US20210169804A1 - Nanomaterials - Google Patents

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Publication number
US20210169804A1
US20210169804A1 US17/110,070 US202017110070A US2021169804A1 US 20210169804 A1 US20210169804 A1 US 20210169804A1 US 202017110070 A US202017110070 A US 202017110070A US 2021169804 A1 US2021169804 A1 US 2021169804A1
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Prior art keywords
alkyl
octadeca
propyl
oxy
optionally substituted
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US17/110,070
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Inventor
Neeraj Narendra Patwardhan
Milloni Balwantkumar Chhabra
Gregory Lawrence Hamilton
Cory Dane Sago
Mina Fawzy Gaballa Shehata
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Guide Therapeutics LLC
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Guide Therapeutics LLC
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Priority to US17/110,070 priority Critical patent/US20210169804A1/en
Assigned to GUIDE THERAPEUTICS, INC. reassignment GUIDE THERAPEUTICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHHABRA, Milloni Balwantkumar, SAGO, Cory Dane, HAMILTON, Gregory Lawrence, PATWARDHAN, Neeraj Narendra
Assigned to GUIDE THERAPEUTICS, INC. reassignment GUIDE THERAPEUTICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SHEHATA, Mina Fawzy Gaballa
Publication of US20210169804A1 publication Critical patent/US20210169804A1/en
Assigned to GUIDE THERAPEUTICS, LLC reassignment GUIDE THERAPEUTICS, LLC MERGER AND CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GALILEO MERGER SUB II, LLC, GUIDE THERAPEUTICS, INC.
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    • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C07D295/084—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
    • C07D295/088—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings to an acyclic saturated chain
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    • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D295/145—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms with three bonds to hetero atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
    • C07D295/15—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms with three bonds to hetero atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings to an acyclic saturated chain
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    • C07C2601/16—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
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    • C07C2603/04—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings
    • C07C2603/06—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing at least one ring with less than six ring members
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    • C07C2603/06—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing at least one ring with less than six ring members
    • C07C2603/10—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing at least one ring with less than six ring members containing five-membered rings
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    • C07C2603/58—Ring systems containing bridged rings containing three rings
    • C07C2603/60—Ring systems containing bridged rings containing three rings containing at least one ring with less than six members
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    • C07C2603/70—Ring systems containing bridged rings containing three rings containing only six-membered rings
    • C07C2603/74—Adamantanes

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the fields of chemistry, biology, and medicine.
  • Disclosed herein are drug delivery systems and methods of their use. More particularly, disclosed herein are nanoparticle compositions for delivery of nucleic acids to cells.
  • T cells, B cells, macrophages, and other immune cells help regulate homeostasis and immunity, which makes them an important target for RNA therapies. While nanoparticles carrying RNA have been directed to immune cells in vivo using protein- and aptamer-based targeting ligands, systemic delivery to immune cells without targeting ligands remains challenging.
  • R 1 is C 9 -C 20 alkyl or C 9 -C 20 alkenyl with 1-3 units of unsaturation
  • X 1 and X 2 are each independently absent or selected from —O—, NR 2 , and
  • R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and wherein X 1 and X 2 are not both —O— or NR 2 ;
  • a is an integer between 1 and 6;
  • X 3 and X 4 are each independently absent or selected from the group consisting of: 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, and —NR 3 —, wherein each R 3 is a hydrogen atom or C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
  • X 5 is —(CH 2 ) b —, wherein b is an integer between 0 and 6;
  • X 6 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, or —NR 4 R 5 , wherein R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or alternatively R 4 and R 5 join together with the nitrogen to which they are bound to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, wherein the heterocyclyl optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen;
  • X 7 is hydrogen or —NR 6 R 7 , wherein R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or alternatively R 6 and R 7 join together with the nitrogen to which they are bound to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, wherein the heterocyclyl optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen;
  • R 4 and R 5 are not both ethyl.
  • R 8 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 9 is C 9 -C 20 alkyl optionally fused with 1-4 C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl groups, C 9 -C 2 O alkenyl with 1-3 units of unsaturation, or —(CH 2 ) g —X 17 , wherein X 17 is optionally substituted C 4 -C 12 cycloalkyl;
  • X 8 and X 9 are each independently absent or selected from —O—, NR 10 , and
  • R 10 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and wherein X 8 and X 9 are not both —O— or NR 10 ;
  • X 10 and X 11 are each independently absent or selected from the group consisting of: 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, and —NR 11 —, wherein R 11 is a hydrogen atom or C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
  • X 12 is —(CH 2 ) i —;
  • X 13 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, or —NR 12 R 13 , wherein R 12 and R 13 are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or alternatively R 1 and R join together with the nitrogen to which they are bound to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, wherein the heterocyclyl optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen;
  • X 14 is hydrogen or —NR 14 R 15 , wherein R 14 and R 15 are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or alternatively R 14 and R 15 join together with the nitrogen to which they are bound to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, wherein the heterocyclyl optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen;
  • each of c, d, e, f, g, h, and i is independently an integer from 0-6;
  • X 8 , X 9 , X 10 , X 11 , and X 12 is present;
  • R 16 is hydrogen or optionally substituted C 5 -C 6 aryl
  • X 15 is optionally substituted C 4 -C 12 cycloalkyl or optionally substituted C 5 -C 10 aryl;
  • X 16 is hydrogen or optionally substituted C 4 -C 12 cycloalkyl
  • lipid nanoparticle composition comprising: a conformationally constrained ionizable lipid; a phospholipid; a polyethylene glycol-lipid; a cholesterol; and optionally a nucleic acid. Further embodiments are directed toward a method of delivering a nucleic acid to a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject in need the lipid nanoparticle composition.
  • FIGS. 1A-1R is a table showing information related to LNP formulation and characterization.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the normalized frequency DNA barcode counts in FACS isolated samples as compared to the frequency in injected input for selected LNPs as tested in spleen CD3 cells.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the normalized frequency DNA barcode counts in FACS isolated samples as compared to the frequency in injected input for selected LNPs as tested in spleen CD11 b cells.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the normalized frequency DNA barcode counts in FACS isolated samples as compared to the frequency in injected input for selected LNPs as tested in spleen CD19 cells.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the normalized frequency DNA barcode counts in FACS isolated samples as compared to the frequency in injected input for selected LNPs as tested in liver endothelial cells.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing the CD45 protein expression in CD3-positive cells isolated from mice spleens for LNP formulations as described in Table 1.
  • R and X groups may be referred to herein in a general way as “R” groups.
  • An R group may be substituted or unsubstituted. If two “R” groups are described as being “taken together” the R groups and the atoms they are attached to can form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle. For example, without limitation, if R a and R b of an NR a R b group are indicated to be “taken together,” it means that they are covalently bonded to one another to form a ring:
  • R groups are described as being “taken together” with the atom(s) to which they are attached to form a ring as an alternative, the R groups are not limited to the variables or substituents defined previously.
  • the indicated “optionally substituted” or “substituted” group may be substituted with one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acylalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, amino acid, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl), heterocyclyl(alkyl), hydroxyalkyl, acyl, cyano, halogen, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyana
  • C a to C b in which “a” and “b” are integers refer to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, or the number of carbon atoms in the ring of a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heteroalicyclyl group.
  • the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ring(s) of the cycloalkyl, ring(s) of the cycloalkenyl, ring(s) of the aryl, ring(s) of the heteroaryl or ring(s) of the heteroalicyclyl can contain from “a” to “b”, inclusive, carbon atoms.
  • a “C 1 to C 4 alkyl” group refers to all alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbons, that is, CH 3 —, CH 3 CH 2 —, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 —, (CH 3 ) 2 CH—, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )— and (CH 3 ) 3 C—. If no “a” and “b” are designated with regard to an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heteroalicyclyl group, the broadest range described in these definitions is to be assumed.
  • alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain that comprises a fully saturated (no double or triple bonds) hydrocarbon group.
  • the alkyl group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 20 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated).
  • the alkyl group may also be a medium size alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group could also be a lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C 1 -C 4 alkyl” or similar designations.
  • “C 1 -C 4 alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl and hexyl.
  • the alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • alkenyl refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include allenyl, vinylmethyl and ethenyl. An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • alkynyl refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more triple bonds. Examples of alkynyls include ethynyl and propynyl. An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a completely saturated (no double or triple bonds) mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused, bridged or spiro fashion. As used herein, the term “fused” refers to two rings which have two atoms and one bond in common. As used herein, the term “bridged cycloalkyl” refers to compounds wherein the cycloalkyl contains a linkage of one or more atoms connecting non-adjacent atoms. As used herein, the term “spiro” refers to two rings which have one atom in common and the two rings are not linked by a bridge.
