US20220257790A1 - Micellar nanoparticles and uses thereof - Google Patents

Micellar nanoparticles and uses thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
US20220257790A1
US20220257790A1 US17/622,518 US202017622518A US2022257790A1 US 20220257790 A1 US20220257790 A1 US 20220257790A1 US 202017622518 A US202017622518 A US 202017622518A US 2022257790 A1 US2022257790 A1 US 2022257790A1
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cationic carrier
micelle
aspects
carrier unit
moiety
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Inventor
Jin-Hyeob Ryu
Yu Na LIM
Hyun Su Min
Han Seok KOH
Dae Hoon Kim
Hyun-Jeong Cho
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Biorchestra Co Ltd
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Biorchestra Co Ltd
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Priority to US17/622,518 priority Critical patent/US20220257790A1/en
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
    • C12N15/88—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation using microencapsulation, e.g. using amphiphile liposome vesicle
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants

Definitions

  • the present disclosure provides cationic carrier units and micelle systems, which can be used to deliver anionic payloads (e.g., oligonucleotides) across physiological permeation barriers, e.g., the brain blood barrier.
  • anionic payloads e.g., oligonucleotides
  • the blood-brain barrier is a highly selective semipermeable border that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).
  • the blood-brain barrier is formed by endothelial cells of the capillary wall, astrocyte end-feet ensheathing the capillary, and pericytes embedded in the capillary basement membrane. This system allows the passage of water, some gases, and lipid-soluble molecules by passive diffusion, as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function.
  • the blood-brain barrier restricts the passage of pathogens, the diffusion of solutes in the blood, and large or hydrophilic molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while allowing the diffusion of O 2 , CO 2 , hydrophobic molecules (e.g., hormones), and small polar molecules (Johansen et al., (2017) Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. Epub (4): 659-668).
  • the BBB excludes from the brain almost 100% of large-molecule neurotherapeutics and more than 98% of all molecule drugs. Daneman & Prat (2015) “The Blood Brain Barrier” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7(1):a020412. Overcoming the difficulty of delivering therapeutic agents to specific regions of the brain represents a major challenge to treatment of most brain disorders. Thus, therapeutic molecules that might otherwise be effective in diagnosis and therapy do not cross the BBB in adequate amounts.
  • Intracellular targeting is also often challenging, because to reach the cytosol, exogenous molecules must first traverse the cell membrane.
  • the cell membrane is selectively permeable to non-polar therapeutic agents, which are lipid soluble and can pass through the cell membrane.
  • highly charged therapeutic agents such as oligonucleotides are effectively excluded by the cell membrane.
  • Polynucleotides do not readily permeate the cellular membrane due to the charge repulsion between the negatively charged membrane and the high negative charge on the polynucleotide. As a result, polynucleotides have poor bioavailability and uptake into cells, typically less than 1% (Dheur et al, Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 9:522 (1999); Park et al, J Controlled Release, 93:188 (2003)). Since most polynucleotides are generally above 5,000 Da, they cannot readily diffuse through cellular membranes and uptake into cells is limited primarily to pinocytotic or endocytotic processes.
  • polynucleotides can accumulate in lysosomal compartments, limiting their access to the cytoplasm or the nucleus.
  • Parenterally administered polynucleotides are also highly susceptible to rapid nuclease degradation both inside and outside the cytoplasm. Studies show rapid degradation of polynucleotides in blood after i.v. administration, with a half-life of about 30 minutes (Geary et al, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 296:890-897 (2001)).
  • the problems facing the delivery of polynucleotide can roughly be divided into two parts.
  • the therapeutic polynucleotide must be formulated in such a way that it can be delivered to the cytoplasm and second, the polynucleotide must reach the cell nucleus intact and fully functional.
  • the need exists for delivery systems providing improved pharmacological properties, e.g., serum stability, delivery to the right organ, tissue, or cell, and transmembrane delivery.
  • the present disclosure provides a cationic carrier unit comprising
  • WP is a water-soluble biopolymer moiety
  • CC is a positively charged carrier moiety
  • AM is an adjuvant moiety
  • L1 and L2 are independently optional linkers, and wherein when mixed with a nucleic acid at an ionic ratio of about 1:1, the cationic carrier unit forms a micelle.
  • the water-soluble polymer comprises poly(alkylene glycols), poly(oxyethylated polyol), poly(olefinic alcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(hydroxyalkylmethacrylamide), poly(hydroxyalkylmethacrylate), poly(saccharides), poly( ⁇ -hydroxy acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyglycerol, polyphosphazene, polyoxazolines (“POZ”) poly(N-acryloylmorpholine), or any combinations thereof.
  • the water-soluble polymer comprises polyethylene glycol (“PEG”), polyglycerol, or poly(propylene glycol) (“PPG”).
  • the water-soluble polymer comprises:
  • n 1-1000.
  • n is at least about 110, at least about 111, at least about 112, at least about 113, at least about 114, at least about 115, at least about 116, at least about 117, at least about 118, at least about 119, at least about 120, at least about 121, at least about 122, at least about 123, at least about 124, at least about 125, at least about 126, at least about 127, at least about 128, at least about 129, at least about 130, at least about 131, at least about 132, at least about 133, at least about 134, at least about 135, at least about 136, at least about 137, at least about 138, at least about 139, at least about 140, or at least about 141.
  • n is about 80 to about 90, about 90 to about 100, about 100 to about 110, about 110 to about 120, about 120 to about 130, about 140 to about 150, or about 150 to about 160.
  • the water-soluble polymer is linear, branched, or dendritic.
  • the cationic carrier moiety comprises one or more basic amino acids.
  • the cationic carrier moiety comprises at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at last 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, or at least 50 basic amino acids.
  • the cationic carrier moiety comprises about 30 to about 50 basic amino acids.
  • the basic amino acid comprises arginine, lysine, histidine, or any combination thereof.
  • the cationic carrier moiety comprises about 40 lysine monomers.
  • the adjuvant moiety is capable of modulating an immune response, an inflammatory response, or a tissue microenvironment. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety is capable of modulating an immune response. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety is capable of modulating a tumor microenvironment in a subject with a tumor.
  • the adjuvant moiety is capable of inhibiting or reducing hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises an imidazole derivative, an amino acid, a vitamin, or any combination thereof.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises:
  • each of G 1 and G 2 is independently selected from H, an aromatic ring, or 1-10 alkyl; or, (ii) G 1 and G 2 together form an aromatic ring; and, wherein n is 1-10.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises nitroimidazole. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises metronidazole, tinidazole, nimorazole, dimetridazole, pretomanid, ornidazole, megazol, azanidazole, benznidazole, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises an amino acid. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises
  • each of Z 1 and Z 2 are independently selected from H and OH.
  • the adjuvant moiety is capable of inhibiting or reducing an inflammatory response.
  • the adjuvant moiety is a vitamin.
  • the vitamin comprises a cyclic ring or cyclic hetero atom ring and a carboxyl group or hydroxyl group.
  • the vitamin comprises:
  • each of Y 1 and Y 2 are independently selected from C, N, O, and S, and wherein n is 1 or 2.
  • the vitamin is selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D2, vitamin D3, vitamin E, vitamin M, vitamin H, and any combination thereof.
  • the vitamin is vitamin B3.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises at least about two, at least about three, at least about four, at least about five, at least about six, at least about seven, at least about eight, at least about nine, at least about ten, at least about 11, at least about 12, at least about 13, at least about 14, at least about 15, at least about 16, at least about 17, at least about 18, at least about 19, or at least about 20 vitamin B3 units.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, or at least about 50 vitamin B3 units.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises about 10 vitamin B3 units.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises about 20 vitamin B3 units.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises about 30 vitamin B3 units.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises about 40 vitamin B3 units.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises about a water-soluble biopolymer moiety with about 120 to about 130 PEG units, a cationic carrier moiety comprising a poly-lysine with about 30 to about 40 lysine units, and an adjuvant moiety with about 5 to about 10 vitamin B3 units.
  • the cationic carrier unit further comprises an anionic payload, which interacts with the cationic carrier unit via an ionic bond.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises about a water-soluble biopolymer moiety with about 120 to about 130 PEG units, a cationic carrier moiety comprising a poly-lysine with about 70 to about 90 lysine units, e.g., about 80 lysine units, and an adjuvant moiety with about 20 to about 40 vitamin B3 units, e.g., about 30 vitamin B3 units.
  • the cationic carrier unit further comprises an anionic payload, which interacts with the cationic carrier unit via an ionic bond.
  • the present disclosure also provides a micelle comprising the cationic carrier unit disclosed herein and an anionic payload, wherein the cationic carrier moiety of the cationic carrier complex and the anionic payload are associated with each other.
  • the association is a covalent bond.
  • the association is a non-covalent bond.
  • the association is an ionic bond.
  • the positive charge of the cationic carrier moiety of the cationic carrier unit is sufficient to form a micelle when mixed with an anionic payload in a solution, wherein the overall ionic ratio of the positive charges of the cationic carrier moiety of the cationic carrier unit and the negative charges of the anionic payload in the solution is about 1:1.
  • the cationic carrier unit is capable of protecting the anionic payload from degradation by a DNase and/or an RNase.
  • the anionic payload is not conjugated to the cationic carrier unit by a covalent bond and/or the anionic payload interacts with the cationic carrier moiety of the cationic carrier unit only via an ionic interaction.
  • the half-life of the anionic payload is extended compared to the half-life of a free anionic payload not incorporated into a micelle.
  • the positive charges of the cationic carrier moiety of the cationic carrier unit and the negative charges of the anionic payload in the micelle are at an ionic ratio of about 3:1, about 2.9:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.2:1, about 2:1, about 2:1, about 1.9:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.1:1, about 1:1, about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.1, about 1:2.2, about 1:2.3, about 1:2.4, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.6, about 1:2.7, about 1:
  • the positive charges of the cationic carrier moiety of the cationic carrier unit and the negative charges of the anionic payload in the micelle are at an ionic ratio of about 3:1 to about 1:3. In some aspects, the positive charges of the cationic carrier moiety of the cationic carrier unit and the negative charges of the anionic payload in the micelle are at a charge ratio of 1:1.
  • the diameter of the micelle is between about 1 nm and 100 nm, between about 10 nm and about 100 nm, between about 10 nm and about 90 nm, between about 10 nm and about 80 nm, between about 10 nm and about 70 nm, between about 20 nm and about 100 nm, between about 20 nm and about 90 nm, between about 20 nm and about 80 nm, between about 20 nm and about 70 nm, between about 30 nm and about 100 nm, between about 30 nm and about 90 nm, between about 30 nm and about 80 nm, between about 30 nm and about 70 nm, between about 40 nm and about 100 nm, between about 40 nm and about 90 nm, between about 40 nm and about 80 nm, or between about 40 nm and about 70 nm.
  • the anionic payload comprises a nucleic acid.
  • the nucleic acid comprises mRNA, miRNA, miRNA sponge, tough decoy miRNA, antimir, small RNA, rRNA, siRNA, shRNA, gDNA, cDNA, pDNA, PNA, BNA, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), aptamer, cyclic dinucleotide, or any combination thereof.
  • the nucleic acid comprises at least one nucleoside analog.
  • the nucleoside analog comprises Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA); 2′-O-alkyl-RNA; 2′-amino-DNA; 2′-fluoro-DNA; arabino nucleic acid (ANA); 2′-fluoro-ANA, hexitol nucleic acid (HNA), intercalating nucleic acid (INA), constrained ethyl nucleoside (cEt), 2′-0-methyl nucleic acid (2′-OMe), 2′-0-methoxyethyl nucleic acid (2′-MOE), or any combination thereof.
  • LNA Locked Nucleic Acid
  • 2′-O-alkyl-RNA 2′-amino-DNA
  • 2′-fluoro-DNA arabino nucleic acid
  • ANA arabino nucleic acid
  • 2′-fluoro-ANA hexitol nucleic acid
  • INA intercalating nucleic acid
  • cEt constrained ethyl nucleoside
  • the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence having 5 to 30 nucleotides in length. In some aspects, the nucleotide sequence is 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides in length. In some aspects, the nucleotide sequence has a backbone, which comprises a phosphodiester linkage, a phosphotriester linkage, a methylphosphonate linkage, a phosphoramidate linkage, a phosphorothioate linkage, and combinations thereof. In some aspects, the cationic carrier unit further comprises a targeting moiety, which is linked to the water soluble polymer optionally via a linker.
  • the targeting moiety is capable of targeting a tissue.
  • the tissue is liver, brain, kidney, lung, ovary, pancreas, thyroid, breast, stomach, or any combination thereof.
  • the tissue is cancer tissue.
  • the tissue is liver.
  • the liver targeting moiety comprises cholesterol.
  • the tissue is pancreas.
  • the pancreas targeting moiety comprises a ligand binding to integrin receptors.
  • the targeting moiety targets the central nervous system.
  • the brain targeting moiety is capable of being transported by large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1).
  • LAT1 large neutral amino acid transporter 1
  • the brain targeting moiety is an amino acid.
  • the brain targeting moiety comprises a branched-chain or aromatic amino acid.
  • the amino acid is valine, leucine, and/or isoleucine.
  • the amino acid is tryptophan and/or tyrosine.
  • the present disclosure also provides a composition comprising the cationic carrier unit disclosed herein and a negatively charged molecule. Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a cationic carrier unit, composition, or micelle disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method of preparing the cationic carrier unit disclosed herein comprising synthesizing the cationic carrier unit.
  • the method of preparing a micelle disclosed herein comprises mixing the cationic carrier unit with the negatively charged molecule at an ionic ratio of 1:1 in solution.
  • the method further comprises purifying the micelle.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a micelle of the present disclosure to the subject.
  • the anionic payload in the core of the micelle exhibits a longer half-life than a corresponding anionic payload not integrated into a micelle.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a micelle disclosed herein to the subject.
  • the cancer is glioma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, skin cancer, or cervical cancer.
  • the pancreatic cancer is pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method to reduce inflammation in a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disease comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a micelle disclosed herein to the subject.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method to recover and/or induce neurogenesis in a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disease comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a micelle disclosed herein to the subject.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method to improve cognitive function in a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disease comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a micelle disclosed herein to the subject.
  • the neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method to reduce amyloid plaque burden in a subject suffering from Alzheimer's disease comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a micelle disclosed herein to the subject.
  • the micelle comprises a cationic carrier unit targeting LAT1 and a payload comprising an antisense oligonucleotide targeting miRNA-485-3p, e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof.
  • the fragment comprises 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • the variant has at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • the derivative comprises at least one sugar modification and/or at least one backbone modification.
  • FIG. 1 shows exemplary architectures of carrier units of the present disclosure.
  • the exemplary carrier units comprise an optional tissue-specific targeting moiety, water soluble polymer, and cationic or anionic carrier unit (which can, respectively, interact with anionic or cationic payloads).
  • the cationic/anionic carrier and anionic/cationic payload are not tethered and interact electrostatically.
  • the cationic/anionic carrier and anionic/cationic payload are tethered and interact electrostatically.
  • the adjuvant moiety that can be between the water-soluble polymer and cationic/anionic carrier, or terminally after the cationic/anionic carrier, is not depicted in the drawing.
  • FIG. 2 shows an alternative method for loading neutral payload using the carrier units of the present disclosure in which the neutral payload (e.g., a hydrophobic therapeutic agent) is covalently attached to an adapter, which in turn can interact electrostatically with the cationic or anionic carrier moiety of the carrier unit.
  • the neutral payload e.g., a hydrophobic therapeutic agent
  • FIG. 3 shows an exemplary architecture of a carrier unit of the present disclosure.
  • the example presented includes a cationic carrier moiety, which can interact electrostatically with anionic payloads, e.g., nucleic acids such as antisense oligonucleotides targeting a gene, e.g., miRNA (antimirs).
  • anionic payloads e.g., nucleic acids such as antisense oligonucleotides targeting a gene, e.g., miRNA (antimirs).
  • AM can be located between WP and CC.
  • the CC and AM components are portrayed in a linear arrangement for simplicity. However, as exemplified in FIG. 4 , CC and AM can be arranged in a scaffold fashion.
  • FIG. 4 shows 1 H-NMR characteristics of a carrier unit comprising a brain targeting moiety, which can form micellar structures after binding to an anionic payload.
  • the 1 H-NMR chart corresponding to the brain-targeting moiety shows that that the brain-targeting moiety (an amino acid moiety containing a ring structure that binds to the LAT1 target on the brain endothelium) was successfully synthesized.
  • a second 1 H-NMR chart shows that the cationic PEG block copolymer (comprising also the cationic carrier moiety and adjuvant moiety) was also synthesized.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic representation showing how carrier units of the present disclosure are inserted in a micelle, in which the tissue specific targeting moiety would decorate the external surface of the micelle, and the nucleic acid payload would be located, e.g., at the core of the micelle (Polyion complex antisense oligonucleotide).
  • FIG. 6 shows how the shape and size, and therefore loading capacity, of the micelles of the present disclosure can be modified by altering the ratio between water-soluble biopolymer (e.g., PEG) and cationic carrier (e.g., poly lysine).
  • the carrier units can organize as small particles, small micelles, micelles, rod-like structures, or polymersomes.
  • the term “micelles of the present disclosure” encompasses not only classic micelles but also small particles, small micelles, micelles, rod-like structures, or polymersomes.
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of the mechanism by which payloads contained in micelles of the present disclosure are delivered to target locations in the central nervous system.
  • the micelles cross the blood brain barrier via receptor mediated transcytosis followed by cellular update by brain cells, e.g., neurons, astrocytes, or microglia.
  • the micelles are disassembled in the cytoplasm leading to the release of the payload, e.g., an anti-miRNA, which upon binding to a target mRNA suppress or downregulate the expression of the protein encoded by the target mRNA.
  • the payload e.g., an anti-miRNA, which upon binding to a target mRNA suppress or downregulate the expression of the protein encoded by the target mRNA.
  • FIG. 8 shows the increase in stability (increase in blood plasma half-life) due to encapsulation of the payload in a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • an anti-microRNA antimir
  • the blood plasma half-life of the antimir increases to 80-120 minutes.
  • the half-life of the antimir disclosed in the examples increased from less than 5 minutes to approximately 93 minutes (i.e., approximately a 20-fold increase in plasma half-life).
  • FIG. 9 shows particle size distribution of oligonucleotide (e.g., anti-miRNA)-loaded micelles of the present disclosure in PBS.
  • Oligonucleotide (e.g., anti-miRNA)-loaded micelles show a 32 nm particle size with low PDI (polydispersity index) distribution which indicates that the population of micelles is homogeneous.
  • PDI polydispersity index
  • FIG. 10 shows the distribution of LAT1(SLC7A5) solute carrier family 7 member 5 [ Homo sapiens (human)] in different tissue.
  • the data was obtained from NCBI and corresponds to RNA sequencing of total RNA from 20 human tissues.
  • FIG. 11 shows LAT1 expression levels in vivo in different mouse tissues.
  • FIG. 12 shows LAT1 targeting using a brain targeting carrier unit of the present disclosure.
  • the fluorescence (Cy5.5) labeled brain targeting carrier unit binds to LAT1, which is expressed in brain parenchyma, and shows higher accumulation than a non-targeted Cy5.5 molecule.
  • FIG. 13 shows cellular uptake of Cy5.5 labeled anti-microRNA loaded micelles by human microglia, astrocytes, neuroblasts-like SH-5Y cells, and primary hepatocytes. After incubating each type of cell with Cy5.5, labeled anti-microRNA were transfected to the cells, and the fluorescence images were tracked for 48 hr using the IncuCyte imaging platform. Uptake of anti-microRNA was significant in the human brain cells (microglia, astrocyte, SH-5Y), but no uptake was observed in hepatocytes, a liver cell-line.
  • FIG. 14 shows a comparison of LAT1 targetability in GL-26 cells, which overexpress LAT1 on their surface.
  • the drawing shows cells with and without LAt1 inhibitor treatment.
  • the uptake of the targeted micelles was 3-fold higher than the uptake observed for non-targeted micelle.
  • LAT1 was inhibited, no significant differences in uptake were observed between non-target and target-micelle.
  • FIG. 15 compares the bio-distribution of Cy5.5 labeled free anti-microRNA and Cy5.5 labeled anti-microRNA loaded into micelles of the present disclosure (ASO-MDS; Anti Sense Oligonucleotide-Micelle Delivery System) following intravenous injection. After administration of both samples to the mice via injection, whole body fluorescence images were captured at time intervals for 16 hr.
  • ASO-MDS Anti Sense Oligonucleotide-Micelle Delivery System
  • FIG. 16 shows brain accumulation of anti-miRNA loaded micelles of the present disclosure (ASO-MDS) compared to naked anti-miRNA administration (naked ASO).
  • ASO-MDS anti-miRNA loaded micelles of the present disclosure
  • naked ASO naked anti-miRNA administration
  • FIG. 17 shows a schematic representation of the experimental procedure.
  • ASO-MDS micelles i.e., micelles of the present disclosure comprising a LAT1 targeting moiety and antimir against miRNA 485-3p payload, were injected weekly for 4 weeks in 8 month old 5XFAD transgenic mice.
  • ASO-MDS comprises (i) antimirs against miR485-3p and (ii) 100 cationic carrier units, in which each of the 50 cationic carrier units is linked to phenyl alanine (targeting moiety), and each of the 50 cationic carrier unit is not linked to any targeting moiety.
  • Each of the cationic carrier units in ASO-MDS comprises (PEG) 5000 fused to 47 lysines, wherein each of 10 lysines are linked to nicotinamide, i.e., total 10 nicotinamides in a cationic carrier unit.
  • FIG. 18A shows the enhancement of phagocytosis of A ⁇ in mouse primary glial cells after ASO-MDS treatment.
  • FIG. 18B shows the enhancement of phagocytosis of A ⁇ in mouse primary microglia cells after ASO-MDS treatment.
  • FIG. 18C shows the enhancement of phagocytosis of A ⁇ in mouse primary microglia cells after ASO-MDS treatment.
  • the images show immune cytometry of Iba1 (microglia) and ⁇ -amyloid 1-16 (6E10, to detect A ⁇ plaque) in control or ASO-MDS treated primary microglia.
