US20230150958A1 - Refining method - Google Patents
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- US20230150958A1 US20230150958A1 US18/147,251 US202218147251A US2023150958A1 US 20230150958 A1 US20230150958 A1 US 20230150958A1 US 202218147251 A US202218147251 A US 202218147251A US 2023150958 A1 US2023150958 A1 US 2023150958A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
- C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D277/56—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C227/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C227/38—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C227/40—Separation; Purification
- C07C227/42—Crystallisation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/43—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change of the physical state, e.g. crystallisation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D223/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D223/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D223/18—Dibenzazepines; Hydrogenated dibenzazepines
- C07D223/22—Dibenz [b, f] azepines; Hydrogenated dibenz [b, f] azepines
- C07D223/24—Dibenz [b, f] azepines; Hydrogenated dibenz [b, f] azepines with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by nitrogen atoms, attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D223/26—Dibenz [b, f] azepines; Hydrogenated dibenz [b, f] azepines with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by nitrogen atoms, attached to the ring nitrogen atom having a double bond between positions 10 and 11
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/54—Organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B7/00—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions
- C30B7/02—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions by evaporation of the solvent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B7/00—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions
- C30B7/02—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions by evaporation of the solvent
- C30B7/06—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions by evaporation of the solvent using non-aqueous solvents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D9/00—Crystallisation
- B01D9/0018—Evaporation of components of the mixture to be separated
- B01D9/0031—Evaporation of components of the mixture to be separated by heating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
- C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
- C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
- C07C2601/08—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being saturated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
- C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D277/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D277/30—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a refining method.
- Patent Literature 1 discloses a method for refining an organic compound using a laser beam.
- Patent Literature 1 to selectively produce a metastable substance from a solution of a substance containing a stable form and a metastable form as crystal forms, metastable crystals are selectively produced by emitting a laser beam into the solution to generate bubbles and form metastable crystal nuclei.
- Patent Literature 1 the laser beam is emitted to generate bubbles in the solution, and no attention is paid to light of an infrared absorption wavelength.
- the present invention has been made to address such an issue and mainly aims to obtain a specific crystal form from a solution of a compound dissolved in a solvent.
- a refining method is a refining method for crystallizing a compound with at least one crystal form, including setting, as a target wavelength and a target temperature, a specific infrared wavelength and a specific temperature at which a specific crystal form precipitates from a solution of the compound dissolved in a solvent, and using an infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation including the target wavelength to evaporate the solvent and precipitate the specific crystal form while irradiating the solution with infrared radiation including the target wavelength and adjusting a temperature of the solution to the target temperature.
- This refining method can precipitate a specific crystal form from a solution of a compound dissolved in a solvent by adjusting the solvent for dissolving the compound, the infrared radiation emitted to the solution, and the temperature of the solution.
- a compound with a plurality of crystal forms generally has a dissolution rate depending on the type of solvent. The dissolution rate is probably related to the ease of precipitation of crystals. Furthermore, a crystal form with higher infrared absorptivity probably has more active thermal vibrations and fewer crystal nuclei. Furthermore, the crystal form precipitated from the solution also depends on the temperature of the solution during the precipitation of crystals. It is therefore thought that the suitable conditions for precipitation of a specific crystal form depend on the solvent for dissolving the compound, the infrared radiation emitted to the solution, and the temperature of the solution.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a refining apparatus 1 (partially in cross section).
- FIG. 2 is a partial bottom view of an infrared heater 10 .
- FIG. 3 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of febuxostat.
- FIG. 4 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of loxoprofen.
- FIG. 5 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of carbamazepine.
- a refining method is a refining method for crystallizing a compound with at least one crystal form, including: setting, as a target wavelength and a target temperature, a specific infrared wavelength and a specific temperature at which a specific crystal form precipitates from a solution of the compound dissolved in a solvent, and using an infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation including the target wavelength to evaporate the solvent and precipitate the specific crystal form while irradiating the solution with infrared radiation including the target wavelength and adjusting a temperature of the solution to the target temperature.
- the compound may have a plurality of crystal forms or a single crystal form.
- a specific crystal form is precipitated by evaporating a solvent from a solution of a raw material of an organic compound X with two crystal forms a1 and a2 dissolved in the solvent.
- the specific crystal form is precipitated on the basis of the results of preliminary experiments.
- a crystal form a1 is precipitated when a solution of the raw material of the organic compound X dissolved in a solvent p1 is irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m] (for example, infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength ⁇ 1) and when the temperature of the solution is adjusted to T1 [° C.] to evaporate the solvent p1.
- the solvent p1 used in the second preliminary experiment infrared radiation including the wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m], and the temperature T2 [° C.] of the solution [mg/ml] are employed.
- infrared radiation including the wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m]
- T2 [° C.] of the solution [mg/ml]
- different crystal forms are prepared by changing the temperature of the solution with the same solvent at the same wavelength in this embodiment, the present invention is not limited to the embodiment. Different crystal forms may be prepared by appropriately changing the combination of solvent, wavelength, and temperature.
- different crystal forms may be prepared by changing the solvent at the same wavelength and at the same temperature.
- different crystal forms may be prepared by changing the wavelength with the same solvent at the same temperature.
- the wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m] is preferably determined on the basis of an infrared absorption spectrum of a crystal form and the dissolution rate of a raw material in a solvent. Crystal forms often have different infrared absorption spectra and often have different absorptivities at a given wavelength. When a solution is irradiated with infrared radiation including a certain wavelength, a crystal form with a higher absorptivity at the wavelength has more active thermal vibration than crystal forms with a lower absorptivity, has fewer crystal nuclei, and is less likely to precipitate.
- the wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m] is preferably determined on the basis of an infrared absorption spectrum of a crystal form and the dissolution rate of a raw material in a solvent.
- the infrared radiation including the wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m] may be infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m].
- a crystal form c is precipitated by evaporating a solvent q from a solution of an organic compound Y with the crystal form c dissolved in the solvent q. It is assumed that, in a preliminary experiment, the crystal form c precipitates when the solvent q is evaporated while the solution of the organic compound Y dissolved in the solvent q is irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength ⁇ [ ⁇ m] and the temperature of the solution was adjusted to t1 [° C.].
- the crystal form c does not precipitate and is amorphous when the solvent q is evaporated while the solution of the organic compound Y dissolved in the solvent q is irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength ⁇ [ ⁇ m] and the temperature of the solution was adjusted to t2 [° C.].
- the solvent q may be evaporated while the solution of the organic compound Y dissolved in the solvent q is irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength ⁇ [ ⁇ m] and the temperature of the solution is adjusted to t1 [° C.].
