US2391450A - Method and apparatus for reproducing television pictures - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for reproducing television pictures Download PDF

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Publication number
US2391450A
US2391450A US334520A US33452040A US2391450A US 2391450 A US2391450 A US 2391450A US 334520 A US334520 A US 334520A US 33452040 A US33452040 A US 33452040A US 2391450 A US2391450 A US 2391450A
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United States
Prior art keywords
medium
membrane
raster
cathode ray
electron beam
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Expired - Lifetime
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US334520A
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English (en)
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Fischer Friedrich Ernst
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/74—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor
    • H04N5/7416—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor involving the use of a spatial light modulator, e.g. a light valve, controlled by a video signal
    • H04N5/7425—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor involving the use of a spatial light modulator, e.g. a light valve, controlled by a video signal the modulator being a dielectric deformable layer controlled by an electron beam, e.g. eidophor projector
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/74—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor

Definitions

  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a means whereby larger television pictures are capable of being reproduced with suflicient light intensity.
  • the method according to the present invention is carried out with a cathode ray tube and separate light source and is characterised by the feature that in the optical path of the rays between the separate light source and the projection screen, there is arranged a medium which is extended to form a fiat surface and which is portrayed on the projection screen by an objective and. due to electrostatic or inverse piezoelectric forces which are produced by electrical charges with the aid of the cathode ray tube, is deformed uniformly with the picture brightness, whereby a point-by-point control of the light emanating from the separate light source takes lace. p Due to the electrostatic or piezo-electric forces, the result is attained that the medium is deformed to form numerous small lenses or small curved mirrors. Conveniently, the deformation is so selected that a lens raster or mirror raster is formed.
  • the lenses or curved mirrors formed by the deformation can be of any-type, i. e., cylindrical lenses, concave or convex mirrors, concave cylindrical or convex cylindrical mirrors can be produced, which then again form a raster over the whole area of the medium.
  • the formation of lenses or mirrors is naturally dependent upon the nature of the medium employed. If lenses are to be formed, the medium must be transparent, whereas for the formation of mirrors, a surface reflection of the medium is essential.
  • the deformation of the medium is now caused by opposite charges on both sides thereof. The charges are applied on one side by the electron beam so that the place on the medium which is being swept over by said beam forms a small lens or a small mirror.
  • a light beam emanating from a separate light source is now thrown simultaneously or at another point of time on to the same place and is projected, suitably deflected, on to the projection screen.
  • the result f the continuous changing of the television picture is that one and the same raster element always receives other charge values.
  • the charge once applied must, therefore, either be removed or brought to a new value.
  • the cancellation of the charge which has been applied can be effected periodically by a separate cathode ray or even photo-electrically.
  • the charges which have been applied can, after projection of the picture has taken place, also be removed in a simple manner by the medium-itself having a suitable conductivity, whereby the charges are discharged.
  • a further possible way of varying the charges on the medium is by arranging that the side of the medium which is swept by the cathode ray emits secondary electrons, this being attained by suitable treatment of the surface.
  • This secondary emission causes the elements which are individually bombarded by the electron ray to receive, each according to its control, another charge, since when the velocity of the electron beam is high, fewer electrons escam by secondary emission than are applied by the electron beam and thus the element becomes negative, whereas when the velocity of the electron beams is low, more electrons escape by secondary emission than are applied by the electron beam, and thus the element becomes positive.
  • This control of the electron beam can take place in different ways and is, in the case of the present invention. dependent upon the method selected for the change of potential of the separate raster elements.
  • a si... ple intensity control of the cathode ray is suitable, since thereby each raster element receives a charge corresponding to the intensity of the oath- Ode ray.
  • the electron beam must be controlled as regards velocity.
  • a raster consisting of lenses or mirrors is formed on the medium.
  • This raster-like deformation of the medium is most easily attained by a corresponding raster-like distribution of the charges on the medium. It is here to be mentioned that this raster produced by deformation is preferably not identical with the line raster traversed by the electron beam, but is finer, because in this Way a better picture reproduction is possible.
  • the deformation raster since the deformation raster is finer than the line raster described by the electron beam, the latter must be separated into a plurality of beams operating closely adjacent one another if the deformation raster is located in the line direction, or else the deformation raster must lie in a direction other than the line direction, preferably perpendicularly thereto.
