US2375575A - Apparatus for treatment of nerves and muscles by means of electric impulses - Google Patents

Apparatus for treatment of nerves and muscles by means of electric impulses Download PDF

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Publication number
US2375575A
US2375575A US409385A US40938541A US2375575A US 2375575 A US2375575 A US 2375575A US 409385 A US409385 A US 409385A US 40938541 A US40938541 A US 40938541A US 2375575 A US2375575 A US 2375575A
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impulses
impulse
voltage
valve
rectifier
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US409385A
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Morland Preben
Smith Jorgen Adolph
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/36014—External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes
    • A61N1/3603—Control systems
    • A61N1/36034—Control systems specified by the stimulation parameters

Definitions

  • the inertia voltage is constant.
  • the invention relates to an apparatus fo treatment of nervesand muscles with electric impulses, for instance for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
  • the present invention relates to an improvement in apparatuses of the said nature, whether the same are arranged for a monopolar or a muscle to react. It is, however, not necessary to use a rectangular impulse. Even if the impulse is rounded at the top, and its width decreases upward, it can be used in the measuring.
  • the invention is based on certain observations concerning'jthe behavior of muscles actuated by an electric current; and, more particularly, the
  • the same is. adjusted for emitting series of impulses, the amplitude and time interval of the impulses being either maintained constant or caused to vary periodically, as mentioned Monopolar as well as dipolar impulses may be used. In the case of the latter, the last part of the impulses, the polarity .of which is opposite that of the first part, will sometimes not come into operation. In certain muscles and for certain arrangements of the current-supplying electrodes, the two parts of the impulses may be caused toact on various parts of the muscle, in
  • the capacity according to the invention is rendered variable or adjustable,-
  • the circuit of the discharg may beconnected to a special winding on an outlet transformer which is providedin the apparatus, and from the secondary winding of which the impulses altered by the arrangement according to the invention are taken,
  • Fig. 1 shows a wiring diagram for a construction of the portion of the apparatus according to ing valve may contain a variable or adjustable I inductance or resistance or both.
  • the apparatus may further be constructed in such amanner that the impulses are amplified by an amplifier valve by which a periodically varying modification of the amplitude of the impulses may also be produced.
  • the latter is fitted according to the invention with means for altering of a gridbia's on the amplifier valve, in order to compensate the amplitude variation contingent on a modification of the duration of the impulses.
  • the apparatus may further befitted with means .for altering a grid bias on the discharging valve byway of which the capacity is discharged or charged, in order to compensate the variation in the impulse interval contingent on the change in the duration of the impulses.
  • a common adjusting member for the means by which the grid bias on the amplifier valve or the discharging valve, or both, is altered, and for the adjustable or variable capacity or inductance or both, it being frequently desired to use the apparatus in such a manner that the area of the impulse curve is altered, without the simultaneous alteration of the impulse amplitude and the time interval between the impulses.
  • the means for removing certain parts of the impulse curve comprise preferably a rectifier arranged for complete or partial removal of the impulse voltages'that exceed a certain constant or rhythmically pulsating positive voltage.
  • said means may further comprise a rectifier constructed for complete or partial removal of the impulse voltages that are lower than a certain constant or rhythmically pulsating negative voltage.
  • One, or both, of the said rectifiers have preferablymeans for adjustment of the rectifier efi'ect to values between complete rectification and the the invention in which the impulses are generated, and which contains means for varying their duration and time interval.
  • Figs. 2, 3 and 4 show various forms of voltage curves produced by various adjustments of the part of the apparatus that is shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 5 is a diagram of a construction of the part of the apparatus according to the invention that makes it feasible to remove certain parts of the voltage curve.
  • Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9 show examples of voltage curves for one single impulse, gradually as the latter passes through the part of the apparatus shown in Fig. 5.
  • Fig. 10 shows an apparatus for controlling the device shown in Fig. 5, and
  • Figs. 11, 12 and 13 show various manners of connection for thearrangement shown in Fig. 5.
  • the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 consists of one part for the generation of impulses and for the control of their mutual time interval, and one part for control of the amplitude of the im- Dulses.