- the infrared radiation including the wavelength ⁇ [ ⁇ m] may be infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength ⁇ [ ⁇ m].
- Examples of compounds that can be refined by the refining method according to the present embodiment include, but are not limited to, febuxostat, terfenadine, indomethacin, ibuprofen, loxoprofen, caffeine, diclofenac, and carbamazepine.
- Examples of the solvent for dissolving a raw material of a compound include, but are not limited to, alcohol solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol (isopropanol (IPA)), 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, and tert-butanol; nitrile solvents, such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; ether solvents, such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; ketone solvents, such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; halogen solvents, such as dichloromethane and chloroform; ester solvents, such as ethyl acetate and methyl acetate; aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as benzene, tol
- any infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation including a wavelength ⁇ [ ⁇ m] can be used.
- the infrared radiation apparatus may include a sheet radiator and a planar heater serving as a heat source.
- the infrared radiation apparatus is preferably an infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength ⁇ [ ⁇ m], particularly infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength ⁇ [ ⁇ m] and having a narrow half-width.
- Examples of such an infrared radiation apparatus include metamaterial emitters and infrared radiation apparatuses with a filter.
- Examples of the metamaterial emitters include emitters of a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) type, a microcavity type, a meta-atom type, and a multilayer type.
- MIM metal-insulator-metal
- Examples of the MIM type include those described in Reference 1 (JSME TED Newsletter, No. 74, pp. 7-10, 2014). The MIM type is described in detail later.
- Examples of the microcavity type and the meta-atom type include those described in Reference 2 (JSME TED Newsletter, No. 74, pp. 2-6, 2014).
- Examples of the multilayer type include those described in Reference 3 (ACS Cent. Sci., Vol. 5, pp. 319-326, 2019).
- Examples of the infrared radiation apparatuses with a filter include infrared heaters described in Japanese Patent No. 6442355.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a refining apparatus 1 partially in cross section.
- FIG. 2 is a partial bottom view of an infrared heater 10 .
- the horizontal direction, the front-back direction, and the vertical direction are as illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- the refining apparatus 1 is an apparatus for precipitating a specific crystal form from a solution 22 in a flat laboratory dish 20 using the infrared heater 10 .
- the solution 22 contains a compound with a plurality of crystal forms dissolved in a solvent.
- the infrared heater 10 is an example of a metamaterial emitter of the MIM type and includes a heater body 11 , a structure 30 , and a casing 70 .
- the infrared heater 10 emits infrared radiation to the solution 22 in the flat laboratory dish 20 located under the infrared heater 10 .
- the heater body 11 is configured as a planar heater and includes a heating element 12 in which a linear member is bent in a zigzag, and a protective member 13 , which is an insulator in contact with and surrounding the heating element 12 .
- the material of the heating element 12 is, for example, W, Mo, Ta, an Fe—Cr—Al alloy, or a Ni—Cr alloy.
- the material of the protective member 13 is, for example, an insulating resin, such as a polyimide, or a ceramic.
- the heater body 11 is located inside the casing 70 . Both ends of the heating element 12 are coupled to a pair of input terminals (not shown) attached to the casing 70 . Electric power can be supplied to the heating element 12 from the outside through the pair of input terminals.
- the heater body 11 may be a planar heater with a ribbon-like heating element wound around an insulator.
- the structure 30 is a sheet radiator provided under the heating element 12 .
- the structure 30 includes a first conductor layer 31 (a metal pattern), a dielectric layer 34 , a second conductor layer 35 (a metal substrate), and a supporting substrate 37 stacked in this order from the outside to the inside under the infrared heater 10 .
- the structure 30 is located so as to close an opening in the lower portion of the casing 70 .
- the first conductor layer 31 is configured as a metal pattern with a periodic structure in which metal electrodes 32 of the same shape and size are arranged at regular intervals on the dielectric layer 34 . More specifically, the first conductor layer 31 is configured as a metal pattern in which a plurality of tetragonal metal electrodes 32 are arranged at regular intervals D1 in the horizontal direction and at regular intervals D2 in the front-back direction on the dielectric layer 34 .
- the metal electrodes 32 have a shape with a thickness (a vertical height) smaller than a lateral width W1 (a width in the horizontal direction) and a longitudinal width W2 (a width in the front-back direction).
- the material of the metal electrodes 32 is, for example, gold or aluminum (Al).
- the metal electrodes 32 are bonded to the dielectric layer 34 via an adhesive layer (not shown).
- the material of the adhesive layer is, for example, chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), or ruthenium (Ru).
- the dielectric layer 34 is a flat member with an upper surface bonded to the second conductor layer 35 .
- the dielectric layer 34 is located between the first conductor layer 31 and the second conductor layer 35 .
- a portion of the lower surface of the dielectric layer 34 on which the metal electrodes 32 are not located is a radiation surface 38 for emitting infrared radiation to an object.
- the material of the dielectric layer 34 is, for example, alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) or silica (SiO 2 ).
- the second conductor layer 35 is a metal sheet with an upper surface bonded to the supporting substrate 37 via an adhesive layer (not shown).
- the material of the second conductor layer 35 may be the same as the material of the first conductor layer 31 .
- the material of the adhesive layer is, for example, chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), or ruthenium (Ru).
- the supporting substrate 37 is a flat member fixed inside the casing 70 with a fixing component or the like (not shown) and supports the first conductor layer 31 , the dielectric layer 34 , and the second conductor layer 35 .
- the material of the supporting substrate 37 is, for example, a material, such as a Si wafer or glass, that can easily maintain a smooth surface, has high heat resistance, and has low thermal warping.
- the supporting substrate 37 may be in contact with the lower surface of the heater body 11 or may be separated from the lower surface with a space therebetween. When the supporting substrate 37 is in contact with the heater body 11 , they may be bonded together.
- the structure 30 functions as a metamaterial emitter with the characteristics of selectively emitting infrared radiation of a specific wavelength. The characteristics probably result from a resonance phenomenon explained by magnetic polariton.
- the magnetic polariton is a resonance phenomenon in which a confinement effect of a strong electromagnetic field can be produced in a dielectric (the dielectric layer 34 ) between two upper and lower conductors (the first conductor layer 31 and the second conductor layer 35 ).
- a portion of the dielectric layer 34 between the second conductor layer 35 and the metal electrodes 32 serves as an infrared radiation source.
- Infrared radiation emitted from the radiation source goes around the metal electrodes 32 and is emitted to the surrounding environment from a portion of the dielectric layer 34 on which the metal electrodes 32 are not located (that is, from the radiation surface 38 ).