  • Cycloalkyl groups can contain 3 to 30 atoms in the ring(s), 3 to 20 atoms in the ring(s), 3 to 10 atoms in the ring(s), 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s) or 3 to 6 atoms in the ring(s).
  • a cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • Typical mono-cycloalkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
  • fused cycloalkyl groups are decahydronaphthalenyl, dodecahydro-1H-phenalenyl and tetradecahydroanthracenyl;
  • bridged cycloalkyl groups are bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]heptane, adamantanyl, and norbornanyl;
  • spiro cycloalkyl groups include spiro[3.3]heptane and spiro[4.5]decane.
  • cycloalkenyl refers to a mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system that contains one or more double bonds in at least one ring; although, if there is more than one, the double bonds cannot form a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings (otherwise the group would be “aryl,” as defined herein). Cycloalkenyl groups can contain 3 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s). When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be connected together in a fused fashion. A cycloalkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • aryl refers to a carbocyclic (all carbon) monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system (including fused ring systems where two carbocyclic rings share a chemical bond) that has a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings.
  • the number of carbon atoms in an aryl group can vary.
  • the aryl group can be a C 6 -C 14 aryl group, a C 6 -C 10 aryl group, or a C 6 aryl group.
  • Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzene, naphthalene and azulene.
  • An aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system (a ring system with fully delocalized pi-electron system) that contain(s) one, two, three or more heteroatoms, that is, an element other than carbon, including but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • the number of atoms in the ring(s) of a heteroaryl group can vary.
  • the heteroaryl group can contain 4 to 14 atoms in the ring(s), 5 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 5 to 6 atoms in the ring(s).
  • heteroaryl includes fused ring systems where two rings, such as at least one aryl ring and at least one heteroaryl ring, or at least two heteroaryl rings, share at least one chemical bond.
  • heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, those described herein and the following: furan, furazan, thiophene, benzothiophene, phthalazine, pyrrole, oxazole, benzoxazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, thiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, benzothiazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, indole, indazole, pyrazole, benzopyrazole, isoxazole, benzoisoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, benzotriazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole, pyridine, pyrid
  • heterocyclyl or “heteroalicyclyl” refers to three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, ten-, up to 18-membered monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic ring system wherein carbon atoms together with from 1 to 5 heteroatoms constitute said ring system.
  • a heterocycle may optionally contain one or more unsaturated bonds situated in such a way, however, that a fully delocalized pi-electron system does not occur throughout all the rings.
  • the heteroatom(s) is an element other than carbon including, but not limited to, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
  • a heterocycle may further contain one or more carbonyl or thiocarbonyl functionalities, so as to make the definition include oxo-systems and thio-systems such as lactams, lactones, cyclic imides, cyclic thioimides and cyclic carbamates. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused or spiro fashion, as described herein with respect to “cycloalkyl.” Additionally, any nitrogens in a heterocyclyl may be quaternized. Heterocyclyl or heteroalicyclic groups may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocyclyl or “heteroalicyclyl” groups include, but are not limited to, those described herein and the following: 1,3-dioxin, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxolane, 1,3-oxathiane, 1,4-oxathiin, 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one, 1,2,3-oxadiazol-5(2H)-one, 1,3-oxathiolane, 1,3-dithiole, 1,3-dithiolane, 1,4-oxathiane, tetrahydro-1,4-thiazine, 1,3-thiazinane, 2H-1,2-oxazine, maleimide, succinimide, barbituric acid, thiobarbituric acid, dioxopiperazine, hydantoin
  • aralkyl and “aryl(alkyl)” refer to an aryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group.
  • the lower alkylene and aryl group of an aralkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to benzyl, 2-phenylalkyl, 3-phenylalkyl and naphthylalkyl.
  • heteroarylkyl and “heteroaryl(alkyl)” refer to a heteroaryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group.
  • the lower alkylene and heteroaryl group of heteroaralkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to 2-thienylalkyl, 3-thienylalkyl, furylalkyl, thienylalkyl, pyrrolylalkyl, pyridylalkyl, isoxazolylalkyl, imidazolylalkyl and their benzo-fused analogs.
  • heteroalicyclyl(alkyl) and “heterocyclyl(alkyl)” refer to a heterocyclic or a heteroalicyclylic group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group.
  • the lower alkylene and heterocyclyl of a heteroalicyclyl(alkyl) may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl(methyl), piperidin-4-yl(ethyl), piperidin-4-yl(propyl), tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl(methyl), and 1,3-thiazinan-4-yl(methyl).
  • “Lower alkylene groups” are straight-chained —CH 2 — tethering groups, forming bonds to connect molecular fragments via their terminal carbon atoms. Examples include but are not limited to methylene (—CH 2 —), ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —), propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), and butylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —).
  • a lower alkylene group can be substituted by replacing one or more hydrogen of the lower alkylene group with a substituent(s) listed under the definition of “substituted.”
  • alkoxy refers to the formula —OR wherein R is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl) as defined herein.
  • alkoxys are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, 1-methylethoxy (isopropoxy), cyclopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, cyclobutoxy, phenoxy and benzoxy.
  • An alkoxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • acyl refers to a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl) connected, as substituents, via a carbonyl group. Examples include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, benzoyl and acryl. An acyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • acylalkyl refers to an acyl connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. Examples include aryl-C( ⁇ O)—(CH 2 ) n — and heteroaryl-C( ⁇ O)—(CH 2 ) n —, where n is an integer in the range of 1 to 6.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkoxy group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. Examples include C 1-4 alkyl-O—(CH 2 ) n —, wherein n is an integer in the range of 1 to 6.
  • aminoalkyl refers to an optionally substituted amino group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group.
  • examples include H 2 N(CH 2 ) n —, wherein n is an integer in the range of 1 to 6.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a hydroxy group.
  • exemplary hydroxyalkyl groups include but are not limited to, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, and 2,2-dihydroxyethyl.
  • a hydroxyalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkyl, di-haloalkyl and tri-haloalkyl).
  • a halogen e.g., mono-haloalkyl, di-haloalkyl and tri-haloalkyl.
  • groups include but are not limited to, chloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloro-fluoroalkyl, chloro-difluoroalkyl and 2-fluoroisobutyl.
  • a haloalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkoxy, di-haloalkoxy and tri-haloalkoxy).
  • a halogen e.g., mono-haloalkoxy, di-haloalkoxy and tri-haloalkoxy.
  • groups include but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chloro-fluoroalkyl, chloro-difluoroalkoxy and 2-fluoroisobutoxy.
  • a haloalkoxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “sulfenyl” group refers to an “—SR” group in which R can be hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • R can be hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • a sulfenyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “sulfinyl” group refers to an “—S( ⁇ O)—R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl.
  • a sulfinyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “sulfonyl” group refers to an “SO 2 R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl.
  • a sulfonyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • An “O-carboxy” group refers to a “RC( ⁇ O)O—” group in which R can be hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl), as defined herein.
  • An O-carboxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • esters and C-carboxy refer to a “—C( ⁇ O)OR” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy.
  • An ester and C-carboxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “thiocarbonyl” group refers to a “—C( ⁇ S)R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy.
  • a thiocarbonyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “trihalomethanesulfonyl” group refers to an “X 3 CSO 2 —” group wherein each X is a halogen.
  • a “trihalomethanesulfonamido” group refers to an “X 3 CS(O) 2 N(R A )—” group wherein each X is a halogen, and R A hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • amino refers to a —NH 2 group.
  • hydroxy refers to a —OH group.
  • a “cyano” group refers to a “—CN” group.
  • azido refers to a —N 3 group.
  • An “isocyanato” group refers to a “—NCO” group.
  • a “thiocyanato” group refers to a “—CNS” group.
  • An “isothiocyanato” group refers to an “—NCS” group.
  • a “carbonyl” group refers to a C ⁇ O group.
