US2074281A - Method and apparatus for the production of metallic coatings on electrically nonconducting substances by the thermal vaporization of metals in vacuo - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for the production of metallic coatings on electrically nonconducting substances by the thermal vaporization of metals in vacuo Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2074281A US2074281A US734041A US73404134A US2074281A US 2074281 A US2074281 A US 2074281A US 734041 A US734041 A US 734041A US 73404134 A US73404134 A US 73404134A US 2074281 A US2074281 A US 2074281A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- metals
- vacuo
- production
- metallic coatings
- metal
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/56—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
- C23C14/32—Vacuum evaporation by explosion; by evaporation and subsequent ionisation of the vapours, e.g. ion-plating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/54—Controlling or regulating the coating process
- C23C14/541—Heating or cooling of the substrates
Definitions
- the invention relates to the production of metallic coatings on electrically non-conducting substances, such as paper, textile fabrics, leather, celluloid and the like by the thermal vaporization of metals in vacuo.
- vacua of 3 x 10- to about 10- mm. of mercury have been employed.
- a vacuum of say 10- to 10- mm. of mercury is meant as a high vacuum in this case.
- the deposits obtained by thermal metallic vaporization in a high vacuum on electrically non-conducting materials of all kinds, such as paper, wood, linen, wool, cotton, silk, artificial silk, jute, hemp or other textile fabrics, glass. porcelain, earthenware, leather, hides and skins, artificial masses and so forth, are distinguished by greater uniformity, greater tenacity or adhesive power, chemical purity, and freedom from oxidation, good electrical conductivity and metallic high polish.
- the invention also comprises an apparatus specially designed for carrying out the said process and which is illustrated in an example of construction in the accompanying drawing. Further features of the invention will appear from the description of the apparatus.
- the drawing shows a longitudinal section of a vacuum chamber, which in the construction illustrated is formed by a section of a seamless pipe I, both ends of which are capable of being tightlyclosed by covers 2 and 3.
- steel or a bronze free from pores is preferably employed as constructional material for the chamber, the walls inside, and if desired also outside, being-tinned (tin coating 4).
- This construction has proved to be particularly advantageous in enabling the high vacuum used in the chamber to be maintained.
- a receptacle or vessel 5 consisting of insulating material or ceramic material, is arranged in known manner in the wall of which an electric resistance heater 6 is provided.
- the molten metal 1 is contained in the receptacle 5. 5
- the web of material 8 to be metallized is slowly wound from one roller 9 on to another roller l0, and during this operation is carried past in the proximity of the opening of the receptacle 5.
- the material 8 to be 10 metallized is strongly cooled at the place on which the metal atoms impinge.
- the cooling is effected by the guide II for the web of material being formed by a receptacle which projects into the 15 chamber and is partly filled with liquid air l2l
- Metallic deposits which are particularly dense and adherent are obtained according to the invention by an acceleration being imparted to the vaporized metal atoms on their way from the 0 melted mass 1 to the web 8.
- This is effected by an electrode, for instance, an annular electrode l3, being inserted between the receptacle 5 and the material.
- the opposite electrode I4 is situated on the bottom of the receptacle 5.
- a process for producing metallic coatings which consists in melting a metal, evaporating said metal under a high vacuum of about 10- mm. or below of mercury, creating a potential difference between a positive electrode arranged above the surface of the metal and a negative electrode connected to the metal, maintaining the said potential difference for accelerating the ions of the metal vapour and collecting the metal vapour under the said high vacuum on a surface.
- An apparatus for producing metallic coatmeans for feeding a surface to be metallized over the base end of the flask means for melting a metal, a positive electrode arranged between the surface of the metal to be melted and the base end of the flask, a negative electrode connected to the metal to be melted, and means for placing the vessel under a high vacuum.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Insulating Bodies (AREA)
- Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
Description
March 16, 1937.