- the materials of the first conductor layer 31 , the dielectric layer 34 , and the second conductor layer 35 and the shape and periodic structure of the first conductor layer 31 can be adjusted to regulate the resonance wavelength.
- infrared radiation emitted from the radiation surface 38 of the structure 30 characteristically has high emissivity at a specific wavelength.
- the material, shape, periodic structure, and the like are adjusted so that the structure 30 characteristically emits from the radiation surface 38 infrared radiation having a maximum peak with a half-width of 2.0 ⁇ m or less (preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or less) and with an emissivity of 0.7 or more (preferably 0.8 or more) in the wavelength range of 0.9 to 25 ⁇ m (preferably 2.5 to 25 ⁇ m (4000 to 400 cm ⁇ 1 )).
- the structure 30 characteristically emits infrared radiation having a sharp maximum peak with a relatively small half-width and a relatively high emissivity.
- the half-width is, for example, but not limited to, preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the casing 70 has an approximately rectangular parallelepiped shape with a space therein and with an open bottom surface.
- the heater body 11 and the structure 30 are located in the space inside the casing 70 .
- the casing 70 is formed of a metal (for example, stainless steel or aluminum) to reflect infrared radiation emitted from the heating element 12 .
- the flat laboratory dish 20 containing the solution 22 is placed under the first conductor layer 31 of the infrared heater 10 .
- the solution 22 contains the organic compound X dissolved in the solvent p1.
- electric power is supplied from a power supply (not shown) through an input terminal to both ends of the heating element 12 .
- the electric power is supplied so that the temperature of the heating element 12 reaches a preset temperature (for example, but not limited to, several hundred degrees Celsius).
- the heating element 12 heated to the predetermined temperature transfers energy to the surroundings by at least one of three heat transfer modes of conduction, convection, and radiation and heats the structure 30 . Consequently, the structure 30 is heated to a predetermined temperature, becomes a secondary radiator, and emits infrared radiation.
- a predetermined wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m] is set as a target wavelength, and infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m] is set to be emitted from the structure 30 .
- the intervals D1 and D2 of the metal electrodes 32 of the structure 30 , the widths W1 and W2 of the metal electrodes 32 , and the periods ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 of the metal pattern are set so that infrared radiation emitted from the structure 30 has a peak at a predetermined wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m].
- Irradiating the solution 22 in the flat laboratory dish 20 with infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength ⁇ 1 [ ⁇ m] and adjusting the temperature of the solution to T1[° C.] evaporate the solvent p1 of the solution 22 with the passage of time and finally selectively precipitate crystals of the organic compound X with the crystal form a1.
- the infrared heater 10 is designed to mainly emit infrared radiation of a target wavelength, it is difficult to remove all radiation other than the target wavelength from the infrared radiation of the structure 30 , and convective heat dissipation from components of the heater to the surroundings will occur in the atmosphere. To form an actual process, therefore, various considerations should be given to the shape of the apparatus and the like so that such associated heat flow does not excessively increase the temperature of raw materials and the like.
- the refining method according to the present embodiment described in detail above can precipitate a specific crystal form from a solution of a compound dissolved in a solvent by adjusting the solvent for dissolving the compound, a peak wavelength of infrared radiation emitted to the solution, and the temperature of the solution. Furthermore, the use of the infrared heater 10 of the MIM type allows a peak wavelength of emitted infrared radiation to be designed to accurately match a target wavelength.
- the first conductor layer 31 of the infrared heater 10 is configured as a metal pattern with a periodic structure in which the metal electrodes 32 of the same shape and size are arranged at regular intervals.
- the infrared heater 10 emits infrared radiation having a peak wavelength that changes with the lateral width W1 and the longitudinal width W2 of the metal electrodes 32 .
- the lateral width W1 and the longitudinal width W2 of the metal electrodes 32 can be accurate as designed, for example, by drawing and lift-off using a well-known electron-beam lithography system.
- a peak wavelength of infrared radiation emitted from the infrared heater 10 can be relatively easily and accurately adjusted to a target wavelength.
- the metal electrodes 32 are tetragonal in these embodiments but may be circular. In circular metal electrodes 32 , the diameter corresponds to the lateral width W1 and the longitudinal width W2.
- Febuxostat is known to have a plurality of crystal forms F1, F2, Q, and H1.
- FIG. 3 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of each crystal form.
- Table 1 shows the absorptivity of each crystal form at wavelengths of 3.7 and 6.7 ⁇ m in the infrared absorption spectra.
- a test sample was prepared by weighing 25 mg of febuxostat (product code F0847, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) into a flat laboratory dish ( ⁇ 32 mm ⁇ 16 mm), adding 1 mL of isopropanol (IPA), heating the febuxostat on a hot plate at 80° C. for 2 minutes, and dissolving the febuxostat with slight stirring.
- the temperature of the solution was adjusted to 40° C. while the test sample was irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength of 6.7 ⁇ m (infrared radiation having a peak at a wavelength of 6.7 ⁇ m) (radiation source temperature: 400° C.), and this state was maintained to evaporate the solvent and precipitate crystals.
- Infrared radiation was emitted from the infrared heater 10 of the MIM type.
- the first conductor layer 31 (a layer having circular metal electrodes 32 ) made of Au had a height h of 50 nm.
- the dielectric layer 34 made of Al 2 O 3 had a thickness d of 190 nm.
- the second conductor layer 35 made of Au had a height f of 100 nm.
- the circular metal electrodes 32 had a diameter (corresponding to W1 and W2) of 2.16 ⁇ m.
- the intervals between the metal electrodes (corresponding to D1 and D2) were 1.84 ⁇ m.
- the period (corresponding to ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2) was 4.0 ⁇ m.
- Infrared radiation having a peak at a wavelength of 6.7 ⁇ m (half-width: 0.5 ⁇ m) was emitted.
- the crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as F2 by XRD analysis.
- the XRD analysis was performed with an X-ray diffractometer (product name: Ultima IV, Rigaku).
- Crystals were precipitated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature of the solution to precipitate crystals was changed from 40° C. to 55° C.
- the crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as H1 by XRD analysis.
- Loxoprofen is known to have a plurality of crystal forms F1 and F2.
- FIG. 4 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of each crystal form. Table 1 shows the absorptivity of each crystal form at wavelengths of 3.7 and 6.7 ⁇ m in the infrared absorption spectra.