  • S-sulfonamido refers to a “—SO 2 N(R A R B )” group in which R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An S-sulfonamido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • N-sulfonamido refers to a “RSO 2 N(R A )—” group in which R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An N-sulfonamido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • An “O-carbamyl” group refers to a “—OC( ⁇ O)N(R A R B )” group in which R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An O-carbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • N-carbamyl refers to an “ROC( ⁇ O)N(R A )—” group in which R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An N-carbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • An “O-thiocarbamyl” group refers to a “—OC( ⁇ S)—N(R A R B )” group in which R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An 0-thiocarbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • N-thiocarbamyl refers to an “ROC( ⁇ S)N(R A )—” group in which R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An N-thiocarbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “C-amido” group refers to a “—C( ⁇ O)N(R A R B )” group in which R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • a C-amido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • N-amido refers to a “RC( ⁇ O)N(R A )—” group in which R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An N-amido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “urea” group refers to “N(R)—C( ⁇ O)—NR A R B group in which R can be hydrogen or an alkyl, and R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • a urea may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • An “oxime” group refers to “—C( ⁇ N—OH)R A ” in which R A can be independently an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An oxime may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • acyl hydrozone refers to “—C( ⁇ N—NH-acyl)-R A .” in which the acyl portion has the structure as provided herein for “acyl”, and R A can be independently an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An acyl hydrozone may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “hydrazine” refers to “—NHNR A R B ” in which R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • a hydrazine may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • halogen atom or “halogen” as used herein, means any one of the radio-stable atoms of column 7 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, such as, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • substituents there may be one or more substituents present.
  • haloalkyl may include one or more of the same or different halogens.
  • C 1 -C 3 alkoxyphenyl may include one or more of the same or different alkoxy groups containing one, two or three atoms.
  • protecting group and “protecting groups” (and the abbreviation “PG”) as used herein refer to any atom or group of atoms that is added to a molecule in order to prevent existing groups in the molecule from undergoing unwanted chemical reactions.
  • protecting group moieties are described in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3. Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1999, and in J. F. W. McOmie, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry Plenum Press, 1973, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference for the limited purpose of disclosing suitable protecting groups.
  • the protecting group moiety may be chosen in such a way, that they are stable to certain reaction conditions and readily removed at a convenient stage using methodology known from the art.
  • a non-limiting list of protecting groups include benzyl; substituted benzyl; alkylcarbonyls and alkoxycarbonyls (e.g., t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), acetyl, or isobutyryl); arylalkylcarbonyls and arylalkoxycarbonyls (e.g., benzyloxycarbonyl); substituted methyl ether (e.g.
  • methoxymethyl ether substituted ethyl ether; a substituted benzyl ether; tetrahydropyranyl ether; silyls (e.g., trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl, [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl or t-butyldiphenylsilyl); esters (e.g. benzoate ester); carbonates (e.g. methoxymethylcarbonate); sulfonates (e.g. tosylate or mesylate); acyclic ketal (e.g.
  • cyclic ketals e.g., 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolanes, and those described herein
  • acyclic acetal e.g., those described herein
  • acyclic hemiacetal e.g., 1,3-dithiane or 1,3-dithiolane
  • orthoesters e.g., those described herein
  • triarylmethyl groups e.g., trityl; monomethoxytrityl (MMTr); 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr); 4,4′,4′′-trimethoxytrityl (TMTr); and those described herein).
  • leaving group refers to any atom or moiety that is capable of being displaced by another atom or moiety in a chemical reaction. More specifically, in some embodiments, “leaving group” refers to the atom or moiety that is displaced in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. In some embodiments, “leaving groups” are any atoms or moieties that are conjugate bases of strong acids. Examples of suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, tosylates, mesylates, trifluoroacetates and halogens (e.g., I, Br, and Cl).
  • Non-limiting characteristics and examples of leaving groups can be found, for example in Organic Chemist, 2d ed., Francis Carey (1992), pages 328-331 ; Introduction to Organic Chemistry, 2d ed., Andrew Streitwieser and Clayton Heathcock (1981), pages 169-171; and Organic Chemistry, 5 th ed., John McMurry (2000), pages 398 and 408; all of which are incorporated herein by reference for the limited purpose of disclosing characteristics and examples of leaving groups.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound.
  • the salt is an acid addition salt of the compound.
  • Pharmaceutical salts can be obtained by reacting a compound with inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid), sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid.
  • compositions can also be obtained by reacting a compound with an organic acid such as aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic or sulfonic acids, for example formic, acetic, succinic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, nicotinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, salicylic or naphthalenesulfonic acid.
  • organic acid such as aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic or sulfonic acids
  • Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with a base to form a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, C 1 -C 7 alkylamine, cyclohexylamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine and lysine.
  • a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, C 1 -C 7 alkylamine, cyclohexy
  • the term “comprising” is to be interpreted synonymously with the phrases “having at least” or “including at least”.
  • the term “comprising” means that the process includes at least the recited steps, but may include additional steps.
  • the term “comprising” means that the compound, composition or device includes at least the recited features or components, but may also include additional features or components.
  • a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘and’ should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless the context indicates otherwise.
  • a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘or’ should not be read as requiring mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless the context indicates otherwise.
  • each center may independently be of R-configuration or S-configuration or a mixture thereof.
  • the compounds provided herein may be enantiomerically pure, enantiomerically enriched, racemic mixture, diastereomerically pure, diastereomerically enriched, or a stereoisomeric mixture.
  • each double bond may independently be E or Z, or a mixture thereof.
  • valencies are to be filled with hydrogens or isotopes thereof, e.g., hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium).
  • each chemical element as represented in a compound structure may include any isotope of said element.
  • a hydrogen atom may be explicitly disclosed or understood to be present in the compound.
  • the hydrogen atom can be any isotope of hydrogen, including but not limited to hydrogen-(protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium).
  • reference herein to a compound encompasses all potential isotopic forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • the methods and combinations described herein include crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs, which include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound), amorphous phases, salts, solvates, and hydrates.
  • the compounds described herein exist in solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or the like.
  • the compounds described herein exist in unsolvated form.
  • Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol.
  • the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.
  • an “RNA” refers to a ribonucleic acid that may be naturally or non-naturally occurring.
  • an RNA may include modified and/or non-naturally occurring components such as one or more nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides, or linkers.
  • An RNA may include a cap structure, a chain terminating nucleoside, a stem loop, a polyA sequence, and/or a polyadenylation signal.
  • An RNA may have a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest.
  • an RNA may be a messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • RNAs may be selected from the nonlimiting group consisting of small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), Dicer-substrate RNA (dsRNA), small hairpin RNA (shRNA), mRNA, single-guide RNA (sgRNA), cas9 mRNA, and mixtures thereof.
  • siRNA small interfering RNA
  • miRNA microRNA
  • dsRNA Dicer-substrate RNA
  • shRNA small hairpin RNA
  • mRNA single-guide RNA
  • cas9 mRNA single-guide RNA
  • polypeptide may be used interchangeably to refer a string of at least three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
  • Peptide may refer to an individual peptide or a collection of peptides.
  • Peptides can contain natural amino acids, non-natural amino acids (i.e., compounds that do not occur in nature but that can be incorporated into a polypeptide chain), and/or amino acid analogs.
  • one or more of the amino acids in a peptide may be modified, for example, by the addition of a chemical entity such as a carbohydrate group, a phosphate group, a farnesyl group, an isofarnesyl group, a fatty acid group, a linker for conjugation, functionalization, or other modification, etc. Modifications may include cyclization of the peptide, the incorporation of D-amino acids, etc.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a therapeutic agent sufficient to mediate a clinically relevant elimination, reduction or amelioration of such symptoms. An effect is clinically relevant if its magnitude is sufficient to impact the health or prognosis of a recipient subject.
  • a therapeutically effective amount may refer to the amount of therapeutic agent sufficient to delay or minimize the onset of disease, e.g., delay or minimize the spread of cancer.
  • a therapeutically effective amount may also refer to the amount of the therapeutic agent that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of a disease.
  • compositions described herein are preferably provided in unit dosage form.
  • a “unit dosage form” is a composition containing an amount of a compound or composition that is suitable for administration to an animal, preferably mammal subject, in a single dose, according to good medical practice.
  • the preparation of a single or unit dosage form does not imply that the dosage form is administered once per day or once per course of therapy.
  • Such dosage forms are contemplated to be administered once, twice, thrice or more per day and may be administered as infusion over a period of time (e.g., from about 30 minutes to about 2-6 hours), or administered as a continuous infusion, and may be given more than once during a course of therapy, though a single administration is not specifically excluded.
  • prophylactic agent refers to an agent that can be used in the prevention of a disorder or disease prior to the detection of any symptoms of such disorder or disease.
  • a “prophylactically effective” amount is the amount of prophylactic agent sufficient to mediate such protection.
  • a prophylactically effective amount may also refer to the amount of the prophylactic agent that provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of disease.
  • compositions useful as described above may be in any of a variety of suitable forms for a variety of routes for administration, for example, for oral, nasal, rectal, topical (including transdermal), ocular, intracerebral, intracranial, intrathecal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intramuscular, or other parental routes of administration.
  • oral and nasal compositions comprise compositions that are administered by inhalation, and made using available methodologies.
  • pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include, for example, solid or liquid fillers, diluents, hydrotropies, surface-active agents, and encapsulating substances.