  • Such a fine deformation o charging raster disposed perpendicularly of the line direction can, for example, take place by controlling the electron beam with a high frequency carrier wave, whereby a whole number of carrier wave lengths fall on one line length.
  • the carrier wave is now modulated with the television signal, a charge distribution or deformation which is finely rastered cor responding to the brightness values of the television picture appears on the medium.
  • the means for carrying into effect the method which has been outlined above consists essentially of a cathode ray tube with at least two beamdefiecting systems and at least one control device for the intensity, intensity distribution or velocity of the cathode ray, in which tube is arranged, as a screen, a medium having at least one electrically conducting electrode, said medium being extended to form a flat surface and being deformable by electrostatic or plezo-electrlc forces, and a separate light source, from which the light is projected, by lens and mirror systems, on to or at least once.
  • Figs. 1 to 8 show varlous constructional examples of the arrangement according to the invcr ion; while Fig. 9 shows the relationship of the secondary emission factor to the electron beam velocity as embodied in certain forms of the invention.
  • a cathode ray tube I is provided, in known manner, with deflection systems 3 for the deflection of the cathode ray 2, and in this construction, the cathode ray tube I is closed at the front by a lens 4.
  • a thin transparent skin or membrane 5 is stretched close behind the lens 4 and on the side facing the electron beam 2, the membrane 5, shown to a larger scale in Fig. 7, has small plates 6 which are separated from one another and are finely distributed, regularly or irregularly, over the entire surface, said small plates being constructed so that they are secondary-emitting on the side facing the cathode ray and light-reflecting on to the other side.
  • the electrode 8 is shown coarse-meshed in Fig. 7 but comprises, in actual fact, a number of rods which is at least as large as the number of lines in the television picture.
  • the grid 9 which is also connected with the control device 1.
  • I0 is a light source, for example, an arc lamp. with an associated condenser H.
  • Th objectiv l2 portrays the diaphragm l3 on a concave mirror II, in such a manner that the marginal rays l5 fall on the edges of'the mirror It, the latter portraying the objective l2 on the membrane 5 and the rays being limited by a diaphragm l6.
  • the lens 4 with the aid of the small plates 6 arranged on the membrane 5, portray the mirror I4 on itself when the membran 5 is not deformed.
  • the membrane 5 is portrayed by the objective I! on the projection wall or screen [8.
  • the secondary emission factor a of the small plates 6 is represented as a function of the velocity of the electron beam as expressed in volts.
  • secondary emission factor a is to be understood the ratio of the number of secondarily emitted electrons to the number of impinging electrons.
  • the curve of a shows that with the potential U0, which amounts to a few thousand volts, equilibrium prevails between the impinging electrons and the secondary emitting electrons.
  • This potential U will now adjust itself with the line-byline sweeping of the plates 6 by the cathode ray between the small plates 6 and the cathode. If the control device 1 should at any moment suppl the potential Us to the electrode 8, no deformation of the membrane will takeplace because there is no potential difference. If, however, a potential which differs from U0 is applied to the electrode 8 by the control device in consequence of the rapidly changing television signal, then all the small plates 6 receive the same potential in consequence of the capacitative effect. The electron beam will, however, immediatel change the small plates touched by it at this moment back to the potential U0.
  • Fig. 1 the path of the rays of a small lens 20 formed in the above-described manner is diagrammatically represented in Fig. 1.
  • the mirror As already described, when the membrane 5 is undeformed, the mirror It is portrayed on itself by the lens 4 with the aid of the reflecting plates 6. With the presence of the lens 20 formed .by the membrane '5, the image 21 of the mirror I4 is moved towards the lens 28 into the position indicated, for example by the double-headed arrow. The marginal rays 22 emanating from this image 2
  • a light spot 23 corresponding to the size of the lens 28.
  • This spot is brighter, the more the lens is curved, because as the curvature of the lens 28 becomes greater, the image 2
  • the brightness distribution on the projection screen I8 corresponds to the deformation distribution of the membrane 5 and thus also to the brightness values of the television picture as given by the television signal.
  • an electrode must be provided for collecting the secondary electrons leaving the small plates 6, and in the example according to Fig. 1, this electrode is assumed to be the grid 9. It is obvious that any other deformable medium which is capable of being stretched out flat can be employed in place of the membrane 5, for example a crystal layer which is deformable by piezo-electric forces.
  • FIG. 2 A further embodiment of the arrangement according to the invention is represented in Fig. 2, in which similar parts to those shown in Fig. 1 have the same reference numerals.
  • Fig. 2 corresponds essentially to that of Fig. 1, but differs from the latter by the small plates or lamellae 6 not being made light-reflecting, but instead are either translucent or have such large interstices that sufficient light can still pass through the membrane 5.
  • the optical ray path is simplified by the objective 12 of Fig. 1 being omitted and the diaphragm i 3 being defined directly on the light collecting screen 24 by the lens 4, which is now arranged in front of the tube I.