- a test sample was prepared by weighing 5 mg of loxoprofen (product code L0244, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) into a flat laboratory dish ( ⁇ 32 mm ⁇ 16 mm), adding 1 mL of isopropanol (IPA), heating the loxoprofen on a hot plate at 80° C. for 1 minute, and dissolving the loxoprofen with slight stirring.
- the temperature of the solution was adjusted to 80° C. while the test sample was irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength of 6.7 ⁇ m, and this state was maintained to evaporate the solvent and precipitate crystals.
- the temperature of the solution was adjusted by placing the test sample on a heating plate with a Peltier element and using the temperature control function of the heating plate.
- the crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as F1 by XRD analysis.
- Crystals were precipitated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the temperature of the solution to precipitate crystals was changed from 80° C. to 55° C. A heating plate was not used.
- the crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as F2 by XRD analysis.
- Carbamazepine is known to have a plurality of crystal forms F1, F2, F3, and F4.
- FIG. 5 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of each crystal form. Table 1 shows the absorptivity of each crystal form at wavelengths of 3.0 and 6.7 ⁇ m in the infrared absorption spectra.
- a test sample was prepared by weighing 25 mg of carbamazepine (product code C1095, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) into a flat laboratory dish ( ⁇ 32 mm ⁇ 16 mm), adding 1 mL of isopropanol (IPA), heating the carbamazepine on a hot plate at 80° C. for 1 minute, and dissolving the carbamazepine with slight stirring.
- the temperature of the solution was adjusted to 55° C. while the test sample was irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength of 3.0 ⁇ m, and this state was maintained to evaporate the solvent and precipitate crystals. A heating plate was not used.
- the crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as F2 by XRD analysis.
- Example 5 the first conductor layer 31 of the infrared heater 10 had a height h of 49 nm.
- the dielectric layer 34 had a thickness d of 44 nm.
- the second conductor layer 35 had a height f of 200 nm.
- the circular metal electrodes 32 had a diameter (corresponding to W1 and W2) of 0.54 ⁇ m.
- the intervals between the metal electrodes (corresponding to D1 and D2) were 0.46 ⁇ m.
- the period (corresponding to ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2) was 1.0 ⁇ m.
- Infrared radiation having a peak at a wavelength of 3.0 ⁇ m (half-width: 0.5 ⁇ m) was emitted.
- Crystals were precipitated in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the temperature of the solution to precipitate crystals was changed from 55° C. to 80° C. The temperature of the solution was adjusted to 80° C. on a heating plate with a Peltier element. The crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as F3 by XRD analysis.
- Examples 1 to 6 show that the solvent, wavelength, and temperature could be appropriately combined to precipitate a compound with a different crystal form in the solution of the compound. From another perspective, even with the same solvent and wavelength, the temperature could be changed to precipitate a compound with a different crystal form.
- Examples 1 and 2 show that, to precipitate febuxostat of the crystal form F1, as described in Example 1, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 6.7 ⁇ m may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 40° C. To precipitate febuxostat of the crystal form F2, as described in Example 2, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 6.7 ⁇ m may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 55° C.
- Examples 3 and 4 show that, to precipitate loxoprofen of the crystal form F1, as described in Example 3, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 6.7 ⁇ m may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 80° C. To precipitate loxoprofen of the crystal form F2, as described in Example 4, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 6.7 ⁇ m may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 55° C.
- Examples 5 and 6 show that, to precipitate carbamazepine of the crystal form F2, as described in Example 5, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 3.0 ⁇ m may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 55° C. To precipitate carbamazepine of the crystal form F3, as described in Example 6, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 3.0 ⁇ m may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 80° C.
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Abstract
A refining method according to the present invention is a refining method for crystallizing a compound with at least one crystal form, including setting, as a target wavelength and a target temperature, a specific infrared wavelength and a specific temperature at which a specific crystal form precipitates from a solution of the compound dissolved in a solvent, and using an infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation including the target wavelength to evaporate the solvent and precipitate the specific crystal form while irradiating the solution with infrared radiation including the target wavelength and adjusting a temperature of the solution to the target temperature.
Description
- The present invention relates to a refining method.
- Distillation, recrystallization, chromatography, extraction, and the like are generally known as methods for refining a target organic compound.
Patent Literature 1 discloses a method for refining an organic compound using a laser beam. InPatent Literature 1, to selectively produce a metastable substance from a solution of a substance containing a stable form and a metastable form as crystal forms, metastable crystals are selectively produced by emitting a laser beam into the solution to generate bubbles and form metastable crystal nuclei. - PTL 1: JP 2014-189462 A
- In
Patent Literature 1, however, the laser beam is emitted to generate bubbles in the solution, and no attention is paid to light of an infrared absorption wavelength. - The present invention has been made to address such an issue and mainly aims to obtain a specific crystal form from a solution of a compound dissolved in a solvent.
- A refining method according to the present invention is a refining method for crystallizing a compound with at least one crystal form, including setting, as a target wavelength and a target temperature, a specific infrared wavelength and a specific temperature at which a specific crystal form precipitates from a solution of the compound dissolved in a solvent, and using an infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation including the target wavelength to evaporate the solvent and precipitate the specific crystal form while irradiating the solution with infrared radiation including the target wavelength and adjusting a temperature of the solution to the target temperature.
- This refining method can precipitate a specific crystal form from a solution of a compound dissolved in a solvent by adjusting the solvent for dissolving the compound, the infrared radiation emitted to the solution, and the temperature of the solution. The reason why a specific crystal form precipitates is not clear but is considered as described below. A compound with a plurality of crystal forms generally has a dissolution rate depending on the type of solvent. The dissolution rate is probably related to the ease of precipitation of crystals. Furthermore, a crystal form with higher infrared absorptivity probably has more active thermal vibrations and fewer crystal nuclei. Furthermore, the crystal form precipitated from the solution also depends on the temperature of the solution during the precipitation of crystals. It is therefore thought that the suitable conditions for precipitation of a specific crystal form depend on the solvent for dissolving the compound, the infrared radiation emitted to the solution, and the temperature of the solution.
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FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a refining apparatus 1 (partially in cross section). -
FIG. 2 is a partial bottom view of aninfrared heater 10. -
FIG. 3 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of febuxostat. -
FIG. 4 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of loxoprofen. -
FIG. 5 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of carbamazepine. - Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in detail below.
- A refining method according to the present embodiment is a refining method for crystallizing a compound with at least one crystal form, including: setting, as a target wavelength and a target temperature, a specific infrared wavelength and a specific temperature at which a specific crystal form precipitates from a solution of the compound dissolved in a solvent, and using an infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation including the target wavelength to evaporate the solvent and precipitate the specific crystal form while irradiating the solution with infrared radiation including the target wavelength and adjusting a temperature of the solution to the target temperature.