L. A. SOMMER 2,074,281 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF METALLIC COATINGS ON ELECTRICALLY NONCONDUCTING SUBSTANCES BY THE THERMAL VAPORIZATION OF METALS IN VACUO Filed July 6, 1954 O Q a y 3 9 43 4% lllwulllll 19' Patented Mar. 16, 1937 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE DUCTION STANCES BY THE OF METALLIC COATINGS ,ELECTRICALLY NONCONDUCTING ON SUB- THERMAL VAPORIZA- TION OF METALS IN VACUO Ludwig August" Sommer, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany Application July 6, 1934, Serial No. 734,041 In Germany July 13, 1933 3 Claims.
The invention relates to the production of metallic coatings on electrically non-conducting substances, such as paper, textile fabrics, leather, celluloid and the like by the thermal vaporization of metals in vacuo. For this purpose vacua of 3 x 10- to about 10- mm. of mercury have been employed. k
I have found that in the thermal vaporization of the coating metal and the deposition of the same on electrically non-conducting materials a substantial improvement in the metallic deposits is obtained in ahigh vacuum.
A vacuum of say 10- to 10- mm. of mercury is meant as a high vacuum in this case. The deposits obtained by thermal metallic vaporization in a high vacuum on electrically non-conducting materials of all kinds, such as paper, wood, linen, wool, cotton, silk, artificial silk, jute, hemp or other textile fabrics, glass. porcelain, earthenware, leather, hides and skins, artificial masses and so forth, are distinguished by greater uniformity, greater tenacity or adhesive power, chemical purity, and freedom from oxidation, good electrical conductivity and metallic high polish.
I have further found that these coatings obtained by thermal vaporization of metals in a high vacuum are very well adapted to serve as a basis for further metallic deposits obtained electrolytically.
The invention also comprises an apparatus specially designed for carrying out the said process and which is illustrated in an example of construction in the accompanying drawing. Further features of the invention will appear from the description of the apparatus.
The drawing shows a longitudinal section of a vacuum chamber, which in the construction illustrated is formed by a section of a seamless pipe I, both ends of which are capable of being tightlyclosed by covers 2 and 3. According to the invention, steel or a bronze free from pores is preferably employed as constructional material for the chamber, the walls inside, and if desired also outside, being-tinned (tin coating 4). This construction has proved to be particularly advantageous in enabling the high vacuum used in the chamber to be maintained.
The evacuation of the chamber is done through the pipe connection l6. On the bottom of the (Cl. ill-12.2)
chamber, a receptacle or vessel 5, consisting of insulating material or ceramic material, is arranged in known manner in the wall of which an electric resistance heater 6 is provided. The molten metal 1 is contained in the receptacle 5. 5
The web of material 8 to be metallized is slowly wound from one roller 9 on to another roller l0, and during this operation is carried past in the proximity of the opening of the receptacle 5.
According to the invention the material 8 to be 10 metallized is strongly cooled at the place on which the metal atoms impinge. In the construction illustrated in the drawing, the cooling is effected by the guide II for the web of material being formed by a receptacle which projects into the 15 chamber and is partly filled with liquid air l2l Metallic deposits which are particularly dense and adherent are obtained according to the invention by an acceleration being imparted to the vaporized metal atoms on their way from the 0 melted mass 1 to the web 8. This is effected by an electrode, for instance, an annular electrode l3, being inserted between the receptacle 5 and the material. The opposite electrode I4 is situated on the bottom of the receptacle 5. By applying a high voltage, of, for example, several thousand volts, which is supplied from the source of current IS, a difference in potential is created between the melted mass 7 and the annular electrode i3, which diiference of potential on the positive charging of the annular electrode and negative charging of the melted metal causes a great acceleration of the vaporized negatively charged metal atoms. Consequently, the vaporized metal strikes the material to be metallized 35 with great force and metallic coatings which are particularly firmly adherent and dense are produced.