  • a glow lamp I0 is connected to the positive terminal l3 of a source of voltage and, across an adjustable condenser H, to the negative terminal ii of the source of voltage.
  • a pentode valve I6 is disposed as a variable shunt over the condenser H, the plates of the condenser being connected to the cathode l1 and the anode l8 in the valve.
  • the .controlling grid I3 01' the valve is connected to a terminal 20 by way of which a rhythmically pulsating voltage may be supplied, if desired.
  • of the valve receives a suitable positive voltage in that it is connected to a point between a fixed resistance 22 and a variable resistance 23 inserted in series, between the terminals l3 and IS.
  • is further coupled to the oathode I? by way of a condenser 24.
  • the intercepting grid 25 of the valve is connected to the oathode I 1.
  • the resistance in the valve l6 may be adjusted to various values by an adjustment of the sliding contact 26 of the resistance 23.
  • the secondary winding 21 of the transformer I2 is connected to a variable resistance 28 by means of which it is feasible to adjustthe value of the inductance produced by the transformer l2, in the circuit of the glow lamp I0.
  • the condenser I4 will alternately be charged by way of the glow lamp I 0 and discharged by way of the pentode valve I6.
  • the varying voltage thus produced on the condenser i4 is directedacross an adjustable condenser 29 to the controlling grid 30 of an amplifier valve in the form of a pentode valve 3
  • this valve is connected in a similar manner as the valve IS, with the exception that its anode circuit contains an, inductance 32 which is variable, in that it is shunted with an adjustable resistance 33.
  • the shielding-grid resistance is determined by adjustment of a. sliding contact 34.
  • the outlet voltage of the apparatus is delivered byway of the terminals 35 and 36, the former one of which is connected to the anode of the valve 3
  • the inductance produced by the transformer I2 in the circuit of the valve I is small, short impulses of the shape shown in Fig. 2will occur at the terminals 35 and 36, the duration t of the impulses being dependent on the said inductance and the capacity of the condenser I4.
  • the time interval T between the-impulses depends on the resistance in the valve I6, and the amplitude of the impulses depends on the amplification produced in the valve 3
  • the time interval may consequently be adjusted by an adjustment of the sliding contact 25, and the amplitude by adjustment of the sliding contact 34.
  • this result may be attained by supplying a rhythmically pulsating voltage to the terminal that is connected to the controlling grid I9 in the valve I6 and to a I terminal 38 connected to the controlling grid in the valve 3
  • the apparatus described may be altered in various manners, without the scope of the invention being transgressed.
  • the discharging valve will thus not necessarily have to be a, glow lamp, but
  • the condenser I4 may be a so-called gas triode.
  • the condenser I4 may be a so-called gas triode.
  • inductances 39 and of various magnitude may be inserted in connection with the transformer I2, or instead ofthe same, as shown in Fig. 1, the said inductances being inserted singly by means 'of a throw-over switch' 4
  • the condensers I03 and I04 serve to separate the device from the apparatus to which the inlet terminals IOI and I02 are connected, and in which the impulses are produced.
  • the latter may have the shape shown in Fig. 6.
  • Theimpulse is dipolar, and consists of a positive part I09 and a negative part 0.
  • a rectifier which consists of a rectifier valve III, the anode II2 of which is connected to the conductor I05 by way of a variable resistance II3 and a condenser Ill, and the cathode I I5 of which is connected to the conductor I06 by way of two condensers H16 and II! disposed in series.
  • the condenser H6 is shunted with a portion of a potentiometer I I8, the binding posts of the said condenser being connected, respectively, to one end of the potentiometer H8 and a sliding contact I I9 on the same.
  • the effect of the rectifier is, as follows:
  • the potentiometer H8 is assumed to be conneoted to a source of voltage in such a manner that the free end of the potentiometer H8 has a positive potential, relatively to the other end of the same.
  • the sliding contact II9 has consequently a potential that is situated between the values of the potentials impressed on the ends of the potentiometer H0.