  • the method of operation of this example corresponds exactly to that according to Fig. l.
  • the constructional example according to Fig. 3 differs from the example according to Fig. 1 in that two images are produced one after the other and side by side by the cathode ray 2, one of which is projected at the time whilst the other is recorded by the cathode ray.
  • two ray paths are provided which correspond exactly to the example according to Fig. 1 and which are brought to coincidence on the projection screen.
  • the optical ray path of the example represented in Fig. 4 corresponds, in principle, to the example according to Fig. 2, apart from insignificant alterations.
  • the diaphragm 13 in this construction is defined on the opening 21 in the mirror 28 by the lens 4 through the intermediary of the deflecting mirror 28, so that when the membrane 5 is undeformed, the total light passes through this opening 21 and the projection screen remains dark.
  • the opening 2'! thus assumes the function of the concave mirror I4 in the example according to Fig. l and of the light collecting screen 24 in the example according to Fig. 2.
  • the interceptor electrode 9 in this example is constructed as a cylinder.
  • the raster formation of the surface of the membrane is here produced by a carrier frequency intensity-modulation, to which reference has already been made. In this way, there occurs such a charge distribution on 4 the membrane 5 that a raster is formed which is disposed perpendicularly of the line direction.
  • the velocity of the cathode ray is also controlled as in the example according to Fig. 1, for the purpose of producing the television picture or of changing the potential of the raster elements. This control is effected by the control device 1.
  • the optical ray path is selected to be exactl the same as in the example according to Fig, 4.
  • the type of the deformation or of the production of lenses is diiferent from the previous examples.
  • the raster formation on the membrane 5 is again produced by carrier-frequenc intensity-modulation, as in the example according to Fig.
  • the change of potential of the raster elements is no longer caused by secondar emission, but by discharging the charges through the membrane 5 to the electrode 25, this being attained by imparting Due to the leaking off or discharge of the charges, the rastering of the membrane disappears after a definite time determined by the conductivity of the medium, so that the electron beam has the opportunity during the subsequent sweeping of the membrane, to set up or apply the new charge distribution in accordance with a new television picture.
  • the membrane 5 is not specially prepared for secondary emission. However, since it is physically impossible to find suitable materials without any secondary emission, the occurrence of "stray" electrons caused by secondary emission is prevented in the example by a negatively charged screen 30 opposite the membrane 5.
  • the screen could most easily consist of a stationary sieve, but it would then also be portrayed on the projection screen I8 by the objective I]. Consequently, in the present example, the screen is constructed as a rotating disc, which is illustrated in Fig. 6.
  • This disc shows alternatively, for example, extremely thin metal foils 3
  • an electron beam is weakened only to an immaterial extent by the passage through thin metal foils, more particularly aluminum foils.
  • a special electron source 33 which throws a uniformlydistributed electron beam 34 that is, a nonfocused beam on to the membrane 5, and thereby produces a constant surface charge thereon.
  • This surface charge serves to keep the membrane 5 under a constant mechanical bias and thus to strengthen the action of the rastered charge distribution applied by the cathode ray.
  • a further .possible construction of the membrane is shown which can be used with particular advantage in the examples according to Figs. 4 and 5.
  • the membrane 5 shows a gridlike electrode 35, whereas on the other side, the pressure-producing charges are set up by the electron beam. Since here the rastering of the medium is again undertaken by the electrode, it is no longer necessary in this case to apply the charges themselves in rastered formation.
  • Apparatus for the reproduction of a television picture characterised by a cathode ray tube with at least two ray-deflecting systems and at least one control device for the cathode ray. and containing a medium which is stretched out flat in the form of a screen and which is deformable by static electric forces within successive elemental areas to provide numerous lens surfaces.
  • said medium being provided with at least one electrically conducting electrode, and a separate light source from which the light is projected. by lens and mirror systems, to the medium of the cathode ray tube and thence on to the projection screen by way of at least one objective, the arrangement being so contrived that no light from the separate light source reaches the projection screen from raster elements, the deformation of which corresponds to the brightness 0.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including a, se arate electron source which, for the purpose of producing suitably directed electrical surface forces in the medium provides an electric current which is uniform as regards time and place.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Transforming Electric Information Into Light Information (AREA)
  • Vessels, Lead-In Wires, Accessory Apparatuses For Cathode-Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Details Of Television Scanning (AREA)
  • Cathode-Ray Tubes And Fluorescent Screens For Display (AREA)
  • Indicating Or Recording The Presence, Absence, Or Direction Of Movement (AREA)
  • Bag Frames (AREA)
US334520A 1939-11-08 1940-05-11 Method and apparatus for reproducing television pictures Expired - Lifetime US2391450A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH230613T 1939-11-08
CH237893T 1939-12-09
CH239858T 1940-05-22
CH238287T 1940-06-11
CH224686T 1940-08-28
CH237732T 1940-11-30

