US20230041584A1 - Novel prodrugs and conjugates of dimethyltryptamine - Google Patents

Novel prodrugs and conjugates of dimethyltryptamine Download PDF

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US20230041584A1
US20230041584A1 US17/836,984 US202217836984A US2023041584A1 US 20230041584 A1 US20230041584 A1 US 20230041584A1 US 202217836984 A US202217836984 A US 202217836984A US 2023041584 A1 US2023041584 A1 US 2023041584A1
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alkyl
hydrogen
formula
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Robert B. Perni
Glenn Short
Srinivas G. Rao
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Atai Life Sciences US Inc
Atai Therapeutics Inc
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Atai Life Sciences GmbH
JMD Pharma Creativity LLC
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Assigned to ATAI LIFE SCIENCES US, INC. reassignment ATAI LIFE SCIENCES US, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JMD PHARMA CREATIVITY, LLC
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
    • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
    • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C07D209/14—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms, not forming part of a nitro radical
    • C07D209/16—Tryptamines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
    • A61K31/4045—Indole-alkylamines; Amides thereof, e.g. serotonin, melatonin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
    • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
    • C07D209/08—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
    • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
    • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C07D209/12—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
    • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
    • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C07D209/14—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms, not forming part of a nitro radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/572—Five-membered rings
    • C07F9/5728—Five-membered rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems

Definitions

  • N,N-dimethyltryptamine is a naturally occurring compound found in numerous plant species and botanical preparations, such as the hallucinogenic infusion known as ayahuasca, and classified as a classic serotonergic psychedelic that induces intense modifications in perception, emotion, and cognition in humans.
  • DMT has a rapid onset, intense psychedelic effects, and a relatively short duration of action with an estimated half-life of less than fifteen minutes.
  • DMT binds to serotonin receptors to produce euphoria and psychedelic effects.
  • DMT is metabolically unstable and is readily converted by monoamine oxidases (MAO's) to indoleacetic acid and N-oxidation metabolites resulting in poor oral bioavailability.
  • MAO's monoamine oxidases
  • Serotonergic psychedelics have also demonstrated promising antidepressant, anxiolytic, and anti-addictive properties.
  • DMT N,N-dimethyltryptamine
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I):
  • the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of the Formula (IV):
  • the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of the formula:
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (III):
  • the compound of Formula (V) is a compound of the formula:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • FIG. 1 shows PK studies of N-phosphonooxymethyl prodrug 6-1-2 (VLS-02-23-0) and metabolite (VLS-02-023-10) following intravenous (1 mg/kg) and oral administration (30 mg/kg) to male CD1 mice (in plasma).
  • FIG. 2 shows PK studies of N-phosphonooxymethyl prodrug 6-1-2 (VLS-02-23-0) and metabolite (VLS-02-023-10) following intravenous (1 mg/kg) and oral administration (30 mg/kg) to male CD1 mice (in the brain).
  • the term “about” when immediately preceding a numerical value means a range (e.g., plus or minus 10% of that value).
  • “about 50” can mean 45 to 55
  • “about 25,000” can mean 22,500 to 27,500, etc., unless the context of the disclosure indicates otherwise, or is inconsistent with such an interpretation.
  • “about 50” means a range extending to less than half the interval(s) between the preceding and subsequent values, e.g., more than 49.5 to less than 50.5.
  • the phrases “less than about” a value or “greater than about” a value should be understood in view of the definition of the term “about” provided herein.
  • the term “about” when preceding a series of numerical values or a range of values refers, respectively to all values in the series, or the endpoints of the range.
  • administer refers to administering a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a composition or formulation comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound to a patient.
  • salts includes both acid and base addition salts.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those obtained by reacting the active compound functioning as a base, with an inorganic or organic acid to form a salt, for example, salts of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, formic acid, hydrobromic acid, benzoic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, salicylic acid, mandelic acid, carbonic acid, etc.