  • the condenser H6 is charged from the potentiometer to a voltage that is determined by the position of the sliding contact II9. Between the conductors I05 and I03 there is normally no. potential difference, but
  • this condenser maybe used as a means of adjustment, either alone or in combination with the adjusting means inserted in the circuit of the discharging lamp.
  • the impulses are supplied by way of two inlet terminals.
  • the anode H2 is negative, relatively to the cathode II5, and the rectifier has therefore no influence on the shape
  • the conductors I05 and W6 another rectifier is inserted which .has for its: object to cut oif the top of the negativeportion IIO ofthe impulse.
  • This rectifier isarranged in the same
  • the reference numerals for the individual parts-of the rectifier are fitted with index marks but correspond otherwise to the numerals used inthe rect. The only difference between the two rectifiers consists in thatthey are disposed with opposite polarities, relatively to the conductors I05 and I06.
  • the rectifier containing the rectifier-valve II5' has the same effect on the negative part of the impulse running along the conductor I05, as has the rectifier containing the rectifier valve I I5, as described above, on the positive part of the same impulse.
  • the impulse running along the conductor I05 has moved .past the parallel connection formed by the rectifier containing the rectifier valve 5', it will have the shape shown in Fig. 8, provided that the resistance 3' has been cut out, which corresponds to a complete rectification below the limit concerned.
  • the lower part of the negative portion of the impulse curve is cut off along the straight line I, and the position of the said line is determined by the position of the'sliding contact II9 on the potentiometer 8' which is connected to a source of voltage.
  • the variable resistance 3' has such a magnitude that the rectifier has no effect on the shape of the impulse curve, when the resistance is inserted with its full size. The same applies to the resistance "'3 and the rectifier belonging thereto.
  • a rectifier is inserted between the conductors I05 and I06, which consists of a double rectifier valve I32 with two anodes I33 and I34 and two cathodes I35 and I36 which are both connected to a sliding contact I3I on a potentiometer I36 inserted between the conductors I05 and I06.
  • the anodes I33 and I34 are connected each to'one end of the potentiometer I38.
  • the sliding contact I31 When the sliding contact I31 is at the end of cause a rectification of the negative part of an impulse running along the conductor I05.
  • the anode I34 being in that case positive, relatively to the cathodes I35 and I36.
  • the impulse running along the conductor I05 has the shape shown in Fig. 9.
  • the impulse I23 shown here is rectangulan-pr mainly rectangular, and monopolar.
  • the potentiometer I38 is of such a size that it does not act as any appreciable loading for the impulse voltages occurring on its binding posts. 7 last described rectifier the symmetry of'the ⁇ two parts of the impulse curve may be improved, or
  • the positive or the negative part-of the impulse curve- may be removed completely.
  • Impulses with the desired curve shape may be delivered at the outlet terminals I01 and I06.
  • the invention is not limited to the shape of impulses shown in Fig. 6, although this is the form of impulses that is mainly used. I
  • the impulses are generally emitted automatically in succession with a mutual time interval Bymeans of this eflectecl, instead of by placing a constant on-age on the potentiometers I IBand I I8, by impressing on the same a voltage varying in the same manner as the time interval between the individual impulses and/or the amplitude of the same. In this manner a series of impulses on the terminals I01 and I08 will be attained, the curve shapes of the same being similar and depending on the position of the sliding contacts H9 and 9'.
  • Fig. 10 shows an apparatus intended to replace the elements of Fig. 5 shown in the dotted box II 8a for producing the controlling voltages impressed, as mentioned above, on the potentiometers H8 and H8, when the time intervals and amplitude of the impulses vary automatically.
  • the apparatus contains a pentode valve I40 with an anode I, an intercepting grid I42, a shielding grid I43, a controlling grid I44 and a cathode I45.
  • the anode I4I receives a positivevoltage by way .of a resistance I46 connected to a binding post I4'I which in its turn is connected to the positive terminal of a source of voltage, the negative terminal of which is connected to a binding post I48.
  • the intercepting grid I42 is connected to the cathode I45.