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US2391450A true US2391450A (en) 1945-12-25

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Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US334520A Expired - Lifetime US2391450A (en) 1939-11-08 1940-05-11 Method and apparatus for reproducing television pictures
US397453A Expired - Lifetime US2391451A (en) 1939-11-08 1941-06-10 Process and appliance for projecting television pictures
US794226A Expired - Lifetime US2600397A (en) 1939-11-08 1947-12-29 Automatic regulation of light falling on deformable cathode-ray tube screen

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US397453A Expired - Lifetime US2391451A (en) 1939-11-08 1941-06-10 Process and appliance for projecting television pictures
US794226A Expired - Lifetime US2600397A (en) 1939-11-08 1947-12-29 Automatic regulation of light falling on deformable cathode-ray tube screen

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (3) US2391450A (de)
BE (1) BE476222A (de)
CH (6) CH230613A (de)
DE (1) DE910061C (de)
FR (6) FR869135A (de)
GB (6) GB543485A (de)
NL (4) NL59348C (de)

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US2510846A (en) * 1945-05-23 1950-06-06 Scophony Corp Television receiving device
US2721319A (en) * 1952-09-12 1955-10-18 Gen Precision Lab Inc Light modulating system using a cathode ray tube with elliptical mirror
US2753758A (en) * 1953-12-31 1956-07-10 Joseph B Walker Oblique image superimposition projection devices
US2801567A (en) * 1954-12-10 1957-08-06 Nl Instr Cie Nedinsco Nv Device for projecting a plurality of optical images in the same focal plane
US2958258A (en) * 1953-09-21 1960-11-01 Technicolor Corp Optical projection of beam controlled object fields
US2995067A (en) * 1958-12-24 1961-08-08 Gen Electric Optical apparatus
US3001447A (en) * 1957-08-29 1961-09-26 Zeiss Ikon A G Stuttgart Image reproducing device for visible and invisible radiation images
US3008066A (en) * 1958-08-25 1961-11-07 Gen Electric Information storage system
US3120991A (en) * 1958-08-25 1964-02-11 Gen Electric Thermoplastic information storage system
US3131019A (en) * 1960-05-06 1964-04-28 Gen Electric Method and apparatus for enhancing the development of deformable storage mediums
US3164671A (en) * 1962-11-21 1965-01-05 Gen Electric Light valve medium control
US3357299A (en) * 1962-09-11 1967-12-12 Gen Electric Total internal reflection projection system
US3485944A (en) * 1966-03-07 1969-12-23 Electronic Res Corp Projection system for enhanced sequential television display