  • the acids that may be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of such basic compounds are those that form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmaceutically acceptable anions, including but not limited to malate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, acetate, tartrate, oleate, fumarate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, and p-toluenesulfonate salts.
  • non-toxic acid addition salts i.e., salts containing pharmaceutically acceptable anions, including but not limited to malate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, acetate, tartrate, oleate, fumarate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, and p-toluene
  • Base addition salts include but are not limited to, ethylenediamine, N-methyl-glucamine, lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N-benzylphenethylamine, diethylamine, piperazine, tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, triethylamine, dibenzylamine, ephenamine, dehydroabietylamine, N-ethylpiperidine, benzylamine, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, basic amino acids, e.g., lysine and arginine dicyclohexylamine and the like.
  • metal salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium salts and the like.
  • ammonium and alkylated ammonium salts include ammonium, methylammonium, dimethylammonium, trimethylammonium, ethylammonium, hydroxyethylammonium, diethylammonium, butylammonium, tetramethylammonium salts and the like.
  • organic bases include lysine, arginine, guanidine, diethanolamine, choline and the like.
  • treating refers to improving at least one symptom of the patient's disorder.
  • treating can be improving, or at least partially ameliorating a disorder or one or more symptoms of a disorder.
  • preventing refers to preventing the onset of disease development if none had occurred, preventing the disease or disorder from occurring in a subject or a patient that may be predisposed to the disorder or disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having the disorder or disease, and/or preventing further disease/disorder development if already present.
  • terapéuticaally effective applied to dose or amount refers to that quantity of a compound or pharmaceutical formulation that is sufficient to result in a desired clinical benefit after administration to a patient in need thereof.
  • C 1 -C 6 alkyl is intended to encompass C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 1-6 , C 1-5 , C 1-4 , C 1-3 , C 1-2 , C 2-6 , C 2-5 , C 2-4 , C 2-3 , C 3-6 , C 3-5 , C 3-4 , C 4-6 , C 4-5 , and C 5-6 alkyl.
  • Alkyl or “alkyl group” refers to a fully saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain having from one to twelve carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Alkyls comprising any number of carbon atoms from 1 to 12 are included. An alkyl comprising up to 12 carbon atoms is a C 1 -C 12 alkyl, an alkyl comprising up to 10 carbon atoms is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl, an alkyl comprising up to 6 carbon atoms is a C 1 -C 6 alkyl and an alkyl comprising up to 5 carbon atoms is a C 1 -C 5 alkyl.
  • a C 1 -C 5 alkyl includes C 5 alkyls, C 4 alkyls, C 3 alkyls, C 2 alkyls and C 1 alkyl (i.e., methyl).
  • a C 1 -C 6 alkyl includes all moieties described above for C 1 -C 5 alkyls but also includes C 6 alkyls.
  • a C 1 -C 10 alkyl includes all moieties described above for C 1 -C 5 alkyls and C 1 -C 6 alkyls, but also includes C 7 , C 8 , C 9 and C 10 alkyls.
  • a C 1 -C 12 alkyl includes all the foregoing moieties, but also includes C 11 and C 12 alkyls.
  • Non-limiting examples of C 1 -C 12 alkyl include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, sec-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, t-amyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, and n-dodecyl.
  • an alkyl group can be optionally substituted.
  • Aryl refers to a hydrocarbon ring system comprising hydrogen, 6 to 18 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond.
  • the aryl can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which can include fused or bridged ring systems.
  • Aryls include, but are not limited to, aryls derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenylene. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the “aryl” can be optionally substituted.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a stable non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic fully saturated hydrocarbon consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which can include fused, bridged, or spirocyclic ring systems, having from three to twenty carbon atoms (e.g., having from three to ten carbon atoms) and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond.
  • Monocyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.
  • Polycyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl, 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, and the like. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted.
  • Heterocyclyl refers to a stable saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic 3- to 20-membered ring which consists of two to nineteen carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond.
  • Heterocyclyl or heterocyclic rings include heteroaryls, heterocyclylalkyls, heterocyclylalkenyls, and hetercyclylalkynyls.