I claim:-
1. A process for producing metallic coatings which consists in melting a metal, evaporating said metal under a high vacuum of about 10- mm. or below of mercury, creating a potential difference between a positive electrode arranged above the surface of the metal and a negative electrode connected to the metal, maintaining the said potential difference for accelerating the ions of the metal vapour and collecting the metal vapour under the said high vacuum on a surface.
2. An apparatus for producing metallic coatmeans for feeding a surface to be metallized over the base end of the flask, means for melting a metal, a positive electrode arranged between the surface of the metal to be melted and the base end of the flask, a negative electrode connected to the metal to be melted, and means for placing the vessel under a high vacuum.
LUDWIG AUGUST SOMMER.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE432466X | 1933-07-13 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2074281A true US2074281A (en) | 1937-03-16 |
Family
ID=6493474
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US734041A Expired - Lifetime US2074281A (en) | 1933-07-13 | 1934-07-06 | Method and apparatus for the production of metallic coatings on electrically nonconducting substances by the thermal vaporization of metals in vacuo |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US2074281A (en) |
FR (1) | FR775783A (en) |
GB (1) | GB432466A (en) |
Cited By (33)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE744768C (en) * | 1938-07-17 | 1944-01-25 | Fernseh Gmbh | Process for the vapor deposition of metals on several photo and / or secondary emission electrodes to be treated differently located in the same vessel and arrangement for its implementation |
US2416211A (en) * | 1943-09-15 | 1947-02-18 | American Optical Corp | Apparatus for coating articles |
US2422609A (en) * | 1936-12-10 | 1947-06-17 | Auwarter Max | Production of metallic surface layers |
US2435997A (en) * | 1943-11-06 | 1948-02-17 | American Optical Corp | Apparatus for vapor coating of large surfaces |
US2440135A (en) * | 1944-08-04 | 1948-04-20 | Alexander Paul | Method of and apparatus for depositing substances by thermal evaporation in vacuum chambers |
US2439983A (en) * | 1944-01-15 | 1948-04-20 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Means for thermally evaporating various materials in vacuums for coating purposes |
US2441217A (en) * | 1945-07-09 | 1948-05-11 | Us Sec War | Process of coating cathode-ray tube screens |
US2443756A (en) * | 1942-12-26 | 1948-06-22 | Brush Dev Co | Magnetic material |
US2503571A (en) * | 1947-05-02 | 1950-04-11 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Apparatus for coating surfaces by thermal vaporization at atmospheric pressure |
US2545606A (en) * | 1946-01-07 | 1951-03-20 | Burris B Cunningham | Method of coating with plutonium acetylacetonate and coated product |
US2556132A (en) * | 1948-10-28 | 1951-06-05 | Chrysler Corp | Strain gauge |
US2562770A (en) * | 1946-03-23 | 1951-07-31 | Electro Mechanical Res Inc | Thermal receiver and method for producing same |
US2562182A (en) * | 1948-08-04 | 1951-07-31 | Nat Res Corp | Metal coating by vapor deposition |
US2621624A (en) * | 1944-01-29 | 1952-12-16 | Chilowsky Constantin | Apparatus for manufacture of piezo-electric elements |
US2635579A (en) * | 1949-12-01 | 1953-04-21 | Nat Res Corp | Coating by evaporating metal under vacuum |
US2639490A (en) * | 1948-08-12 | 1953-05-26 | Joseph B Brennan | Formation of metal strip under controlled pressures |
US2665320A (en) * | 1949-09-22 | 1954-01-05 | Nat Res Corp | Metal vaporizing crucible |
US2665228A (en) * | 1950-07-19 | 1954-01-05 | Nat Res Corp | Apparatus and process for vapor coating |