- The compound may have a plurality of crystal forms or a single crystal form.
- In one example described below, a specific crystal form is precipitated by evaporating a solvent from a solution of a raw material of an organic compound X with two crystal forms a1 and a2 dissolved in the solvent. The specific crystal form is precipitated on the basis of the results of preliminary experiments. In a first preliminary experiment, it is assumed that a crystal form a1 is precipitated when a solution of the raw material of the organic compound X dissolved in a solvent p1 is irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength λ1 [μm] (for example, infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength λ1) and when the temperature of the solution is adjusted to T1 [° C.] to evaporate the solvent p1. In a second preliminary experiment, it is assumed that a crystal form a2 is precipitated when a solution of the raw material of the organic compound X dissolved in a solvent p1 is irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength λ1 [μm] and when the temperature of the solution is adjusted to T2 [° C.] to evaporate the solvent p1. In such a preliminary experiment, to precipitate the crystal form a1, the solvent p1 used in the first preliminary experiment, infrared radiation including the wavelength λ1 [μm], and the temperature T1 [° C.] of the solution are employed. To precipitate the crystal form a2, the solvent p1 used in the second preliminary experiment, infrared radiation including the wavelength λ1 [μm], and the temperature T2 [° C.] of the solution [mg/ml] are employed. Although different crystal forms are prepared by changing the temperature of the solution with the same solvent at the same wavelength in this embodiment, the present invention is not limited to the embodiment. Different crystal forms may be prepared by appropriately changing the combination of solvent, wavelength, and temperature. For example, different crystal forms may be prepared by changing the solvent at the same wavelength and at the same temperature. Alternatively, different crystal forms may be prepared by changing the wavelength with the same solvent at the same temperature.
- The wavelength λ1 [μm] is preferably determined on the basis of an infrared absorption spectrum of a crystal form and the dissolution rate of a raw material in a solvent. Crystal forms often have different infrared absorption spectra and often have different absorptivities at a given wavelength. When a solution is irradiated with infrared radiation including a certain wavelength, a crystal form with a higher absorptivity at the wavelength has more active thermal vibration than crystal forms with a lower absorptivity, has fewer crystal nuclei, and is less likely to precipitate. On the other hand, it is thought that a crystal form that can easily form crystal nuclei is different between a solvent with a high dissolution rate of a raw material and a solvent with a low dissolution rate of a raw material. Thus, the wavelength λ1 [μm] is preferably determined on the basis of an infrared absorption spectrum of a crystal form and the dissolution rate of a raw material in a solvent. For example, the infrared radiation including the wavelength λ1 [μm] may be infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength λ1 [μm].
- In the following example, a crystal form c is precipitated by evaporating a solvent q from a solution of an organic compound Y with the crystal form c dissolved in the solvent q. It is assumed that, in a preliminary experiment, the crystal form c precipitates when the solvent q is evaporated while the solution of the organic compound Y dissolved in the solvent q is irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength α [μm] and the temperature of the solution was adjusted to t1 [° C.]. It is also assumed that the crystal form c does not precipitate and is amorphous when the solvent q is evaporated while the solution of the organic compound Y dissolved in the solvent q is irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength α [μm] and the temperature of the solution was adjusted to t2 [° C.]. In such a case, to precipitate the crystal form c, the solvent q may be evaporated while the solution of the organic compound Y dissolved in the solvent q is irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength α [μm] and the temperature of the solution is adjusted to t1 [° C.]. For example, the infrared radiation including the wavelength α [μm] may be infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength α [μm].
- Examples of compounds that can be refined by the refining method according to the present embodiment include, but are not limited to, febuxostat, terfenadine, indomethacin, ibuprofen, loxoprofen, caffeine, diclofenac, and carbamazepine. Examples of the solvent for dissolving a raw material of a compound include, but are not limited to, alcohol solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol (isopropanol (IPA)), 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, and tert-butanol; nitrile solvents, such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; ether solvents, such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; ketone solvents, such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; halogen solvents, such as dichloromethane and chloroform; ester solvents, such as ethyl acetate and methyl acetate; aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; and mixed solvents of alcohol solvents and water.
- In the refining method according to the present embodiment, any infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation including a wavelength λ [μm] can be used. For example, the infrared radiation apparatus may include a sheet radiator and a planar heater serving as a heat source. The infrared radiation apparatus is preferably an infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength λ[μm], particularly infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength λ[μm] and having a narrow half-width. Examples of such an infrared radiation apparatus include metamaterial emitters and infrared radiation apparatuses with a filter. Examples of the metamaterial emitters include emitters of a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) type, a microcavity type, a meta-atom type, and a multilayer type. Examples of the MIM type include those described in Reference 1 (JSME TED Newsletter, No. 74, pp. 7-10, 2014). The MIM type is described in detail later. Examples of the microcavity type and the meta-atom type include those described in Reference 2 (JSME TED Newsletter, No. 74, pp. 2-6, 2014). Examples of the multilayer type include those described in Reference 3 (ACS Cent. Sci., Vol. 5, pp. 319-326, 2019). Examples of the infrared radiation apparatuses with a filter include infrared heaters described in Japanese Patent No. 6442355.