  • the heterocyclyl can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which can include fused, bridged, or spirocyclic ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl can be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom can be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl can be partially or fully saturated.
  • heterocyclyl examples include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholin
  • Heteroaryl refers to a 5- to 20-membered ring system comprising hydrogen atoms, one to nineteen carbon atoms, one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, at least one aromatic ring, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond.
  • the heteroaryl can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which can include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl can be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom can be optionally quaternized.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furany
  • substituted means any of the groups described herein (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, and/or heteroaryl) wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a non-hydrogen atoms such as, but not limited to: a halogen atom such as F, Cl, Br, and I; an oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups, and ester groups; a sulfur atom in groups such as thiol groups, thioalkyl groups, sulfone groups, sulfonyl groups, and sulfoxide groups; a nitrogen atom in groups such as amines, amides, alkylamines, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, N-oxides
  • “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a higher-order bond (e.g., a double- or triple-bond) to a heteroatom such as oxygen in oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; and nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles.
  • a higher-order bond e.g., a double- or triple-bond
  • nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles.
  • substituted includes any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —NR g R h , —NR g C( ⁇ O)R h , —NR g C( ⁇ O)NR g R h , —NR g C(O)OR h , —NR g SO 2 R h , —OC( ⁇ O)NR g R h , —OR g , —SR g , —SOR g , —SO 2 R g , —OSO 2 R g , —SO 2 OR g , ⁇ NSO 2 R g , and —SO 2 NR g R h .
  • “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —C( ⁇ O)R g , —C( ⁇ O)OR g , —C( ⁇ O)NR g R h , —CH 2 SO 2 R g , —CH 2 SO 2 NR g R h .
  • R g and R h are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl and/or heteroarylalkyl.
  • “Substituted” further means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a bond to an amino, cyano, hydroxyl, imino, nitro, oxo, thioxo, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl and/or heteroarylalkyl group.
  • each of the foregoing substituents can also be optionally substituted with one or more of the above substituents.
  • the present disclosure provides compounds that are prodrugs of tryptamines and relates scaffolds, for example N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) as well as pharmaceutical compositions thereof.
  • DMT N,N-dimethyltryptamine
  • DMT is metabolically unstable and is readily converted by monoamine oxidases (MAO's) to indoleacetic acid and N-oxidation metabolites resulting in poor oral bioavailability.
  • MAO's monoamine oxidases
  • the compounds of the present disclosure allow for the controlled release of DMT.
  • Advantages of compounds of the present disclosure may include increased metabolic stability, increased absorption, decreased maximal plasma concentrations of parent drug DMT over time, and less frequent dosing.
  • compounds of the present disclosure prevent or inhibit N-oxidation to promote oral bioavailability and increased exposure.
  • compounds of the present disclosure comprise an enacarbil moiety.
  • such compounds may for example, increase bioavailability by virtue of active transport of the prodrug in the small intestine by high-capacity nutrient transporters, including mono-carboxylate transporter-1 (MCT-1).
  • MCT-1 mono-carboxylate transporter-1
  • DMT-enacarbil prodrugs may also reduce abuse potential by preventing absorption by snorting or insufflation.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I):
  • R 9 is a halogen. In some embodiments, R 9 is bromo.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or cycloalkyl, or R 1 and R 2 together with the atoms to which they are attached form a heterocycle.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the atoms to which they are attached form a heterocycle.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are methyl.
  • X, Y and Z are independently hydrogen, halogen, —O—, —S—, —NR A —, —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), or —(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′).
  • X, Y and Z are H.
  • two of X, Y and Z are hydrogen.
  • two of X, Y and Z are hydrogen and the non-hydrogen X, Y or Z is —O—, —S—, —NR A —, —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), or —(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), wherein R A is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • X and Y are hydrogen; and Z is —O—, —S—, —NR A —, —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), or —(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), wherein R A is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • X and Z are hydrogen; and Y is —O—, —S—, —NR A —, —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), or —(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), wherein R A is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • Y and Z are hydrogen; and X is —O—, —S—, —NR A —, —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), or —(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), wherein R A is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • At least one of X, Y, or Z is —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′).