  • FIG. 19A shows that ASO-MDS delivery in hippocampus of 5XFAD mice reduces neuroinflammation.
  • FIG. 19B shows a bar graph of the same data in FIG. 19A .
  • the left bar is miR only, the middle bar is micelle only, and the right bar is micelle+miR.
  • FIG. 20A shows that ASO-MDS delivery in cortex of 5XFAD mice reduces neuroinflammation.
  • FIG. 20B shows a bar graph of the same data in FIG. 20A .
  • the left bar is miR only
  • the middle bar is micelle only
  • the right bar is micelle+miR.
  • FIG. 21A shows that ASO-MDS delivery decreases amyloid plaque burden in 5XFAD.
  • FIG. 21B shows a bar graph of the same data in FIG. 21A .
  • the left bar is miR only
  • the middle bar is micelle only
  • the right bar is micelle+miR.
  • FIG. 22A shows administration of ASO-MDS recovers neurogenesis in 5XFAD.
  • Neurogenesis in the brain sections was identified by anti-DCX staining
  • the graph shows the mean number of DCX-stained cells per mm 2 .
  • the upper panels are stained by anti-DCX staining, i.e., a neurogenesis marker.
  • the lower panels show staining by DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole).
  • FIG. 22B shows a bar graph of the same data shown in FIG. 22A .
  • FIG. 23A shows that ASO-MDS delivery improves cognitive function (Y maze) in 5XFAD mice.
  • FIG. 23B shows that ASO-MDS delivery improves cognitive function (passive avoidance test) in 5XFAD mice.
  • FIG. 24 shows the role of miRNA 485-3p in Alzheimer's disease.
  • FIG. 25 shows a schematic illustration of cancer targeting application of the micellar delivery system of the present disclosure.
  • the micellar system disclosed herein is a versatile delivery system for cancer treatment as well as brain disease.
  • Various cancer targeting ligands can be applied to this carrier system for delivery of therapeutic agents, e.g., polynucleotides, to cancer cells.
  • FIG. 26A shows K-Ras gene silencing efficacy in pancreatic cancer using the micellar delivery system of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 26A shows the timeline of the K-Ras gene silencing efficacy.
  • FIG. 26B shows a bar graph of the relative K-Ras mRNA after the K-Ras gene silencing treatment in FIG. 26A .
  • a oligonucleotide that is capable of inhibiting K-Ras was loaded in the micellar delivery system of the present disclosure.
  • the micellar delivery system of the present disclosure was fused to a cyclic RGD peptide (targeting ⁇ (v) ⁇ (3) integrin) or an X (target).
  • FIG. 27 compares the bio-distribution of Cy5.5 labeled anti-microRNA (naked ASO; left mice) and Cy5.5 labeled anti-microRNA loaded micelle (ASO-MDS; right mice) after intramuscular injection. After injection of both samples to the mice, fluorescence images of whole body were obtained up to 120 hr.
  • the present disclosure is directed to carrier units comprising a water-soluble biopolymer moiety (e.g., PEG) and a charged moiety (e.g., a polylysine).
  • a water-soluble biopolymer moiety e.g., PEG
  • a charged moiety e.g., a polylysine
  • an opposite charge and similar or identical charge load i.e., the number of charges on the charged moiety of the carrier unit and on the charged payload is similar or identical
  • the charges in the charged moiety of the carrier unit and the charges in the charged payload neutralize each other yielding a carrier unit:payload complex.
  • Carrier unit payload complexes can self-associate to yield micelles in which the payload is located in the core of the micelle and the water-soluble biopolymer moiety is facing the solvent.
  • the carrier unit comprises a cationic charged moiety, which can interact with anionic payloads.
  • the carrier unit can comprise an anionic charged moiety, which can interact with cationic payloads.
  • a or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “a nucleotide sequence,” is understood to represent one or more nucleotide sequences.
  • the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
  • the claims can be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a negative limitation.
  • Amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation. Amino acids are referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission.
  • the term “approximately,” as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain aspects, the term “approximately” refers to a range of values that fall within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value).
  • Nucleotides or amino acids that are relatively conserved are those that are conserved amongst more related sequences than nucleotides or amino acids appearing elsewhere in the sequences.
  • two or more sequences are said to be “completely conserved” or “identical” if they are 100% identical to one another. In some aspects, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” if they are at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical to one another. In some aspects, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” if they are about 70% identical, about 80% identical, about 90% identical, about 95% identical, about 98% identical, or about 99% identical to one another.
  • two or more sequences are said to be “conserved” if they are at least 30% identical, at least 40% identical, at least 50% identical, at least 60% identical, at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical to one another. In some aspects, two or more sequences are said to be “conserved” if they are about 30% identical, about 40% identical, about 50% identical, about 60% identical, about 70% identical, about 80% identical, about 90% identical, about 95% identical, about 98% identical, or about 99% identical to one another. Conservation of sequence may apply to the entire length of a polynucleotide or polypeptide or may apply to a portion, region or feature thereof.
  • the mutagenesis used to derive nucleotides or polypeptides can be intentionally directed or intentionally random, or a mixture of each.
  • the mutagenesis of a nucleotide or polypeptide to create a different nucleotide or polypeptide derived from the first can be a random event (e.g., caused by polymerase infidelity) and the identification of the derived nucleotide or polypeptide can be made by appropriate screening methods, e.g., as discussed herein.
  • Mutagenesis of a polypeptide typically entails manipulation of the polynucleotide that encodes the polypeptide.
  • excipient and “carrier” are used interchangeably and refer to an inert substance added to a pharmaceutical composition to further facilitate administration of a compound.
  • homology refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between nucleic acid molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules.
  • nucleic acid molecules e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules
  • homology implies an evolutionary relationship between two molecules. Thus, two molecules that are homologous will have a common evolutionary ancestor.
  • homology encompasses both to identity and similarity.
  • polymeric molecules are considered to be “homologous” to one another if at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the monomers in the molecule are identical (exactly the same monomer) or are similar (conservative substitutions).
  • the term “homologous” necessarily refers to a comparison between at least two sequences (polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences).
  • identity refers to the overall monomer conservation between polymeric molecules, e.g., between polypeptide molecules or polynucleotide molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules).
  • polypeptide molecules or polynucleotide molecules e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules.
  • identity without any additional qualifiers, e.g., protein A is identical to protein B, implies the sequences are 100% identical (100% sequence identity). Describing two sequences as, e.g., “70% identical,” is equivalent to describing them as having, e.g., “70% sequence identity.”
  • Calculation of the percent identity of two polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences can be performed by aligning the two sequences for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences for optimal alignment and non-identical sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes).
  • the length of a sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100% of the length of the reference sequence.
  • the amino acids at corresponding amino acid positions, or bases in the case of polynucleotides, are then compared.
  • the percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which needs to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
  • the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm.
  • Suitable software programs are available from various sources, and for alignment of both protein and nucleotide sequences.
  • One suitable program to determine percent sequence identity is bl2seq, part of the BLAST suite of program available from the U.S. government's National Center for Biotechnology Information BLAST web site (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
  • Bl2seq performs a comparison between two sequences using either the BLASTN or BLASTP algorithm.
  • BLASTN is used to compare nucleic acid sequences
  • BLASTP is used to compare amino acid sequences.
  • Different regions within a single polynucleotide or polypeptide target sequence that aligns with a polynucleotide or polypeptide reference sequence can each have their own percent sequence identity. It is noted that the percent sequence identity value is rounded to the nearest tenth. For example, 80.11, 80.12, 80.13, and 80.14 are rounded down to 80.1, while 80.15, 80.16, 80.17, 80.18, and 80.19 are rounded up to 80.2. It also is noted that the length value will always be an integer.
  • sequence alignments can be generated by integrating sequence data with data from heterogeneous sources such as structural data (e.g., crystallographic protein structures), functional data (e.g., location of mutations), or phylogenetic data.
  • a suitable program that integrates heterogeneous data to generate a multiple sequence alignment is T-Coffee, available at www.tcoffee.org, and alternatively available, e.g., from the EBI.
  • T-Coffee available at www.tcoffee.org, and alternatively available, e.g., from the EBI.
  • the final alignment used to calculate percent sequence identity can be curated either automatically or manually.
  • isolating or purifying as used herein is the process of removing, partially removing (e.g., a fraction) of a composition of the present disclosure from a sample containing contaminants.
  • an isolated composition has no detectable undesired activity or, alternatively, the level or amount of the undesired activity is at or below an acceptable level or amount.
  • an isolated composition has an amount and/or concentration of desired composition of the present disclosure, at or above an acceptable amount and/or concentration and/or activity.
  • the isolated composition is enriched as compared to the starting material from which the composition is obtained.
  • This enrichment can be by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.9%, at least about 99.99%, at least about 99.999%, at least about 99.9999%, or greater than 99.9999% as compared to the starting material.
  • isolated preparations are substantially free of residual biological products.
  • linked refers to a first amino acid sequence or polynucleotide sequence covalently or non-covalently joined to a second amino acid sequence or polynucleotide sequence, respectively.
  • the first amino acid or polynucleotide sequence can be directly joined or juxtaposed to the second amino acid or polynucleotide sequence or alternatively an intervening sequence can covalently join the first sequence to the second sequence.
  • the term “linked” means not only a fusion of a first polynucleotide sequence to a second polynucleotide sequence at the 5′-end or the 3′-end, but also includes insertion of the whole first polynucleotide sequence (or the second polynucleotide sequence) into any two nucleotides in the second polynucleotide sequence (or the first polynucleotide sequence, respectively).
  • the first polynucleotide sequence can be linked to a second polynucleotide sequence by a phosphodiester bond or a linker.
  • the linker can be, e.g., a polynucleotide.
  • miRNA or “miR” or “microRNA” are used interchangeably and refer to a microRNA molecule found in eukaryotes that is involved in RNA-based gene regulation. The term will be used to refer to the single-stranded RNA molecule processed from a precursor. Names of miRNAs and their sequences related to the present disclosure are provided herein. MicroRNAs recognize and bind to target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing leading to destabilization or translational inhibition of the target mRNA and thereby downregulate target gene expression. Conversely, targeting miRNAs via molecules comprising a miRNA binding site (generally a molecule comprising a sequence complementary to the seed region of the miRNA) can reduce or inhibit the miRNA-induced translational inhibition leading to an upregulation of the target gene.
  • a miRNA binding site generally a molecule comprising a sequence complementary to the seed region of the miRNA
  • mismatch refers to one or more nucleobases (whether contiguous or separate) in an oligomer nucleobase sequence that are not matched to a target pre-mRNA according to base pairing rules. While perfect complementarity is often desired, some aspects can include one or more but preferably 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 mismatches with respect to the target pre-mRNA. Variations at any location within the oligomer are included. In certain aspects, antisense oligomers of the disclosure include variations in nucleobase sequence near the termini, variations in the interior, and if present are typically within about 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 subunits of the 5′ and/or 3′ terminus. In certain aspects, one, two, or three nucleobases can be removed and still provide on-target binding.
  • the terms “modulate,” “modify,” and grammatical variants thereof, generally refer when applied to a specific concentration, level, expression, function or behavior, to the ability to alter, by increasing or decreasing, e.g., directly or indirectly promoting/stimulating/up-regulating or interfering with/inhibiting/down-regulating the specific concentration, level, expression, function or behavior, such as, e.g., to act as an antagonist or agonist.
  • a modulator can increase and/or decrease a certain concentration, level, activity or function relative to a control, or relative to the average level of activity that would generally be expected or relative to a control level of activity.
  • Nucleic acid “nucleic acid molecule,” “nucleotide sequence,” “polynucleotide,” and grammatical variants thereof are used interchangeably and refer to the phosphate ester polymeric form of ribonucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, uridine or cytidine; “RNA molecules”) or deoxyribonucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxythymidine, or deoxycytidine; “DNA molecules”), or any phosphoester analogs thereof, such as phosphorothioates and thioesters, in either single stranded form, or a double-stranded helix.
  • RNA molecules phosphate ester polymeric form of ribonucleosides
  • deoxyribonucleosides deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxythymidine, or deoxycytidine
  • DNA molecules or any
  • Single stranded nucleic acid sequences refer to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). Double stranded DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA helices are possible.
  • nucleic acid molecule and in particular DNA or RNA molecule, refers only to the primary and secondary structure of the molecule, and does not limit it to any particular tertiary forms. Thus, this term includes double-stranded DNA found, inter alia, in linear or circular DNA molecules (e.g., restriction fragments), plasmids, supercoiled DNA and chromosomes.
  • a “recombinant DNA molecule” is a DNA molecule that has undergone a molecular biological manipulation.
  • DNA includes, but is not limited to, cDNA, genomic DNA, plasmid DNA, synthetic DNA, and semi-synthetic DNA.
  • a “nucleic acid composition” of the disclosure comprises one or more nucleic acids as described herein.
  • parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.
  • pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier encompass any of the agents approved by a regulatory agency of the U.S. Federal government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia for use in animals, including humans, as well as any carrier or diluent that does not cause the production of undesirable physiological effects to a degree that prohibits administration of the composition to a subject and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the administered compound. Included are excipients and carriers that are useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition and are generally safe, non-toxic, and desirable.
  • polynucleotide includes polydeoxyribonucleotides (containing 2-deoxy-D-ribose), polyribonucleotides (containing D-ribose), including tRNA, rRNA, hRNA, siRNA and mRNA, whether spliced or unspliced, any other type of polynucleotide which is an N- or C-glycoside of a purine or pyrimidine base, and other polymers containing normucleotidic backbones, for example, polyamide (e.g., peptide nucleic acids “PNAs”) and polymorpholino polymers, and other synthetic sequence-specific nucleic acid polymers providing that the polymers contain nucleobases in a configuration which allows for base pairing and base stacking, such as is found in DNA and RNA.
  • PNAs peptide nucleic acids
  • a polynucleotide can be, e.g., an oligonucleotide, such as an antisense oligonucleotide.
  • the oligonucleotide is an RNA.
  • the RNA is a synthetic RNA.
  • the synthetic RNA comprises at least one unnatural nucleobase.
  • all nucleobases of a certain class have been replaced with unnatural nucleobases (e.g., all uridines in a polynucleotide disclosed herein can be replaced with an unnatural nucleobase, e.g., 5-methoxyuridine).
  • polypeptide “peptide,” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length.
  • the polymer can comprise modified amino acids.
  • the terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification, such as conjugation with a labeling component.
  • polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid including, for example, unnatural amino acids such as homocysteine, ornithine, p-acetylphenylalanine, D-amino acids, and creatine), as well as other modifications known in the art.
  • polypeptide refers to proteins, polypeptides, and peptides of any size, structure, or function. Polypeptides include gene products, naturally occurring polypeptides, synthetic polypeptides, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, fragments and other equivalents, variants, and analogs of the foregoing.
  • a polypeptide can be a single polypeptide or can be a multi-molecular complex such as a dimer, trimer or tetramer. They can also comprise single chain or multichain polypeptides. Most commonly, disulfide linkages are found in multichain polypeptides.
  • polypeptide can also apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues are an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid.
  • a “peptide” can be less than or equal to 50 amino acids long, e.g., about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acids long.
  • prevent refer partially or completely delaying onset of an disease, disorder and/or condition; partially or completely delaying onset of one or more symptoms, features, or clinical manifestations of a particular disease, disorder, and/or condition; partially or completely delaying onset of one or more symptoms, features, or manifestations of a particular disease, disorder, and/or condition; partially or completely delaying progression from a particular disease, disorder and/or condition; and/or decreasing the risk of developing pathology associated with the disease, disorder, and/or condition. In some aspects, preventing an outcome is achieved through prophylactic treatment.
  • prophylactic refers to a therapeutic or course of action used to prevent the onset of a disease or condition, or to prevent or delay a symptom associated with a disease or condition.
  • a “prophylaxis” refers to a measure taken to maintain health and prevent or delay the onset of a bleeding episode, or to prevent or delay symptoms associated with a disease or condition.
  • similarity refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between polynucleotide molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. Calculation of percent similarity of polymeric molecules to one another can be performed in the same manner as a calculation of percent identity, except that calculation of percent similarity takes into account conservative substitutions as is understood in the art. It is understood that percentage of similarity is contingent on the comparison scale used, i.e., whether the amino acids are compared, e.g., according to their evolutionary proximity, charge, volume, flexibility, polarity, hydrophobicity, aromaticity, isoelectric point, antigenicity, or combinations thereof.
  • subject refers to any mammalian subject, including without limitation, humans, domestic animals (e.g., dogs, cats and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses and the like), and laboratory animals (e.g., monkey, rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and the like) for whom diagnosis, treatment, or therapy is desired, particularly humans.
  • domestic animals e.g., dogs, cats and the like
  • farm animals e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses and the like
  • laboratory animals e.g., monkey, rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and the like for whom diagnosis, treatment, or therapy is desired, particularly humans.
  • laboratory animals e.g., monkey, rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and the like
  • the phrase “subject in need thereof” includes subjects, such as mammalian subjects, that would benefit from administration of a micelle of the disclosure, e.g., to improve hemostasis.
  • therapeutically effective amount is the amount of reagent or pharmaceutical compound comprising a micelle of the present disclosure that is sufficient to a produce a desired therapeutic effect, pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect on a subject in need thereof.
  • a therapeutically effective amount can be a “prophylactically effective amount” as prophylaxis can be considered therapy.
  • treat refers to, e.g., the reduction in severity of a disease or condition; the reduction in the duration of a disease course; the amelioration or elimination of one or more symptoms associated with a disease or condition; the provision of beneficial effects to a subject with a disease or condition, without necessarily curing the disease or condition.
  • the term also include prophylaxis or prevention of a disease or condition or its symptoms thereof.
  • treating or “treatment” means inducing an immune response in a subject against an antigen.
  • upstream refers to a nucleotide sequence that is located 5′ to a reference nucleotide sequence.
  • Carrier units of the present disclosure comprise a water-soluble biopolymer moiety (e.g., PEG) and a charged carrier moiety.
  • the charged carrier moiety is cationic (e.g., a polylysine), whereas in other aspects the charged carrier moiety is anionic (e.g., a polyglutamic acid) as exemplified in FIG. 1 .
  • Carrier units of the present disclosure can be used to deliver charged payloads (e.g., therapeutic or diagnostic agents).
  • Carrier units with a cationic charged carrier moiety can be used for the delivery of anionic payloads, e.g., polynucleotides.
  • Carrier units with an anionic charged carrier moiety can be used for the delivery of cationic payloads, e.g., positively charged small molecule drugs. See FIG. 1 .
  • Neutral or hydrophobic payloads can also be delivered using the carrier units of the present disclosure by using an adapter (e.g., a cationic or an anionic adapter as depicted in FIG. 2 ).
  • Adapters bind covalently, e.g., to a hydrophobic payload and provide such payload with the appropriate charge load to interact with the charged carrier moiety of a carrier unit of the present disclosure.
  • the payload of the present disclosure can comprise a charged moiety (the “adapter” moiety) that can interact with the charged carrier moiety of a carrier unit of the present disclosure (e.g., via electrostatic interaction), and a biologically active moiety (e.g., a therapeutic moiety).
  • the adapter moiety and the biologically active moiety are connected directly, whereas in some other aspects they can be connected via a linker.
  • the resulting carrier unit:payload complex is amphipathic, having a hydrophilic “head” comprising the water-soluble biopolymer moiety and a hydrophobic “tail” comprising the charged carrier moiety electrostatically bound to the payload.
  • Carrier unit payload complexes can self-associate, alone or in combination with other amphipathic molecules, to yield micelles in which the payload is located in the core of the micelle and the water-soluble biopolymer moiety is facing the solvent.
  • micelles of the present disclosure encompasses not only classic micelles but also small particles, small micelles, micelles, rod-like structures, or polymersomes. Given that polymersomes comprise a luminal space, it is to be understood that all the disclosures related to the “core” of classic micelles are equally applicable to the luminal space in polymersomes comprising carrier units of the present disclosure.
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can comprise payload molecules attached to carrier units of the present disclosure and payload molecules in the luminal space of the micelle (e.g, the lumen of a polymersome).
  • the payload attached to the carrier units and the payload in the luminal space are the same.
  • the payload attached to the carrier units and the payload in the luminal space are different.
  • the carrier units of the present disclosure can also comprise a targeting moiety covalently linked to the water-soluble biopolymer moiety via one or more optional linkers.
  • the targeting moiety is located on the surface of the micelle and can deliver the micelle to a specific target tissue, to a specific cell type, and/or facilitate transport across a physiological barrier (e.g., cell plasma membrane or BBB).
  • a physiological barrier e.g., cell plasma membrane or BBB
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can comprises more than one type of targeting moiety.
  • the carrier units of the present disclosure can also comprise an adjuvant moiety covalently linked to the charged carrier moiety.
  • the adjuvant moiety can serve a dual purpose: it can provide charges for the electrostatic interaction with the payload and/or can have, e.g., a therapeutic, a co-therapeutic effect, or positively affect the homeostasis of the target cell or target tissue.
  • the payload is not covalently linked to the carrier unit.
  • the payload can be covalently linked to the carrier unit, e.g., a linker such as cleavable linker.
  • Non-limiting examples of various aspects are shown in the present disclosure.
  • the disclosure refers in particular to the use of cationic carrier units, e.g., to deliver anionic payloads such as nucleic acids.
  • anionic payloads such as nucleic acids.
  • the disclosures can be equally applied to the delivery of cationic payloads or to the delivery of neutral payloads by reversing the charges of the carrier moiety and payload (i.e., using an anionic carrier moiety in the carrier unit to deliver a cationic payload), or by using a neutral payload linked to a cationic or anionic adapter that would electrostatically interact with an anionic or cationic carrier moiety, respectively.
  • the present disclosure provides cationic carrier units of Schema I or Schema II
  • WP is a water-soluble biopolymer moiety (e.g., PEG);
  • CC is a cationic carrier moiety, e.g., a polylysine
  • AM is an adjuvant moiety, e.g., vitamin, e.g., vitamin B3; and,
  • L1 and L2 are independently optional linkers.