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FIG. 1 is a perspective view of arefining apparatus 1 partially in cross section.FIG. 2 is a partial bottom view of aninfrared heater 10. The horizontal direction, the front-back direction, and the vertical direction are as illustrated inFIG. 1 . - The
refining apparatus 1 is an apparatus for precipitating a specific crystal form from asolution 22 in aflat laboratory dish 20 using theinfrared heater 10. Thesolution 22 contains a compound with a plurality of crystal forms dissolved in a solvent. - The
infrared heater 10 is an example of a metamaterial emitter of the MIM type and includes aheater body 11, astructure 30, and acasing 70. Theinfrared heater 10 emits infrared radiation to thesolution 22 in theflat laboratory dish 20 located under theinfrared heater 10. - The
heater body 11 is configured as a planar heater and includes aheating element 12 in which a linear member is bent in a zigzag, and aprotective member 13, which is an insulator in contact with and surrounding theheating element 12. The material of theheating element 12 is, for example, W, Mo, Ta, an Fe—Cr—Al alloy, or a Ni—Cr alloy. The material of theprotective member 13 is, for example, an insulating resin, such as a polyimide, or a ceramic. Theheater body 11 is located inside thecasing 70. Both ends of theheating element 12 are coupled to a pair of input terminals (not shown) attached to thecasing 70. Electric power can be supplied to theheating element 12 from the outside through the pair of input terminals. Theheater body 11 may be a planar heater with a ribbon-like heating element wound around an insulator. - The
structure 30 is a sheet radiator provided under theheating element 12. Thestructure 30 includes a first conductor layer 31 (a metal pattern), adielectric layer 34, a second conductor layer 35 (a metal substrate), and a supportingsubstrate 37 stacked in this order from the outside to the inside under theinfrared heater 10. Thestructure 30 is located so as to close an opening in the lower portion of thecasing 70. - As illustrated in
FIG. 2 , thefirst conductor layer 31 is configured as a metal pattern with a periodic structure in whichmetal electrodes 32 of the same shape and size are arranged at regular intervals on thedielectric layer 34. More specifically, thefirst conductor layer 31 is configured as a metal pattern in which a plurality oftetragonal metal electrodes 32 are arranged at regular intervals D1 in the horizontal direction and at regular intervals D2 in the front-back direction on thedielectric layer 34. Themetal electrodes 32 have a shape with a thickness (a vertical height) smaller than a lateral width W1 (a width in the horizontal direction) and a longitudinal width W2 (a width in the front-back direction). The metal pattern has a transverse period Λ1=D1+W1 and a longitudinal period Λ2=D2+W2. It is assumed that D1 and D2 are the same, and W1 and W2 are the same. The material of themetal electrodes 32 is, for example, gold or aluminum (Al). Themetal electrodes 32 are bonded to thedielectric layer 34 via an adhesive layer (not shown). The material of the adhesive layer is, for example, chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), or ruthenium (Ru). - The
dielectric layer 34 is a flat member with an upper surface bonded to thesecond conductor layer 35. Thedielectric layer 34 is located between thefirst conductor layer 31 and thesecond conductor layer 35. A portion of the lower surface of thedielectric layer 34 on which themetal electrodes 32 are not located is aradiation surface 38 for emitting infrared radiation to an object. The material of thedielectric layer 34 is, for example, alumina (Al2O3) or silica (SiO2). - The
second conductor layer 35 is a metal sheet with an upper surface bonded to the supportingsubstrate 37 via an adhesive layer (not shown). The material of thesecond conductor layer 35 may be the same as the material of thefirst conductor layer 31. The material of the adhesive layer is, for example, chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), or ruthenium (Ru). - The supporting
substrate 37 is a flat member fixed inside thecasing 70 with a fixing component or the like (not shown) and supports thefirst conductor layer 31, thedielectric layer 34, and thesecond conductor layer 35. The material of the supportingsubstrate 37 is, for example, a material, such as a Si wafer or glass, that can easily maintain a smooth surface, has high heat resistance, and has low thermal warping. The supportingsubstrate 37 may be in contact with the lower surface of theheater body 11 or may be separated from the lower surface with a space therebetween. When the supportingsubstrate 37 is in contact with theheater body 11, they may be bonded together. - The
structure 30 functions as a metamaterial emitter with the characteristics of selectively emitting infrared radiation of a specific wavelength. The characteristics probably result from a resonance phenomenon explained by magnetic polariton. The magnetic polariton is a resonance phenomenon in which a confinement effect of a strong electromagnetic field can be produced in a dielectric (the dielectric layer 34) between two upper and lower conductors (thefirst conductor layer 31 and the second conductor layer 35). Thus, in thestructure 30, a portion of thedielectric layer 34 between thesecond conductor layer 35 and themetal electrodes 32 serves as an infrared radiation source. Infrared radiation emitted from the radiation source goes around themetal electrodes 32 and is emitted to the surrounding environment from a portion of thedielectric layer 34 on which themetal electrodes 32 are not located (that is, from the radiation surface 38). In thestructure 30, the materials of thefirst conductor layer 31, thedielectric layer 34, and thesecond conductor layer 35 and the shape and periodic structure of thefirst conductor layer 31 can be adjusted to regulate the resonance wavelength. Thus, infrared radiation emitted from theradiation surface 38 of thestructure 30 characteristically has high emissivity at a specific wavelength. In the present embodiment, the material, shape, periodic structure, and the like are adjusted so that thestructure 30 characteristically emits from theradiation surface 38 infrared radiation having a maximum peak with a half-width of 2.0 μm or less (preferably 1.5 μm or less, more preferably 1.0 μm or less) and with an emissivity of 0.7 or more (preferably 0.8 or more) in the wavelength range of 0.9 to 25 μm (preferably 2.5 to 25 μm (4000 to 400 cm−1)). Thus, thestructure 30 characteristically emits infrared radiation having a sharp maximum peak with a relatively small half-width and a relatively high emissivity. The half-width is, for example, but not limited to, preferably 2.0 μm or less, more preferably 1.5 μm or less, still more preferably 1.0 μm or less. - The
casing 70 has an approximately rectangular parallelepiped shape with a space therein and with an open bottom surface. Theheater body 11 and thestructure 30 are located in the space inside thecasing 70. Thecasing 70 is formed of a metal (for example, stainless steel or aluminum) to reflect infrared radiation emitted from theheating element 12. - An example of use of the
refining apparatus 1 is described below. In the following example, as a specific crystal form precipitated from a solution of the organic compound X with two crystal forms a1 and a2 dissolved in a solvent, as described above, the crystal form a1 is precipitated. - First, the
flat laboratory dish 20 containing thesolution 22 is placed under thefirst conductor layer 31 of theinfrared heater 10. Thesolution 22 contains the organic compound X dissolved in the solvent p1. Next, electric power is supplied from a power supply (not shown) through an input terminal to both ends of theheating element 12. The electric power is supplied so that the temperature of theheating element 12 reaches a preset temperature (for example, but not limited to, several hundred degrees Celsius). Theheating element 12 heated to the predetermined temperature transfers energy to the surroundings by at least one of three heat transfer modes of conduction, convection, and radiation and heats thestructure 30. Consequently, thestructure 30 is heated to a predetermined temperature, becomes a secondary radiator, and emits infrared radiation. - In this case, a predetermined wavelength λ1 [μm] is set as a target wavelength, and infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength λ1 [μm] is set to be emitted from the
structure 30. More specifically, the intervals D1 and D2 of themetal electrodes 32 of thestructure 30, the widths W1 and W2 of themetal electrodes 32, and the periods Λ1 and Λ2 of the metal pattern are set so that infrared radiation emitted from thestructure 30 has a peak at a predetermined wavelength λ1 [μm]. Irradiating thesolution 22 in theflat laboratory dish 20 with infrared radiation having a peak at the wavelength λ1 [μm] and adjusting the temperature of the solution to T1[° C.] evaporate the solvent p1 of thesolution 22 with the passage of time and finally selectively precipitate crystals of the organic compound X with the crystal form a1. - Although the
infrared heater 10 is designed to mainly emit infrared radiation of a target wavelength, it is difficult to remove all radiation other than the target wavelength from the infrared radiation of thestructure 30, and convective heat dissipation from components of the heater to the surroundings will occur in the atmosphere. To form an actual process, therefore, various considerations should be given to the shape of the apparatus and the like so that such associated heat flow does not excessively increase the temperature of raw materials and the like. - The refining method according to the present embodiment described in detail above can precipitate a specific crystal form from a solution of a compound dissolved in a solvent by adjusting the solvent for dissolving the compound, a peak wavelength of infrared radiation emitted to the solution, and the temperature of the solution. Furthermore, the use of the
infrared heater 10 of the MIM type allows a peak wavelength of emitted infrared radiation to be designed to accurately match a target wavelength. Thefirst conductor layer 31 of theinfrared heater 10 is configured as a metal pattern with a periodic structure in which themetal electrodes 32 of the same shape and size are arranged at regular intervals. Theinfrared heater 10 emits infrared radiation having a peak wavelength that changes with the lateral width W1 and the longitudinal width W2 of themetal electrodes 32. The lateral width W1 and the longitudinal width W2 of themetal electrodes 32 can be accurate as designed, for example, by drawing and lift-off using a well-known electron-beam lithography system. Thus, a peak wavelength of infrared radiation emitted from theinfrared heater 10 can be relatively easily and accurately adjusted to a target wavelength. - It goes without saying that the present invention should not be limited to these embodiments and can be implemented in various aspects within the technical scope of the present invention.