  • X is —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′) and R 3 is absent.
  • Y is —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′) and R 4 is absent.
  • Z is —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′) and R 5 is absent.
  • R′ is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R A is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R′, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are independently absent, hydrogen, alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 , —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • R′, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 is —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • R′, R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently absent, hydrogen, alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 , —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • R′, R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • R′ is absent, hydrogen, alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 , —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • R′ is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R 3 is:
  • R 4 is:
  • R 5 is:
  • R 6 is: —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • X, Y and Z are H; W is NR 6 ; and R 6 is —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • At least one of R′, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 is —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ) and n is 3.
  • At least one of R′, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 is —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), and n is 4.
  • At least one of R′, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 is —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 and n is 3.
  • At least one of R′, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 is —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH)(CH 2 ) n (C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 and n is 2.
  • At least one of R′, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 is
  • At least one of R′, R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ) and n is 3.
  • At least one of R′, R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ) and n is 4.
  • At least one of R′, R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 and n is 3.
  • At least one of R′, R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 and n is 2.
  • At least one of R′, R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is
  • L and M are independently alkyl or aryl.
  • L is alkyl and M is alkyl or aryl.
  • L is methyl or isopropyl and M is alkyl or aryl.
  • W is oxygen, sulfur or NR 6 ;
  • W is NR 6 and R 6 is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are independently hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R 8 , and R 9 are independently hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R 8 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • R 8 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 9 is hydrogen, halogen, or alkyl.
  • R 9 is hydrogen
  • R 9 is alkyl
  • R 9 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 9 is halogen.
  • R 9 is —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.
  • R 9 is —Cl, —Br, or —I.
  • R 9 is —Cl or —Br.
  • R 9 is —F.
  • R 9 is —Cl.
  • R 9 is —Br.
  • R 9 is —I.
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from hydroxyl, thiol and halogen.
  • R 8 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from hydroxyl, thiol and halogen.
  • R 9 is hydrogen, halogen, or C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from hydroxyl, thiol and halogen.
  • R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from hydroxyl, thiol and halogen.
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from hydroxyl, thiol and halogen.
  • n is an integer from 2-7 (i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7). In some embodiments n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4. In some embodiments, n is 5. In some embodiments, n is 6. In some embodiments, n is 7.
  • m is an integer from 1-4 (i.e. 1, 2, 3, or 4). In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, m is 3. In some embodiments, m is 4.
  • the compound is of Formula (IV):
  • R 10 is —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • A is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 8 , R 9 , X, Y, Z, W, and m are defined herein.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (V):
  • R 10 is —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 , —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • A is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 8 , R 9 , X, Y, Z, and m are defined herein.
  • the present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (VI):
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are as defined herein,
  • X is carbon or nitrogen
  • W is carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen
  • Z is hydrogen, deuterium, or oxygen.
  • the compound of Formula (VII) is:
  • the compound of Formula (VI) or (VII) is:
  • the present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (VIII):
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 9 are as defined herein,
  • R 11 and R 12 are independently a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or R 11 and R 12 together with the atoms to which they are attached form an alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycles and are ether, hemiaminal ketal and amino acid.
  • R 11 and R 12 together with the atoms to which they are attached form a heterocycle.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is Na + , K + , or NH 4 + .
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 , —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • X, Y and Z are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —O—, —S—, —NR A —, or —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), wherein R′ and R A is hydrogen or alkyl; R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently absent, hydrogen, or alkyl; R 7 and R 8 are each independently hydrogen or alkyl; R 9 is hydrogen, alkyl, or halogen; L and M are each independently alkyl or aryl; W is oxygen, sulfur or NR 6 ; n is an integer from 2-7; and m is an integer from 1-4,
  • R 1 and R 2 is —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 , —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • X, Y and Z are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —O—, —S—, —NR A —, or —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′).
  • X, Y and Z are hydrogen.