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US3219983A (en) * 1958-08-25 1965-11-23 Gen Electric Thermoplastic film plate data storage equipment
US3063331A (en) * 1959-03-02 1962-11-13 Gen Electric Projection system
US3283310A (en) * 1959-08-21 1966-11-01 Gen Electric Thermoplastic film tape recorder
DE1263944B (de) * 1959-10-28 1968-03-21 Siemens Ag Als Bildwandler bzw. Bildverstaerker geeignete Einrichtung zur bildhaften Steuerung eines homogenen bildfreien, beliebig hellen Lichtbuendels
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US3155871A (en) * 1961-03-10 1964-11-03 Gen Electric Smoothing the liquid in a light valve projector by means of electron beam
US3239602A (en) * 1961-03-20 1966-03-08 Jerome H Lemelson Thermoplastic recording and reproducing apparatus with selective beam erasure
US3274565A (en) * 1961-05-01 1966-09-20 Rca Corp Optical-photoconductive reproducer utilizing insulative liquids
US3154369A (en) * 1961-09-20 1964-10-27 Gen Electric Information recording and developing apparatus
US3286025A (en) * 1962-10-25 1966-11-15 Du Pont Recording process using an electron beam to polymerize a record
US3255371A (en) * 1962-10-30 1966-06-07 Gen Electric Drive means for deformable medium carrying member within an evacuated envelope
FR1379625A (fr) * 1963-03-26 1964-11-27 Saint Gobain Procédé et dispositifs pour observer ou projeter des images positives à partir d'un négatif
US3213429A (en) * 1963-05-24 1965-10-19 Xerox Corp High speed information recorder
US3291907A (en) * 1963-10-18 1966-12-13 Gen Electric Light valve projector with light modulating medium heating means
US3341855A (en) * 1963-10-25 1967-09-12 Gen Electric Light valve recorder with liquid medium-containing tape roll
US3358149A (en) * 1964-08-17 1967-12-12 Honeywell Inc Optical correlator with endless grease belt recorder
US3360784A (en) * 1964-12-30 1967-12-26 Gen Electric High frequency recording using enhanced sensitivity thermoplastic media
GB1201815A (en) * 1967-08-26 1970-08-12 Int Computers Ltd Improvements in or relating to character generation
US3626084A (en) * 1970-06-12 1971-12-07 Ibm Deformographic storage display tube
US7306338B2 (en) 1999-07-28 2007-12-11 Moxtek, Inc Image projection system with a polarizing beam splitter
US6585378B2 (en) 2001-03-20 2003-07-01 Eastman Kodak Company Digital cinema projector
US7061561B2 (en) 2002-01-07 2006-06-13 Moxtek, Inc. System for creating a patterned polarization compensator
US6909473B2 (en) 2002-01-07 2005-06-21 Eastman Kodak Company Display apparatus and method
US7800823B2 (en) 2004-12-06 2010-09-21 Moxtek, Inc. Polarization device to polarize and further control light
US7570424B2 (en) 2004-12-06 2009-08-04 Moxtek, Inc. Multilayer wire-grid polarizer
US7961393B2 (en) 2004-12-06 2011-06-14 Moxtek, Inc. Selectively absorptive wire-grid polarizer
US7630133B2 (en) 2004-12-06 2009-12-08 Moxtek, Inc. Inorganic, dielectric, grid polarizer and non-zero order diffraction grating
US8755113B2 (en) 2006-08-31 2014-06-17 Moxtek, Inc. Durable, inorganic, absorptive, ultra-violet, grid polarizer
US7789515B2 (en) 2007-05-17 2010-09-07 Moxtek, Inc. Projection device with a folded optical path and wire-grid polarizer
US8248696B2 (en) 2009-06-25 2012-08-21 Moxtek, Inc. Nano fractal diffuser
US8611007B2 (en) 2010-09-21 2013-12-17 Moxtek, Inc. Fine pitch wire grid polarizer
US8913321B2 (en) 2010-09-21 2014-12-16 Moxtek, Inc. Fine pitch grid polarizer
US8913320B2 (en) 2011-05-17 2014-12-16 Moxtek, Inc. Wire grid polarizer with bordered sections
US8873144B2 (en) 2011-05-17 2014-10-28 Moxtek, Inc. Wire grid polarizer with multiple functionality sections
US8922890B2 (en) 2012-03-21 2014-12-30 Moxtek, Inc. Polarizer edge rib modification
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US2124478A (en) * 1934-10-31 1938-07-19 Rca Corp Television system
US2133882A (en) * 1935-03-30 1938-10-18 Rca Corp Television system
FR822874A (fr) * 1936-09-17 1938-01-10 Materiel Telephonique Appareils pour la télévision
US2296050A (en) * 1938-12-30 1942-09-15 Rca Corp Television circuit
BE476128A (de) * 1939-02-07
US2264172A (en) * 1939-08-25 1941-11-25 John C Batchelor Television receiver
US2310671A (en) * 1941-02-12 1943-02-09 John C Batchelor Image producer
US2421476A (en) * 1943-06-18 1947-06-03 Rca Corp Photoelectric control apparatus for diaphragms