  • the present disclosure also provides anionic carrier units of Schema III or Schema IV
  • WP is a water-soluble biopolymer moiety (e.g., PEG);
  • AC is an anionic carrier moiety
  • AM is an adjuvant moiety
  • L1 and L2 are independently optional linkers.
  • the present disclosure also provides cationic and anionic carrier units of Schemas V to VIII
  • WP is a water-soluble biopolymer moiety (e.g., PEG);
  • AC is a anionic carrier moiety
  • CC is a cationic carrier moiety
  • AM is an adjuvant moiety
  • L1 and L2 are independently optional linkers
  • L3 is an optional linker that can be cleavable
  • P is a payload
  • the [WP] component can be connected to at least one targeting moiety, i.e., [T] n -[WP]- . . . wherein n is an integer, e.g., 1, 2 or 3.
  • FIG. 3 presents a schematic representation of a cationic carrier unit of the present disclosure.
  • the carrier units can comprises the CC and AM moieties organized in a branched scaffold arrangement (see FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 ), for example, with a polymeric CC moiety comprising positively charged units and AM attached at one or more points along the CC moiety.
  • CC and AM can be attached to a scaffolding moiety, as shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the carrier units of the present disclosure comprises:
  • A is a targeting moiety, e.g., a molecule targeting a LAT1 transporter
  • B are cationic polymer blocks in a cationic carrier moiety, wherein,
  • Y1 is C, N, O, or S
  • Y2 is C, N O, or S
  • n is 1 or 2.
  • X can be —SH (e.g., sulfanyl group, alkanethiols or alkyl thiols).
  • the micelle of the present disclosure comprises one type of cationic carrier units conjugated to a vitamin, e.g., vitamin B3, and another type of cationic carrier units conjugated to a sulfanyl group (e.g., alkanethiols or alkyl thiols).
  • the micelle of the present disclosure comprises a first type of cationic carrier units conjugated to a vitamin, e.g., vitamin B3, a second type of cationic carrier units conjugated to a sulfanyl group (e.g., alkanethiols or alkyl thiols); and a third type of cationic carrier units that are a free base.
  • a vitamin e.g., vitamin B3
  • a second type of cationic carrier units conjugated to a sulfanyl group e.g., alkanethiols or alkyl thiols
  • a third type of cationic carrier units that are a free base.
  • cationic carrier units of the present disclosure are mixed with an anionic payload (e.g., a nucleic acid) at an ionic ratio of about 1:about 1, i.e., the number of negative charges in the anionic payload and the number of positive charges in the cationic carrier moiety are about the same, the neutralization of negative charges in the anionic payload by positive charges in the cationic carrier moiety mainly via electrostatic interaction leads to the formation of a cationic carrier unit:anionic payload complex having an unaltered hydrophilic portion (comprising the WP moiety) and a substantially more hydrophobic portion (resulting from the association between the cationic carrier moiety plus adjuvant moiety and the anionic payload).
  • an anionic payload e.g., a nucleic acid
  • the adjuvant moiety can contribute its own positive charges to the positive charges of the cationic carrier moiety, which would interact with the negative charges of the anionic payload. It is to be understood that references to the interactions (e.g., electrostatic interactions) between a cationic carrier moiety and an anionic payload also encompass interactions between the charges of a cationic carrier moiety plus adjuvant moiety and the charges of an anionic payload.
  • amphipathic complexes can self-organize, alone or combination with other amphipathic components, into micelles.
  • the resulting micelles comprise the WP moieties facing the solvent (i.e., the WP moieties are facing the external surface of the micelle), whereas the CC and AM moieties as well as the associate payload (e.g., a nucleotide sequence, e.g., an oligonucleotide, an siRNA, an shRNA, an “antimir”, or any combination thereof) are in the core of the micelle.
  • the WP moieties facing the solvent
  • the CC and AM moieties as well as the associate payload e.g., a nucleotide sequence, e.g., an oligonucleotide, an siRNA, an shRNA, an “antimir”, or any combination thereof
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises:
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises:
  • the cationic carrier unit further comprises at least one targeting moiety attached to the WP moiety of the cationic carrier unit.
  • the number and/or density of targeting moieties displayed on the surface of the micelle can be modulated by using a specific ratio of cationic carrier units having targeting moieties to cationic carrier units not having targeting moieties.
  • the ratio of cationic carrier units having a targeting moiety to cationic carrier units not having a targeting moiety is at least about 1:5, at least about 1:10, at least about 1:20, at least about 1:30, at least about 1:40, at least about 1:50, at least about 1:60, at least about 1:70, at least about 1:80, at least about 1:90, at least about 1:100, at least about 1:120, at least about 1:140, at least about 1:160, at least about 1:180, at least about 1:200, at least about 1:250, at least about 1:300, at least about 1:350, at least about 1:400, at least about 1:450, at least about 1:500, at least about 1:600, at least about 1:700, at least about 1:800, at least about 1:900, or at least about 1:1000.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises
  • a targeting moiety which targets the transporter LAT1 (e.g., phenylalanine), (ii) a water soluble polymer which is PEG, (iii) a cationic carrier moiety comprising cationic polymer blocks which are lysine, and (iv) two or more adjuvant moieties which are vitamin B3.
  • LAT1 e.g., phenylalanine
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • a cationic carrier moiety comprising cationic polymer blocks which are lysine
  • two or more adjuvant moieties which are vitamin B3.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises
  • a targeting moiety which targets the transporter LAT1 (e.g., phenylalanine),
  • a water soluble polymer which is PEG, wherein n 100-200, e.g., 100-150, e.g., 120-130,
  • a cationic carrier moiety comprising cationic polymer blocks, e.g., polylysine, and
  • two or more adjuvant moieties e.g., vitamin B3.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises
  • a targeting moiety which targets the transporter LAT1 (e.g., phenylalanine),
  • a cationic carrier moiety comprising cationic polymer blocks, e.g., 10-100 lysines, e.g., 10-50 lysines, e.g., 30-40 lysines, e.g., 70-80 lysines, and
  • two or more adjuvant moieties e.g., vitamin B3, e.g., 25-30 vitamin B3.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises
  • a targeting moiety which targets the transporter LAT1 (e.g., phenylalanine),
  • a cationic carrier moiety comprising cationic polymer blocks, e.g., 10-100 lysines, e.g., 10-50 lysines, e.g., 30-40 lysines, e.g., 70-80 lysines, and
  • two or more adjuvant moieties e.g., 5-50 vitamin B3, e.g., 5-30 vitamin B3, e.g., 5-20 vitamin B3, e.g., 5-15 vitamin B3, e.g., 5-10 vitamin B3, e.g., 25-30 vitamin B3.
  • the CC moiety can be a polymer comprising a number of B units (wherein each B unit could be, e.g., lysine) and the AM moiety can be a non-discrete molecular entity comprising a number of X units (e.g., vitamin units) covalently attached to side chain attachment points on the CC moiety.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises
  • LAT1 e.g., phenylalanine
  • the cationic carrier unit of the present disclosure interacts with an antisense oligonucleotide payload targeting miR-485-3p, e.g., AGAGAGGAGAGCCGUGUAUGAC (SEQ ID NO: 18).
  • the carrier unit complexed the payload forms a micelle.
  • the vitamin B3 unit are introduced into the side chains of the CC moiety, e.g., by a coupling reaction between NH 2 groups in the lysines and COOH groups of vitamin B3, in the presence of suitable conjugation reagents, for example, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxy succinimide (NETS).
  • suitable conjugation reagents for example, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxy succinimide (NETS).
  • composition comprising a carrier unit (e.g., a cationic carrier unit) of the present disclosure.
  • a carrier unit e.g., a cationic carrier unit unit
  • complexes comprising a carrier unit (e.g., a cationic carrier unit unit) of the present disclosure non-covalently attached to a payload (e.g., an anionic payload such a nucleotide sequence, e.g., an oligonucleotide, an siRNA, an shRNA, an “antimir”, or any combination thereof), wherein the carrier unit and the payload interact electrostatically.
  • the present disclosure provides conjugates comprising a carrier unit (e.g., a cationic carrier unit unit) of the present disclosure covalently attached to a payload (e.g., an anionic payload such a nucleotide sequence, e.g., an oligonucleotide, an siRNA, an shRNA, an “antimir”, or any combination thereof), wherein the carrier unit and the payload interact electrostatically.
  • a carrier unit e.g., a cationic carrier unit unit
  • a payload e.g., an anionic payload such a nucleotide sequence, e.g., an oligonucleotide, an siRNA, an shRNA, an “antimir”, or any combination thereof
  • the carrier unit and the payload can be linked via a cleavable linker.
  • the carrier unit and the payload in addition to interacting electrostatically, can interact covalently (e.g., after electrostatic interaction the carrier unit and the payload can be “locked” via a disulfide bond or a cleavable bond).
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises a water-soluble polymer comprising a PEG with about 120 to about 130 units, a cationic carrier moiety comprising a polylysine with about 30 to about lysine units, and an adjuvant moiety comprising about 5 to about 10 vitamin B3 units.
  • the cationic carrier unit is associated with a negatively charged payload (e.g., a nucleotide sequence, e.g., an oligonucleotide (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide), an siRNA, an shRNA, an “antimir”, or any combination thereof), which interacts with the cationic carrier unit via at least one ionic bond (i.e., via electrostatic interaction) with the cationic carrier moiety of the cationic carrier unit.
  • a negatively charged payload e.g., a nucleotide sequence, e.g., an oligonucleotide (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide), an siRNA, an shRNA, an “antimir”, or any combination thereof
  • a negatively charged payload e.g., a nucleotide sequence, e.g., an oligonucleotide (e.g., an antisense oligonucle
  • the micelle of the present disclosure can be constructed based on the formula shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the mB/(nA+mB) of the micelle is higher than 0 and lower than 1, e.g., between about 0.25 and about 1, between about 0.3 and about 1, between about 0.4 and about 1, between about 0.5 and about 1, between about 0.25 and about 0.9, between about 0.3 and about 0.9, between about 0.4 and about 0.9, between about 0.5 and about 0.9, between about 0.25 and about 0.8, between about 0.3 and about 0.8, between about 0.4 and about 0.8, between about 0.5 and about 0.8, between about 0.25 and about 0.75, between about 0.3 and about 0.75, between about 0.4 and about 0.75, between about 0.5 and about 0.75, between about 0.25 and about 0.7, between about 0.3 and about 0.7, between about 0.4 and about 0.7, between about 0.5 and about 0.7, between about 0.25 and about 0.6, between about 0.3 and about 0.6, between about 0.4 and about 0.7,
  • the mB/(nA+mB) of the micelle is between about 0.4 and about 0.6, between about 0.5 and about 0.6, or between about 0.4 and about 0.5, wherein nA is
  • the mB/(nA+mB) of the micelle is about 0.5, wherein nA is
  • the cationic carrier units of the present disclosure comprise at least one water-soluble biopolymer.
  • water-soluble biopolymer refers to a biocompatible, biologically inert, non-immunogenic, non-toxic, and hydrophilic polymer, e.g., PEG.
  • the water-soluble polymer comprises poly(alkylene glycols), poly(oxyethylated polyol), poly(olefinic alcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(hydroxyalkylmethacrylamide), poly(hydroxyalkylmethacrylate), poly(saccharides), poly( ⁇ -hydroxy acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyglycerol, polyphosphazene, polyoxazolines (“POZ”) poly(N-acryloylmorpholine), or any combinations thereof.
  • the water-soluble biopolymer is linear, branched, or dendritic.
  • the water-soluble biopolymer comprises polyethylene glycol (“PEG”), polyglycerol (“PG”), or poly(propylene glycol) (“PPG”).
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • PG polyglycerol
  • PPG poly(propylene glycol)
  • the water-soluble biopolymer comprises a PEG characterized by a formula R 3 —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) n — or R 3 —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) n —O— with R 3 being hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and n having a value from 2 to 200.
  • the PEG has the formula
  • n 1 to 1000.
  • then of the PEG has a value of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115
  • n is at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 100, at least about 110, at least 120, at least about 130, at least about 140, at least about 150, at least about 160, at least about 170, at least about 180, at least about 190, at least about 200, at least about 210, at least about 220, at least about 230, at least about 240, at least about 250, at least about 260, at least about 270, at least about 280, at least about 290, at least about 300, at least about 310, at least about 320, at least about 330, at least about 340, at least about 350, at least about 360, at least about 370, at least about 380, at least about 390, at least about 400, at least about 410, at least about 420, at least about 430, at least about 440, at least about 450, at least about 460
  • n is between about 50 and about 100, between about 100 and about 150, between about 150 and about 200, between about 200 and about 250, between about 250 and about 300, between about 300 and about 350, between about 350 and about 400, between about 400 and about 450, between about 450 and about 500, between about 500 and about 550, between about 550 and about 600, between about 600 and about 650, between about 650 and about 700, between about 700 and about 750, between about 750 and about 800, between about 800 and about 850, between about 850 and about 900, between about 900 and about 950, or between about 950 and about 1000.
  • n is at least about 80, at least about 81, at least about 82, at least about 83, at least about 84, at least about 85, at least about 86, at least about 87, at least about 88, at least about 89, at least about 90, at least about 91, at least about 92, at least about 93, at least about 94, at least about 95, at least about 96, at least about 97, at least about 98, at least about 99, at least about 100, at least about 101, at least about 102, at least about 103, at least about 104, at least about 105, at least about 106, at least about 107, at least about 108, at least about 109, at least 110, at least about 111, at least about 112, at least about 113, at least about 114, at least about 115, at least about 116, at least about 117, at least about 118, at least about 119, at least about 120, at least about 121, at least about 122, at
  • n is about 80 to about 90, about 90 to about 100, about 100 to about 110, about 110 to about 120, about 120 to about 130, about 130 to about 140, about 140 to about 150, about 150 to about 160, about 85 to about 95, about 95 to about 105, about 105 to about 115, about 115 to about 125, about 125 to about 135, about 135 to about 145, about 145 to about 155, about 155 to about 165, about 80 to about 100, about 100 to about 120, about 120 to about 140, about 140 to about 160, about 85 to about 105, about 105 to about 125, about 125 to about 145, or about 145 to about 165.
  • n is about 100 to about 150. In some aspects, n is about 100 to about 140. In some aspects, n is about 100 to about 130. In some aspects, n is about 110 to about 150. In some aspects, n is about 110 to about 140. In some aspects, n is about 110 to about 130. In some aspects, n is about 110 to about 120. In some aspects, n is about 120 to about 150. In some aspects, n is about 120 to about 140. In some aspects, n is about 120 to about 130. In some aspects, n is about 130 to about 150. In some aspects, n is about 130 to about 140.
  • the PEG is a branched PEG. Branched PEGs have three to ten PEG chains emanating from a central core group.
  • the PEG moiety is a monodisperse polyethylene glycol.
  • a monodisperse polyethylene glycol is a PEG that has a single, defined chain length and molecular weight. mdPEGs are typically generated by separation from the polymerization mixture by chromatography. In certain formulae, a monodisperse PEG moiety is assigned the abbreviation mdPEG.
  • the PEG is a Star PEG.
  • Star PEGs have 10 to 100 PEG chains emanating from a central core group.
  • the PEG is a Comb PEGs.
  • Comb PEGs have multiple PEG chains normally grafted onto a polymer backbone.
  • the PEG has a molar mass between about 1000 g/mol and about 2000 g/mol, between about 2000 g/mol and about 3000 g/mol, between about 3000 g/mol to about 4000 g/mol, between about 4000 g/mol and about 5000 g/mol, between about 5000 g/mol and about 6000 g/mol, between about 6000 g/mol and about 7000 g/mol, or between 7000 g/mol and about 8000 g/mol.
  • the PEG is PEG 100 , PEG 200 , PEG 300 , PEG 400 , PEG 500 , PEG 600 , PEG 700 , PEG 800 , PEG 900 , PEG 1000 , PEG 1100 , PEG 1200 , PEG 1300 , PEG 1400 , PEG 1500 , PEG 1600 , PEG 1700 , PEG 1800 , PEG 1900 , PEG 2000 , PEG 2100 , PEG 2200 , PEG 2300 , PEG 2400 , PEG 2500 , PEG 1600 , PEG 1700 , PEG 1800 , PEG 1900 , PEG 2000 , PEG 2100 , PEG 2200 , PEG 2300 , PEG 2400 , PEG 2500 , PEG 2600 , PEG 1700 , PEG 2800 , PEG 2900 , PEG 3000 , PEG 3100 , PEG 3200 , PEG 3300 , PEG 3400 , PEG 1000
  • the PEG is monodisperse, e.g., mPEG 100 , mPEG 200 , mPEG 300 , mPEG 400 , mPEG 500 , mPEG 600 , mPEG 700 , mPEG 800 , mPEG 900 , mPEG 1000 , mPEG 1100 , mPEG 1200 , mPEG 1300 , mPEG 1400 , mPEG 1500 , mPEG 1600 , mPEG 1700 , mPEG 1800 , mPEG 1900 , mPEG 2000 , mPEG 2100 , mPEG 2200 , mPEG 2300 , mPEG 2400 , mPEG 2500 , mPEG 1600 , mPEG 1700 , mPEG 1800 , mPEG 1900 , mPEG 2000 , mPEG 2000 , mPEG 2100 , m
  • the water-soluble biopolymer moiety is a polyglycerol (PG) described by the formula ((R 3 —O—(CH 2 —CHOH—CH 2 O)n-) with R 3 being hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and n having a value from 3 to 200.
  • PG polyglycerol
  • the water-soluble biopolymer moiety is a branched polyglycerol described by the formula (R 3 —O—(CH 2 —CHOR 5 —CH 2 —O) n —) with R 5 being hydrogen or a linear glycerol chain described by the formula (R 3 —O—(CH 2 —CHOH—CH 2 —O) n —) and R 3 being hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
  • the water-soluble biopolymer moiety is a hyperbranched polyglycerol described by the formula (R 3 —O—(CH 2 —CHOR 5 —CH 2 —O) n —) with R 5 being hydrogen or a glycerol chain described by the formula (R 3 —O—(CH 2 —CHOR 6 —CH 2 —O) n —), with R 6 being hydrogen or a glycerol chain described by the formula (R 3 —O—(CH 2 —CHOR 7 —CH 2 —O) n —), with R 7 being hydrogen or a linear glycerol chain described by the formula (R 3 —O—(CH 2 —CHOH—CH 2 —O) n —) and R 3 being hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
  • the PG has a molar mass between about 1000 g/mol and about 2000 g/mol, between about 2000 g/mol and about 3000 g/mol, between about 3000 g/mol to about 4000 g/mol, between about 4000 g/mol and about 5000 g/mol, between about 5000 g/mol and about 6000 g/mol, between about 6000 g/mol and about 7000 g/mol, or between 7000 g/mol and about 8000 g/mol.
  • the PG is PG 100 , PG 200 , PG 300 , PG 400 , PG 500 , PG 600 , PG 700 , PG 800 , PG 900 , PG 1000 , PG 1100 , PG 1200 , PG 1300 , PG 1400 , PG 1500 , PG 1600 , PG 1700 , PG 1800 , PG 1900 , PG 2000 , PG 2100 , PG 2200 , PG 2300 , PG 2400 , PG 2500 , PG 1600 , PG 1700 , PG 1800 , PG 1900 PG 2000 , PG 2100 , PG 2200 , PG 2300 , PG 2400 , PG 2500 , PG 2600 , PG 1700 , PG 2800 , PG 2900 , PG 3000 , PG 3100 , PG 3200 , PG 3300 , PG 3400 , PG 1000 ,
  • the PG is monodisperse, e.g., mPG 100 , mPG 200 , mPG 300 , mPG 400 , mPG 500 , mPG 600 , mPG 700 , mPG 800 , mPG 900 , mPG 1000 , mPG 1100 , mPG 1200 , mPG 1300 , mPG 1400 , mPG 1500 , mPG 1600 , mPG 1700 , mPG 1800 , mPG 1900 , mPG 2000 , mPG 2100 , mPG 2200 , mPG 2300 , mPG 2400 , mPG 2500 , mPG 1600 , mPG 1700 , mPG 1800 , mPG 1900 , mPG 2000 , mPG 2100 , mPG 2200 , mPG 2300 , mPG 2400 , mPG 2500 , mPG 1600 , mPG 1700
  • the water-soluble biopolymer comprises poly(propylene glycol) (“PPG”).
  • PPG is characterized by the following formula, with n having a value from 1 to 1000.
  • the n of the PPG has a value of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
  • n of the PPG is at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 100, at least about 110, at least 120, at least about 130, at least about 140, at least about 150, at least about 160, at least about 170, at least about 180, at least about 190, at least about 200, at least about 210, at least about 220, at least about 230, at least about 240, at least about 250, at least about 260, at least about 270, at least about 280, at least about 290, at least about 300, at least about 310, at least about 320, at least about 330, at least about 340, at least about 350, at least about 360, at least about 370, at least about 380, at least about 390, at least about 400, at least about 410, at least about 420, at least about 430, at least about 440, at least about 450, at least about 400
  • the n of the PPG is between about 50 and about 100, between about 100 and about 150, between about 150 and about 200, between about 200 and about 250, between about 250 and about 300, between about 300 and about 350, between about 350 and about 400, between about 400 and about 450, between about 450 and about 500, between about 500 and about 550, between about 550 and about 600, between about 600 and about 650, between about 650 and about 700, between about 700 and about 750, between about 750 and about 800, between about 800 and about 850, between about 850 and about 900, between about 900 and about 950, or between about 950 and about 1000.
  • then of the PPG is at least about 80, at least about 81, at least about 82, at least about 83, at least about 84, at least about 85, at least about 86, at least about 87, at least about 88, at least about 89, at least about 90, at least about 91, at least about 92, at least about 93, at least about 94, at least about 95, at least about 96, at least about 97, at least about 98, at least about 99, at least about 100, at least about 101, at least about 102, at least about 103, at least about 104, at least about 105, at least about 106, at least about 107, at least about 108, at least about 109, at least 110, at least about 111, at least about 112, at least about 113, at least about 114, at least about 115, at least about 116, at least about 117, at least about 118, at least about 119, at least about 120, at least about 121, at least about
  • the n of the PPG is about 80 to about 90, about 90 to about 100, about 100 to about 110, about 110 to about 120, about 120 to about 130, about 130 to about 140, about 140 to about 150, about 150 to about 160, about 85 to about 95, about 95 to about 105, about 105 to about 115, about 115 to about 125, about 125 to about 135, about 135 to about 145, about 145 to about 155, about 155 to about 165, about 80 to about 100, about 100 to about 120, about 120 to about 140, about 140 to about 160, about 85 to about 105, about 105 to about 125, about 125 to about 145, or about 145 to about 165.