US2753278A (en) * | 1951-04-14 | 1956-07-03 | Haloid Co | Method for the production of a xerographic plate |
US2753800A (en) * | 1952-03-24 | 1956-07-10 | Ohio Commw Eng Co | Production of printing plates |
US2879739A (en) * | 1955-01-13 | 1959-03-31 | Nat Res Corp | Vaporized metal coating apparatus |
US2939943A (en) * | 1954-07-27 | 1960-06-07 | Vac Anstalt | Process and device for vaporizing electrically conductive substances, preferably metals, in vacuo |
US2968583A (en) * | 1957-04-25 | 1961-01-17 | Western Electric Co | Capacitor sections and methods of making the same |
US2998376A (en) * | 1956-10-29 | 1961-08-29 | Temescal Metallurgical Corp | High-vacuum evaporator |
US3117210A (en) * | 1959-07-13 | 1964-01-07 | Wisconsin Alumni Res Found | Apparatus for evaporating materials |
US3213825A (en) * | 1959-12-31 | 1965-10-26 | Trw Inc | Vacuum deposition apparatus |
US3310424A (en) * | 1963-05-14 | 1967-03-21 | Litton Systems Inc | Method for providing an insulating film on a substrate |
US3328192A (en) * | 1963-07-31 | 1967-06-27 | Jack A Soules | Method of producing optical gratings |
US3378393A (en) * | 1964-11-19 | 1968-04-16 | Gen Electric | Evaporative application of metal coatings to diamond |
US4374162A (en) * | 1975-07-15 | 1983-02-15 | Futaba Denshi Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Thin-film deposition |
US5300165A (en) * | 1989-04-14 | 1994-04-05 | Katayama Special Industries, Ltd. | Method for manufacturing a metallic porous sheet |
US6364247B1 (en) * | 2000-01-31 | 2002-04-02 | David T. Polkinghorne | Pneumatic flotation device for continuous web processing and method of making the pneumatic flotation device |
US6461667B1 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2002-10-08 | Eastman Kodak Company | Apparatus and method for vapor depositing lubricant coating on a web |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE976068C (en) * | 1941-10-28 | 1963-02-07 | Siemens Ag | Process for the continuous covering of tape or wire-like structures using the thermal vapor deposition process |
DE938644C (en) * | 1953-07-03 | 1956-02-02 | Hubert Mansfeld | Process for applying light-sensitive materials to the support |
US2873208A (en) * | 1954-09-27 | 1959-02-10 | Philips Corp | Deposition of refractory metals and alloys thereof |
DE1036481B (en) * | 1955-12-30 | 1958-08-14 | Ohio Commw Eng Co | Method and device for the production of a metal coating on glass raw threads |
DE3172124D1 (en) * | 1980-06-10 | 1985-10-10 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | A method of vacuum depositing a layer on a plastics film substrate |
DE69730591T3 (en) | 1996-10-23 | 2015-05-21 | Fujikura Ltd. | METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN FILM, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OXIDINE SUPER PLASTER AND DEVICE THEREFOR |
-
1934
- 1934-07-06 US US734041A patent/US2074281A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1934-07-12 FR FR775783D patent/FR775783A/en not_active Expired
- 1934-07-13 GB GB20537/34A patent/GB432466A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (33)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2422609A (en) * | 1936-12-10 | 1947-06-17 | Auwarter Max | Production of metallic surface layers |
DE744768C (en) * | 1938-07-17 | 1944-01-25 | Fernseh Gmbh | Process for the vapor deposition of metals on several photo and / or secondary emission electrodes to be treated differently located in the same vessel and arrangement for its implementation |
US2443756A (en) * | 1942-12-26 | 1948-06-22 | Brush Dev Co | Magnetic material |
US2416211A (en) * | 1943-09-15 | 1947-02-18 | American Optical Corp | Apparatus for coating articles |