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2510846A (en) * 1945-05-23 1950-06-06 Scophony Corp Television receiving device
US2721319A (en) * 1952-09-12 1955-10-18 Gen Precision Lab Inc Light modulating system using a cathode ray tube with elliptical mirror
US2958258A (en) * 1953-09-21 1960-11-01 Technicolor Corp Optical projection of beam controlled object fields
US2753758A (en) * 1953-12-31 1956-07-10 Joseph B Walker Oblique image superimposition projection devices
US2801567A (en) * 1954-12-10 1957-08-06 Nl Instr Cie Nedinsco Nv Device for projecting a plurality of optical images in the same focal plane
US3001447A (en) * 1957-08-29 1961-09-26 Zeiss Ikon A G Stuttgart Image reproducing device for visible and invisible radiation images
US3008066A (en) * 1958-08-25 1961-11-07 Gen Electric Information storage system
US3120991A (en) * 1958-08-25 1964-02-11 Gen Electric Thermoplastic information storage system
US2995067A (en) * 1958-12-24 1961-08-08 Gen Electric Optical apparatus
US3131019A (en) * 1960-05-06 1964-04-28 Gen Electric Method and apparatus for enhancing the development of deformable storage mediums
US3357299A (en) * 1962-09-11 1967-12-12 Gen Electric Total internal reflection projection system
US3164671A (en) * 1962-11-21 1965-01-05 Gen Electric Light valve medium control
US3485944A (en) * 1966-03-07 1969-12-23 Electronic Res Corp Projection system for enhanced sequential television display

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH239858A (de) 1945-11-15
FR51580E (fr) 1943-02-05
FR51486E (fr) 1942-08-12
BE476222A (de) 1947-10-31
CH238287A (de) 1945-06-30
CH230613A (de) 1944-01-15
CH224686A (de) 1942-12-15
CH237893A (de) 1945-05-31
GB543565A (en) 1942-03-04
FR51478E (fr) 1942-08-12
FR868075A (fr) 1941-12-15
GB549008A (en) 1942-11-03
NL72461C (de) 1953-06-15
US2391451A (en) 1945-12-25
DE910061C (de) 1954-04-29
US2600397A (en) 1952-06-17
GB543485A (en) 1942-02-27
GB561926A (en) 1944-06-12
GB546462A (en) 1942-07-15
FR869135A (fr) 1942-01-28
NL59348C (de) 1947-05-16
NL74361C (de) 1954-04-15
FR51524E (fr) 1942-10-05
GB548643A (en) 1942-10-19
CH237732A (de) 1945-05-15
NL70452C (de) 1952-08-15

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