- The
metal electrodes 32 are tetragonal in these embodiments but may be circular. Incircular metal electrodes 32, the diameter corresponds to the lateral width W1 and the longitudinal width W2. - Febuxostat is known to have a plurality of crystal forms F1, F2, Q, and H1.
FIG. 3 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of each crystal form. - Table 1 shows the absorptivity of each crystal form at wavelengths of 3.7 and 6.7 μm in the infrared absorption spectra.
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TABLE 1 Compound Crystal Absorptivity (—) name form 3.0(μm) 3.7(μm) 6.7(μm) Febuxostat F1 — 0.27 0.65 F2 — 0.21 0.56 Q — 0.05 0.40 H1 — 0.03 0.53 Loxoprofen F1 — 0.06 0.40 F2 — 0.10 0.55 Carbamazepine F1 0.44 — 0.52 F2 0.50 — 0.60 F3 0.40 — 0.47 F4 0.47 — 0.55 - A test sample was prepared by weighing 25 mg of febuxostat (product code F0847, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) into a flat laboratory dish (ϕ32 mm×16 mm), adding 1 mL of isopropanol (IPA), heating the febuxostat on a hot plate at 80° C. for 2 minutes, and dissolving the febuxostat with slight stirring. The temperature of the solution was adjusted to 40° C. while the test sample was irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength of 6.7 μm (infrared radiation having a peak at a wavelength of 6.7 μm) (radiation source temperature: 400° C.), and this state was maintained to evaporate the solvent and precipitate crystals. Infrared radiation was emitted from the
infrared heater 10 of the MIM type. In theinfrared heater 10, the first conductor layer 31 (a layer having circular metal electrodes 32) made of Au had a height h of 50 nm. Thedielectric layer 34 made of Al2O3 had a thickness d of 190 nm. Thesecond conductor layer 35 made of Au had a height f of 100 nm. Thecircular metal electrodes 32 had a diameter (corresponding to W1 and W2) of 2.16 μm. The intervals between the metal electrodes (corresponding to D1 and D2) were 1.84 μm. The period (corresponding to Λ1 and Λ2) was 4.0 μm. Infrared radiation having a peak at a wavelength of 6.7 μm (half-width: 0.5 μm) was emitted. The crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as F2 by XRD analysis. The XRD analysis was performed with an X-ray diffractometer (product name: Ultima IV, Rigaku). - Crystals were precipitated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature of the solution to precipitate crystals was changed from 40° C. to 55° C. The crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as H1 by XRD analysis.
- Loxoprofen is known to have a plurality of crystal forms F1 and F2.
FIG. 4 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of each crystal form. Table 1 shows the absorptivity of each crystal form at wavelengths of 3.7 and 6.7 μm in the infrared absorption spectra. - A test sample was prepared by weighing 5 mg of loxoprofen (product code L0244, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) into a flat laboratory dish (ϕ32 mm×16 mm), adding 1 mL of isopropanol (IPA), heating the loxoprofen on a hot plate at 80° C. for 1 minute, and dissolving the loxoprofen with slight stirring. The temperature of the solution was adjusted to 80° C. while the test sample was irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength of 6.7 μm, and this state was maintained to evaporate the solvent and precipitate crystals. The temperature of the solution was adjusted by placing the test sample on a heating plate with a Peltier element and using the temperature control function of the heating plate. The crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as F1 by XRD analysis.
- Crystals were precipitated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the temperature of the solution to precipitate crystals was changed from 80° C. to 55° C. A heating plate was not used. The crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as F2 by XRD analysis.
- Carbamazepine is known to have a plurality of crystal forms F1, F2, F3, and F4.
FIG. 5 is a graph of an infrared absorption spectrum of each crystal form. Table 1 shows the absorptivity of each crystal form at wavelengths of 3.0 and 6.7 μm in the infrared absorption spectra. - A test sample was prepared by weighing 25 mg of carbamazepine (product code C1095, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) into a flat laboratory dish (ϕ32 mm×16 mm), adding 1 mL of isopropanol (IPA), heating the carbamazepine on a hot plate at 80° C. for 1 minute, and dissolving the carbamazepine with slight stirring. The temperature of the solution was adjusted to 55° C. while the test sample was irradiated with infrared radiation including a wavelength of 3.0 μm, and this state was maintained to evaporate the solvent and precipitate crystals. A heating plate was not used. The crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as F2 by XRD analysis.
- In Example 5, the
first conductor layer 31 of theinfrared heater 10 had a height h of 49 nm. Thedielectric layer 34 had a thickness d of 44 nm. Thesecond conductor layer 35 had a height f of 200 nm. Thecircular metal electrodes 32 had a diameter (corresponding to W1 and W2) of 0.54 μm. The intervals between the metal electrodes (corresponding to D1 and D2) were 0.46 μm. The period (corresponding to Λ1 and Λ2) was 1.0 μm. Infrared radiation having a peak at a wavelength of 3.0 μm (half-width: 0.5 μm) was emitted. - Crystals were precipitated in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the temperature of the solution to precipitate crystals was changed from 55° C. to 80° C. The temperature of the solution was adjusted to 80° C. on a heating plate with a Peltier element. The crystal form of the precipitated crystals was identified as F3 by XRD analysis.