US2435997A (en) * | 1943-11-06 | 1948-02-17 | American Optical Corp | Apparatus for vapor coating of large surfaces |
US2439983A (en) * | 1944-01-15 | 1948-04-20 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Means for thermally evaporating various materials in vacuums for coating purposes |
US2621624A (en) * | 1944-01-29 | 1952-12-16 | Chilowsky Constantin | Apparatus for manufacture of piezo-electric elements |
US2440135A (en) * | 1944-08-04 | 1948-04-20 | Alexander Paul | Method of and apparatus for depositing substances by thermal evaporation in vacuum chambers |
US2441217A (en) * | 1945-07-09 | 1948-05-11 | Us Sec War | Process of coating cathode-ray tube screens |
US2545606A (en) * | 1946-01-07 | 1951-03-20 | Burris B Cunningham | Method of coating with plutonium acetylacetonate and coated product |
US2562770A (en) * | 1946-03-23 | 1951-07-31 | Electro Mechanical Res Inc | Thermal receiver and method for producing same |
US2503571A (en) * | 1947-05-02 | 1950-04-11 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Apparatus for coating surfaces by thermal vaporization at atmospheric pressure |
US2562182A (en) * | 1948-08-04 | 1951-07-31 | Nat Res Corp | Metal coating by vapor deposition |
US2639490A (en) * | 1948-08-12 | 1953-05-26 | Joseph B Brennan | Formation of metal strip under controlled pressures |
US2556132A (en) * | 1948-10-28 | 1951-06-05 | Chrysler Corp | Strain gauge |
US2665320A (en) * | 1949-09-22 | 1954-01-05 | Nat Res Corp | Metal vaporizing crucible |
US2635579A (en) * | 1949-12-01 | 1953-04-21 | Nat Res Corp | Coating by evaporating metal under vacuum |
US2665228A (en) * | 1950-07-19 | 1954-01-05 | Nat Res Corp | Apparatus and process for vapor coating |
US2753278A (en) * | 1951-04-14 | 1956-07-03 | Haloid Co | Method for the production of a xerographic plate |
US2753800A (en) * | 1952-03-24 | 1956-07-10 | Ohio Commw Eng Co | Production of printing plates |
US2939943A (en) * | 1954-07-27 | 1960-06-07 | Vac Anstalt | Process and device for vaporizing electrically conductive substances, preferably metals, in vacuo |
US2879739A (en) * | 1955-01-13 | 1959-03-31 | Nat Res Corp | Vaporized metal coating apparatus |
US2998376A (en) * | 1956-10-29 | 1961-08-29 | Temescal Metallurgical Corp | High-vacuum evaporator |
US2968583A (en) * | 1957-04-25 | 1961-01-17 | Western Electric Co | Capacitor sections and methods of making the same |
US3117210A (en) * | 1959-07-13 | 1964-01-07 | Wisconsin Alumni Res Found | Apparatus for evaporating materials |
US3213825A (en) * | 1959-12-31 | 1965-10-26 | Trw Inc | Vacuum deposition apparatus |
US3310424A (en) * | 1963-05-14 | 1967-03-21 | Litton Systems Inc | Method for providing an insulating film on a substrate |
US3328192A (en) * | 1963-07-31 | 1967-06-27 | Jack A Soules | Method of producing optical gratings |
US3378393A (en) * | 1964-11-19 | 1968-04-16 | Gen Electric | Evaporative application of metal coatings to diamond |
US4374162A (en) * | 1975-07-15 | 1983-02-15 | Futaba Denshi Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Thin-film deposition |
US5300165A (en) * | 1989-04-14 | 1994-04-05 | Katayama Special Industries, Ltd. | Method for manufacturing a metallic porous sheet |
US6364247B1 (en) * | 2000-01-31 | 2002-04-02 | David T. Polkinghorne | Pneumatic flotation device for continuous web processing and method of making the pneumatic flotation device |
US6461667B1 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2002-10-08 | Eastman Kodak Company | Apparatus and method for vapor depositing lubricant coating on a web |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR775783A (en) | 1935-01-09 |
GB432466A (en) | 1935-07-26 |
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