  • the shielding grid I43 receives a positive voltage across a-resistance I49, and is coupled to the binding post I48 by way of a condenser I50. Between the shielding grid I43 and the binding post I48, a. resistance I5I is further inserted. Across four potentiometers, the cathode v I is connected to the binding post I48. Twov of these potentiometers are the potentiometers H8 and I I0 shown in Fig. 5 with sliding contacts I I9 and 3', respectively. The other potentiometers I28 and I52 having the sliding contacts I29 and I53, respectively, may be used, provided that the arrangement shown in Fig.
  • the 5 contains still two rectifier circuits to be controlled in the above mentionedmanner.
  • the potentiometers H0 and 8', I20 and I52 are shunted with a condenser I54.
  • the grid I44 receives a voltage varying in the same manner as the time interval and amplitude of the impulses.
  • a variable resistance I55 is disposed, which is adjusted in such a manner that connection for the arrangement shown in Fig. 5.
  • Fig. 11 showsan outlet transformer in the apparatus for producing the electric impulses.
  • the impulses are delivered by way of a secondary winding I51.
  • the device is connected to a special winding I50 on the transformer.
  • winding I58 acts as a. short-circuit for the not desired parts of the impulse curve, while the that serves to generate the impulses, the latter being delivered by way of the secondary winding of the transformer.
  • FIG. 12 shows a choking coil I59 inserted in the outlet circuit of the apparatus for generating the impulses.
  • the inlet terminals l! and I02 for the device shown in Fig. 5 are connected each to one end of the choking coil I59.
  • Fig. 13 shows a resistance I60 inserted in the outlet circuitof the apparatus, by way of which resistance the device shown in Fig. 5 is connected.
  • the desired impulses are delivered by way of the outlet terminals I01 and I08 of the device.
  • the device may be inserted at another point that is situated nearer to the inlet circuit for the amplifier situated in front thereof.
  • batteries of suitablessizes may be inserted between the cathodes H5 and H5, respectively, and the condensers H1 and I l1, re-
  • Sections are used for the production of what is called, in physiology, single contractions for diognostic purposes, or for treatment of muscles requiring an especially lenient treatment. Sections may also be used in sensitive measurements with the use of high frequency.
  • Apparatus for the treatment of nerves and muscles comprising means having a pair of output terminals for producing at said output terminals a succession of electric impulses having positive and negative cycles, the duration of said impulses being shorter than the time interval between two successive impulses, adjustable means for controlling the amplitude of said impulses and for varying the time interval between said individual impulses, means constituting a source of rhythmically pulsating potential to be impressed upon said last, named means, means for altering the area and shape of the impulse curve comprising a first rectifier connected to curve shapes and impulses the curve area of which is sections of given impulse curves.
  • the pointed curve shape may be used for treatment of healthy muscles, in order to prevent the same from degenerating, in the case of the corresponding nerve or nerves'being temporarily or for a longer period set out of function.
  • Sectional curves are used as measuring curves, but they may also be used in series and with adjustable time interval.
  • the sectional curves may further be used for sensitive actuation for measurement of sensibility disturbances and for actuation of cordial muscles. Pointed curves and curves with for training of muscles, all depending on the physiological state of the same. Sections in the shape of single impulses said output terminals and adjustable to remove portions of the positive cycles of the impulse voltages greater than a.