  • two of X, Y and Z are hydrogen.
  • two of X, Y and Z are hydrogen and the non-hydrogen X, Y or Z is —O—, —S—, —NR A —, or —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), wherein R A is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • X and Y are hydrogen; and Z is —O—, —S—, —NR A —, or —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), wherein R A is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • X and Z are hydrogen; and Y is —O—, —S—, —NR A —, or —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), wherein R A is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • Y and Z are hydrogen; and X is —O—, —S—, —NR A —, or —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), wherein R A is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • At least one of X, Y, or Z is —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′).
  • X is —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′) and R 3 is absent.
  • Y is —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′) and R 4 is absent.
  • Z is —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′) and R 5 is absent.
  • R′ is hydrogen or alkyl
  • R A is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently absent, hydrogen, alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 , —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • R 1 and R 2 is —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • R 1 is absent, hydrogen, alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 , —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R 2 is absent, hydrogen, alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 , —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • R 2 is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • At least one of R 1 and R 2 is —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ) and n is 3.
  • At least one of R 1 and R 2 is —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ) and n is 4.
  • At least one of R 1 and R 2 is —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 and n is 3.
  • At least one of R 1 and R 2 is —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH)(CH 2 ) n (C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 and n is 2.
  • At least one of R 1 and R 2 is —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl.
  • At least one of R 1 and R 2 is
  • At least one of R 1 and R 2 is —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 and n is 4.
  • At least one of R 1 and R 2 is —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 and n is 3.
  • L and M are each independently alkyl or aryl.
  • L is alkyl and M is alkyl or aryl.
  • L is methyl or isopropyl and M is alkyl or aryl.
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • R 3 is alkyl
  • R 3 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 3 is absent.
  • R 4 is hydrogen
  • R 4 is alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 4 is absent.
  • R 5 is hydrogen
  • R 5 is alkyl
  • R 5 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is absent.
  • W is oxygen, sulfur or NR 6 .
  • W is NR 6 and R 6 is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R 8 is hydrogen
  • R 8 is alkyl
  • R 8 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 9 is hydrogen, halogen, or alkyl.
  • R 9 is hydrogen
  • R 9 is alkyl
  • R 9 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 9 is halogen. In some embodiments, R 9 is —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. In some embodiments, R 9 is —Cl, —Br, or —I. In some embodiments, R 9 is —Cl or —Br. In some embodiments, R 9 is —F. In some embodiments, R 9 is —Cl. In some embodiments, R 9 is —Br. In some embodiments, R 9 is —I.
  • R 7 and R 8 are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from hydroxyl, thiol and halogen.
  • R 9 is hydrogen, halogen, or C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from hydroxyl, thiol and halogen.
  • R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from hydroxyl, thiol and halogen.
  • n is an integer from 2-7 (i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7). In some embodiments n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4. In some embodiments, n is 5. In some embodiments, n is 6. In some embodiments, n is 7.
  • m is an integer from 1-4 (i.e. 1, 2, 3, or 4). In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, m is 3. In some embodiments, m is 4.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the atoms to which they are attached form a heterocycle
  • X and Y are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —O—, —S—, —NR A —, or —O(P ⁇ O)—OR A (—OR′), wherein R A is hydrogen or alkyl
  • R′, R 3 and R 4 are each independently absent, hydrogen, alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 ) (CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 , —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • R′, R 3 , and R 4 is —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl, —(C ⁇ O)CHR 7 (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)CH(NH 2 )(CH 2 ) n (NH 2 ), —(C ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n (NH)(C ⁇ NH)—NH 2 or
  • provided herein is one or more compounds selected from Table 1.
  • provided herein is one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound selected from Table 1.
  • provided herein is one or more compounds selected from Table 2.
  • provided herein is one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound selected from Table 2.
  • X and Y are hydrogen and R 3 and R 4 are absent.
  • X is hydrogen
  • R 3 is absent
  • Y is O
  • R 4 is hydrogen
  • X is hydrogen
  • R 3 is absent
  • Y is O
  • R 4 is Me
  • X is hydrogen
  • R 3 is absent
  • Y is O
  • R 4 is Ac.