  • the PPG is a branched PPG.
  • Branched PPGs have three to ten PPG chains emanating from a central core group.
  • the PPG moiety is a monodisperse polyethylene glycol.
  • a monodisperse polyethylene glycol mdPPG
  • mdPEG monodisperse polyethylene glycol
  • mdPEG monodisperse polyethylene glycol
  • mdPEG monodisperse polyethylene glycol
  • mdPEGs are typically generated by separation from the polymerization mixture by chromatography.
  • a monodisperse PPG moiety is assigned the abbreviation mdPPG.
  • the PPG is a Star PPG.
  • Star PPGs have 10 to 100 PPG chains emanating from a central core group.
  • the PPG is a Comb PPGs.
  • Comb PPGs have multiple PPG chains normally grafted onto a polymer backbone.
  • the PPG has a molar mass between about 1000 g/mol and about 2000 g/mol, between about 2000 g/mol and about 3000 g/mol, between about 3000 g/mol to about 4000 g/mol, between about 4000 g/mol and about 5000 g/mol, between about 5000 g/mol and about 6000 g/mol, between about 6000 g/mol and about 7000 g/mol, or between 7000 g/mol and about 8000 g/mol.
  • the PPG is PPG 100 , PPG 200 , PPG 300 , PPG 400 , PPG 500 , PPG 600 , PPG 700 , PPG 800 , PPG 900 , PPG 1000 , PPG 1100 , PPG 1200 , PPG 1300 , PPG 1400 , PPG 1500 , PPG 1600 , PPG 1700 , PPG 1800 , PPG 1900 , PPG 2000 , PPG 2100 , PPG 2200 , PPG 2300 , PPG 2400 , PPG 2500 , PPG 1600 , PPG 1700 , PPG 1800 , PPG 1900 , PPG 2000 , PPG 2100 , PPG 2200 , PPG 2300 , PPG 2400 , PPG 2500 , PPG 2600 , PPG 1700 , PPG 2800 , PPG 2900 , PPG 3000 , PPG 3100 , PPG 3200 , PPG 3300 , PPG 3400 , PPG 1000
  • the PPG is monodisperse, e.g., mPPG 100 , mPPG 200 , mPPG 300 , mPPG 400 , mPPG 500 , mPPG 600 , mPPG 700 , mPPG 800 , mPPG 900 , mPPG 1000 , mPPG 1100 , mPPG 1200 , mPPG 1300 , mPPG 1400 , mPPG 1500 , mPPG 1600 , mPPG 1700 , mPPG 1800 , mPPG 1900 , mPPG 2000 , mPPG 2100 , mPPG 2200 , mPPG 2300 , mPPG 2400 , mPPG 2500 , mPPG 1600 , mPPG 1700 , mPPG 1800 , mPPG 1900 , mPPG 2000 , mPPG 2000 , mPPG 2100 , m
  • the cationic carrier units of the present disclosure comprise at least one cationic carrier moiety.
  • the term “cationic carrier” refers to a moiety or portion of a cationic carrier unit of the present disclosure comprising a plurality of positive charges that can interact and bind electrostatically an anionic payload (or an anionic carrier attached to a payload).
  • the number of positive charges or positively charged groups on the cationic carrier is similar to the number of negative charges or negatively charged groups on the anionic payload (or an anionic carrier attached to a payload).
  • the cationic carrier comprises a biopolymer, e.g., a peptide (e.g., a polylysine).
  • the cationic carrier comprises one or more basic amino acids (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof). In some aspects, the cationic carrier comprises at least about three, at least about four, at least about five, at least about six, at least about seven, at least about eight, at least about nine, at least about ten, at least about 11, at least about 12, at least about 13, at least about 14, at least about 15, at least about 16, at least about 17, at least about 18, at least about 19, at least about 20, at least about 21, at least about 22, at least about 23, at least about 24, at least about 25, at least about 26, at least about 27, at least about 28, at least about 29, at least about 30, at least about 31, at least about 32, at least about 33, at least about 34, at least about 35, at least about 36, at least about 37, at least about 38, at least about 39, at least about 40, at least about 41, at least about 42, at least about 43, at least about 44, at least about 45, at least about 46, at least about
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises at least about 40 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines. In some aspects, the cationic carrier unit comprises at least about 45 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines. In some aspects, the cationic carrier unit comprises at least about 50 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines. In some aspects, the cationic carrier unit comprises at least about 55 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines. In some aspects, the cationic carrier unit comprises at least about 60 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines. In some aspects, the cationic carrier unit comprises at least about 65 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises at least about 70 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines. In some aspects, the cationic carrier unit comprises at least about 75 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines. In some aspects, the cationic carrier unit comprises at least about 80 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises about 30 to about 1000, about 30 to about 900, about 30 to about 800, about 30 to about 700, about 30 to about 600, about 30 to about 500, about 30 to about 400, about 30 to about 300, about 30 to about 200, about 30 to about 100, about 40 to about 1000, about 40 to about 900, about 40 to about 800, about 40 to about 700, about 40 to about 600, about 40 to about 500, about 40 to about 400, about 40 to about 300, about 40 to about 200, or about 40 to about 100 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines.
  • basic amino acids e.g., lysines.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises about 30 to about 100, about 30 to about 90, about 30 to about 80, about 30 to about 70, about 30 to about 60, about 30 to about 50, about 30 to about 40, about 40 to about 100, about 40 to about 90, about 40 to about 80, about 40 to about 70, about 40 to about 60, about 70 to about 80, about 75 to about 85, about 65 to about 75, about 65 to about 80, about 60 to about 85, or about 40 to about 500 basic amino acids, e.g., lysines.
  • basic amino acids e.g., lysines.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises about 100 to about 1000, about 100 to about 900, about 100 to about 800, about 100 to about 700, about 100 to about 600, about 100 to about 500, about 100 to about 400, about 100 to about 300, about 100 to about 200, about 200 to about 1000, about 200 to about 900, about 200 to about 800, about 200 to about 700, about 200 to about 600, about 200 to about 500, about 200 to about 400, about 200 to about 300, about 300 to about 1000, about 300 to about 900, about 300 to about 800, about 300 to about 700, about 300 to about 600, about 300 to about 500, about 300 to about 400, about 400 to about 1000, about 400 to about 900, about 400 to about 800, about 400 to about 700, about 400 to about 600, about 400 to about 500, about 500 to about 1000, about 500 to about 600, about 600 to about 1000, about 600 to about 900, about 600 to about 800, about 600 to about 700, about 400 to about 600, about 400 to about 500, about 500 to about 1000, about 500 to about 900, about
  • the number of basic amino acids can be adjusted based on the length of the anionic payload. For example, an anionic payload with a longer sequence can be paired with higher number of basic amino acids, e.g., lysines.
  • the number of basic amino acids, e.g., lysines, in the cationic carrier unit can be calculated so that the molar ratio of protonated amine in polymer to phosphate in an anionic payload, e.g., oligonucleotide, e.g., antimir (N/P) is about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, about 2.5, about 2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, or about 3.
  • an anionic payload e.g., oligonucleotide, e.g., antimir (N/P) is about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3,
  • the number of basic amino acids, e.g., lysines, in the cationic carrier unit is calculated so that the molar ratio of protonated amine in polymer to phosphate in an anionic payload, e.g., oligonucleotide, e.g., antimir (N/P) is about 1.3 to about 1.7, e.g., about 1.5.
  • the number of basic amino acids, e.g., lysines, in the cationic carrier unit is calculated so that the molar ratio of protonated amine in polymer to phosphate in an anionic payload, e.g., oligonucleotide, e.g., antimir (N/P) is about 1.4.
  • the number of basic amino acids, e.g., lysines, in the cationic carrier unit is calculated so that the molar ratio of protonated amine in polymer to phosphate in an anionic payload, e.g., oligonucleotide, e.g., antimir (N/P) is about 1.6.
  • the number of basic amino acids, e.g., lysines, in the cationic carrier unit is calculated so that the molar ratio of protonated amine in polymer to phosphate in an anionic payload, e.g., oligonucleotide, e.g., antimir (N/P) is about 1.3.
  • the number of basic amino acids, e.g., lysines, in the cationic carrier unit is calculated so that the molar ratio of protonated amine in polymer to phosphate in an anionic payload, e.g., oligonucleotide, e.g., antimir (N/P) is about 1.7.
  • the cationic carrier moiety is to neutralize negative charges on the payload (e.g., negative changes in the phosphate backbone of an antisense oligonucleotide) via electrostatic interaction, in some aspects (e.g., when the payload is a nucleic acid such as an antimir), the length of the cationic carrier, number of positively charged groups on the cationic carrier, and distribution and orientation of charges present on the cationic carrier will depend on the length and charge distribution on the payload molecule.
  • the length of the cationic carrier and number of positively charged groups on the cationic carrier correlate with the desired payload.
  • the number of small molecule drugs carried by the cationic carrier unit of the present disclosure would depend on the number of charges in the cationic carrier moiety.
  • the cationic carrier comprises between about 5 and about 10, between about 10 and about 15, between about 15 and about 20, between about 20 and about 25, between about 25 and about 30, between about 30 and about 35, between about 35 and about 40, between about 40 and about 45, between about 45 and about 50, between about 50 and about 55, between about 55 and about 60, between about 60 and about 65, between about and about 70, between about 70 and about 75, or between about 75 and about 80 basic amino acids.
  • the positively charged carrier comprises between 30 and about 50 basic amino acids. In some specific aspects, the positively charged carrier comprises between 70 and about 80 basic amino acids.
  • the basic amino acid comprises arginine, lysine, histidine, or any combination thereof.
  • the basic amino acid is a D-amino acid.
  • the basic amino acid is an L-amino acid.
  • the positively charged carrier comprises D-amino acids and L-amino acids.
  • the basic amino comprises at least one unnatural amino acid or a derivative thereof.
  • the basic amino acid is arginine, lysine, histidine, L-4-aminomethyl-phenylalanine, L-4-guanidine-phenylalanine, L-4-aminomethyl-N-isopropyl-phenylalanine, L-3-pyridyl-alanine, L-trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexyl-alanine, L-4-piperidinyl-alanine, L-4-aminocyclohexyl-alanine, 4-guanidinobutyric acid, L-2-amino-3-guanidinopropionic acid, DL-5-hydroxylysine, pyrrolysine, 5-hydroxy-L-lysine, methyllysine, hypusine, or any combination thereof.
  • the positively charged carrier comprises about 40 lysines. In a particular aspect, the positively charged carrier comprises about 50 lysines. In a particular aspect, the positively charged carrier comprises about 60 lysines. In a particular aspect, the positively charged carrier comprises about 70 lysines. In a particular aspect, the positively charged carrier comprises about 80 lysines.
  • the cationic carrier comprises an alkyl chain, e.g., C 3 to C 50 , comprising at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at last 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 67, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62
  • the cationic carrier comprises an alkyl chain, e.g., C 3 to C 50 , comprising between about 5 and about 10, between about 10 and about 15, between about 15 and about 20, between about 20 and about 25, between about 25 and about 30, between about 30 and about 35, between about 35 and about 40, between about 40 and about 45, between about 45 and about 50, between about 50 and about 55, between about 55 and about 60, between about 60 and about 65, between about 65 and about 70, between about 70 and about 75, or between about 75 and about 80 cationic groups (e.g., amino groups).
  • C 3 to C 50 comprising between about 5 and about 10, between about 10 and about 15, between about 15 and about 20, between about 20 and about 25, between about 25 and about 30, between about 30 and about 35, between about 35 and about 40, between about 40 and about 45, between about 45 and about 50, between about 50 and about 55, between about 55 and about 60, between about 60 and about 65, between about 65 and about 70, between about 70 and about 75, or between about 75 and about 80 cationic groups (
  • the cationic carrier comprises an alkyl chain, e.g., C 3 to C 50 , comprising between 30 and about 50 cationic groups (e.g., amino groups). In some specific aspects, the cationic carrier comprises an alkyl chain, e.g., C 3 to C 50 , comprising between 70 and about 80 cationic groups (e.g., amino groups).
  • the cationic carrier comprises a polymer or copolymer comprising at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at last 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64,
  • the cationic carrier comprises a polymer or copolymer comprising between about 5 and about 10 cationic groups, between about 10 and about 15 cationic groups, between about 15 and about 20 cationic groups, between about 20 and about 25 cationic groups, between about 25 and about 30 cationic groups, between about 30 and about 35 cationic groups, between about 35 and about 40 cationic groups, between about 40 and about 45 cationic groups, between about 45 and about 50 cationic groups, between about 50 and about 55 cationic groups, between about 55 and about 60 cationic groups, between about 60 and about 65 cationic groups, between about 65 and about 70 cationic groups, between about 70 and about 75 cationic groups, or between about 45 and about 50 cationic groups (e.g., amino groups).
  • amino groups e.g., amino groups
  • the cationic carrier comprises a polymer or copolymer comprising between 30 and about 50 cationic groups (e.g., amino groups). In some specific aspects, the cationic carrier comprises a polymer or copolymer comprising between 70 and about 80 cationic groups (e.g., amino groups). In some aspects, the polymer or copolymer is an acrylate, a polyalcohol, or a polysaccharide.
  • the cationic carrier moiety binds to a single payload molecule. In other aspects, a cationic carrier moiety can bind to multiple payload molecules, which may be identical or different.
  • the positive charges of the cationic carrier moiety and negative charges of a nucleic acid payload are at an ionic ratio of about 3:1, about 2.9:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.2:1, about 2:1, about 2:1, about 1.9:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.1:1, about 1:1, about 1:1.1, about 1:1.2, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.4, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.6, about 1:1.7, about 1:1.8, about 1:1.9, about 1:2, about 1:2.1, about 1:2.2, about 1:2.3, about 1:2.4, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.6, about 1:2.7, about 1:2.8, about 1:2.9, or about 1:3.
  • the positive charges of the cationic carrier moiety and the negative charged of the nucleic acid payload are at a charge ratio of 1:1. In some aspects, the positive charges of the cationic carrier moiety and the negative charges of the nucleic acid payload are at a charge ratio of 3:2. In some aspects, the positive charges of the cationic carrier moiety and the negative charges of the nucleic acid payload are at a charge ratio of 2:3.
  • the carrier units of the present disclosure comprise:
  • A is tryptophan or phenylalanine
  • B is a cationic carrier moiety, e.g., lysine, wherein,
  • Y 1 is C, N, O, or S
  • Y 2 is C, N, O, or S
  • n is 1 or 2.
  • X can be —SH (e.g., sulfanyl group, alkanethiols or alkyl thiols).
  • the micelle of the present disclosure comprises one type of cationic carrier units conjugated to a vitamin, e.g., vitamin B3, and another type of cationic carrier units conjugated to a sulfanyl group (e.g., alkanethiols or alkyl thiols).
  • the micelle of the present disclosure comprises a first type of cationic carrier units conjugated to a vitamin, e.g., vitamin B3, a second type of cationic carrier units conjugated to a sulfanyl group (e.g., alkanethiols or alkyl thiols); and a third type of cationic carrier units that are a free base.
  • a vitamin e.g., vitamin B3
  • a second type of cationic carrier units conjugated to a sulfanyl group e.g., alkanethiols or alkyl thiols
  • a third type of cationic carrier units that are a free base.
  • the carrier units of the present disclosure comprise:
  • A is tryptophan or phenylalanine
  • B is a cationic carrier moiety, e.g., lysine, wherein,
  • Y 1 is C, N, O, or S
  • Y 2 is C, N, O, or S
  • n is 1 or 2
  • X 2 is
  • p 0 to 5. In some aspects, p is 0. In some aspects, X 2 is SH.
  • the cationic carrier moiety has a free terminus wherein the end group is a reactive group. In some aspects, the cationic carrier moiety has a free terminus (e.g., the C-terminus in a poly-lysine cationic carrier moiety) wherein the end group is an amino (—NH 2 ) group. In some aspects, the cationic carrier moiety has a free terminus wherein the end group is an sulfhydryl group. In some aspects, the reactive group of the cationic carrier moiety is attached to an adjuvant moiety, e.g., a vitamin B3 adjuvant moiety.
  • an adjuvant moiety e.g., a vitamin B3 adjuvant moiety.
  • the cationic carrier units of the present disclosure comprise at least one adjuvant moiety.
  • adjuvant moiety refers to a molecular entity that can, e.g., (i) complement the therapeutic or prophylactic activity of the payload, (ii) modulate the therapeutic or prophylactic activity of the payload, (iii) function as a therapeutic and/or prophylactic agent in the target tissue or target cells, (iv) facilitate the transport of the cationic carrier unit across a physiological barrier, e.g., the BBB and/or the plasma membrane, (v) improve the homeostasis of the target tissue or target cell, (vi) contribute positively charges groups to the cationic carried moiety, or (vii) any combination thereof.
  • the adjuvant moiety is capable of modulating, e.g., an immune response, an inflammatory response, or a tissue microenvironment.
  • an adjuvant moiety capable of modulating an immune response can comprise, e.g., tyrosine or dopamine.
  • Tyrosine can be transformed into L-DOPA, and then be converted to dopamine via 2-step enzymatic reaction.
  • dopamine levels are low in the Parkinson's disease patients. Therefore, in some aspects, tyrosine is an adjuvant moiety in cationic carrier units used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Tryptophan can be converted to serotonin, a neurotransmitter thought to play a role in appetite, emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions.
  • cationic carrier units of the present disclosure used for the treatment of disease or conditions related to low serotonin levels comprise tryptophan as an adjuvant moiety.
  • an adjuvant moiety can modulate a tumor microenvironment in a subject with a tumor, for example, by inhibiting or reducing hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises, e.g., an imidazole derivative, an amino acid, a vitamin, or any combination thereof.
  • the adjuvant moiety is an imidazole derivative comprising:
  • each of G 1 and G 2 is independently H, an aromatic ring, or 1-10 alkyl, or G 1 and G 2 together form an aromatic ring, and wherein n is 1-10.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises nitroimidazole.
  • Nitroimidazoles function as antibiotics. Nitroheterocycles in nitroimidazoles can be reductively activated in hypoxic cells, and then undergo redox recycling or decompose to cytotoxic products. Reduction usually happens only in anaerobic bacteria or in anoxic tissues, therefore, they have relative little effect upon human cells or aerobic bacteria.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises metronidazole, tinidazole, nimorazole, dimetridazole, pretomanid, ornidazole, megazol, azanidazole, benznidazole, nitroimidazole, or any combination thereof.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises an amino acid. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises
  • each of Z1 and Z2 is H or OH.
  • the adjuvant moiety is capable of inhibiting or reducing an inflammatory response.
  • the adjuvant moiety is a vitamin.
  • the vitamin comprises a cyclic ring or cyclic hetero atom ring and a carboxyl group or hydroxyl group.
  • the vitamin comprises:
  • each of Y1 and Y2 is C, N, O, or S, and wherein n is 1 or 2.
  • the vitamin is vitamin B3 (also known as niacin or nicotinic acid).
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises at least about two, at least about three, at least about four, at least about five, at least about six, at least about seven, at least about eight, at least about nine, at least about ten, at least about 11, at least about 12, at least about 13, at least about 14, at least about 15, at least about 16, at least about 17, at least about 18, at least about 19, at least about 20, at least about 21, at least about 22, at least about 23, at least about 24, at least about 25, at least about 26, at least about 27, at least about 28, at least about 29, or at least about 30 vitamin B3.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises about 10 vitamin B3.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises about 7 vitamin B3.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises about 8 vitamin B3.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises about 9 vitamin B3. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises about 10 vitamin B3. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises about 11 vitamin B3. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises about 12 vitamin B3. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises about 13 vitamin B3. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises about 14 vitamin B3. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises about 15 vitamin B3. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises about 20 vitamin B3. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises about 25 vitamin B3. In some aspects, the adjuvant moiety comprises about 30 vitamin B3.
  • the adjuvant moiety comprises from about 5 to about 10 vitamin B3, about 10 to about 15 vitamin B3, about 15 to about 20 vitamin B3, about 20 to about 25 vitamin B3, about 25 to about 30 vitamin B3, about 30 to about 35 vitamin B3, about 35 to about 40 vitamin B3, about 40 to about 45 vitamin B3, about 45 to about 50 vitamin B3. In some aspects the adjuvant moiety comprises from about 10 to about 20 vitamin B3, about 20 to about 30 vitamin B3, about 30 to about 40 vitamin B3, about 40 to about 50 vitamin B3, about 5 to about 15 vitamin B3, about 15 to about 25 vitamin B3, about 25 to about 35 vitamin B3, about 35 to about 45 vitamin B3, about 45 to about 55 vitamin B3.
  • Niacin is a precursor of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) in vivo.
  • NAD converts to NADP by phosphorylation in the presence of the enzyme NAD+ kinase.
  • NADP and NAD are coenzymes for many dehydrogenases, participating in many hydrogen transfer processes.
  • NAD is important in catabolism of fat, carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol, as well as cell signaling and DNA repair, and NADP mostly in anabolism reactions such as fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis.
  • High energy requirements (brain) or high turnover rate (gut, skin) organs are usually the most susceptible to their deficiency.