  • a second rectifier connected to said output terminals and adjustable to remove portions of the negative cycles of the impulse voltages greater than a predetermined negative voltage, a resistor having an adjustable tap and connected across said output terminals, and a full wave rectifier having two anodes connected to said output terminals respectively and cathodemeans connected to said adjustable tap.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including an external source of voltage, means for adjustably connecting said external source in series with said first and second rectiflers across said output terminals, and means for periodically varying the magnitude of the voltage of said external source.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
US409385A 1940-06-22 1941-09-03 Apparatus for treatment of nerves and muscles by means of electric impulses Expired - Lifetime US2375575A (en)

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DK223651X 1940-06-22
DK70840X 1940-08-07

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Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2534043A (en) * 1946-02-11 1950-12-12 Theratronics Ltd Apparatus for shock therapy
US2543730A (en) * 1948-12-30 1951-02-27 Thomas F C Muchmore Self-triggering thyratron pulse generator
US2558270A (en) * 1947-11-17 1951-06-26 Reiter Reuben Therapeutic electrostimulator
US2823311A (en) * 1951-08-28 1958-02-11 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Apparatus for applying pulses to muscles and nerves for electromedical stimulation
US2864371A (en) * 1954-06-14 1958-12-16 Casther S A Device for the control of electrical supply for electrotherapeutic purposes, especially for stimulotherapy
US2992399A (en) * 1954-09-17 1961-07-11 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Oscillator amplitude control
US3295528A (en) * 1962-09-11 1967-01-03 Sutetaro Yamashiki Electrical therapeutic equipment
US3881495A (en) * 1973-08-08 1975-05-06 Anthony N Pannozzo Method of nerve therapy using trapezoidal pulses
US3893462A (en) * 1972-01-28 1975-07-08 Esb Inc Bioelectrochemical regenerator and stimulator devices and methods for applying electrical energy to cells and/or tissue in a living body
US3946745A (en) * 1973-03-22 1976-03-30 Biopulse Company Limited Apparatus for generating positive and negative electric pulses for application to a living body for therapeutic purposes
US4055190A (en) * 1974-12-19 1977-10-25 Michio Tany Electrical therapeutic apparatus
DE2736345A1 (de) * 1977-08-12 1979-02-15 Heinrich Dr Ing Peesel Elektroakupunktur-geraet
US4640286A (en) * 1984-11-02 1987-02-03 Staodynamics, Inc. Optimized nerve fiber stimulation
US4723552A (en) * 1984-06-04 1988-02-09 James Heaney Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device
US4813418A (en) * 1987-02-02 1989-03-21 Staodynamics, Inc. Nerve fiber stimulation using symmetrical biphasic waveform applied through plural equally active electrodes
US4844217A (en) * 1986-08-25 1989-07-04 Komatsu Dresser Company Brake reservoir make-up system
US4976264A (en) * 1989-05-10 1990-12-11 Therapeutic Technologies Inc. Power muscle stimulator
EP0414248A2 (en) 1989-08-25 1991-02-27 Staodynamics Inc. Microprocessor controlled electronic stimulating device having biphasic pulse output
US4996987A (en) * 1989-05-10 1991-03-05 Therapeutic Technologies Inc. Power muscle stimulator
US5036850A (en) * 1989-08-25 1991-08-06 Staodyn, Inc. Biphasic pulse output stage for electronic stimulating device
US5048522A (en) * 1990-04-13 1991-09-17 Therapeutic Technologies, Inc. Power muscle stimulator
US5117826A (en) * 1987-02-02 1992-06-02 Staodyn, Inc. Combined nerve fiber and body tissue stimulation apparatus and method
US20080192841A1 (en) * 2005-08-08 2008-08-14 University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc Device and Methods for Biphasic Pulse Signal Coding
US8175713B1 (en) 2007-01-10 2012-05-08 Jozef Cywinski Electro-stimulation device to pump blood from legs
US9108055B1 (en) 2013-02-12 2015-08-18 Vincent Tellenbach System for electrical muscle and nerve stimulation in aqueous media

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE972199C (de) * 1944-05-27 1959-06-04 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Elektromedizinisches Reizstromgeraet