  • Optional pharmaceutically-active materials may be included, which do not substantially interfere with the inhibitory activity of the compound.
  • the amount of carrier employed in conjunction with the compound is sufficient to provide a practical quantity of material for administration per unit dose of the compound.
  • the terms “individual,” “host,” “subject,” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a mammal, including, but not limited to, humans, rodents, such as mice and rats, and other laboratory animals.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water and emulsions such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents.
  • the term “conformationally constrained lipid” refers to a lipid whose molecular structure is predominantly in one architecture, such as an adamantane, whose shape resembles an ‘armchair’.
  • PEG-lipid refers to a lipid modified with polyethylene glycol.
  • Exemplary PEG-lipids include but are not limited to C 14 PEG 350 , C 14 PEG 1000 , C 14 PEG 2000 , C 14 PEG 3000 , and C 18 PEG 2000 .
  • oligonucleotide refers to short DNA, RNA, or DNA/RNA molecules or oligomers containing a relatively small number of nucleotides.
  • lipid nanoparticles having constrained lipids can more effectively deliver nucleic acids to specific tissues in the body.
  • lipid nanoparticles can be formulated by mixing nucleic acids with conformationally constrained ionizable lipids, PEG-lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and optionally a nucleic acid.
  • the lipid nanoparticles do not contain a targeting ligand.
  • the disclosed lipid nanoparticles preferentially target T cells over hepatocytes in the absence of a targeting ligand.
  • the lipid nanoparticles can have an average hydrodynamic diameter from between about 30 to about 170 nm.
  • the lipid nanoparticles can have an average hydrodynamic diameter that is about 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 155 nm, 160 nm, 165 nm, 170 nm, or any range having endpoints defined by any two of the aforementioned values.
  • the nanoparticles have an average hydrodynamic diameter from between 50 nm to 100 nm.
  • Some embodiments relate to a compound of Formula (I):
  • R 1 is C 9 -C 20 alkyl or C 9 -C 20 alkenyl with 1-3 units of unsaturation
  • X 1 and X 2 are each independently absent or selected from —O—, NR 2 , and
  • R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and wherein X 1 and X 2 are not both —O— or NR 2 ;
  • a is an integer between 1 and 6;
  • X 3 and X 4 are each independently absent or selected from the group consisting of: 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, and —NR 3 —, wherein each R 3 is a hydrogen atom or C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
  • X 5 is —(CH 2 ) b —, wherein b is an integer between 0 and 6;
  • X 6 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, or —NR 4 R 5 , wherein R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or alternatively R 4 and R 5 join together with the nitrogen to which they are bound to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, wherein the heterocyclyl optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen;
  • X 7 is hydrogen or —NR 6 R 7 , wherein R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or alternatively R 6 and R 7 join together with the nitrogen to which they are bound to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, wherein the heterocyclyl optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen:
  • R 4 and R 5 are not both ethyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 8 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 9 is C 9 -C 20 alkyl optionally fused with 1-4 C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl groups, C 9 -C 20 alkenyl with 1-3 units of unsaturation, or (CH 2 ) g —X 17 , wherein X 17 is optionally substituted C 4 -C 12 cycloalkyl;
  • R 10 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and wherein X 8 and X 9 are not both —O— or NR 10 ;
  • X 10 and X 11 are each independently absent or selected from the group consisting of: 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, and —NR 11 —, wherein R 11 is a hydrogen atom or C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
  • X 12 is —(CH 2 ) i —;
  • X 13 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, or —NR 12 R 13 , wherein R 12 and R 13 are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or alternatively R 12 and R 13 join together with the nitrogen to which they are bound to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, wherein the heterocyclyl optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen;
  • X 14 is hydrogen or —NR 14 R 15 , wherein R 14 and R 15 are each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or alternatively R 14 and R 15 join together with the nitrogen to which they are bound to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, wherein the heterocyclyl optionally includes an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen;
  • each of c, d, e, f, g, h, and i is independently an integer from 0-6;
  • X 8 , X 9 , X 10 , X 11 , and X 12 is present;
  • R 16 is hydrogen or optionally substituted C 5 -C 6 aryl
  • X 15 is optionally substituted C 4 -C 12 cycloalkyl or optionally substituted C 5 -C 10 aryl;
  • X 16 is hydrogen or optionally substituted C 4 -C 12 cycloalkyl
  • R 9 is
  • R 9 is
  • i is 3, X 8 , X 9 , X 10 , and X 11 , are absent, X 13 is —NR 12 R 13 , and R 12 an R 13 are each methyl. In some embodiments, X 8 , X 9 , and X 11 are absent, i is 0, X 10 is
  • c, d, and e are each 1. In some embodiments, R 9 is
  • R 8 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 9 and
  • the compound of Formula (II) is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the disclosed lipid nanoparticles include an ionizable lipid.
  • the ionizable lipid typically includes an amine-containing group on the head group.
  • the ionizable lipid is a conformationally constrained ionizable lipid as described elsewhere herein.
  • the conformationally constrained lipid is present in the lipid nanoparticle at 35, 45, 50, or 65 mole percent, based on total moles of components of the lipid nanoparticle.
  • the conformationally constrained lipid is present at about 33 mol % to about 36 mol %, based on total moles of components of the lipid nanoparticle.
  • the conformationally constrained lipid is present at about 35 mol %, based on total moles of components of the lipid nanoparticle.
  • lipid nanoparticle composition comprising: a conformationally constrained ionizable lipid; a phospholipid; a polyethylene glycol-lipid; a cholesterol; and optionally a nucleic acid.
  • the conformationally constrained ionizable lipid comprises a structure according to any one of Formulas (I), (Ia), (II), (IIa), (IIb), and (IIc).
  • the amount of conformationally constrained ionizable lipid is present in the range of about 35 to 65 mole percent, based on total moles of components of the lipid nanoparticle.
  • the disclosed lipid nanoparticles include one or more sterols.
  • the sterol is cholesterol, or a variant or derivative thereof.
  • the cholesterol is modified, for example oxidized. Unmodified cholesterol can be acted upon by enzymes to form variants that are side-chain or ring oxidized. The cholesterol can be oxidized on the beta-ring structure or on the hydrocarbon tail structure.
  • Exemplary cholesterols that are considered for use in the disclosed lipid nanoparticles include but are not limited to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH), 20 ⁇ -hydroxycholesterol (20 ⁇ -OH), 27-hydroxycholesterol, 6-keto-5 ⁇ -hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 7 ⁇ -hydroxycholesterol, 7 ⁇ -hydroxycholesterol, 7 ⁇ -25-dihydroxycholesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, or combinations thereof.
  • side-chain oxidized cholesterol can enhance cargo delivery relative to other cholesterol variants.
  • the cholesterol is an unmodified cholesterol.
  • the disclosed nanoparticle compositions also include one or more PEG or PEG-modified lipids.
  • Such lipids may be alternately referred to as PEGylated lipids or PEG-lipids.
  • PEGylated lipids may be alternately referred to as PEGylated lipids or PEG-lipids.
  • Inclusion of a PEGylating lipid can be used to enhance lipid nanoparticle colloidal stability in vitro and circulation time in vivo.
  • the PEGylation is reversible in that the PEG moiety is gradually released in blood circulation.
  • Exemplary PEG-lipids include but are not limited to PEG conjugated to saturated or unsaturated alkyl chains having a length of C 6 -C 20 .
  • a PEG lipid may be PEG-c-DOMG, PEG-DMG, PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPE, PEG-DSG or a PEG-DSPE lipid.
  • the phospholipid component of the nanoparticle may include one or more phospholipids, such as one or more (poly)unsaturated lipids.
  • the phospholipids may assemble into one or more lipid bilayers.
  • the phospholipids may include a phospholipid moiety and one or more fatty acid moieties.
  • the phospholipid moiety includes but is not limited to phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, 2-lysophosphatidyl choline, and sphingomyelin.
  • the fatty acid moiety includes but is not limited to lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, erucic acid, phytanic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, behenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.
  • Non-natural species including natural species with modifications and substitutions including branching, oxidation, cyclization, and alkynes are also contemplated.
  • a phospholipid may be functionalized with or cross-linked to one or more alkynes (e.g., an alkenyl group in which one or more double bonds is replaced with a triple bond).
  • alkynes e.g., an alkenyl group in which one or more double bonds is replaced with a triple bond.
  • an alkyne group may undergo a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition upon exposure to an azide.
  • Such reactions may be useful in functionalizing a lipid bilayer of a nanoparticle composition to facilitate membrane permeation or cellular recognition or in conjugating a nanoparticle composition to a useful component such as a targeting or imaging moiety (e.g., a dye).