  • X is O
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • Y is hydrogen
  • R 4 is absent.
  • X is O
  • R 3 is Me
  • Y is hydrogen
  • R 4 is absent.
  • X is O
  • R 3 is Ac
  • Y is hydrogen
  • R 4 is absent.
  • provided herein is one or more compounds selected from Table 3.
  • provided herein is one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound selected from Table 3.
  • R 3 is absent, X is hydrogen, R 4 is absent, and Y is hydrogen.
  • R 3 is absent, X is hydrogen, R 4 is hydrogen, and Y is —O—.
  • R 3 is absent, X is hydrogen, R 4 is alkyl, and Y is —O—.
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • X is —O—
  • R 4 is absent hydrogen
  • Y is hydrogen
  • R 3 is alkyl
  • X is —O—
  • R 4 is absent hydrogen
  • Y is hydrogen
  • R 3 is absent, X is hydrogen, R 4 is absent, Y is —O(P ⁇ O)(OR A )(OR′), R A is hydrogen or alkyl, and R′ is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • R 3 is absent, X is hydrogen, R 4 is absent, and Y is —O(P ⁇ O)(OH)(OH).
  • R 3 is absent, X is —O(P ⁇ O)(OR A )(OR′), R A is hydrogen or alkyl, R′ is hydrogen or alkyl, R 4 is absent, and Y is hydrogen.
  • R 3 is absent, X is —O(P ⁇ O)(OH)(OH), R 4 is absent, and Y is hydrogen.
  • provided herein is one or more compounds selected from Table 4.
  • provided herein is one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound selected from Table 4.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amounts of one or more compounds of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, binder, and/or diluent.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, inert solid fillers or diluents and sterile aqueous or organic solutions.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylase, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, and the like.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can be formulated for administration by a variety of means including orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, or rectally in formulations containing pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles.
  • parenteral as used here includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intraarterial injections with a variety of infusion techniques.
  • Intraarterial and intravenous injection as used herein includes administration through catheters.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating or preventing neurological disorders in a subject in need thereof, the methods comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to the subject.
  • a compound disclosed herein e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • the neurological disorder is a mood disorder.
  • the mood disorder is clinical depression, postnatal depression or postpartum depression, perinatal depression, atypical depression, melancholic depression, psychotic major depression, cationic depression, seasonal affective disorder, dysthymia, double depression, depressive personality disorder, recurrent brief depression, major depressive disorder, minor depressive disorder, bipolar disorder or manic depressive disorder, depression caused by chronic medical conditions, treatment-resistant depression, refractory depression, suicidality, suicidal ideation, or suicidal behavior.
  • the method described herein provides therapeutic effect to a subject suffering from depression (e.g., moderate or severe depression).
  • the mood disorder is associated with neuroendocrine diseases and disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and disorders (e.g., epilepsy), movement disorders, tremor (e.g., Parkinson's Disease), or women's health disorders or conditions.
  • the mood disorder is depression.
  • the mood disorder is treatment-resistant depression or major depressive disorder.
  • the mood disorder is major depressive disorder.
  • the mood disorder is treatment-resistant depression.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating or preventing PTSD, mood disorders, general anxiety disorder, addictive disorders, and/or drug dependence in a subject in need thereof, the methods comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to the subject.
  • a compound disclosed herein e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating or preventing PTSD in a subject in need thereof, the methods comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to the subject.
  • a compound disclosed herein e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • the methods include treating PTSD through induction and maintenance therapy by administering a compound disclosed herein, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure are used for induction and maintenance therapy to treat PTSD with an improved safety profile when compared to treatment with the entactogenic, oneirophrenic or psychedelic compound (e.g., dimethyltryptamine or related compound, psilocybin, or MDMA) alone.
  • the entactogenic, oneirophrenic or psychedelic compound e.g., dimethyltryptamine or related compound, psilocybin, or MDMA
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating or preventing behavioral or mood disorders in a subject in need thereof, the methods comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to the subject.