  • Niacin produces marked anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of tissues—including the brain, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and vascular tissue—through the activation of NIACR1. Niacin has been shown to attenuate neuroinflammation and may have efficacy in treating neuroimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. See Offermanns & Schwaninger (2015) Trends in Molecular Medicine 21:245-266; Chai et al (2013) Current Atherosclerosis Reports 15:325; Graff et al. (2016) Metabolism 65:102-13; and Wakade & Chong (2014) Journal of the Neurological Sciences 347:34-8, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
  • the carrier units of the present disclosure comprise:
  • X is vitamin B3; A is a targeting moiety, and B is a cationic carrier moiety, e.g., lysine, and wherein,
  • the carrier units of the present disclosure comprise:
  • X is vitamin B3; A is a targeting moiety, and B is a cationic carrier moiety, e.g., lysine, and wherein,
  • Y 1 is C, N, O, or S
  • Y 2 is C, N, O, or S
  • n is 1 or 2
  • X 2 is
  • p 0 to 5. In some aspects, p is 0. In some aspects, X 2 is SH. d. Targeting Moiety
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises a targeting moiety, which is linked to the water-soluble polymer optionally via a linker.
  • targeting moiety refers to a biorecognition molecule that binds to a specific biological substance or site.
  • the targeting moiety is specific for a certain target molecule (e.g., a ligand targeting a receptor, or an antibody targeting a surface protein), tissue (e.g., a molecule that would preferentially carry the micelle to a specific organ or tissue, e.g., liver, brain, or endothelium), or facilitate transport through a physiological barrier (e.g., a peptide or other molecule that may facilitate transport across the brain blood barrier or plasma membrane).
  • a certain target molecule e.g., a ligand targeting a receptor, or an antibody targeting a surface protein
  • tissue e.g., a molecule that would preferentially carry the micelle to a specific organ or tissue, e.g., liver, brain, or endothelium
  • a physiological barrier e.g., a peptide or other molecule that may facilitate transport across the brain blood barrier or plasma membrane.
  • a targeting moiety can be coupled to a cationic carrier unit, and therefore, to the external surface of a micelle, whereas the micelle has the payload entrapped within its core.
  • the targeting moiety is a targeting moiety capable of targeting the micelle of the present disclosure to a tissue.
  • the tissue is liver, brain, kidney, lung, ovary, pancreas, thyroid, breast, stomach, or any combination thereof.
  • the tissue is cancer tissue, e.g., liver cancer, brain cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, ovary cancer, pancreas cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, or any combination thereof.
  • the tissue is liver.
  • the targeting moiety targeting liver is cholesterol.
  • the targeting moiety targeting liver is a ligand that binds an asialoglycoprotein receptor targeting moiety.
  • the asialoglycoprotein receptor targeting moiety comprises a GalNAc cluster.
  • the GalNAc cluster is a monovalent, divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent GalNAc cluster.
  • the tissue is pancreas.
  • the targeting moiety targeting pancreas comprises a ligand targeting ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin receptors on pancreatic cells.
  • the targeting moiety comprises an arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) peptide sequence (L-Arginyl-Glycyl-L-Aspartic acid; Arg-Gly-Asp).
  • the tissue is a tissue in the central nervous system, e.g., neural tissue.
  • the targeting moiety targeting the central nervous system is capable being transported by Large-neutral Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1).
  • LAT1 Small-neutral Amino Acid Transporter 1
  • SLC7A5 is a transporter for both the uptake of large neutral amino acids and a number of pharmaceutical drugs.
  • LAT1 can transport drugs such as L-dopa or gabapentin.
  • a targeting moiety comprises glucose, e.g., D-glucose, which can bind to Glucose transporter 1 (or GLUT1) and cross BBB.
  • GLUT1 also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1), is a uniporter protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC2A1 gene.
  • SLC2A1 facilitated glucose transporter member 1
  • GLUT1 facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. This gene encodes a major glucose transporter in the mammalian blood-brain barrier.
  • a targeting moiety comprises galactose, e.g., D-galactose, which can bind to GLUT1 transporter to cross BBB.
  • a targeting moiety comprises glutamic acid, which can bind to acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) and/or EAATs inhibitors and cross BBB.
  • Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that is the primary member of the cholinesterase enzyme family.
  • An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor is the inhibitor that inhibits acetylcholinesterase from breaking down acetylcholine into choline and acetate, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central nervous system, autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions, which are rich in acetylcholine receptors.
  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are one of two types of cholinesterase inhibitors; the other being butyryl-cholinesterase inhibitors.
  • a targeting moiety is GABA, which can bind to GABA receptors to cross BBB.
  • GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory compound in the mature vertebrate central nervous system.
  • GABAA and GABAB There are two classes of GABA receptors: GABAA and GABAB.
  • GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (also known as ionotropic receptors); whereas GABAB receptors are G protein-coupled receptors, also called metabotropic receptors.
  • a targeting moiety comprises tyrosine, which can bind to LAT1 and cross BBB. In some aspects, a targeting moiety comprises lysine, which can bind to LAT1 and cross BBB. In some aspects, a targeting moiety comprises glutamine, which can bind to LAT1 and cross BBB. In some aspects, a targeting moiety comprises phenylalanine, which can bind to GABA receptors, LAT1, CNS reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and/or dopamine (DA) receptors and cross BBB.
  • Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Dopamine receptors activate different effectors through not only G-protein coupling, but also signaling through different protein (dopamine receptor-interacting proteins) interactions. The neurotransmitter dopamine is the primary endogenous ligand for dopamine receptors.
  • Dopamine receptors are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivation, pleasure, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling. Abnormal dopamine receptor signaling and dopaminergic nerve function is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, dopamine receptors are common neurologic drug targets; antipsychotics are often dopamine receptor antagonists while psychostimulants are typically indirect agonists of dopamine receptors.
  • a targeting moiety comprises valine, which can bind to CNS reverse transcriptase inhibitors and cross BBB.
  • a targeting moiety comprises tryptophan, which can bind to GABA receptors and/or CNS reverse transcriptase inhibitors and cross BBB.
  • a targeting moiety comprises leucine, which can bind to GABA receptors and/or CNS reverse transcriptase inhibitors and cross BBB.
  • a targeting moiety comprises methionine, which can bind to GABA receptors and/or CNS reverse transcriptase inhibitors and cross BBB.
  • a targeting moiety comprises histidine, which can bind to GABA receptors and cross BBB.
  • a targeting moiety comprises isoleucine, which can bind to CNS reverse transcriptase inhibitors and cross BBB.
  • a targeting moiety comprises Glutathione, which can bind to GSH transporter and cross BBB.
  • a targeting moiety comprises Glutathione-Met, which can bind to GSH transporter and cross BBB.
  • a targeting moiety comprises Urea/Thiourea, which can bind to Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and bind to BBB.
  • a targeting moiety comprises NAD+/NADH, which is capable of crossing BBB by REDOX mechanism.
  • a targeting moiety comprises purine and can cross BBB.
  • targeting moieties for CNS targeting are shown in Sutera et al. (2016): Small endogenous molecules as moiety to improve targeting of CNS drugs, Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1208651, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the tissue targeted by a targeting moiety is a skeletal muscle.
  • the targeting moiety targeting skeletal muscle is capable being transported by Large-neutral Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1).
  • LAT1 Large-neutral Amino Acid Transporter 1
  • LAT1 is consistently expressed at high levels in brain microvessel endothelial cells. Being a solute carrier located primarily in the BBB, targeting the micelles of the present disclosure to LAT1 allows delivery through the BBB.
  • the targeting moiety targeting a micelle of the present disclosure to the LAT1 transporter is an amino acid, e.g., a branched-chain or aromatic amino acid.
  • the amino acid is valine, leucine, and/or isoleucine.
  • the amino acid is tryptophan and/or tyrosine.
  • the amino acid is tryptophan.
  • the amino acid is tyrosine.
  • the targeting moiety is a LAT1 ligand selected from tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, thyroxine, melphalan, L-DOPA, gabapentin, 3,5-I-diiodotyrosine, 3-iodo-I-tyrosine, fenclonine, acivicin, leucine, BCH, methionine, histidine, valine, or any combination thereof.
  • LAT1 ligand selected from tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, thyroxine, melphalan, L-DOPA, gabapentin, 3,5-I-diiodotyrosine, 3-iodo-I-tyrosine, fenclonine, acivicin, leucine, BCH, methionine, histidine, valine, or any combination thereof.
  • the LAT1 ligand is [1] 1-Phenylalanine, [2] o-Sarcolysin, [3] m-Sarcolysin. [4] Melphalan. [5] 2-Amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (BCH).
  • the LAT1 ligand is a LAT1-targeting prodrug shown below.
  • the carrier units of the present disclosure comprise:
  • A is tryptophan or phenylalanine
  • B is a cationic carrier moiety, e.g., lysine, wherein,
  • the carrier units of the present disclosure comprise:
  • A is tryptophan or phenylalanine
  • B is a cationic carrier moiety, e.g., lysine, wherein,
  • Y 1 is C, N, O, or S
  • Y 2 is C, N, O, or S
  • n is 1 or 2
  • X 2 is
  • p 0 to 5. In some aspects, p is 0. In some aspects, X 2 is SH.
  • Non-limiting examples of targeting moieties are described below.
  • a ligand functions as a type of targeting moiety defined as a selectively bindable material that has a selective (or specific), affinity for another substance.
  • the ligand is recognized and bound by a usually, but not necessarily, larger specific binding body or “binding partner,” or “receptor.”
  • binding partner or “receptor.”
  • ligands suitable for targeting are antigens, haptens, biotin, biotin derivatives, lectins, galactosamine and fucosylamine moieties, receptors, substrates, coenzymes and cofactors among others.
  • a ligand When applied to the micelles of the present disclosure a ligand includes an antigen or hapten that is capable of being bound by, or to, its corresponding antibody or fraction thereof. Also included are viral antigens or hemagglutinins and neuraminidases and nucleocapsids including those from any DNA and RNA viruses, AIDS, HIV and hepatitis viruses, adenoviruses, alphaviruses, arenaviruses, coronaviruses, flaviviruses, herpesviruses, myxoviruses, oncornaviruses, papovaviruses, paramyxoviruses, parvoviruses, picornaviruses, poxviruses, reoviruses, rhabdoviruses, rhinoviruses, togaviruses and viroids; any bacterial antigens including those of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, Bacter
  • ligands for targeting a micelle of the present disclosure are certain vitamins (i.e. folic acid, B12), steroids, prostaglandins, carbohydrates, lipids, antibiotics, drugs, digoxins, pesticides, narcotics, neuro-transmitters, and substances used or modified such that they function as ligands.
  • the targeting moiety comprises a protein or protein fragment (e.g., hormones, toxins), and synthetic or natural polypeptides with cell affinity.
  • Ligands also include various substances with selective affinity for ligators that are produced through recombinant DNA, genetic and molecular engineering. Except when stated otherwise, ligands of the instant disclosure also include ligands as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 3,817,837, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • a ligator functions as a type of targeting moiety defined for this disclosure as a specific binding body or “partner” or “receptor,” that is usually, but not necessarily, larger than the ligand it can bind to. For the purposes of this disclosure, it can be a specific substance or material or chemical or “reactant” that is capable of selective affinity binding with a specific ligand.
  • a ligator can be a protein such as an antibody, a nonprotein binding body, or a “specific reactor.”
  • a ligator When applied to this disclosure, a ligator includes an antibody, which is defined to include all classes of antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies, Fab fractions, fragments and derivatives thereof.
  • antibody encompasses an immunoglobulin whether natural or partly or wholly synthetically produced, and fragments thereof. The term also covers any protein having a binding domain that is homologous to an immunoglobulin binding domain. “Antibody” further includes a polypeptide comprising a framework region from an immunoglobulin gene or fragments thereof that specifically binds and recognizes an antigen.
  • antibody is meant to include whole antibodies, polyclonal, monoclonal and recombinant antibodies, fragments thereof, and further includes single-chain antibodies, humanized antibodies, murine antibodies, chimeric, mouse-human, mouse-primate, primate-human monoclonal antibodies, anti-idiotype antibodies, antibody fragments, such as, e.g., scFv, scFab, (scFab) 2 , (scFv) 2 , Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′) 2 , F(ab 1) 2 , Fv, dAb, and Fd fragments, diabodies, and antibody-related polypeptides.
  • Antibody includes bispecific antibodies and multispecific antibodies so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity or function.
  • the targeting moiety is an antibody or a molecule comprising an antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • the antibody is a nanobody.
  • the antibody is an ADC.
  • antibody-drug conjugate and “ADC” are used interchangeably and refer to an antibody linked, e.g., covalently, to a therapeutic agent (sometimes referred to herein as agent, drug, or active pharmaceutical ingredient) or agents.
  • the targeting moiety is an antibody-drug conjugate.
  • ligators suitable for targeting include naturally occurring receptors, any hemagglutinins and cell membrane and nuclear derivatives that bind specifically to hormones, vitamins, drugs, antibiotics, cancer markers, genetic markers, viruses, and histocompatibility markers.
  • Another group of ligators includes any RNA and DNA binding substances such as polyethylenimine (PEI) and polypeptides or proteins such as histones and protamines.
  • ligators also include enzymes, especially cell surface enzymes such as neuraminidases, plasma proteins, avidins, streptavidins, chalones, cavitands, thyroglobulin, intrinsic factor, globulins, chelators, surfactants, organometallic substances, staphylococcal protein A, protein G, ribosomes, bacteriophages, cytochromes, lectins, certain resins, and organic polymers.
  • enzymes especially cell surface enzymes such as neuraminidases, plasma proteins, avidins, streptavidins, chalones, cavitands, thyroglobulin, intrinsic factor, globulins, chelators, surfactants, organometallic substances, staphylococcal protein A, protein G, ribosomes, bacteriophages, cytochromes, lectins, certain resins, and organic polymers.
  • Targeting moieties also include various substances such as any proteins, protein fragments or polypeptides with affinity for the surface of any cells, tissues or microorganisms that are produced through recombinant DNA, genetic and molecular engineering.
  • the targeting moiety directs a micelle of the present disclosure to a specific tissue (i.e., liver tissue or brain tissue), to a specific type of cell (e.g., a certain type of cancer cells), or to a physiological compartment or physiological barrier (e.g., the BBB).
  • a cationic carrier unit disclosed herein can comprise, as shown, e.g., in FIG. 3 , one or more linkers.
  • linker refers to a peptide or polypeptide sequence (e.g., a synthetic peptide or polypeptide sequence), or a non-peptide linker for which its main function is to connect two moieties in a cationic carrier unit disclosed herein.
  • cationic carrier units of the present disclosure can comprise at least one linker connecting a tissue-specific targeting moiety (TM) with a water soluble polymer (WS), at least one linker connecting a water-soluble biopolymer (WP) with cationic carrier (CC) or an adjuvant moiety (AM), at least one linker connecting a cationic carrier (CC) with an adjuvant moiety (AM), or any combination thereof.
  • two or more linkers can be linked in tandem.
  • each of the linkers can be the same or different.
  • linkers provide flexibility to the cationic carrier unit.
  • Linkers are not typically cleaved; however, in certain aspects, such cleavage can be desirable.
  • a linker can comprise one or more protease-cleavable sites, which can be located within the sequence of the linker or flanking the linker at either end of the linker sequence.
  • the linker is a peptide linker.
  • the peptide linker can comprise at least about two, at least about three, at least about four, at least about five, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, at least about 90, at least about 95, or at least about 100 amino acids.
  • the peptide linker can comprise at least about 110, at least about 120, at least about 130, at least about 140, at least about 150, at least about 160, at least about 170, at least about 180, at least about 190, or at least about 200 amino acids.
  • the peptide linker can comprise at least about 200, at least about 250, at least about 300, at least about 350, at least about 400, at least about 450, at least about 500, at least 550, at least about 600, at least about 650, at least about 700, at least about 750, at least about 800, at least about 850, at least about 900, at least about 950, or at least about 1,000 amino acids.
  • the peptide linker can comprise between 1 and about 5 amino acids, between 1 and about 10 amino acids, between 1 and about 20 amino acids, between about 10 and about 50 amino acids, between about 50 and about 100 amino acids, between about 100 and about 200 amino acids, between about 200 and about 300 amino acids, between about 300 and about 400 amino acids, between about 400 and about 500 amino acids, between about 500 and about 600 amino acids, between about 600 and about 700 amino acids, between about 700 and about 800 amino acids, between about 800 and about 900 amino acids, or between about 900 and about 1000 amino acids.
  • the linker is a glycine/serine linker.
  • the peptide linker is glycine/serine linker according to the formula [(Gly)n-Ser]m where n is any integer from 1 to 100 and m is any integer from 1 to 100.
  • the glycine/serine linker is according to the formula [(Gly)x-Sery]z (SEQ ID NO: 1) wherein x in an integer from 1 to 4, y is 0 or 1, and z is an integers from 1 to 50.
  • the peptide linker comprises the sequence Gn, where n can be an integer from 1 to 100.
  • the sequence of the peptide linker is GGGG (SEQ ID NO: 2).
  • the peptide linker can comprise the sequence (GlyAla)n (SEQ ID NO: 3), wherein n is an integer between 1 and 100. In other aspects, the peptide linker can comprise the sequence (GlyGlySer)n (SEQ ID NO: 4), wherein n is an integer between 1 and 100.
  • the peptide linker comprises the sequence (GGGS)n (SEQ ID NO:5). In still other aspects, the peptide linker comprises the sequence (GGS)n(GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 6). In these instances, n can be an integer from 1-100. In other instances, n can be an integer from one to 20, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20.
  • linkers include, but are not limited to, GGG, SGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 7), GGSGGSGGSGGSGGG (SEQ ID NO: 8), GGSGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 9), GGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 10), or GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 11).
  • the linker is a poly-G sequence (GGGG)n (SEQ ID NO: 12), where n can be an integer from 1-100.
  • the peptide linker is synthetic, i.e., non-naturally occurring.
  • a peptide linker includes peptides (or polypeptides) (e.g., natural or non-naturally occurring peptides) which comprise an amino acid sequence that links or genetically fuses a first linear sequence of amino acids to a second linear sequence of amino acids to which it is not naturally linked or genetically fused in nature.
  • the peptide linker can comprise non-naturally occurring polypeptides which are modified forms of naturally occurring polypeptides (e.g., comprising a mutation such as an addition, substitution or deletion).
  • the peptide linker can comprise non-naturally occurring amino acids.
  • the peptide linker can comprise naturally occurring amino acids occurring in a linear sequence that does not occur in nature.
  • the peptide linker can comprise a naturally occurring polypeptide sequence.
  • the linker comprises a non-peptide linker.
  • the linker consists of a non-peptide linker.
  • the non-peptide linker can be, e.g., maleimido caproyl (MC), maleimido propanoyl (MP), methoxyl polyethyleneglycol (MPEG), succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC), m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS), succinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (SMPB), N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzonate (SIAB), succinimidyl 6-[3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionamide]hexanoate (LC-SPDP), 4-succinimidyloxycarbonyl-al
  • Linkers can be introduced into polypeptide sequences using techniques known in the art (e.g., chemical conjugation, recombinant techniques, or peptide synthesis). Modifications can be confirmed by DNA sequence analysis.
  • the linkers can be introduced using recombinant techniques.
  • the linkers can be introduced using solid phase peptide synthesis.
  • a cationic carrier unit disclosed herein can contain simultaneously one or more linkers that have been introduced using recombinant techniques and one or more linkers that have been introduced using solid phase peptide synthesis or methods of chemical conjugation known in the art.
  • the linker comprises a cleavage site.
  • Payloads contemplated in the present disclosure include but are not limited to therapeutic drugs, e.g., prodrugs, anticancer drugs, antineoplastic drugs, antifungal drugs, antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs, cardiac drugs, neurological drugs, and drugs of abuse; alkaloids, antibiotics, bioactive peptides, steroids, steroid hormones, polypeptide hormones, interferons, interleukins, narcotics, nucleic acids including antisense oligonucleotides, pesticides and prostaglandins.
  • therapeutic drugs e.g., prodrugs, anticancer drugs, antineoplastic drugs, antifungal drugs, antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs, cardiac drugs, neurological drugs, and drugs of abuse
  • alkaloids e.g., antibiotics, bioactive peptides, steroids, steroid hormones, polypeptide hormones, interferons, interleukins, narcotics, nucleic acids including antisense oligonucleotides, pest
  • Biologically active molecules also include any toxins including aflatoxins, ricins, bungarotoxins, irinotecan, ganciclovir, furosemide, indomethacin, chlorpromazine, methotrexate, cevine derivatives and analogs including veratrines, and veratridine, among others.
  • Biologically active molecules also include but are not limited to, various flavone derivatives and analogs including dihydroxyflavones (chrysins), trihydroxyflavones (apigenins), pentahydroxyflavones (morins), hexahydroxyflavones (myricetins), flavyliums, quercetins, fisetins; various antibiotics including derivatives and analogs such as penicillin derivatives (i.e. ampicillin), anthracyclines (i.e.
  • doxorubicin doxorubicin, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone), butoconazole, camptothecin, chalcomycin, chartreusin, chrysomicins (V and M), chloramphenicol, chlorotetracyclines, clomocyclines, cyclosporins, ellipticines, filipins, fungichromins, griseofulvin, griseoviridin, guamecyclines, macrolides (i.e.
  • amphotericins i.e., kacidin-group antibiotics (i.e., kacidin-group antibiotics).
  • meso-chlorin e6 monoethylenediamine Mce6
  • various steroidal compounds such as cortisones, estradiols, hydrocortisone, testosterones, prednisolones, progesterones, dexamethasones, beclomethasones and other methasone derivatives, other steroid derivatives and analogs including cholesterols, digitoxins, digoxins, digoxigenins; various coumarin derivatives and analogs including dihydroxycoumarins (esculetins), dicumarols, chrysarobins, chrysophanic acids, emodins, secalonic acids; various dopas, derivatives and analogs including dopas, dopamines, epinephrines, and norepinephrines (arterenols); various antineoplastic agents or cell growth inhibitors such as cisplatins and
  • Other biologically active molecules include, but are not limited to, diphenyl hydantoin, adiphenine, anethole, aspirin, azopropazone, bencyclane, chloralhydrate, chlorambucil, chlorpromazine, chlorogenin, cinnamic acid, clofibrate, coenzyme A, cyclohexyl anthranilate, diazepam, flufenamic acid, fluocinolone acetonide, flurbiprofen, guaiazulene, ibuprofen, indican, indomethacin, iodine, ketoprofen, mefanamic acid, menadione, metronidazole, nitrazepam, phenytoin, propylparaben, proscillaridin, quinolone, thalidomide, thiamine dilaurylsulphate, thiopental, triamcinolone, vitamins A
  • anti-viral drugs nucleic acids and other anti-viral substances including those against any DNA and RNA viruses, AIDS, HIV and hepatitis viruses, adenoviruses, alphaviruses, arenaviruses, coronaviruses, flaviviruses, herpesviruses, myxoviruses, oncornaviruses, papovaviruses, paramyxoviruses, parvoviruses, picomaviruses, poxviruses, reoviruses, thabdoviruses, rhinoviruses, togaviruses and viriods; any anti-bacterial drugs, nucleic acids and other anti-bacterial substances including those against gram-negative and grampositive bacteria, Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Chlamydia , enterobacteria, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus ,
  • the biologically active molecule is a nucleic acid, e.g., an RNA or a DNA.
