resonators, each resonator.
  • e llrizl pparatus comprising a hollow resonator having a pair of aligned electron, permeablepor tions, means in said apparatus for producing an electron stream, means defining a path for said stream through said resonator and said electron permeable portions, another resonator in said apparatus, and means coupling said resonators together.
  • an adjustable sealed mounting comprising a flexible metal member having a sealed connection to the base portion and an adjusting member extending through and sealed to the flexible member.
  • an adjustable sealed mounting comprising a flexible metal member having a sealed connection to the base portion, said member including a flexible tubular element, and an elongated adjusting member extending axially through said tubular element and sealed to said element adjacent the outer end thereof.
  • a hollow resonator having a pair of spaced gratings whereby an electron stream may be passed through the resonator for interaction of the electron stream with electromagnetic waves within the resonator, a source of an electron stream having a given average time rate of fiow of electrons past said gratings, the spacing between the two gratings, and the ratio of open to closed area in the gratings being so proportioned as to provide at the said given average time rate of electron flow a predetermined degree of impedance match between the resonator as a source of waves and the grating as a means for controlling the storage of energy in the electron stream.
  • means for producing and maintaining a beam of moving electrons having a given average time rate of fiow of electrons therein and an electromagnetic resonator having a spaced pair of electron permeable electrodes arranged to provide passageway for the electron beam through and beyond said resonator, said electron permeable electrodes having a given spacing and being so designed as to the ratio of electron passing area to electron obstructing area as to give a predesigned degree of coupling for energy transfer between the resonator and the electron beam for electromagnetic variations at a predetermined frequency and for the given electrode spacing and average time rate of flow of electrons.
  • a velocity variation type oscillator comprising an enclosing vessel having a flexible wall portion, a cavity resonator fixedly mounted 11 within said vessel and having opposed walls provided with aligned apertures-one of said walls being flexible and opposite said flexible wall portion, an electron gun opposite one of said walls and. in alignment with said apertures, an electrode opposite the other of said walls and in alignment with the aperture therein, and rigid means connecting said flexible wall portion to said flexible wall.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
  • Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
US2511886D 1938-06-18 varfan Expired - Lifetime US2511886A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US531251XA 1938-06-18 1938-06-18
US268898A US2259690A (en) 1939-04-20 1939-04-20 High frequency radio apparatus

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2511886A true US2511886A (en) 1950-06-20

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US23479D Expired USRE23479E (en) 1938-06-18 Electrical translating system
US2511886D Expired - Lifetime US2511886A (en) 1938-06-18 varfan

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US23479D Expired USRE23479E (en) 1938-06-18 Electrical translating system

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US (2) US2511886A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE972760C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (2) FR51178E (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (4) GB531251A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (3) NL79487C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1082986B (de) * 1955-02-12 1960-06-09 Telefunken Gmbh Reflexionsklystron
US2965794A (en) * 1955-06-17 1960-12-20 Varian Associates Electron tube apparatus

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2128233A (en) * 1934-03-01 1938-08-30 Meaf Mach En Apparaten Fab Nv Electron tube
US2128236A (en) * 1934-10-19 1938-08-30 Meaf Mach En Apparaten Fab Nv Vacuum discharge tube
US2180958A (en) * 1936-03-04 1939-11-21 Telefunken Gmbh Electronic system
US2190668A (en) * 1937-07-31 1940-02-20 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Diode oscillator
US2199045A (en) * 1936-01-31 1940-04-30 Pintsch Julius Kg Electromagnetic resonator
US2233779A (en) * 1935-11-30 1941-03-04 Telefunken Gmbh Electron discharge device
US2235497A (en) * 1934-02-24 1941-03-18 Rca Corp High frequency electron discharge device
US2242275A (en) * 1937-10-11 1941-05-20 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Electrical translating system and method
US2243537A (en) * 1940-07-31 1941-05-27 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Resonator grid structure

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL45407C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1934-02-23
DE748161C (de) * 1935-06-28 1944-10-27 Elektronenroehrenanordnung zum Anfachen ultrahochfrequenter elektromagnetischer Schwingungen
FR47472E (fr) * 1936-06-16 1937-05-22 Meaf Mach En Apparaten Fab Nv Tube électronique comportant un espace vide servant de résonateur

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2235497A (en) * 1934-02-24 1941-03-18 Rca Corp High frequency electron discharge device
US2128233A (en) * 1934-03-01 1938-08-30 Meaf Mach En Apparaten Fab Nv Electron tube
US2128236A (en) * 1934-10-19 1938-08-30 Meaf Mach En Apparaten Fab Nv Vacuum discharge tube
US2233779A (en) * 1935-11-30 1941-03-04 Telefunken Gmbh Electron discharge device
US2199045A (en) * 1936-01-31 1940-04-30 Pintsch Julius Kg Electromagnetic resonator
US2180958A (en) * 1936-03-04 1939-11-21 Telefunken Gmbh Electronic system
US2190668A (en) * 1937-07-31 1940-02-20 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Diode oscillator
US2242275A (en) * 1937-10-11 1941-05-20 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Electrical translating system and method
US2243537A (en) * 1940-07-31 1941-05-27 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Resonator grid structure

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL72297C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL79487C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR51178E (fr) 1941-09-30
NL89660C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB703324A (en) 1954-02-03
DE972760C (de) 1959-09-17
GB548725A (en) 1942-10-22
FR51369E (fr) 1942-06-09
USRE23479E (en) 1952-04-08
GB531251A (en) 1941-01-01
GB703375A (en) 1954-02-03

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