  • a compound disclosed herein e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • a pharmaceutical composition thereof e.g., a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the behavioral or mood disorder includes anxiety, such as social anxiety in autistic subjects (e.g., autistic adults) and anxiety related to life-threatening illnesses.
  • the behavioral or mood disorder includes stress (where moderation thereof is measured, e.g., by effects on amygdala responses).
  • the anxiety disorder is panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and/or general anxiety disorder.
  • the subject suffers from a lack of motivation, attention, lack of accuracy in memory recall, speed of response, perseveration, and/or cognitive engagement.
  • Further examples include depression (e.g., MDD or TRD), attention disorders, disorders of executive function and/or cognitive engagement, obsessive compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, phobia, schizophrenia, psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder and/or neurocognitive disorders.
  • the present disclosure provides methods for treating an addictive disorder in a subject in need thereof, the methods comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to the subject.
  • the addictive disorder is alcohol abuse, substance abuse, smoking, obesity, or mixtures thereof.
  • the disorder is an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia, nervosa, binge eating disorder, etc.) or an auditory disorder.
  • the present disclosure provides methods for treating an impulsive disorder in a subject in need thereof, the methods comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to the subject.
  • a compound disclosed herein e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • the impulsive disorder is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), attention deficit disorder (ADD), Tourette's syndrome, autism, or combinations thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods for treating a compulsive disorder in a subject in need thereof, the methods comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to the subject.
  • a compound disclosed herein e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • the compulsive disorder is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), gambling, aberrant sexual behavior, or combinations thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods for treating a personality disorder in a subject in need thereof, the methods comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a compound disclosed herein e.g., a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) or Compounds of Tables 1-4
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • the personality disorder is conduct disorder, antisocial personality, aggressive behavior, or combinations thereof to the subject.
  • reaction products can be purified by known methods including silica gel chromatography using various organic solvents such as hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and the like or preparative reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography.
  • Preparation of compounds can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups.
  • the need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
  • the chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 44th. Ed., Wiley & Sons, 2006, as well as in Jerry March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4 th edition, John Wiley & Sons, publisher, New York, 1992 which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine can be coupled with a carboxylic acid of Formula (A) where PG 1 is a protecting group (such as Boc) under amide coupling conditions (e.g., in the presence of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and a strong base, such as sodium hydride), followed by deprotection of the protecting group PG 1 (e.g., using TFA) to provide compounds of Formula (I-a).
  • PG 1 is a protecting group (such as Boc)
  • amide coupling conditions e.g., in the presence of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and a strong base, such as sodium hydride
  • 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-methylethan-1-amine can be reacted with a carboxylic acid of Formula (A) under amide coupling conditions (e.g., in the presence of CDI, DMAP and a base, such as a tertiary amine base like triethylamine) where PG 1 is a protecting group (such as Boc) followed by deprotection of the protecting group PG 1 (e.g., using TFA) to provide compounds of Formula (I-b).
  • amide coupling conditions e.g., in the presence of CDI, DMAP and a base, such as a tertiary amine base like triethylamine
  • PG 1 is a protecting group (such as Boc) followed by deprotection of the protecting group PG 1 (e.g., using TFA) to provide compounds of Formula (I-b).
  • 3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-indol-4-ol can be converted into 3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate in the presence of POCl 3 .
  • 3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate can be reacted with a carboxylic acid of Formula (B) in the presence of CDI and a tertiary amine such as triethylamine to form a compound of Formula (I-c).
  • Compounds of Formula (I-c) can be deprotected e.g., with TFA to provide compounds of Formula (I-d).
  • compound 1-2-7 was prepared from 100 mg of 1-2 and 270.2 mg of piperidin-4-ylacetic acid. 7.8 mg (4%) of 1-2-7 was obtained as a white solid. MS m/z [M+H] + (ESI): 287.10.