  • Nucleic acid active agents suitable for delivery using the micelles of the present disclosure include all types of RNA and all types of DNA, including also oligonucleotides such as probes and primers used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybridizations, or DNA sequencing.
  • the nucleic acid comprises mRNA, miRNA, miRNA sponge, tough decoy miRNA (TD), antimir (antagomir), small RNA, rRNA, siRNA, shRNA, gDNA, cDNA, pDNA, PNA, BNA, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), aptamer, cyclic dinucleotide, or any combination thereof.
  • the biologically active molecule comprises a short interfering RNA (siRNA), which is a double-stranded RNA that can induce sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing, thereby decreasing or even inhibiting gene expression.
  • siRNAs can trigger the specific degradation of homologous RNA molecules, such as mRNAs, within the region of sequence identity between both the siRNA and the target RNA.
  • mRNAs homologous RNA molecules
  • Non limiting exemplary siRNAs are disclosed in WO 02/44321, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the biologically active molecule (payload) comprises a short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). In some aspects, the biologically active molecule comprises an miRNA or a miRNA inhibitor (antimiR). In some aspects, the biologically active molecule (payload) can be 10-30 nucleotides in length, for example from 14-25 nucleotides in length. In some aspects, the biologically active molecule (payload) has a length of 16-30 nucleotides, 18-25 nucleotides, particularly 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.
  • Sequences for miRNAs are available publicly, for example, through the miRBase registry (Griffiths-Jones, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 36(Database Issue):D154-D158 (2008); Griffiths-Jones, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 36(Database Issue):D140-D144 (2008); Griffiths-Jones, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 36(Database Issue):D109-D111 (2008)) and other publically accessible databases.
  • the miRNA inhibitors are oligomers or polymers of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or modifications thereof.
  • the miRNA antagonists are antimir.
  • Antimirs are a specific class of miRNA inhibitors that are described, for example, in US2007/0213292 to Stoffel et al.
  • Antimirs are RNA-like oligonucleotides that contain various modifications for RNase protection and pharmacologic properties such as enhanced tissue and cellular uptake. Antimirs differ from normal RNA by having complete 2′-O-methylation of sugar, phosphorothioate backbone and a cholesterol-moiety at 3′-end.
  • Non limiting examples of antimirs and other miRNA inhibitors are described in WO2009/020771, WO2008/091703, WO2008/046911, WO2008/074328, WO2007/090073, WO2007/027775, WO2007/027894, WO2007/021896, WO2006/093526, WO2006/112872, WO2007/112753, WO2007/112754, WO2005/023986, or WO2005/013901, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the nucleic acids are phosphodiester antisense oligonucleotides, and any oligonucleotides where the sugar-phosphate “backbone” has been derivatized or replaced with “backbone analogues” such as with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoroamidate, alkyl phosphotriester, or methylphosphonate linkages.
  • the nucleic acids active agents are antisense oligonucleotides, and any oligonucleotides or oligodeoxynucleotides with non-phosphorous backbone analogues such as sulfamate, 3′-thioformacetal, methylene(methylimino) (MMI), 3′-N-carbamate, or morpholino carbamate.
  • non-phosphorous backbone analogues such as sulfamate, 3′-thioformacetal, methylene(methylimino) (MMI), 3′-N-carbamate, or morpholino carbamate.
  • the biologically active molecule is an antimir.
  • antimir refers to molecules (e.g., synthetically generated molecules) that are used to neutralize microRNA (miRNA) function in cells for desired responses. miRNA are complementary sequences (approx. 20-22 bp) to mRNA that are involved in the cleavage of RNA or the suppression of the translation.
  • antimirs also called anti-miRNA oligonucleotides, AMOs, or antagomirs
  • AMOs anti-miRNA oligonucleotides
  • antagomirs can be used as further regulation as well as for therapeutic for certain cellular disorders. This regulation can occur through a steric blocking mechanism as well as hybridization to miRNA.
  • These interactions within the body between antimirs and a miRNA can be for therapeutics in disorders in which over/under expression occurs or aberrations in miRNA lead to coding issues.
  • Some of the miRNA linked disorders that are encountered in the humans include cancers, muscular diseases, autoimmune disorders, and viruses.
  • antimirs can be manipulated to affect the binding affinity and potency of the antimir.
  • the 2′-sugar of the antimirs can be modified to be substituted with fluorine and various methyl groups, almost all with an increase in binding affinity.
  • some of these modified 2′-sugar antimirs lead to negative effects on cell growth.
  • Modifying the 5′-3′ phosphodiester backbone linkage to a phosphorothioate (P-S) backbone linkage is also known to have an effect on target affinity. Using the P-S mutation was shown to decrease the Tm of the oligonucleotide, which leads to a lower target affinity.
  • a final requirement for antimirs is mismatch specificity and length restrictions.
  • the payload is a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having 5 to 30 nucleotides in length.
  • the polynucleotide has 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides in length.
  • the nucleotide sequence has 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides in length.
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence targeting hsa-miR-485, e.g., hsa-miR-485-3p.
  • the hsa-miR-485-3p has the sequence GUCAUACACGGCUCUCCUCUCU (SEQ ID NO: 17).
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of AGAGAGGAGAGCCGUGUAUGAC (SEQ ID NO: 18), wherein U can be optionally T.
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of AGAGAGGAGAGCCGUGUAUGAC (SEQ ID NO: 18), wherein the nucleotide sequence has one mismatch, two mismatches, three mismatches, or four mismatches.
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of AGAGAGGAGAGCCGUGUAUGAC (SEQ ID NO: 18), wherein the nucleotide sequence has one or two mismatches.
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence targeting the seed sequence of has-miR-485-3p ( UCAUACA; SEQ ID NO : 19).
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence comprising UCAUACA ( SEQ ID NO : 19), wherein U can be optionally T (complement of the seed), wherein the nucleotide sequence is about 10 nucleotides to 30 nucleotides (e.g., 10 to 25, 10 to 24, 10 to 23, 10 to 22, 10 to 21, 10 to 20, 10 to 19, or 10 to 18) in length.
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence comprising UGUAUGA ( SEQ ID NO : 20), wherein U can be optionally T (complement of the seed), wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises one, two three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleic acids at the 5′ terminus of the complement of the seed sequence and/or one, two three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleic acids at the 3′ terminus of the complement of the seed sequence.
  • the payload is a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: 5′-UGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 23), 5′-GUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 24), 5′-CGUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 25), 5′-CCGUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 26), 5′-GCCGUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 27), 5′-AGCCGUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 28), 5′-GAGCCGUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 29), 5′-AGAGCCGUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 30), 5′-GAGAGCCGUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 31), 5′-GGAGAGCCGUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32), 5′-AGGAGAGCCGUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33), 5′-GAGGAGAGCCGUGUAUGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:
  • the payload is a nucleotide sequence comprising 5′-TGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 51), 5′-GTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 52), 5′-CGTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 53), 5′-CCGTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 54), 5′-GCCGTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 55), 5′-AGCCGTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 56), 5′-GAGCCGTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 57), 5′-AGAGCCGTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 58), 5′-GAGAGCCGTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 59), 5′-GGAGAGCCGTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 60), 5′-AGGAGAGCCGTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 61), 5′-GAGGAGAGCCGTGTATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 61), 5
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence targeting hsa-miR-204, e.g., has-miR-204-5p.
  • the has-miR-204-5p is shown at TABLE 1 as UUCCCUUUGUCAUCCUAUGCCU (SEQ ID NO: 13).
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of AGGCAUAGGAUGACAAAGGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 15), wherein U can be optionally T.
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of AGGCAUAGGAUGACAAAGGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 15), wherein U can be optionally T and wherein the nucleotide sequence has one mismatch, two mismatches, three mismatches, or four mismatches.
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of AGGCAUAGGAUGACAAAGGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 15), wherein U can be optionally T and wherein the nucleotide sequence has one or two mismatches.
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence targeting the seed sequence of has-miR-204-5p ( UCCCUUU ; SEQ ID NO: 21).
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence comprising AAAGGGA ( SEQ ID NO : 22) (complement of the seed), wherein U can be optionally T and wherein the nucleotide sequence is about 10 nucleotides to 30 nucleotides (e.g., 10 to 25, 10 to 24, 10 to 23, 10 to 22, 10 to 21, 10 to 20, 10 to 19, or 10 to 18) in length.
  • the payload (e.g., antimir) is a nucleotide sequence comprising AAAGGGA ( SEQ ID NO : 22) (complement to the seed), wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises one, two three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleic acids at the 5′ terminus of the complement of the seed sequence and/or one, two three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleic acids at the 3′ terminus of the complement of the seed sequence.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprises one, two three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleic acids at the 5′ terminus of the complement of the seed sequence and/or one, two three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleic acids at the 3′ terminus
  • nucleoside refers to a compound containing a sugar molecule (e.g., a pentose or ribose) or a derivative thereof in combination with an organic base (e.g., a purine or pyrimidine) or a derivative thereof (also referred to herein as “nucleobase”).
  • an organic base e.g., a purine or pyrimidine
  • nucleobase also referred to herein as “nucleobase”.
  • nucleotide refers to a nucleoside including a phosphate group.
  • Modified nucleotides can be synthesized by any useful method, such as, for example, chemically, enzymatically, or recombinantly, to include one or more modified or non-natural nucleosides.
  • Polynucleotides can comprise a region or regions of linked nucleosides. Such regions can have variable backbone linkages.
  • the linkages can be standard phosphodiester linkages, in which case the polynucleotides would comprise regions of nucleotides.
  • modified polynucleotides disclosed herein can comprise various distinct modifications.
  • the modified polynucleotides contain one, two, or more (optionally different) nucleoside or nucleotide modifications.
  • a modified polynucleotide can exhibit one or more desirable properties, e.g., improved thermal or chemical stability, reduced immunogenicity, reduced degradation, increased binding to the target microRNA, reduced non-specific binding to other microRNA or other molecules, as compared to an unmodified polynucleotide.
  • a polynucleotide of the present disclosure can have a uniform chemical modification of all or any of the same nucleoside type or a population of modifications produced by downward titration of the same starting modification in all or any of the same nucleoside type, or a measured percent of a chemical modification of all any of the same nucleoside type but with random incorporation
  • the polynucleotide of the present disclosure e.g., an antimir
  • Modified nucleotide base pairing encompasses not only the standard adenine-thymine, adenine-uracil, or guanine-cytosine base pairs, but also base pairs formed between nucleotides and/or modified nucleotides comprising non-standard or modified bases, wherein the arrangement of hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors permits hydrogen bonding between a non-standard base and a standard base or between two complementary non-standard base structures.
  • non-standard base pairing is the base pairing between the modified nucleobase inosine and adenine, cytosine, or uracil. Any combination of base/sugar or linker can be incorporated into polynucleotides of the present disclosure.
  • TD's of the present disclosure can be administered as RNAs, as DNAs, or as hybrid molecules comprising both RNA and DNA units.
  • the polynucleotide (e.g., an antimir, e.g., an miR485 antimir) includes a combination of at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18, 20 or more) modified nucleobases.
  • the nucleobases, sugar, backbone linkages, or any combination thereof in a polynucleotide are modified by at least about 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99% or 100%.
  • an antimir e.g., an miR485 antimir
  • the chemical modification is at nucleobases in a polynucleotide of the present disclosure (e.g., an antimir, e.g., an miR485 antimir).
  • the at least one chemically modified nucleoside is a modified uridine (e.g., pseudouridine (w), 2-thiouridine (s2U), 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1 ⁇ ), 1-ethyl-pseudouridine (e1 ⁇ ), or 5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U)), a modified cytosine (e.g., 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C)) a modified adenosine (e.g, 1-methyl-adenosine (m1A), N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A), or 2-methyl-adenine (m2A)), a modified guanosine (e.g., 7-methyl-guanosine (m7G) or 1-methyl-methyl-uridine (
  • the polynucleotide of the present disclosure e.g., an antimir, e.g., an miR485 antimir
  • an antimir e.g., an miR485 antimir
  • a polynucleotide can be uniformly modified with the same type of base modification, e.g., 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), meaning that all cytosine residues in the polynucleotide sequence are replaced with 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C).
  • m5C 5-methyl-cytidine
  • a polynucleotide can be uniformly modified for any type of nucleoside residue present in the sequence by replacement with a modified nucleoside such as any of those set forth above.
  • the polynucleotide of the present disclosure (e.g., an antimir, e.g., an miR485 antimir) includes a combination of at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more) of modified nucleobases.
  • a type of nucleobases in a polynucleotide of the present disclosure e.g., an antimir, e.g., an miR485 antimir
  • the payload can comprise a “polynucleotide of the present disclosure” (for example comprising an antimir, e.g., an miR485 antimir), wherein the polynucleotide includes any useful modification to the linkages between the nucleosides.
  • a polynucleotide of the present disclosure for example comprising an antimir, e.g., an miR485 antimir, wherein the polynucleotide includes any useful modification to the linkages between the nucleosides.
  • Such linkages, including backbone modifications, that are useful in the composition of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to the following: 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 3′-amino phosphoramidate, alkene containing backbones, aminoalkylphosphoramidates, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, boranophosphates, —CH 2 —O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NH—CH 2 —, chiral phosphonates, chiral phosphorothioates, formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones, methylene (methylimino), methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones, methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones, morpholino linkages, —N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —CH 2 —, oli
  • the presence of a backbone linkage disclosed above increase the stability (e.g., thermal stability) and/or resistance to degradation (e.g., enzyme degradation) of a polynucleotide of the present disclosure (e.g., an antimir, e.g., an miR485 antimir).
  • a polynucleotide of the present disclosure e.g., an antimir, e.g., an miR485 antimir.
  • the stability and/or resistance to degradation increases by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100% in the modified polynucleotide compared to a corresponding polynucleotide without the modification (reference or control polynucleotide)
  • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 backbone linkages in a polynucleotide of the present disclosure are modified (e.g., phosphorothioate).
  • the backbone comprises linkages selected from the group consisting of phosphodiester linkage, phosphotriesters linkage, methylphosphonate linkage, phosphoramidate linkage, phosphorothioate linkage, and combinations thereof
  • the modified nucleosides and nucleotides which can be incorporated into a polynucleotide of the present disclosure can be modified on the sugar of the nucleic acid.
  • the payload comprises a nucleic acid, wherein the nucleic comprises at least one nucleoside analog (e.g., a nucleoside with a sugar modification).
  • the sugar modification increases the affinity of the binding of a polynucleotide to its target miRNA.
  • Incorporating affinity-enhancing nucleotide analogues in the polynucleotide, such as LNA or 2′-substituted sugars can allow the length of polynucleotide to be reduced, and also may reduce the upper limit of the size a polynucleotide before non-specific or aberrant binding takes place.
  • At least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% of the nucleotides in a polynucleotide of the present disclosure e.g., an antimir, e.g., an miR485 antimir
  • sugar modifications e.g., LNA
  • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 nucleotide units in a polynucleotide of the present disclosure are sugar modified (e.g., LNA).
  • RNA includes the sugar group ribose, which is a 5-membered ring having an oxygen.
  • modified nucleotides include replacement of the oxygen in ribose (e.g., with S, Se, or alkylene, such as methylene or ethylene); addition of a double bond (e.g., to replace ribose with cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl); ring contraction of ribose (e.g., to form a 4-membered ring of cyclobutane or oxetane); ring expansion of ribose (e.g., to form a 6- or 7-membered ring having an additional carbon or heteroatom, such as for anhydrohexitol, altritol, mannitol, cyclohexanyl, cyclohexenyl, and morpholino that also has a phosphoramidate backbone); multicyclic forms (e.
  • the sugar group can also contain one or more carbons that possess the opposite stereochemical configuration than that of the corresponding carbon in ribose.
  • a polynucleotide molecule can include nucleotides containing, e.g., arabinose, as the sugar.
  • the 2′ hydroxyl group (OH) of ribose can be modified or replaced with a number of different substituents.
  • exemplary substitutions at the 2′-position include, but are not limited to, H, halo, optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl; optionally substituted C 1-6 alkoxy; optionally substituted C 6-10 aryloxy; optionally substituted C 3-8 cycloalkyl; optionally substituted C 3-8 cycloalkoxy; optionally substituted C 6-10 aryloxy; optionally substituted C 6-10 aryl-C 1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C 1-12 (heterocyclyl)oxy; a sugar (e.g., ribose, pentose, or any described herein); a polyethyleneglycol (PEG), —O(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OR, where R is H or optionally substituted alkyl, and n is an integer from 0 to 20 (e.g., from 0
  • nucleoside analogues present in a polynucleotide of the present disclosure comprise, e.g., 2′-O-alkyl-RNA units, 2′-OMe-RNA units, 2′-O-alkyl-SNA, 2′-amino-DNA units, 2′-fluoro-DNA units, LNA units, arabino nucleic acid (ANA) units, 2′-fluoro-ANA units, HNA units, INA (intercalating nucleic acid) units, 2′MOE units, or any combination thereof.
  • an antimir e.g., an miR485 antimir
  • the LNA is, e.g., oxy-LNA (such as beta-D-oxy-LNA, or alpha-L-oxy-LNA), amino-LNA (such as beta-D-amino-LNA or alpha-L-amino-LNA), thio-LNA (such as beta-D-thio0-LNA or alpha-L-thio-LNA), ENA (such a beta-D-ENA or alpha-L-ENA), or any combination thereof.
  • oxy-LNA such as beta-D-oxy-LNA, or alpha-L-oxy-LNA
  • amino-LNA such as beta-D-amino-LNA or alpha-L-amino-LNA
  • thio-LNA such as beta-D-thio0-LNA or alpha-L-thio-LNA
  • ENA such a beta-D-ENA or alpha-L-ENA
  • nucleoside analogs present in a polynucleotide of the present disclosure comprise Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA); 2′-O-alkyl-RNA; 2′-amino-DNA; 2′-fluoro-DNA; arabino nucleic acid (ANA); 2′-fluoro-ANA, hexitol nucleic acid (HNA), intercalating nucleic acid (INA), constrained ethyl nucleoside (cEt), 2′-O-methyl nucleic acid (2′-OMe), 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleic acid (2′-MOE), or any combination thereof.
  • LNA Locked Nucleic Acid
  • 2′-O-alkyl-RNA 2′-amino-DNA
  • 2′-fluoro-DNA arabino nucleic acid
  • ANA arabino nucleic acid
  • 2′-fluoro-ANA hexitol nucleic acid
  • INA intercalating nucleic acid
  • a polynucleotide of the present disclosure can comprise both modified RNA nucleotide analogues (e.g., LNA) and DNA units.
  • a polynucleotide of the present disclosure is a gapmer. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,404,649; 8,580,756; 8,163,708; 9,034,837; all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
  • a polynucleotide of the present disclosure is a micromir. See U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20180201928, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the present disclosure also provides micelles comprising the cationic carrier units of the present disclosure.
  • the micelles of the present disclosure comprise cationic carriers unit of the present disclosure and negatively charged payload, wherein the negatively charged payload and the cationic carrier unit are associate with each other.
  • the association is comprises a covalent bond (see FIG. 1 ).
  • the association does not comprise a covalent bond (see FIG. 1 ).
  • the association is via an ionic bond, i.e., via electrostatic interaction.
  • the negatively charged payload (e.g., a DNA and/or RNA) is not conjugated to the cationic carrier unit by a covalent bond and/or the negatively charged payload interacts with the cationic carrier moiety of the cationic carrier unit only via an ionic interaction.
  • the cationic carrier units and micelles of the present disclosure protect the payload (e.g., a DNA and/or RNA) from degradation (e.g., by a DNase and/or an RNase).
  • the cationic carrier unit is capable of protecting the payload through electrostatic interaction.
  • the micelle sequesters the payload to the core of the micelle, i.e., out of the reach of DNases and/or an RNases.
  • the protection of the payload from circulating enzymes e.g., nucleases
  • encapsulation of the payload in a micelle of the present disclosure can increase the plasma half-life of the payload at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 10-fold, at least about 11-fold, at least about 12-fold, at least about 13-fold, at least about 14-fold, at least about 15-fold, at least about 16-fold, at least about 17-fold, at least about 18-fold, at least about 19-fold, at least about 20-fold, at least about 21-fold, at least about 22-fold, at least about 23-fold, at least about 24-fold, at least about 25-fold, at least about 26-fold, at least about 27-fold, at least about 28-fold, at least about 29-fold, or at least about 30-fold compared to the free payload.
  • the positive charge of the cationic carrier unit, and in particular the charge of the cationic carrier moiety is sufficient to form a micelle when mixed with a negatively charged payload (e.g., a nucleic acid) in a solution, wherein the overall ionic ratio between the cationic carrier unit, in particular its cationic carrier moiety, and the negatively charged payload (e.g., a nucleic acid) is about 1:1.
  • the overall ionic ratio between the cationic carrier unit, in particular its cationic carrier moiety, and the negatively charged payload (e.g., a nucleic acid) is higher than 1:1, i.e., an excess of cationic carrier unit is used.
  • the overall ionic ratio between the cationic carrier unit, in particular its cationic carrier moiety, and the negatively charged payload is lower than 1:1, i.e., an excess of negatively change payload is used.
  • the complexes formed between the cationic carrier units of the present disclosure and payload e.g., an antisense oligonucleotides such as an antimir
  • payload e.g., an antisense oligonucleotides such as an antimir
  • a micelle is a water soluble or colloidal structure or aggregate composed of one or more amphiphilic molecules.