  • Exemplary phospholipids include but are not limited to 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-diundecanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DUPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1,2-di-0-octadecenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0 Diether
  • the disclosed lipid nanoparticle compositions include a therapeutic or prophylactic agent to a subject.
  • the therapeutic or prophylactic agent is encapsulated by the lipid nanoparticle.
  • the lipid nanoparticles are loaded with one or more nucleic acids.
  • nucleic acids include but are not limited to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) RNA, DNA, single-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, double stranded DNA, triple-stranded DNA, siRNA, shRNA, sgRNA, mRNA, miRNA, and antisense DNA.
  • CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • the guide RNA directs the Cas nuclease to the specific target DNA sequence. Cas then creates a double-strand break in the DNA at that site.
  • the disclosed lipid nanoparticles can be used to carry the components required for CRISPR-based gene editing.
  • the nucleic acid cargo is a guide-RNA.
  • a second lipid nanoparticle can contain nucleic acid cargo that encodes an RNA-guided endonuclease.
  • the two lipid nanoparticles can be administered together.
  • Exemplary RNA-guided endonucleases include but are not limited to Cas9, CasX, CasY, Cas13, or Cpfl.
  • the cargo is siRNA.
  • Short Interfering RNA is a double-stranded RNA that can induce sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing, thereby decreasing or even inhibiting gene expression.
  • an siRNA triggers the specific degradation of homologous RNA molecules, such as mRNAs, within the region of sequence identity between both the siRNA and the target RNA.
  • WO 02/44321 discloses siRNAs capable of sequence-specific degradation of target mRNAs when base-paired with 3′ overhanging ends, herein incorporated by reference for the method of making these siRNAs.
  • Sequence specific gene silencing can be achieved in mammalian cells using synthetic, short double-stranded RNAs that mimic the siRNAs produced by the enzyme dicer (Elbashir, et al. (2001) Nature, 411:494 498) (Ui-Tei, et al. (2000) FEBS Lett 479:79-82.
  • the lipid nanoparticle contains less than 1.0 mg/kg inhibitory nucleic acid.
  • the nanoparticle can contain 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, or 0.5 mg/kg inhibitory nucleic acid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle contains 0.5 mg/kg inhibitory nucleic acid. This is an advantage over current technology in which nanoparticles require high doses of nucleic acid (>1 mg/kg) to achieve gene silencing, doses of which are not approve for human delivery.
  • the disclosed technology can achieve gene silencing using 0.5 mg/kg inhibitory nucleic acid in a lipid nanoparticle that does not include targeting ligands.
  • the nucleic acids including but not limited to oligonucleotides, are modified or include one more modified nucleotides to increase stability, half-life, and nuclease sensitivity.
  • the native phosphodiester oligodeoxyribonucleotide, native phosphodiester oligoribonucleotide, ribonucleotide polymers, and deoxyribonucleotide polymers can include one more different modifications.
  • Exemplary modifications include but are not limited to phosphorothioate (PS) bonds, 2′′-O Methyl (2′OMe), 2′ Fluoro bases, inverted dT and ddT, phosphorylation of the 3′end of oligonucleotides, locked nucleic acids, and including a phosphoramidite C3 Spacer.
  • PS phosphorothioate
  • 2′OMe 2′ Fluoro bases
  • inverted dT and ddT inverted dT and ddT
  • phosphorylation of the 3′end of oligonucleotides locked nucleic acids
  • a phosphoramidite C3 Spacer including but are not limited to phosphorothioate (PS) bonds, 2′′-O Methyl (2′OMe), 2′ Fluoro bases, inverted dT and ddT, phosphorylation of the 3′end of oligonucleotides, locked nucleic acids, and including a phosphoram
  • the phosphorothioate bond substitutes a sulfur atom for a non-bridging oxygen in the phosphate backbone of an oligonucleotide.
  • PS modification renders the internucleotide linkage more resistant to nuclease degradation.
  • the nucleic acids include one or more PS bonds, for example at least 3 PS bonds at the 5′ and 3′ oligonucleotide ends to inhibit exonuclease degradation.
  • Some nucleic acid include PS bonds throughout the entire oligonucleotide to help reduce attack by endonucleases as well.
  • RNA A naturally occurring post-transcriptional modification of RNA, 2′OMe is found in tRNA and other small RNAs.
  • the nucleic acids or oligonucleotides are directly synthesized to contain 2′OMe. This modification increases the Tm of RNA:RNA duplexes, but results in only small changes in RNA:DNA stability. It prevents attack by single-stranded endonucleases, but not exonuclease digestion. In some embodiment, these nucleic acids or oligonucleotides are also end blocked. DNA oligonucleotides that include this modification are typically 5- to 10-fold less susceptible to DNases than unmodified DNA.
  • the 2′OMe modification is commonly used in antisense oligonucleotides as a means to increase stability and binding affinity to target transcripts.
  • 2′-Fluoro bases have a fluorine-modified ribose which increases binding affinity (Tm) and also confers some relative nuclease resistance compared to native RNA.
  • the nucleic acids or oligonucleotides include 2′ fluoro bases in conjunction with PS-modified bonds.
  • Inverted dT can be incorporated at the 3′ end of an oligonucleotide, leading to a 3′-3′ linkage that will inhibit degradation by 3′ exonucleases and extension by DNA polymerases.
  • placing an inverted, 2′,3′ dideoxy-dT base (5′ Inverted ddT) at the 5′ end of an oligonucleotide prevents spurious ligations and may protect against some forms of enzymatic degradation.
  • nucleic acids or oligonucleotides that include a phosphoramidite C3 Spacer.
  • the phosphoramidite C3 Spacer can be incorporated internally, or at either end of an oligo to introduce a long hydrophilic spacer arm for the attachment of fluorophores or other pendent groups.
  • the C3 spacer also can be used to inhibit degradation by 3′ exonucleases.
  • the nucleic acids or oligonucleotides include locked nucleic acids.
  • Locked nucleic acids include modified RNA nucleotides in which the 2′-O and 4′-C atoms of the ribose are joined through a methylene bridge. This additional bridge limits the flexibility normally associated with the ring, essentially locking the structure into a rigid conformation. LNAs can be inserted into both RNA and DNA oligonucleotides.
  • cargo that can be delivered via the disclosed nanoparticles include but are not limited to chemotherapeutic agents, cytotoxic agents, radioactive ions, small molecules, proteins, polynucleotides, and nucleic acids.
  • chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to amsacrine, bleomycin, busulfan, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clofarabine, crisantaspase, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, fludarabine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxycarbamide, idarubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, leucovorin, liposomal doxorubicin, liposomal daunorubicin, lomustine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel,
  • nucleic acid is siRNA, miRNA, anti-sense oligonucleotide, or immunostimulatory oligonucleotide.
  • the lipid nanoparticle formulation includes about 30 mol % to about 70 mol % conformationally constrained ionizable lipid, about 5 mol % to about 25 mol % phospholipid, about 25 mol % to about 45 mol % cholesterol, and about 0 mol % to about 5 mol % PEG-lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle formulation include about 35 mol % conformationally constrained ionizable lipid, about 16 mol % phospholipid, about 46.5 mol % cholesterol, and about 2.5 mol % PEG-lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle formulation include about 50 mol % conformationally constrained ionizable lipid, about 10 mol % phospholipid, about 38.5 mol % cholesterol, and about 1.5 mol % PEG-lipid.
  • One embodiment provides a lipid nanoparticle formulation including about 33 mol % to about 36 mol % conformationally constrained ionizable lipid with an adamantane tail, about 15 mol % to about 17 mol % 1-2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, about 2 mol % to about 3 mol % C 14 PEG 2000 , and about 45 mol % to about 47 mol % cholesterol, based on the total moles of these four ingredients.
  • Another embodiment provides a lipid nanoparticle formulation including 35 mol % conformationally constrained ionizable lipid with an adamantane tail, 16 mol % 1-2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and 2.5 mol % C 14 PEG 2000 , 46 mol % cholesterol, based on the total moles of these four ingredients.
  • Another embodiment provides a lipid nanoparticle formulation in which the mass ratio of (ionizable lipid, cholesterol, lipid-PEG, and phospholipid):siRNA is between about 2:1 and 50:1.
  • the lipid nanoparticle formulation includes 3-[(1-Adamantanyl)acetoxy]-2- ⁇ [3-(diethylamino)propoxycarbonyloxy]methyl ⁇ propyl (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoate, DSPC, a polyethylene glycol-lipid, cholesterol, and an inhibitory nucleic acid.