  • compound 1-2-8 was prepared from 100 mg of 1-2 and 270.2 mg of methyl isonipecotate. 26.1 mg (14%) of 1-2-8 was obtained as a brown solid. MS m/z [M+H] + (ESI): 287.05.
  • compound 1-2-12 was prepared from 100 mg of 1-2 and 243.8 mg of methyl 3-pyrrolidinecarboxylate. 34.1 mg (20%) of 1-2-12 was obtained as a brown solid. MS m/z [M+H] + (ESI): 273.05.
  • the crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC for 2 times with the following condition: Column: X Select CSH Fluoro Phenyl, 30*150 mm, 5 ⁇ m; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.05% HCl), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 28% B to 58% B in 8 min, 58% B; Wavelength: 254 nm; 9.0 mg of 4-1-2 was obtained as a light brown solid. Combined the other batches, 26 mg of 4-1-2 was obtained. MS m/z [M+H] + (ESI): 347.25.
  • the resulting mixture was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (1.0 mL), added entanoic acid (30.0 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (56.3 mg, 0.29 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (9.0 mg, 0.07 mmol, 0.5 equiv) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ 10 mL), washed with water (3 ⁇ 10 mL).
  • DMT N,N-dimethyltryptamine
  • Prodrug 3-1-4, 4-1-2 and 4-1-4 was supposed to be stable in formulation and should release the parent compound in vivo.
  • VLS-03-10 Parent in PBS pH 6.5, SGF with and without pepsin Peak Area of MRM: 188.7/144.0 VLS-03-10 Compound Analyte Incubation standard 0 min 30 min 60 min 120 min 240 min VLS-03-10 VLS-03-10 Parent PBS (pH 6.5) 4.34E+03 5.32E+03 4.68E+03 5.00E+03 4.72E+03 4.95E+03 VLS-03-10 VLS-03-10 Parent SGF with pepsin 4.05E+03 5.13E+03 5.10E+03 5.25E+03 5.32E+03 5.28E+03 VLS-03-10 VLS-03-10 Parent SGF without pepsin 3.46E+03 5.29E+03 4.98E+03 4.66E+03 4.93E+03 4.61E+03
  • VLS-03-15 Parent in PBS pH 6.5, SGF with and without pepsin Peak Area of MRM: 205.0/159.8 VLS-03-15 Compound Analyte Incubation standard 0 min 30 min 60 min 120 min 240 min VLS-03-15 VLS-03-15 Parent PBS (pH 6.5) 6.74E+05 6.56E+05 6.55E+05 6.28E+05 5.86E+05 5.51E+05 VLS-03-15 VLS-03-15 Parent SGF with pepsin 6.26E+05 6.75E+05 7.21E+05 7.26E+05 7.14E+05 7.15E+05 VLS-03-15 VLS-03-15 Parent SGF without pepsin 6.10E+05 7.05E+05 6.94E+05 6.55E+05 7.09E+05 6.96E+05
  • 6-1-2 was synthesized, as a novel prodrug strategy for improving the water solubility of tertiary amine-containing drugs. And tertiary amine DMT was converted in two step reaction to a very polar, N-Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug 6-1-3.
  • the prodrug 6-1-2 releases the parent DMT in vivo through a two-step bio-reversion process.
  • the rate determining first step is via an enzymatic process, where prodrug bio-reversion involves a phosphatase-catalyzed dephosphorylation to give the resultant hydroxymethyl quaternary ammonium intermediate and inorganic phosphate.
  • the second step involves conversion of hydroxymethyl quaternary ammonium intermediate chemically to DMT and formaldehyde at physiological pH.
  • 6-1-2 was synthesized, from commercially available in 3 simple steps.
  • prodrug 6-1-2 Chemical stability of prodrug 6-1-2 (VLS-02-23) was evaluated and the results enumerated in Tables 10-11. PK studies of prodrug 6-1-2 and metabolite (VLS-02-23-10) in mice were also conducted and both plasma exposure and brain exposure were analyzed as shown FIGS. 1 - 2 , respectively.

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