  • Amphiphilic molecules are those that contain at least one hydrophilic (polar) moiety and at least one hydrophobic (nonpolar) moiety.
  • “Classic micelles” have a single, central and primarily hydrophobic zone or “core” surrounded by a hydrophilic layer or “shell.” In aqueous solution, the micelle forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic “head” regions of the amphiphilic molecule in contact with the surrounding solvent, sequestering the hydrophobic single-tail regions of the amphiphilic molecule in the micelle core.
  • Micelles are approximately spherical in shape.
  • micelles of the present disclosure encompasses not only classic micelles but also small particles, small micelles, micelles, rod-like structures, or polymersomes.
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can be composed of either a single monomolecular polymer containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties or an aggregate mixture containing many amphiphilic (i.e. surfactant) molecules formed at or above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), in a polar (i.e. aqueous) solution.
  • the micelle is self-assembled from one or more amphiphilic molecules where the moieties are oriented to provide a primarily hydrophobic interior core and a primarily hydrophilic exterior.
  • Micelles of the present disclosure can range in size from 5 to about 2000 nanometers.
  • the diameter of the micelle is between about 10 nm and about 200 nm.
  • the diameter of the micelle is between about 1 nm and about 100 nm, between about 10 nm and about 100 nm, between about 10 nm and about 90 nm, between about 10 nm and about 80 nm, between about 10 nm and about 70 nm, between about 20 nm and about 100 nm, between about 20 nm and about 90 nm, between about 20 nm and about 80 nm, between about 20 nm and about 70 nm, between about 30 nm and about 100 nm, between about 30 nm and about 90 nm, between about 30 nm and about 80 nm, between about 30 nm and about 70 nm, between about 40 nm and about 100 nm, between about 40 nm and about 90 nm, between about 40 nm and about 100
  • the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is between about 30 nm and about 60 nm. In some aspects, the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is between about 15 nm and about 90 nm. In some aspects, the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is between about 15 nm and about 80 nm. In some aspects, the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is between about 15 nm and about 70 nm. In some aspects, the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is between about 15 nm and about 60 nm. In some aspects, the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is between about 15 nm and about 50 nm.
  • the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is between about 20 nm and about 60 nm. In some aspects, the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is between about 20 nm and about 50 nm. In some aspects, the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is between about 20 nm and about 40 nm. In some aspects, the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is between about 25 nm and about 35 nm. In some aspects, the diameter of the micelles of the present disclosure is about 32 nm. An exemplary distribution of micelles sizes is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the micelle can comprise a single type of antimir, e.g., miR485 antimir. In other aspects, the micelle can comprise more than one type antimir, e.g., (i) antimir with different architectures targeting the same miRNA; (ii) antimir with different architectures targeting different miRNAs; (iii) antimir with the same architecture targeting the same miRNA; or, (iv) combinations thereof.
  • the micelles of the present disclosure comprise a single type of cationic carrier unit. In other aspects, the micelles of the present disclosure comprise more than one type of cationic carrier unit (e.g., targeting different receptor on the surface of a target cell). In some aspects, micelles of the present disclosure can comprise cationic carrier units with different targeting moieties, different cationic carrier moieties (e.g., to accommodate different payloads), and/or different adjuvant units.
  • a micelle of the present disclosure can comprise a cationic (or an anionic) carrier unit linked to a targeting moiety and a cationic (or an anionic) carrier unit not linked to a targeting moiety.
  • a micelle comprises about 50 to about 200 cationic or anionic carrier units.
  • a micelle comprises about 50 to about 150, about 50 to about 140, about 50 to about 130, about 50 to about 120, about 50 to about 110, or about 50 to about 100 cationic or anionic carrier units.
  • a micelle comprises about 60 to about 200 cationic or anionic carrier units. In other aspects, a micelle comprises about 60 to about 150, about 60 to about 140, about 60 to about 130, about 60 to about 120, about 60 to about 110, about 60 to about 100, about 60 to about 90, about 60 to about 80, or about 60 to about 70 cationic or anionic carrier units. In some aspects, a micelle comprises about 70 to about 200 cationic or anionic carrier units. In other aspects, a micelle comprises about 70 to about 150, about 70 to about 140, about 70 to about 130, about 70 to about 120, about 70 to about 110, about 70 to about 100, about 70 to about 90, or about 70 to about 80 cationic or anionic carrier units.
  • a micelle comprises about 80 to about 200 cationic or anionic carrier units. In other aspects, a micelle comprises about 80 to about 150, about 80 to about 140, about 80 to about 130, about 80 to about 120, about 80 to about 110, about 80 to about 100, or about 80 to about 90 cationic or anionic carrier units. In some aspects, a micelle comprises about 90 to about 200 cationic or anionic carrier units. In other aspects, a micelle comprises about 90 to about 150, about 90 to about 140, about 90 to about 130, about 90 to about 120, about 90 to about 110, or about 90 to about 100 cationic or anionic carrier units. In some aspects, a micelle comprises about 100 to about 200 cationic or anionic carrier units. In other aspects, a micelle comprises about 100 to about 150, about 100 to about 140, about 100 to about 130, about 100 to about 120, about 100 to about 110, or about 100 to about 100 cationic or anionic carrier units.
  • the present disclosure also includes a micelle comprising (i) a nucleotide sequence (e.g., an oligonucleotide about 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 nucleotides in length) and (ii) a cationic carrier unit described herein.
  • a nucleotide sequence e.g., an oligonucleotide about 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 nucleotides in length
  • a cationic carrier unit described herein described herein.
  • the disclosure is directed to a micelle comprising (i) a nucleotide sequence, e.g., miRNA, or a miRNA inhibitor (e.g., an oligonucleotide about 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 nucleotides in length), and (ii) about 80 to about 120 (e.g., about 85 to about 115, about 90 to about 110, about 95 to about 105) cationic carrier units described herein, e.g., TM-WP-CC-AM, WP-CC-AM, or a combination thereof (see FIG. 3 ).
  • a nucleotide sequence e.g., miRNA, or a miRNA inhibitor
  • about 80 to about 120 e.g., about 85 to about 115, about 90 to about 110, about 95 to about 105
  • cationic carrier units described herein e.g., TM-WP-CC-AM, WP-CC-AM, or a combination thereof (see FIG. 3
  • the micelle comprises (i) a nucleotide sequence, e.g., miRNA, or a miRNA inhibitor (e.g., an oligonucleotide about 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 nucleotides in length), and (ii) about 80 to about 120 (e.g., about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 105, or about 110) of a cationic carrier unit described herein, e.g., optional TM-WP-CC-AM (see FIG. 3 ).
  • a nucleotide sequence e.g., miRNA
  • a miRNA inhibitor e.g., an oligonucleotide about 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 nucleotides in length
  • about 80 to about 120 e.g., about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 105, or about 110
  • a cationic carrier unit described herein e.g.
  • the micelle comprises (i) a nucleotide sequence, e.g., miRNA, or a miRNA inhibitor (e.g., an oligonucleotide about 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 nucleotides in length), and (ii) about 90 to about 110, e.g., about 100, cationic carrier units, wherein (a) about 45 to about 55, e.g., about 50 of the cationic carrier units comprise TM-WP-CC-AM and (b) about 45 to about 55, e.g., about 50 of the cationic carrier units comprise WP-CC-CM, wherein TM is phenyl alanine, WP is (PEG) 5000 , and CC is about 40 to about 50 lysines, e.g., about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, or about 50 lysines, and wherein each of about 5 to about 15 of lysines, about 10 lys
  • a micelle of the present disclosure comprises (i) a nucleotide sequence, e.g., a miR485-3p inhibitor, e.g., 5′-AGAGAGGAGAGCCGUGUAUGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:18), and (ii) about 100 cationic carrier units, wherein (a) about 50 of the cationic carrier units comprise TM-WP-CC-AM and (b) about 50 of the cationic carrier units comprise WP-CC-CM, wherein TM is phenyl alanine, WP is (PEG) 5000 , and CC is about 47 lysines, and wherein each of about 10 lysines is fused to Vitamin B3 (nicotinamide).
  • a nucleotide sequence e.g., a miR485-3p inhibitor, e.g., 5′-AGAGAGGAGAGCCGUGUAUGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:18)
  • about 100 cationic carrier units wherein (
  • the micelle can comprise a single payload (e.g., a single oligonucleotide, e.g., an antimir). In other aspects, the micelle can comprise more than one payload (e.g., multiple oligonucleotides, e.g., multiple antimirs).
  • the present disclosure also provides methods of making the cationic carrier units and micelles of the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a cationic carrier unit of the present disclosure comprising synthesizing the cationic carrier unit as described, e.g., in the Examples section.
  • the term “synthesizing” refers the assembling the cationic carrier unit using methods known in the art.
  • protein components e.g., an antibody targeting moiety
  • each one of the components of the cationic carrier unit can be prepared using methods known in the art, e.g., recombinant protein production, solid phase peptide or nucleic acid synthesis, chemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis, or any combination thereof, and the resulting component can be conjugated using chemical and/or enzymatic methods known in the art.
  • the cationic carrier units of the present disclosure can be purified to remove contaminants.
  • the cationic carrier unit comprises a uniform population of cationic carrier units.
  • the cationic carrier unit can comprise multiple species (e.g., some of them comprising a targeting moiety, and some comprising the remaining moieties but without a targeting moiety).
  • the manufacture of the cationic carrier units of the present disclosure comprise lyophilization or any other form of dry storage suitable for reconstitution.
  • the preparation of the cationic carrier unit in a dry form takes place after combination of the cationic carrier units with the payload (e.g., a nucleic acid).
  • the method of preparing a micelle of the present disclosure comprises mixing the cationic carrier unit with the negatively charged payload (e.g., a nucleic acid such an antisense oligonucleotide, e.g., an antimir) at an ionic ratio of 1:1.
  • the cationic carrier unit and the negatively charged payload are combined in solution.
  • the resulting solution is lyophilized or dried.
  • the combination of the cationic carrier and the negative charged payload is conducted in dry form.
  • the ratio of number n of monomer units in the water-soluble polymer (A, e.g., PEG) to the number m of monomer units (e.g., lysines) in the cationic carrier moiety (B, e.g., poly lysine), wherein the number of units n or m in each case can be up to 1,000 units affects the size and shape of the resulting micelles.
  • A water-soluble polymer
  • B e.g., poly lysine
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can be generation using any of the techniques known in the art, for example, vortexing, extrusion, or sonication.
  • the formation of micelles depends on applying conditions that are above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of a solution comprising the cationic carrier units of the present disclosure. After they reach a certain value of concentration, surfactants begin to associate and to organize themselves into more complex units, such as micelles.
  • CMC critical micelle concentration
  • the CMC of a solution comprising the cationic carriers of the present disclosure can be determined by any physical property (e.g., surface tension) that shows a distinct transition around the CMC.
  • the well-known Smith-Ewart theory predicts that the number of particles nucleated leading to the formation of micelles above the CMC is proportional to the surfactant (in the present disclosure, the cationic carrier units complexed or associated to the anionic payload) concentration to the 0.6 power. This is so because for a given surfactant the number of micelles formed generally increases with an increase in the surfactant concentration.
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can be purified, e.g., to remove contaminants and/or to generate an uniform population of micelles (e.g., micelles having the same size, or micelles having the same payload or the same targeting moiety).
  • the present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising cationic carrier units and/or micelles of the present disclosure (i.e., micelles comprising cationic carrier units of the present disclosure) that are suitable for administration to a subject.
  • micelles of the present disclosure can be homogeneous (i.e., all micelles comprises the same type of cationic carrier unit, with the same targeting moiety and the same payload).
  • the micelles can comprise multiple targeting moieties, multiple payloads, etc.
  • compositions generally comprise a cationic carrier unit and/or micelle of the present disclosure and a pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient or carrier in a form suitable for administration to a subject.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers are determined in part by the particular composition being administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition.
  • compositions comprising micelles of the present disclosure
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are generally formulated sterile and in full compliance with all Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  • GMP Good Manufacturing Practice
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more micelles described herein.
  • the micelles described herein are co-administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising the micelles described herein is administered prior to administration of the additional therapeutic agent(s).
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising the micelles described herein is administered after the administration of the additional therapeutic agent(s).
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising the micelles described herein is administered concurrently with the additional therapeutic agent(s).
  • the pharmaceutical carrier is added following micelle formation. In other aspects, the pharmaceutical carrier is added before micelle formation.
  • Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients (e.g., animals or humans) at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine,
  • carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin.
  • carrier or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin.
  • the use of such media and compounds for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or compound is incompatible with the cationic carrier units or micelles disclosed herein, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated.
  • Supplementary therapeutic agents can also be incorporated into the compositions of the present disclosure.
  • a pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
  • the micelles described herein can be administered by parenteral, topical, intravenous, oral, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, intradermal, transdermal, rectal, intracranial, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intratumoral, intramuscular route or as inhalants.
  • the pharmaceutical composition micelles described herein is administered intravenously, e.g. by injection.
  • the micelles described herein can optionally be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents that are at least partly effective in treating the disease, disorder or condition for which the micelles described herein are intended.
  • Solutions or suspensions can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial compounds such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfate; chelating compounds such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and compounds for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • the pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
  • the preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (if water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders.
  • suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor ELTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the composition is generally sterile and fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, e.g., water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, e.g., by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal compounds, e.g., parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic compounds e.g., sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, and sodium chloride can be added to the composition.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition a compound which delays absorption, e.g., aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • compositions of the present disclosure can be sterilized by conventional, well known sterilization techniques.
  • Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use or filtered under aseptic conditions and lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous solution prior to administration.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the micelles described herein in an effective amount and in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated herein, as desired.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the micelles described herein into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and any desired other ingredients.
  • methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • the micelles described herein can be administered in the form of a depot injection or implant preparation which can be formulated in such a manner to permit a sustained or pulsatile release of the micelles described herein.
  • compositions comprising micelles described herein can also be by transmucosal means.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
  • penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, e.g., for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives.
  • Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of, e.g., nasal sprays.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising micelles described herein is administered intravenously into a subject that would benefit from the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the composition is administered to the lymphatic system, e.g., by intralymphatic injection or by intranodal injection (see e.g., Senti et al., PNAS 105(46): 17908 (2008)), or by intramuscular injection, by subcutaneous administration, by intratumoral injection, by direct injection into the thymus, or into the liver.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising micelles described herein is administered as a liquid suspension.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a formulation that is capable of forming a depot following administration.
  • the depot slowly releases the micelles described herein into circulation, or remains in depot form.
  • compositions are highly purified to be free of contaminants, are biocompatible and not toxic, and are suited to administration to a subject. If water is a constituent of the carrier, the water is highly purified and processed to be free of contaminants, e.g., endotoxins.
  • the pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier can be lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, gelatin, calcium silicate, micro-crystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, methyl cellulose, methylhydroxy benzoate, propylhydroxy benzoate, talc, magnesium stearate, and/or mineral oil, but is not limited thereto.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can further include a lubricant, a wetting agent, a sweetener, a flavor enhancer, an emulsifying agent, a suspension agent, and/or a preservative.
  • compositions described herein comprise the micelles described herein and optionally a pharmaceutically active or therapeutic agent.
  • the therapeutic agent can be a biological agent, a small molecule agent, or a nucleic acid agent.
  • Dosage forms are provided that comprise micelles described herein.
  • the dosage form is formulated as a liquid suspension for intravenous injection.
  • the micelles disclosed herein or pharmaceutical composition comprising the micelles may be used concurrently with other drugs.
  • the micelles or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be used together with medicaments such as hormonal therapeutic agents, chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapeutic agents, medicaments inhibiting the action of cell growth factors or cell growth factor receptors and the like.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a micelle of the present disclosure or a combination thereof to the subject, e.g., a mammal, such as human subject.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating a neurodegenerative disorder or cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a micelle of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure.
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can administered via intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can be used concurrently with other medicaments or treatment suitable for the treatment of the diseases and conditions disclosed herein.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods to encapsulate a payload for delivery, comprising incorporating the payload, e.g., an anionic payload such as a nucleic acid (e.g., an antimir) into a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • a payload e.g., an anionic payload such as a nucleic acid (e.g., an antimir)
  • the present disclosure also provides methods to increase the resistance of a payload to degradation (e.g., nuclease-mediated degradation), comprising incorporating the payload, e.g., an anionic payload such as a nucleic acid (e.g., an antimir) into a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • a payload to degradation e.g., nuclease-mediated degradation
  • an anionic payload such as a nucleic acid (e.g., an antimir) into a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of crossing blood brain barrier (BBB) comprising administering the micelles disclosed herein, e.g., micelles comprising tryptophan and/or tyrosine as a targeting moiety.
  • BBB blood brain barrier
  • a micelle of the present disclosure loaded with anti-miRNA can be targeted to a BBB receptor, e.g., LAT1, as disclosed above.
  • the payload e.g., an antimir
  • the payload e.g., an antimir
  • an intracellular target e.g., the antimir can bind to a target microRNA and trigger RNAse H mediated degradation.
  • encapsulation of the payload in a micelle of the present disclosure can increase the resistance of the payload to degradation at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100% compared to the free payload (i.e., not in a micelle, e.g., free in solution).
  • encapsulation of the payload in a micelle of the present disclosure can increase the resistance of the payload to degradation at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 10-fold, at least about 11-fold, at least about 12-fold, at least about 13-fold, at least about 14-fold, at least about 15-fold, at least about 16-fold, at least about 17-fold, at least about 18-fold, at least about 19-fold, at least about 20-fold, at least about 21-fold, at least about 22-fold, at least about 23-fold, at least about 24-fold, at least about 25-fold, at least about 26-fold, at least about 27-fold, at least about 28-fold, at least about 29-fold, or at least about 30-fold compared to the free payload.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods to increase the stability of a payload during administration (e.g., while in the subject's bloodstream) comprising incorporating the payload, e.g., an anionic payload such as a nucleic acid (e.g., an antimir) into a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • a payload e.g., an anionic payload such as a nucleic acid (e.g., an antimir) into a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • encapsulation of the payload in a micelle of the present disclosure can increase the stability (e.g., increase the resistance to nucleases) of the payload at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100% compared to the free payload.
  • stability e.g., increase the resistance to nucleases
  • encapsulation of the payload in a micelle of the present disclosure can increase the stability (e.g., increase the resistance to nucleases) of the payload at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 10-fold, at least about 11-fold, at least about 12-fold, at least about 13-fold, at least about 14-fold, at least about 15-fold, at least about 16-fold, at least about 17-fold, at least about 18-fold, at least about 19-fold, at least about 20-fold, at least about 21-fold, at least about 22-fold, at least about 23-fold, at least about 24-fold, at least about 25-fold, at least about 26-fold, at least about 27-fold, at least about 28-fold, at least about 29-fold, or at least about 30-fold compared to the free payload.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods to increase a payload's plasma half-life comprising incorporating the payload, e.g., an anionic payload such as a nucleic acid (e.g., an antimir) into a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • an anionic payload such as a nucleic acid (e.g., an antimir) into a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • encapsulation of the payload in a micelle of the present disclosure can increase the plasma half-life of the payload at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 100%, at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400%, at least about 500%, at least about 600%, at least about 700%, at least about 800%, at least about 900%, at least about 1000%, at least about 1100%, at least about 1200%, at least about 1300%, at least about 1400%, at least about 1500%, at least about 1600%, at least about 1700%, at least about 1800%, at least about 1900%, or at least about 2000%, compared to the
  • encapsulation of the payload in a micelle of the present disclosure can increase the plasma half-life of the payload at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 10-fold, at least about 11-fold, at least about 12-fold, at least about 13-fold, at least about 14-fold, at least about 15-fold, at least about 16-fold, at least about 17-fold, at least about 18-fold, at least about 19-fold, at least about 20-fold, at least about 21-fold, at least about 22-fold, at least about 23-fold, at least about 24-fold, at least about 25-fold, at least about 26-fold, at least about 27-fold, at least about 28-fold, at least about 29-fold, or at least about 30-fold compared to the free payload.
  • the encapsulated payload is an antimir disclosed herein, e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18, or a variant or derivative thereof (e.g., an oligonucleotide having at least about 70% identity to the antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18) wherein the encapsulation of the antimir in a micelle of the present disclosure increases the plasma half-life of the antimir at least about 10-fold, at least about 12-fold, at least about 14-fold, at least about 16-fold, at least about 18-fold, or at least about 20-fold compared to the plasma half-life of the free antimir.
  • an antimir disclosed herein e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18, or a variant or derivative thereof (e.g., an oligonucleotide having at least about 70% identity to the antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18
  • the encapsulated payload is an antimir disclosed herein, e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18, or a variant or derivative thereof (e.g., an oligonucleotide having at least about 70% identity to the antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18) wherein the encapsulation of the antimir in a micelle of the present disclosure increases the plasma half-life of the antimir at least about 20-fold compared to the plasma half-life of the free antimir.
  • an antimir disclosed herein e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18, or a variant or derivative thereof (e.g., an oligonucleotide having at least about 70% identity to the antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18) wherein the encapsulation of the antimir in a micelle of the present disclosure increases the plasma half-life of the antimir at least about
  • the plasma half-life of the antimir encapsulated in a micelle of the present disclosure is at least about 30 minutes, at least about 40 minutes, at least about 50 minutes, at least about 60 minutes, at least about 70 minutes, at least about 80 minutes, at least about 90 minutes, at least about 100 minutes, or at least about 120 minutes.
  • the plasma half-life of the antimir e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18
  • the plasma half-life of the antimir e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 18
  • the present disclosure also provides methods to increase the permeation, delivery, transit, or transport of a payload through a physiological barrier, e.g., the BBB or the plasma membrane, comprising incorporating the payload, e.g., an anionic payload such as a nucleic acid (e.g., an antimir) into a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • a physiological barrier e.g., the BBB or the plasma membrane
  • an anionic payload such as a nucleic acid (e.g., an antimir) into a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • encapsulation of a payload in a micelle of the present disclosure can increase the permeation, delivery, transit, or transport of the payload through a physiological barrier, e.g., the BBB or the plasma membrane, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100% compared to the free payload.