  • One embodiment provides a lipid nanoparticles composition containing 3-[(1-Adamantanyl)acetoxy]-2- ⁇ [3-(diethylamino)propoxycarbonyloxy]methyl ⁇ propyl (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoate, DSPC, a polyethylene glycol-lipid, cholesterol, and sgRNA specific for a gene.
  • Another embodiment provides a lipid nanoparticle including 3-[(1-Adamantanyl)acetoxy]-2- ⁇ [3-(diethylamino)propoxycarbonyloxy]methyl ⁇ propyl (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoate, DSPC, a polyethylene glycol-lipid, cholesterol, and mRNA encoding an RNA guided DNA endonuclease.
  • compositions including the disclosed lipid nanoparticles are provided.
  • the lipid nanoparticle compositions can be formulated in whole or in part as pharmaceutical compositions.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions may include one or more nanoparticle compositions.
  • a pharmaceutical composition may include one or more nanoparticle compositions including one or more different therapeutic and/or prophylactics including but not limited to one or more nucleic acids of different types or encode different agents.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or accessory ingredients including but not limited to a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • compositions containing the nanoparticles can be formulated for administration by parenteral (intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous injection), transdermal (either passively or using iontophoresis or electroporation), or transmucosal (nasal, vaginal, rectal, or sublingual) routes of administration or using bioerodible inserts and can be formulated in dosage forms appropriate for each route of administration.
  • the nanoparticle compositions disclosed herein are administered to a subject in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” means a dosage sufficient to treat, inhibit, or alleviate one or more symptoms of the disorder being treated or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect. The precise dosage will vary according to a variety of factors such as subject-dependent variables (e.g., age, immune system health, etc.), the disease, and the treatment being effected.
  • the disclosed nanoparticles As further studies are conducted, information will emerge regarding appropriate dosage levels for treatment of various conditions in various patients, and the ordinary skilled worker, considering the therapeutic context, age, and general health of the recipient, will be able to ascertain proper dosing.
  • the selected dosage depends upon the desired therapeutic effect, on the route of administration, and on the duration of the treatment desired.
  • dosage levels of 0.001 mg to 5 mg of nucleic acid per kg of body weight daily are administered to mammals. More specifically, a preferential dose for the disclosed nanoparticles is 0.01 mg/kg to 0.25 mg/kg.
  • a preferential dose of the disclosed nanoparticles is 0.05 mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg of the four components/kg of body weight.
  • the lipid nanoparticle composition is administered locally, for example by injection directly into a site to be treated.
  • the injection causes an increased localized concentration of the lipid nanoparticle composition which is greater than that which can be achieved by systemic administration.
  • the lipid nanoparticle compositions can be combined with a matrix as described above to assist in creating an increased localized concentration of the polypeptide compositions by reducing the passive diffusion of the polypeptides out of the site to be treated.
  • the nanoparticle compositions disclosed herein are administered in an aqueous solution, by parenteral injection.
  • the formulation may also be in the form of a suspension or emulsion.
  • pharmaceutical compositions are provided including effective amounts of a lipid nanoparticle, and optionally include pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, preservatives, solubilizers, emulsifiers, adjuvants and/or carriers.
  • compositions optionally include one or more for the following: diluents, sterile water, buffered saline of various buffer content (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength; and additives such as detergents and solubilizing agents (e.g., TWEEN 20 (polysorbate-20), TWEEN 80 (polysorbate-80)), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite), and preservatives (e.g., Thimersol, benzyl alcohol) and bulking substances (e.g., lactose, mannitol).
  • diluents sterile water, buffered saline of various buffer content (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength
  • additives such as detergents and solubilizing agents (e.g., TWEEN 20 (polysorbate-20), TWEEN 80
  • non-aqueous solvents or vehicles examples include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, such as olive oil and corn oil, gelatin, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • the formulations may be lyophilized and redissolved/resuspended immediately before use.
  • the formulation may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria retaining filter, by incorporating sterilizing agents into the compositions, by irradiating the compositions, or by heating the compositions.
  • Controlled release polymeric devices can be made for long term release systemically following implantation of a polymeric device (rod, cylinder, film, disk) or injection (microparticles).
  • the matrix can be in the form of microparticles such as microspheres, where the agent is dispersed within a solid polymeric matrix or microcapsules, where the core is of a different material than the polymeric shell, and the peptide is dispersed or suspended in the core, which may be liquid or solid in nature.
  • microparticles, microspheres, and microcapsules are used interchangeably.
  • the polymer may be cast as a thin slab or film, ranging from nanometers to four centimeters, a powder produced by grinding or other standard techniques, or even a gel such as a hydrogel.
  • Either non-biodegradable or biodegradable matrices can be used for delivery of lipid nanoparticles, although in some embodiments biodegradable matrices are preferred.
  • biodegradable matrices are preferred.
  • These may be natural or synthetic polymers, although synthetic polymers are preferred in some embodiments due to the better characterization of degradation and release profiles.
  • the polymer is selected based on the period over which release is desired. In some cases, linear release may be most useful, although in others a pulse release or “bulk release” may provide more effective results.
  • the polymer may be in the form of a hydrogel (typically in absorbing up to about 90% by weight of water), and can optionally be crosslinked with multivalent ions or polymers.
  • Bioerodible microspheres can be prepared using any of the methods developed for making microspheres for drug delivery, for example, as described by Mathiowitz and Langer, J. Controlled Release, 5:13-22 (1987); Mathiowitz, et al., Reactive Polymers, 6:275-283 (1987); and Mathiowitz, et al., J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 35:755-774 (1988).
  • the devices can be formulated for local release to treat the area of implantation or injection—which will typically deliver a dosage that is much less than the dosage for treatment of an entire body—or systemic delivery. These can be implanted or injected subcutaneously, into the muscle, fat, or swallowed.
  • the disclosed lipid nanoparticles are manufactured using microfluidics.
  • microfluidics For exemplary methods of using microfluidics to form lipid nanoparticles, see Leung, A. K. K, et al., J Phys Chem, 116:18440-18450 (2012), Chen, D., et al., J Am Chem Soc, 134:6947-6951 (2012), and Belliveau, N. M., et al., Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids, 1: e37 (2012).
  • the cargo such as an oligonucleotide or siRNA, is prepared in one buffer.
  • the other lipid nanoparticle components (ionizable lipid, PEG-lipid, cholesterol, and DSPC) are prepared in another buffer.
  • a syringe pump introduces the two solutions into a microfluidic device. The two solutions come into contact within the microfluidic device to form lipid nanoparticles encapsulating the cargo.
  • the screening methods characterizes vehicle delivery formulations to identify formulations with a desired tropism and that deliver functional cargo to the cytoplasm of specific cells.
  • the screening method uses a reporter that has a functionality that can be detected when delivered to the cell. Detecting the function of the reporter in the cell indicates that the formulation of the delivery vehicle will deliver functional cargo to the cell.
  • a chemical composition identifier is included in each different delivery vehicle formulation to keep track of the chemical composition specific for each different delivery vehicle formulation.
  • the chemical composition identifier is a nucleic acid barcode.
  • the sequence of the nucleic acid bar code is paired to the chemical components used to formulate the delivery vehicle in which it is loaded so that when the nucleic acid bar code is sequenced, the chemical composition of the delivery vehicle that delivered the barcode is identified.
  • Representative reporters include, but are not limited to siRNA, mRNA, nuclease protein, nuclease mRNA, small molecules, epigenetic modifiers, and phenotypic modifiers.
  • the disclosed lipid nanoparticles deliver therapeutic or prophylactic agents to specific cells or organs in a subject in need thereof in the absence of a targeting ligand.
  • the disclosed lipid nanoparticles are useful to treat or prevent diseases in a subject in need thereof.
  • the disclosed nanoparticles are delivered directly to the subject.
  • the lipid nanoparticles are contacted with cells ex vivo, and the treated cells are administered to the subject.
  • the cells can be autologous cells, for example immune cells including but not limited to T cells or cells that differentiate into T cells.
  • the disclosed lipid nanoparticles may be used as vehicles for adoptive cell transfer.
  • the disclosed lipid nanoparticle composition targets a particular type or class of cells (e.g., cells of a particular organ or system thereof).
  • a nanoparticle composition including a therapeutic and/or prophylactic of interest may be specifically delivered to immune cells in the subject.
  • Exemplary immune cells include but are not limited to CD8+, CD4+, or CD8+CD4+ cells.
  • the lipid nanoparticles can be formulated to be delivered in the absence of a targeting ligand to a mammalian liver immune cells, spleen T cells, or lung endothelial cells. Specific delivery to a particular class or type of cells indicates that a higher proportion of lipid nanoparticles are delivered to target type or class of cells. In some embodiments, specific delivery may result in a greater than 2 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, or 20 fold increase in the amount of therapeutic and/or prophylactic per 1 g of tissue of the targeted destination.