- The results of Examples 1 to 6 are summarized in Table 2.
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TABLE 2 Solution Wavelength Concentration temperature Crystal Example Compound name (μm) Solvent (mg/mL) (° C.) form 1 Febuxostat 6.7 IPA 25 40 F2 2 55 H1 3 Loxoprofen 6.7 IPA 5 80 F1 4 55 F2 5 Carbamazepine 3.0 IPA 25 55 F2 6 80 F3 - Examples 1 to 6 show that the solvent, wavelength, and temperature could be appropriately combined to precipitate a compound with a different crystal form in the solution of the compound. From another perspective, even with the same solvent and wavelength, the temperature could be changed to precipitate a compound with a different crystal form.
- Examples 1 and 2 show that, to precipitate febuxostat of the crystal form F1, as described in Example 1, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 6.7 μm may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 40° C. To precipitate febuxostat of the crystal form F2, as described in Example 2, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 6.7 μm may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 55° C.
- Examples 3 and 4 show that, to precipitate loxoprofen of the crystal form F1, as described in Example 3, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 6.7 μm may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 80° C. To precipitate loxoprofen of the crystal form F2, as described in Example 4, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 6.7 μm may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 55° C.
- Examples 5 and 6 show that, to precipitate carbamazepine of the crystal form F2, as described in Example 5, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 3.0 μm may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 55° C. To precipitate carbamazepine of the crystal form F3, as described in Example 6, IPA may be used as a solvent, infrared radiation with a peak wavelength of 3.0 μm may be emitted, and the temperature may be adjusted to 80° C.
- The present application claims priority from International Application No. PCT/JP2020/027266 filed Jul. 13, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Claims (6)
1. A refining method for crystallizing a compound with at least one crystal form, comprising:
setting, as a target wavelength and a target temperature, a specific infrared wavelength and a specific temperature at which a specific crystal form precipitates from a solution of the compound dissolved in a solvent, and using an infrared radiation apparatus capable of emitting infrared radiation including the target wavelength to evaporate the solvent and precipitate the specific crystal form while irradiating the solution with infrared radiation including the target wavelength and adjusting a temperature of the solution to the target temperature.
2. The refining method according to claim 1 , wherein the compound has a plurality of crystal forms.
3. The refining method according to claim 1 , wherein the infrared radiation apparatus includes a sheet radiator and a planar heater serving as a heat source.
4. The refining method according to claim 1 , wherein the infrared radiation apparatus can emit infrared radiation having a peak at the target wavelength.
5. The refining method according to claim 4 , wherein the infrared radiation apparatus emits infrared radiation having a peak at the target wavelength from a structure composed of a metal pattern, a dielectric layer, and a metal substrate stacked in this order from the outside to the inside, the metal pattern includes metal electrodes of the same shape and size arranged at regular intervals on the dielectric layer, and a peak wavelength of the infrared radiation changes depending on a width of the metal electrodes.
6. The refining method according to claim 1 , wherein the compound is febuxostat, loxoprofen, or carbamazepine.
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JPS58181858A (en) | 1982-04-19 | 1983-10-24 | Taiyo Sanso Kk | Plating pretreatment of stainless steel |
GB2122602B (en) * | 1982-06-07 | 1985-06-05 | Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co | Novel 2 3-dihydro-indene derivatives |
EP1196227B1 (en) * | 1999-07-06 | 2009-07-15 | Intellectual Ventures Holding 19, LLC | Method for using laser light to control crystal form |
EP1172646A1 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2002-01-16 | Universiteit Leiden | Screening crystallisation conditions of organic compounds |
EP1492603A4 (en) * | 2002-03-21 | 2005-07-06 | Berkshire Lab Inc | Methods for controlling crystal growth, crystallization, structures and phases in materials and systems |
JP2003319800A (en) | 2002-05-07 | 2003-11-11 | Itochu Seito Kk | Method for producing sugar |
JP4099762B2 (en) * | 2003-03-10 | 2008-06-11 | 株式会社石井鐵工所 | Tartrate precipitation separation method and infrared irradiation beverage obtained by using the method |
WO2007040995A1 (en) | 2005-10-03 | 2007-04-12 | Mallinckrodt Inc. | Process for preparing zolpidem hemitartrate and tartrate polymorphs |
CN100417750C (en) * | 2006-05-23 | 2008-09-10 | 青岛大学 | Crystal quick growth device using solution method |
CA2764600A1 (en) * | 2009-06-10 | 2010-12-16 | Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. | Crystalline forms of febuxostat |
KR20130129070A (en) * | 2010-07-12 | 2013-11-27 | 융신 파마슈티칼 인더스트리얼 컴파니 리미티드 | Diclofenac salt of tramadol |
CN102267957B (en) * | 2011-08-24 | 2013-04-24 | 山东齐都药业有限公司 | Method for preparing Febuxostat crystal A |
JP2014189462A (en) | 2013-03-27 | 2014-10-06 | Osaka Univ | Manufacturing method of crystal, metastable crystal form, manufacturing method of medicine, and medicine |
JP2014214299A (en) * | 2013-04-30 | 2014-11-17 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Near infrared light-absorbing particle, method for producing the same, fluid dispersion and article thereof |
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WO2018034305A1 (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2018-02-22 | 日本碍子株式会社 | Method for refining organic compound |
JP7061609B2 (en) * | 2017-07-05 | 2022-04-28 | 日本碍子株式会社 | Infrared processing device |
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JPWO2022014395A1 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
JP7096957B2 (en) | 2022-07-06 |
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CN115315298A (en) | 2022-11-08 |
JPWO2022014396A1 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
CN115315298B (en) | 2023-09-15 |
US20230150957A1 (en) | 2023-05-18 |
JPWO2022014397A1 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
CN115315297A (en) | 2022-11-08 |
EP4180106A1 (en) | 2023-05-17 |
WO2022014397A1 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
EP4180105A1 (en) | 2023-05-17 |
JP2022125073A (en) | 2022-08-26 |
WO2022014396A1 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
JP7096956B2 (en) | 2022-07-06 |
WO2022014395A1 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
US20230167577A1 (en) | 2023-06-01 |
EP4180104A1 (en) | 2023-05-17 |
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