  • a physiological barrier e.g., the BBB or the plasma membrane
  • encapsulation of a payload in a micelle of the present disclosure can increase the permeation, delivery, transit, or transport of the payload through a physiological barrier, e.g., the BBB or the plasma membrane, at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 10-fold, at least about 11-fold, at least about 12-fold, at least about 13-fold, at least about 14-fold, at least about 15-fold, at least about 16-fold, at least about 17-fold, at least about 18-fold, at least about 19-fold, at least about 20-fold, at least about 21-fold, at least about 22-fold, at least about 23-fold, at least about 24-fold, at least about 25-fold, at least about 26-fold, at least about 27-fold, at least about 28-fold, at least about 29-fold, or at least about 30-fold compared
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can be used to target stem cells, e.g., to deliver therapeutic molecules (e.g., therapeutic polynucleotides) or gene therapy components.
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can be used to treat cancer.
  • micelles of the present disclosure can target a marker specific for a certain type of cancer, e.g., a glioma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, skin cancer, or cervical cancer, and carry as payload a therapeutic molecule (e.g., a therapeutic polynucleotide, a peptide, or a small molecule).
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can be used to treat pancreatic cancer.
  • the targeting moiety directing the micelles of the present disclosure to pancreatic tissues is a cyclic RGD peptide.
  • the targeting moiety directing the micelles of the present disclosure to pancreatic tissues is a biomarker predominantly or exclusively expressed on the surface of normal or cancerous pancreatic cells.
  • the payload of the micelle of the present disclosure is an oligonucleotide targeting K-Ras, wherein the delivery of the payload to pancreatic tissue effectively reduces the expression of K-Ras.
  • the micelles of the present disclosure can be used to treat or ameliorate the symptoms of a neurodegenerative disease, e.g., Alzheimer's disease.
  • the micelles of the present disclosure comprise a payload, e.g., an antimir, targeting a molecule overexpressed in Alzheimer's disease neuronal tissue, e.g., miRNA-485-3p.
  • a micelle of the present disclosure e.g., a micelle comprising a LAT1 targeting moiety to effectively transport the micelle across the BBB and an antimir payload targeting miRNA-485-3p
  • administration of a micelle of the present disclosure can prevent or ameliorate symptoms of Alzheimer's disease such as apoptosis, loss of mitochondrial function, or inflammation. See FIG. 24 .
  • the present disclosure provides a method to reduce inflammation, e.g., neuroinflammation, in a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a micelle of the present disclosure, wherein the micelle comprises an therapeutic agent capable of effectively reducing inflammation, e.g., neuroinflammation, in the subject.
  • the neuroinflammation is cortex inflammation.
  • the neuroinflammation is hippocampus inflammation.
  • the therapeutic agent is an antimir targeting miRNA-485-3p (e.g., an antimir of SEQ ID NO:18 or fragment or variant thereof) wherein the antimir can reduce the levels of miRNA-485-3p in the subject.
  • the administration of a micelle of the present disclosure to a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disease can decrease the level of neuroinflammation by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100% of the neuroinflammation compared to the level of neuroinflammation observed in a subject or a population of subjects not treated with a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • a neurodegenerative disease e.g., Alzheimer's disease
  • the present disclosure provides a method to reduce amyloid plaque burden in a subject suffering from Alzheimer's disease comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a micelle of the present disclosure, wherein the micelle comprises an therapeutic agent capable of effectively reducing amyloid plaque burden in the subject.
  • the therapeutic agent is an antimir targeting miRNA-485-3p (e.g., an antimir of SEQ ID NO:18 or fragment or variant thereof) wherein the antimir can reduce the levels of miRNA-485-3p in the subject.
  • the administration of a micelle of the present disclosure to a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disease can decrease at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100% of the amyloid plaque burden in the subject compared to the amyloid plaque burden observed in a subject or a population of subjects not treated with a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • a neurodegenerative disease e.g., Alzheimer's disease
  • the present disclosure provides a method to recover and/or induce neurogenesis in a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a micelle of the present disclosure, wherein the micelle comprises an therapeutic agent capable of effectively recovering and/or inducing neurogenesis in the subject.
  • the therapeutic agent is an antimir targeting miRNA-485-3p (e.g., an antimir of SEQ ID NO:18 or fragment or variant thereof) wherein the antimir can reduce the levels of miRNA-485-3p in the subject.
  • the administration of a micelle of the present disclosure to a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disease can recover and/or induce neurogenesis in the subject by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100% compared to the level of neurogenesis observed in a subject or a population of subjects not treated with a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • a neurodegenerative disease e.g., Alzheimer's disease
  • the present disclosure provides a method to improve cognitive function in a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a micelle of the present disclosure, wherein the micelle comprises an therapeutic agent capable of effectively improving cognitive function in the subject.
  • the therapeutic agent is an antimir targeting miRNA-485-3p (e.g., an antimir of SEQ ID NO:18 or fragment or variant thereof) wherein the antimir can reduce the levels of miRNA-485-3p in the subject.
  • the administration of a micelle of the present disclosure to a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disease can increase the cognitive function of the subject by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100% compared to the cognitive function observed in a subject or a population of subjects not treated with a micelle of the present disclosure.
  • a neurodegenerative disease e.g., Alzheimer's disease
  • kits, or products of manufacture comprising a cationic carrier unit, a micelle, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure and optionally instructions for use.
  • the kit or product of manufacture comprises a cationic carrier unit, a micelle, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure in one or more containers.
  • the kit or product of manufacture comprises a cationic carrier unit, a micelle, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure and a brochure.
  • the kit or product of manufacture comprises a cationic carrier unit, a micelle, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure and instructions for use.
  • a cationic carrier unit, a micelle, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or combinations thereof can be readily incorporated into one of the established kit formats which are well known in the art.
  • the kit or product of manufacture comprises a cationic carrier unit of the present disclosure in dry form in a container (e.g., a glass vial), and optionally a vial with a solvent suitable to hydrate the dry the cationic carrier unit, and optionally instructions for the hydration of the cationic carrier unit and the formation of micelles.
  • the kit or product of manufacture further comprises at least one additional container (e.g., a glass vial) with the micelle's anionic payload (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide).
  • the kit or product of manufacture comprises a cationic carrier unit of the present disclosure in a dry form and the micelle's anionic payload also in dry form in the same container, or in different containers.
  • the kit or product of manufacture comprises a cationic carrier unit of the present disclosure in solution and the micelle's anionic payload also in solution in the same container, or in different containers.
  • the kit or product of manufacture comprises a micelle of the present disclosure in solution, and instructions for use.
  • the kit or product of manufacture comprises a micelle of the present disclosure in dry form, and instructions for use (e.g., instructions for reconstitution and administration).
  • the resulting product was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (1.0 ml) and 6.0 M HCl (1.0 ml). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. overnight. Next, the dioxane was removed and extracted by EA. Aqueous NaOH (0.5 M) solution was added to the mixture until the pH value become 7. The reactant was concentrated by evaporator and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm at 0° C. The precipitate was washed with deionized water and lyophilized.
  • Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lysine) was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of Lys(TFA)-NCA with monomethoxy PEG (MeO-PEG) as a macroinitiator.
  • MeO-PEG 600 mg, 0.12 mmol
  • Lys(TFA)-NCA 2574 mg, 9.6 mmol
  • DMF 1M thiourea
  • DMF(or NMP) were separately dissolved in DMF containing 1M thiourea and DMF(or NMP).
  • Lys(TFA)-NCA solution was dropped into the MeO-PEG solution by micro syringe and the reaction mixture was stirred at 37° C. for 4 days.
  • the reaction bottles were purged with argon and vacuum.
  • MeO-PEG-PLL(TFA) 500 mg was dissolved in methanol (60 mL) and 1N NaOH (6 mL) was dropped into the polymer solution with stirring. The mixture was maintained for 1 day with stirring at 37° C. The reaction mixture was dialyzed against 10 mM HEPES for 4 times and distilled water. White powder of PEG-PLL was obtained after lyophilization.
  • Azido-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lysine) was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of Lys(TFA)-NCA with azido-PEG (N 3 -PEG).
  • N 3 -PEG 300 mg, 0.06 mmol
  • Lys(TFA)-NCA (1287 mg, 4.8 mmol) were separately dissolved in DMF containing 1M thiourea and DMF(or NMP).
  • Lys(TFA)-NCA solution was dropped into the N 3 -PEG solution by micro syringe and the reaction mixture was stirred at 37° C. for 4 days.
  • the reaction bottles were purged with argon and vacuum. All reactions were conducted in argon atmosphere.
  • N 3 -PEG-PLL 500 mg was dissolved in methanol (60 mL) and 1N NaOH (6 mL) was dropped into the polymer solution with stirring. The mixture was maintained for 1 day with stirring at 37° C. The reaction mixture was dialyzed against 10 mM HEPES for 4 times and distilled water. White powder of N 3 -PEG-PLL was obtained after lyophilization.
  • N 3 -PEG-PLL(Nic/SH) Azido-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lysine/nicotinamide/mercaptopropanamide) was synthesized by chemical modification of N 3 -PEG-PLL and nicotinic acid in the presence of EDC/NHS.
  • N 3 -PEG-PLL (372 mg, 25.8 ⁇ mol) and nicotinic acid 556.7 mg, 1.02 equiv. to NH 2 of PEG-PLL
  • EDC.HCl 556.7 mg, 1.5 equiv. to NH 2 of N 3 -PEG-PLL
  • NHS 334.2 mg, 1.5 equiv. to NH 2 of PEG-PLL
  • the reaction mixture was added into the N 3 -PEG-PLL solution.
  • the reaction mixture was maintained at 37° C. for 16 hours with stirring.
  • 3,3′-dithiodiproponic acid (36.8 mg, 0.1 equiv.) was dissolved in methanol, EDC.HCl (40.3 mg, 0.15 equiv.), and NHS (24.2 mg, 0.15 equiv.) were dissolved each in deionized water.
  • NHS and EDC-HCl were added sequentially into 3,3′-dithiodiproponic acid solution.
  • the mixture solution was stirred for 4 hours at 37° C. after adding crude N 3 -PEG-PLL(Nic) solution.
  • the mixture was dialyzed against methanol for 2 hours, added DL-dithiothreitol (DTT, 40.6 mg, 0.15 equiv.), then activated for 30 min.
  • DTT DL-dithiothreitol
  • the mixture was dialyzed sequentially methanol, 50% methanol in deionized water, deionized water
  • N 3 -PEG-PLL(Nic/SH) 130 mg, 6.5 ⁇ mol
  • alkyne modified phenyl alanine 5.7 mg, 4.0 equiv.
  • FIG. 4 shows the 1 H-NMR characterization of the carrier unit.
  • the micelles described in the present example comprised cationic carrier units combined with an antisense oligonucleotide payload.
  • Nano sized PIC micelles were prepared by mixing MeO- or Phe-PEG-PLL(Nic) and miRNA.
  • PEG-PLL(Nic) was dissolved in HEPES buffer (10 mM) at 0.5 mg/mL concentration.
  • a miRNA solution (22.5 ⁇ M) in RNAse free water was mixed with the polymer solution at 2:1 (v/v) ratio of miRNA to polymer.
  • the mixing ratio of polymer to anti-miRNA was determined by optimizing micelle forming conditions, i.e., ratio between amine in polymer (carrier of the present disclosure) to phosphate in anti-miRNA (payload).
  • the mixture of polymer (carrier) and anti-miRNA (payload) was vigorously mixed for 90 seconds by multi-vortex at 3000 rpm, and kept at room temperature for 30 min to stabilize the micelles.
  • FIG. 9 shows particle size distribution of miRNA-loaded polyion complex micelles in PBS.
  • Anti-miRNA loaded micelles shows ⁇ 60 nm particle size with low PDI distribution which indicates the complex is a homogeneous particle.
  • the peak of the distribution, as shown in FIG. 9 was at 32 nm.
  • mice (10 ⁇ M of Anti-miRNA concentration) were stored at 4° C. prior to use. MeO- or Phe-micelles were prepared using the same method, and different amounts of Phe-containing micelles (25% ⁇ 75%) were also prepared by mixing both polymers during micelle preparation.
  • LAT1 was selected as the target molecule to drive the micelles of the present disclosure across the BBB. As shown in FIG. 10 , in humans, LAT1 was preferentially expressed in brain. FIG. 11 shows that in mice LAT1 was also expressed preferentially in brain tissue.
  • Cy 5.5 was labeled by click reaction with alkyne modified tyrosine and N 3 -Cy 5.5.
  • Cy 5.5 labeled phenylalanine or N 3 -Cy 5.5 (20 ⁇ g of Cy5.5 Conc.) was separately administrated via intracerebroventricular injection and the same volume of PBS was also injected as a control.
  • PBS PBS
  • One hour post injection, all mice (n 3) were sacrificed and remaining blood was washed with 5 mL PBS for perfusion.
  • the mice brains were extracted and homogenized with lysis buffer using a probe-type sonicator.
  • Anti-miRNA loaded polyion complex micelle i.e., micelles of the present disclosure
  • LAT1 Anti-miRNA loaded polyion complex micelle
  • Encapsulation of the anti-microRNA payload in a micelle of the present disclosure resulted in an increase in stability. See FIG. 8 .
  • an anti-microRNA antimir
  • the blood plasma half-life increased to 80-120 minutes.
  • the stability of the micelles was not affected by different anti-miRNA loads. Micelles in which the carrier units did not contain antimir was stable as those with 25% or 50% of the carrier units complexed to antimir.
  • 5XFAD APP transgenic mice (Stock number:34840-JAX) were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory. TG and age-matched wild type (WT) littermates were used in the studies. All the animals were kept in individually cages in a 12/12-h light/dark cycle with controlled temperature and humidity, and food and water. 5xFAD mice, also known as APP/PS1, Tg6799 or Tg-5xFAD, are animal model systems for Alzheimer's disease.
  • mice express human APP and PSEN1 transgenes with a total of five AD-linked mutations: the Swedish (K670N/M671L), Florida (I716V), and London (V717I) mutations in APP, and the M146L and L286V mutations in PSEN1.
  • Three lines were generated originally: Tg6799, Tg7031, and Tg7092.
  • the Tg6799 line which expresses the highest levels of mutant APP, is the most studied of the three.
  • Amyloid plaques accompanied by gliosis, are seen in mice as young as two months of age. Amyloid pathology is more severe in females than in males. Neuron loss occurs in multiple brain regions, beginning at about 6 months in the areas with the most pronounced amyloidosis. Mice display a range of cognitive and motor deficits.
  • Translation of the overexpressed transgenes appears to be restricted to the central nervous system, notably in Alzheimer's disease-relevant areas including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The initial characterization of this mouse line indicated a progressive increase in amyloid beta peptide deposition, with intracellular immunoreactivity being detected in some brain regions as early as 3-4 months.
  • Synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation are demonstrably impaired in mice 6 months of age. Between 12-15 months aggregates of conformationally altered and hyperphosphorylated tau are detected in the hippocampus. This mutant mouse exhibits plaque and tangle pathology associated with synaptic dysfunction, traits similar to those observed in Alzheimer's disease patients.
  • ASO-MDS treatment IV injection: For Intravenous (IV) injection, miR-485-3p antagomir (antimir) in micelles of the present disclosure (ASO-MDS) or negative controls (miR only and micelle only) were prepared. All the treatments of 8-month 5XFAD mice were achieved through intravenous injection of 1.5 mg/kg ASO-MDS on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. See FIG. 17 .
  • hippocampal regions and cortex regions were dissected from H/I mice, and the brain tissue was homogenized in ice-cold RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors. Homogenates were centrifuged at 12,000 r.p.m. for 30 min at 4° C., and supernatants were collected. The results were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence system, and quantified by densitometric analysis (Image J software, NIH). All experiments were performed independently at least three times.
  • the passive avoidance chamber was divided into a white (light) and a black (dark) compartment (41 cm ⁇ 21 cm ⁇ 30 cm).
  • the light compartment contained a 60 W electric lamp.
  • the floor (of the dark) department contained a number of (2-mm) stainless steel rods spaced 5 mm apart. The test was done for 3 days.
  • miRNA-485-3p can be elevated in patients with Alzheimer's disease, leading, e.g., to inflammation, changes in mitochondrial function, and apoptosis. See FIG. 23 . Accordingly, micelles of the present disclosure loaded with an antimir targeting miRNA-485-3p were administered to mice models for Alzheimer's disease. These micelles comprising anti-miR-485-3p are referred to as “ASO-MDS” (Anti-Sense Oligonucleotide-Micelle Delivery System) or “micelle+anti-miR-485-3p” in the figures and throughout this application.
  • ASO-MDS Anti-Sense Oligonucleotide-Micelle Delivery System
  • micelle+anti-miR-485-3p in the figures and throughout this application.
  • FIGS. 19A, 19B, 20A, and 20B After ASO-MDS micelles were injected weekly for 4 weeks in 8 month old 5XFAD transgenic mice, it was observed that neuroinflammation had been reduced in the cortex and hippocampus of the 5XFAD mice after the injection. See FIGS. 19A, 19B, 20A, and 20B . Furthermore, administration of ASO-MDS micelles caused a decrease in amyloid plaque burden. FIGS. 21A and 21B . Treatment with ASO-MDS also led to a recovery in neurogenesis. See FIGS. 22A and 22B . In addition to the improvements in inflammation, amyloid plaque burden, and neurogenesis, treatment with ASO-MDS also improved cognitive function, as shown by the Ymaze and passive avoidance tests. See FIGS. 23A and 23B .
  • ASO-MDS showed significantly higher % of alteration, i.e., about 80% of alteration while the negative controls showed about 50% in the Ymaze test. See FIG. 23A .
  • ASO-MDS also showed significantly lower time spent in dark compartment (sec) compared to the negative controls.
  • micelles of the present disclosure were targeted to human pancreatic cells using (i) conventional cRGD tumor targeting with a peptide ligand, or (ii) an alternative targeting strategy (X-target).
  • the payload of the micelles was an antisense oligonucleotide targeting K-Ras.
  • Panc1 is a human cell line used as pancreatic cancer model. The cell line was established from a pancreatic adenocarcinoma of ductal origin (epithelioid carcinoma). Cells possess the type B phenotype of G6PD. Lieber M, et al. “Establishment of a continuous tumor-cell line (panc-1) from a human carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas.” Int. J. Cancer 15: 741-747, 1975. The two kinds of micelles described above were intravenously injected once a day for 3 times. See FIG. 26A . After extracting the tumor, the gene silencing efficacy was evaluated by RT-PCR.
  • ASO-MDS Cy5.5 labeled ASO-MDS were prepared and the ASO-MDS the stock was diluted with PBS.
  • the uptake of ASO-MDS was increased in human primary microglia, astrocyte and SH-5Y cells, but not in human primary hepatocytes ( FIG. 13 ). This indicated that ASO-MDS can be delivered specifically to cells in the brain.
  • GL-26 cells were used to evaluate targeting of LAT1 by ASO-MDS micelles.
  • GL-26 cells were seeded onto a 96-well plate with 10% FBS, 1% P/S containing DMEM.
  • Four types of samples were used: (i) cells incubated ASO-MDS targeted to LAT1 (“target micelle”), (ii) cells incubated with ASO-MDS not targeted to LAT1 (“non-target micelle”), (iii) samples as (i) but LAT1 in the cells was inhibited by preincubation with phenyl alanine (“target micelle/inhibitor”), and (iv) samples as (ii) but LAT1 activity in the cells was inhibited by preincubation with phenyl alanine (“non-target micelle/inhibitor”).
  • the remaining fluorescence intensity of target-micelle treated cells was approximately 3-fold higher than that of fluorescence of the non-target micelle cells indicating that there was an increase in the uptake of Cy5.5 labeled anti-microRNA when the ASO-MDS micelles were targeted to LAT1.
  • Bio-distribution of anti-microRNA was measured using an IVIS live animal imaging station. To compare the time-dependent differences in anti-microRNA distribution for naked anti-microRNA and anti-microRNA loaded micelle (ASO-MDS), both samples (25 ⁇ g of RNA concentration) were administrated to the mice via tail vein injection. The fluorescence images of mice were obtained at desired times using the IVIS live animal imaging station and observed for 16 hr.
  • ASO-MDS anti-microRNA loaded micelle
  • mice treated with naked anti-microRNA showed rapid localization into the kidney, and the signal almost disappeared in 4 hr.
  • ASO-MDS anti-microRNA loaded micelles
  • the fluorescence intensity was mainly localized in brain, liver and kidneys. The fluorescence gradually increased in the kidney until 6 hr and decreased over time.
  • phagocytosis of human primary microglia cells was verified by fluorescence microscope. Coverslips were plated with 8 ⁇ 10 4 human primary microglia cells per coverslip resting in a well of a 24-well plate overnight. Human primary microglia cells were treated with ASO-MDS and incubated with unlabeled fA ⁇ for 4 h at a final concentration of 104. After 4 h, the cells were washed with cold PBS. For A ⁇ uptake measurements, primary glial cells were then fixed with 100% methanol for 1 h at ⁇ 20° C., washed with PBS-T, and incubated at 4° C. with mouse anti-amyloid beta 1-16, or rabbit anti-Iba-1 antibody.
  • a ⁇ aggregates were prepared by incubating A ⁇ monomers (100 ⁇ M) at 37° C. for 24 h and then diluting the peptide stock with cell culture medium.
  • Primary mixed glial cells were treated with ASO-MDS, and co-treated with 104 fibrillar A ⁇ (fA ⁇ ) for 4 h.
  • a ⁇ levels in conditioned media were gradually reduced in ASO-MDS transfected cells compared to control transfected cells. See FIG. 18A .
  • ASO-MDS dose dependently increased the capacity for A ⁇ uptake by human primary microglia cells. See FIG. 18B .
  • Bio-distribution of anti-microRNA was measured using IVIS live animal imaging station. To compare the time dependent anti-microRNA distribution between naked RNA and RNA loaded micelle (ASO-MDS), both samples (10 ⁇ g of RNA concentration) were administrated to the mice via intramuscular injection. The fluorescence images of mice were obtained at a desired time using IVIS live animal imaging station and observed until 120 hr.
  • ASO-MDS RNA loaded micelle

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