  • the lipid nanoparticles can be used for reducing gene expression in a target cell in a subject in need thereof.
  • the lipid nanoparticle can deliver the inhibitory nucleic acid to the target cell in the subject without a targeting ligand.
  • the inhibitory nucleic acid can be siRNA.
  • Another embodiment provides methods of using the disclosed lipid nanoparticles for editing a gene in a cell in a subject in need thereof.
  • the cell that is targeted for gene regulation is an immune cell.
  • the immune cell can be a T cell, such as CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell, or T regulatory cell.
  • Other exemplary immune cells for gene editing include but are not limited to macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells or natural killer cells.
  • genes that can be targeted include but are not limited to T cell receptors, B cell receptors, CTLA4, PD1, FOXO1, FOXO3, AKTs, CCR5, CXCR4, LAG3, TIM3, Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors, GITR, BTLA, LFA-4, T4, LFA-1, Bp35, CD27L receptor, TNFRSF8, TNFRSF5, CD47, CD52, ICAM-1, LFA-3, L-selectin, Ki-24, MB1, B7, B70, M-CSFR, TNFR-II, IL-7R, OX-40, CD137, CD137L, CD30L, CD40L, FasL, TRAIL, CD257, LIGHT, TRAIL-R1, TRAILR2, TRAIL-R4, TWEAK-R, TNFR, BCMA, B7DC, BTLA, B7-H1, B7-H2, B7-H3, ICOS, VEGFR2, NKG2D, JAG1,
  • Exemplary tumor-associated antigens that can be recognized by T cells and are contemplated for targeting, include but are not limited to MAGE1, MAGE3, MAGE6, BAGE, GAGE, NYESO-1, MART1/Melan A, MCIR, GP100, tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, PSA, CEA, Cyp-B, Her2/Neu, hTERT, MUC1, PRAME, WT1, RAS, CDK-4, MUM-1, KRAS, MSLN and ⁇ -catenin.
  • the subjects treated are mammals experiencing cancer, autoimmune disease, infections disease, organ transplant, organ failure, or a combination thereof.
  • the methods described herein may cause T cells to present specific antigens for the treatment of cancer or autoimmune disease.
  • the methods described herein may be used for T cell priming.
  • the methods described herein may be used to deliver DNA or mRNA that cause T cells to present MHC-peptide complexes.
  • the methods described herein may be used to deliver one or more of DNA, siRNA, or mRNA to a T cell to avoid anergy.
  • Example 1 3-(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1′-ethyl-[1,4′-bipiperidine]-4-carboxylate (1)
  • Step 2 3-(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
  • reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (100 g silica, 0 to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes over 20 minutes). Obtained 3-(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (1.86 g, 48%) as a colorless oil.
  • Step 3 3-(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1′-ethyl-[1,4′-bipiperidine]-4-carboxylate (1)
  • Example 8 3-(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1-isopropylpiperidine-4-carboxylate (8)
  • Example 29 3-(((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)-2-((((1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-pentyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1′-ethyl-[1,4′-bipiperidine]-4-carboxylate (29)
  • Step 1 3-hydroxy-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1′-ethyl-[1,4′-bipiperidine]-4-carboxylate
  • Step 2 3-(((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)-2-((((1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-pentyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1′-ethyl-[1,4′-bipiperidine]-4-carboxylate (29)
  • Example 33 3-((2,3-diphenylpropanoyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1′-ethyl-[1,4′-bipiperidine]-4-carboxylate (33)
  • Example 34 3-(((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)-2-((((1R,2S,3s,4R,5S)-tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octane-3-carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1′-ethyl-[1,4′-bipiperidine]-4-carboxylate (34)
  • Example 35 3-(2-((1r,3R,5S,7r)-3,5-dimethyladamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1′-ethyl-[1,4′-bipiperidine]-4-carboxylate (35)
  • Example 36 3-((bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3-carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1′-ethyl-[1,4′-bipiperidine]-4-carboxylate (36)
  • Example 37 3-(((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)-2-((((3as,6as)-octahydro-2,5-methanopentalene-3a-carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1′-ethyl-[1,4′-bipiperidine]-4-carboxylate (37)
  • Step 1 3-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
  • Step 2 3-((3-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)propanoyl)oxy)-2-(((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (38)
  • Example 46 3-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-pentyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate (46)
  • Step 1 3-hydroxy-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzoate
  • reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (50 g silica, 0 to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes over 20 minutes). Obtained 3-hydroxy-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzoate (630 mg, 49.6%) as a colorless oil.
  • Step 2 3-(((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)-2-(((4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzoate (47)
  • Example 50 3-(((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)-2-(((4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-pentyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate (50)
  • Step 1 3-hydroxy-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-pentyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate
  • Step 2 3-(((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,2-dienoyl)oxy)-2-(((4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl(1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-pentyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate (50)
  • Example 51 3-(((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)-2-((((1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-pentyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1-(pyridin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylate (51)
  • Example 52 3-((N ⁇ ,N ⁇ -dimethyl-L-histidyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1S,1's,4R,4'S)-4′-pentyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate (52)
  • Step 1 3-(2-((1S,2R,5R)-adamantan-2-yl)acetoxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
  • Step 2 3-(2-((1S,2R,5R)-adamantan-2-yl)acetoxy)-2-(((4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (53)
  • Example 54 3-(2-((1S,2R,5R)-adamantan-2-yl)acetoxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1-(pyridin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylate (54)
  • Step 1 3-((3-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)propanoyl)oxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
  • reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (50 g silica, 0 to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes over 16 minutes). Obtained 3-((3-((1s,3R,5S)-adamantan-1-yl)propanoyl)oxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (0.305 g, 28.7%) as a colorless oil.
  • Step 2 3-((3-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)propanoyl)oxy)-2-(((4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (56)
  • Example 57 3-((3-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)propanoyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 1-(pyridin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylate (57)
  • Example 58 3-((3-((3S,5S,7S)-adamantan-1-yl)propanoyl)oxy)-2-(((N ⁇ ,N ⁇ -dimethyl-L-histidyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (58)
  • Example 60 3-(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)-2-(((((1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (60)
  • Example 62 3-(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)-2-((((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (62)
  • Example 65 3-(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)-2-((((4-(dimethylamino)butoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (65)
  • Example 66 13-((2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)methyl)-2,5-dimethyl-10-oxo-9,11-dioxa-2,5-diazatetradecan-14-yl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (66)
  • Example 68 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-pentyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate (68)
  • Example 70 3-((3-((1r,3s)-adamantan-1-yl)propanoyl)oxy)-2-((((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (70)
  • Example 71 3-(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)-2-(((((1-ethylpiperidin-3-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (71)
  • Example 73 3-((3-((1r,3s)-adamantan-1-yl)propanoyl)oxy)-2-(((((1-ethylpiperidin-3-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (73)
  • Example 74 3-((((1-ethylpiperidin-3-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-pentyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate (74)
  • Example 75 2-((((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl bis(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetate) (75)
  • Step 1 2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diyl bis(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetate)
  • Step 2 2-((((((1-ethylpiperidin-3-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl bis(2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetate) (75)
  • Example 76 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1′r,4R,4′R)-4′-ethyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate (76)
  • Step 1 3-hydroxy-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1′r,4R,4′R)-4′-ethyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate
  • Step 2 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1′r,4R,4′R)-4′-ethyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate (76)
  • Example 77 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-butyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate (77)
  • Step 1 3-hydroxy-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-butyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate
  • Step 2 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (1r,1's,4R,4′R)-4′-butyl-[1,1′-bi(cyclohexane)]-4-carboxylate (77)
  • Step 1 3-((5-cyclohexylpentanoyl)oxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
  • Step 2 3-((5-cyclohexylpentanoyl)oxy)-2-((((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (78)
  • Step 1 3-hydroxy-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-propylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate
  • Step 2 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-propylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (79)
  • Example 80 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-butylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (80)
  • Step 1 3-hydroxy-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-butylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate
  • Step 2 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-butylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (80)
  • Example 81 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-(tert-butyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (81)
  • Step 1 3-hydroxy-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-(tert-butyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate
  • Step 2 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-(tert-butyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (81)
  • Example 82 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-pentylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (82)
  • Step 1 3-hydroxy-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-pentylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate
  • Step 2 3-(((3-(diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2-((((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl)oxy)methyl)propyl 4-pentylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (82)
  • Step 5 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-((4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoyl)oxy)butyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
  • Step 6 2-((2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)methyl)-4-((4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoyl)oxy)butyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (83)
  • Example 84 2-((2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)acetoxy)methyl)-4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoyl)oxy)butyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (84)
  • NA cargos consist of both a functional NA (e.g. siRNA, anti-sense, expressing DNA, mRNA) as well as a reporter DNA barcode (as previously described Sago, 2018 PNAS) mixed at mass ratios of 1:10 to 10:1 functional NA to barcode.