DE905382C (de) * 1944-06-14 1954-03-01 Atlas Werke Ag Schaltung zur Steuergittertastung von Roehrengeneratoren
US2590216A (en) * 1948-06-30 1952-03-25 Schuhfried Felix Device for producing electric pulses, particularly for medical purposes
DE882750C (de) * 1948-11-02 1953-07-13 Atlas Werke Ag Vorrichtung zur Funktionspruefung von Nerven und Muskeln
DE976354C (de) * 1949-04-11 1963-07-18 Kurt Gratzl Elektromedizinisches Geraet
DE970276C (de) * 1951-11-29 1958-09-04 Hermann Staehle Fa Dipl Ing Elektromedizinisches Behandlungsgeraet zur Schmerzbekaempfung durch periodisch variierende Stroeme
DE1131335B (de) * 1956-11-15 1962-06-14 Parisienne D Expl Des Etabliss Schaltanordnung zur Erzeugung einer Reizspannung fuer medizinische Zwecke

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2534043A (en) * 1946-02-11 1950-12-12 Theratronics Ltd Apparatus for shock therapy
US2558270A (en) * 1947-11-17 1951-06-26 Reiter Reuben Therapeutic electrostimulator
US2543730A (en) * 1948-12-30 1951-02-27 Thomas F C Muchmore Self-triggering thyratron pulse generator
US2823311A (en) * 1951-08-28 1958-02-11 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Apparatus for applying pulses to muscles and nerves for electromedical stimulation
US2864371A (en) * 1954-06-14 1958-12-16 Casther S A Device for the control of electrical supply for electrotherapeutic purposes, especially for stimulotherapy
US2992399A (en) * 1954-09-17 1961-07-11 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Oscillator amplitude control
US3295528A (en) * 1962-09-11 1967-01-03 Sutetaro Yamashiki Electrical therapeutic equipment
US3893462A (en) * 1972-01-28 1975-07-08 Esb Inc Bioelectrochemical regenerator and stimulator devices and methods for applying electrical energy to cells and/or tissue in a living body
US3946745A (en) * 1973-03-22 1976-03-30 Biopulse Company Limited Apparatus for generating positive and negative electric pulses for application to a living body for therapeutic purposes
US3881495A (en) * 1973-08-08 1975-05-06 Anthony N Pannozzo Method of nerve therapy using trapezoidal pulses
US4055190A (en) * 1974-12-19 1977-10-25 Michio Tany Electrical therapeutic apparatus
DE2736345A1 (de) * 1977-08-12 1979-02-15 Heinrich Dr Ing Peesel Elektroakupunktur-geraet
US4723552A (en) * 1984-06-04 1988-02-09 James Heaney Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device
US4803988A (en) * 1984-11-02 1989-02-14 Staodynamics, Inc. Nerve fiber stimulation using plural equally active electrodes
US4640286A (en) * 1984-11-02 1987-02-03 Staodynamics, Inc. Optimized nerve fiber stimulation
US4844217A (en) * 1986-08-25 1989-07-04 Komatsu Dresser Company Brake reservoir make-up system
US5117826A (en) * 1987-02-02 1992-06-02 Staodyn, Inc. Combined nerve fiber and body tissue stimulation apparatus and method
US4813418A (en) * 1987-02-02 1989-03-21 Staodynamics, Inc. Nerve fiber stimulation using symmetrical biphasic waveform applied through plural equally active electrodes
US4976264A (en) * 1989-05-10 1990-12-11 Therapeutic Technologies Inc. Power muscle stimulator
US4996987A (en) * 1989-05-10 1991-03-05 Therapeutic Technologies Inc. Power muscle stimulator
US5036850A (en) * 1989-08-25 1991-08-06 Staodyn, Inc. Biphasic pulse output stage for electronic stimulating device
US5069211A (en) * 1989-08-25 1991-12-03 Staodyn, Inc. Microprocessor controlled electronic stimulating device having biphasic pulse output
EP0414248A2 (en) 1989-08-25 1991-02-27 Staodynamics Inc. Microprocessor controlled electronic stimulating device having biphasic pulse output
US5048522A (en) * 1990-04-13 1991-09-17 Therapeutic Technologies, Inc. Power muscle stimulator
US20080192841A1 (en) * 2005-08-08 2008-08-14 University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc Device and Methods for Biphasic Pulse Signal Coding
US8139654B2 (en) 2005-08-08 2012-03-20 University Of Florida Research Foundation Device and methods for biphasic pulse signal coding
US8175713B1 (en) 2007-01-10 2012-05-08 Jozef Cywinski Electro-stimulation device to pump blood from legs
US9108055B1 (en) 2013-02-12 2015-08-18 Vincent Tellenbach System for electrical muscle and nerve stimulation in aqueous media

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CH223651A (de) 1942-09-30
BE441835A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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