  • a functional NA e.g. siRNA, anti-sense, expressing DNA, mRNA
  • a reporter DNA barcode as previously described Sago, 2018 PNAS
  • the LNPs were formulated with a total lipid to NA mass ratio of 11.7.
  • the LNPs were formed by microfluidic mixing of the lipid and NA solutions using a Precision Nanosystems NanoAssemblr Spark or Benchtop Instrument, according to the manufacturers protocol. A 2:1 ratio of aqueous to organic solvent was maintained during mixing using differential flow rates. After mixing, the LNPs were collected, diluted in PBS (approximately 1:1 v/v), and further buffer exchange was conducted using dialysis in PBS at 4° C. for 8 to 24 hours against a 20 kDa filter.
  • each individual LNP formulation was characterized via DLS to measure the size and polydispersity, and the pKa of a subpopulation of LNPs were measured via TNS assay. LNPs falling within specific diameter and polydispersity ranges were pooled, and further dialyzed against PBS at 4° C. for 1 to 4 hours against a 100 kDa dialysis cassette. After the second dialysis, LNPs were sterile filtered using 0.22 ⁇ M filter and stored at 4° C. for further use.
  • LNP hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity percent (PDI %) were measured using high throughput dynamic light scattering (DLS) (DynaPro plate reader II, Wyatt). LNPs were diluted 1 ⁇ PBS to an appropriate concentration and analyzed.
  • DLS high throughput dynamic light scattering
  • Concentration & Encapsulation Efficiency Concentration & Encapsulation Efficiency—Concentration of NA was determined by Qubit microRNA kit (for siRNA) or HS RNA kit (for mRNA) per manufacturer's instructions. Encapsulation efficiency was determined by measuring unlysed and lysed LNPs.
  • pKa A stock solution of 10 mM HEPES (Sigma Aldrich), 10 mM MES (Sigma Aldrich), 10 mM sodium acetate (Sigma), and 140 nM sodium chloride (Sigma Aldrich) was prepared and pH adjusted using hydrogen chloride and sodium hydroxide to a range of pH 4-10. Using 4 replicates for each pH, 140 ⁇ L pH-adjusted buffer was added to a 96-well plate, followed by the addition 5 ⁇ L of 2-(p-toluidino)-6-napthalene sulfonic acid (60 ⁇ g/mL). 5 ⁇ L of LNP were added to each well. After 5 min of incubation under gentle shaking, fluorescence was measured using an excitation wavelength of 325 nm and emission wavelength of 435 nm (BioTek Synergy H4 Hybrid).
  • LNP Administration Male and female mice aged approximately 8-12 weeks were used for all studies. Each mouse was temporarily restrained, and pooled LNP was administered IV via tail vein injection in up to five animals per experiment. Age-matched mice were also used to administer vehicle (1 ⁇ PBS) via tail vein injection in up to three animals per experiment. At 72 hours post-dose, tissues including liver, spleen, bone marrow and blood were collected for analysis.
  • LNP formulation As well as LNP characterization can be found in FIG. 1 .
  • the lipid number corresponds to the numbering in the Examples section.
  • T cells were defined as CD45+CD3+, monocytes were defined as CD45+CD11b+, and B cells were defined as CD45+CD19+.
  • endothelial cells were defined as CD31+, Kupffer cells as CD45+CD11b+ and hepatocytes as CD31 ⁇ /CD45 ⁇ .
  • siRNA studies we gated for downregulation of the target gene, whereas for mRNA studies, we gated for upregulation of the target gene.
  • Tissues from vehicle-dosed mice were used to set the gates for sorting. Up to 20,000 cells of each cell subset with the correct phenotype was sorted into 1 ⁇ PBS. After sorting, cells were pelleted via centrifugation and DNA was extracted using Quick Extract DNA Extraction Solution (Lucigen) according to manufacturers protocol. DNA was stored at ⁇ 20° C.
  • DNA genomic and DNA barcodes
  • Quick Extract Lucigen
  • Illumina MiniSeq as previously described (Sago et al. PNAS 2018, Sago et al. JACs 2018, Sago, Lokugamage et al. Nano Letters 2018), normalizing frequency DNA barcode counts in FACS isolated samples to frequency in injected input. These data are plotted as ‘Normalized Fold Above Input’, selected in vivo data from experiments 71, 72, 73, and 74 can be found in FIGS. 2-5 .
  • NA cargos consist of both a functional NA (e.g. siRNA, anti-sense, expressing DNA, mRNA) as well as a reporter DNA barcode (as previously described Sago, 2018 PNAS) mixed at mass ratios of 1:10 to 10:1 functional NA to barcode.
  • the LNPs were formulated with a total lipid to NA mass ratio of 11.7.
  • the LNPs were formed by microfluidic mixing of the lipid and NA solutions using a Precision Nanosystems NanoAssemblr Spark or Benchtop Instrument, according to the manufacturers protocol. A 3:1 ratio of aqueous to organic solvent was maintained during mixing using differential flow rates. After mixing, the LNPs were collected, diluted in PBS (approximately 1:1 v/v), and further buffer exchange was conducted using dialysis in PBS at 4° C. for 8 to 24 hours against a 20 kDa filter. After this initial dialysis, each individual LNP formulation was characterized via DLS to measure the size and polydispersity, and the pKa of a subpopulation of LNPs were measured via TNS assay. After dialysis, LNPs were sterile filtered using 0.22 micron sterile filter and stored at 4° C. for further use.
  • LNP hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity percent (PDI %) were measured using high throughput dynamic light scattering (DLS) (DynaPro plate reader II, Wyatt). LNPs were diluted 1 ⁇ PBS to an appropriate concentration and analyzed.
  • DLS high throughput dynamic light scattering
  • Concentration & Encapsulation Efficiency Concentration & Encapsulation Efficiency—Concentration of NA was determined by Qubit microRNA kit (for siRNA) or HS RNA kit (for mRNA) per manufacturer's instructions. Encapsulation efficiency was determined by measuring unlysed and lysed LNPs.
  • pKa A stock solution of 10 mM HEPES (Sigma Aldrich), 10 mM MES (Sigma Aldrich), 10 mM sodium acetate (Sigma), and 140 nM sodium chloride (Sigma Aldrich) was prepared and pH adjusted using hydrogen chloride and sodium hydroxide to a range of pH 4-10. Using 4 replicates for each pH, 140 ⁇ L pH-adjusted buffer was added to a 96-well plate, followed by the addition 5 ⁇ L of 2-(p-toluidino)-6-napthalene sulfonic acid (60 ⁇ g/mL). 5 ⁇ L of LNP were added to each well. After 5 min of incubation under gentle shaking, fluorescence was measured using an excitation wavelength of 325 nm and emission wavelength of 435 nm (BioTek Synergy H4 Hybrid).
  • LNP Administration Male and female mice aged approximately 8-12 weeks were used for all studies. Each mouse was temporarily restrained, and pooled LNP was administered IV via tail vein injection in up to five animals per experiment. Age-matched mice were also used to administer vehicle (1 ⁇ PBS) via tail vein injection in up to three animals per experiment. At 72 hours post-dose, tissues including liver, spleen, bone marrow and blood were collected for analysis.
  • T cells were defined as CD45+CD3+, monocytes were defined as CD45+CD11b+, and B cells were defined as CD45+CD19+.
  • LSECs were defined as CD31+, Kupffer cells as CD45+CD11b+ and hepatocytes as CD31 ⁇ /CD45 ⁇ .
  • siRNA studies we gated for downregulation of the target gene, whereas for mRNA studies, we gated for upregulation of the target gene.
  • Tissues from vehicle-dosed mice were used to set the gates for sorting. Data are recorded as MFI by flow cytometry. Selected in vivo data are shown in FIG. 3 for CD45 protein expression in CD3-positive cells isolated from mice spleens, corresponding to the formulations shown in Table 2.
  • the lipid number corresponds to the numbering in the Examples section.
  • group 1 is PBS-treated animals, while groups 2-8 are LNPs 1 to 7, respectively.
  • the cholesterol used is cholesterol
  • the PEG used is DMG-PEG2000
  • the phospholipid used is DSPC
  • the ratio of lipid:cholesterol:PEG:phospholipid is 35:46.5:3.5:16.
  • the ratio of lipid to nucleic acid is 11.7 to 1.

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