US20210085752A1 - Anti-pathogen composition and methods of use thereof - Google Patents

Anti-pathogen composition and methods of use thereof Download PDF

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US20210085752A1
US20210085752A1 US16/498,901 US201816498901A US2021085752A1 US 20210085752 A1 US20210085752 A1 US 20210085752A1 US 201816498901 A US201816498901 A US 201816498901A US 2021085752 A1 US2021085752 A1 US 2021085752A1
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fusaricidin
pta
atcc accession
thr
val
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Shaohua GUAN
Shashi Shankar Rajbanshi
Curtis Brian Hill
Shi QIU
Xing Cong Li
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University of Mississippi
Tenfold Technologies LLC
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University of Mississippi
Tenfold Technologies LLC
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Assigned to UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI reassignment UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: QIU, Shi
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/164—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/15—Depsipeptides; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P21/00—Preparation of peptides or proteins
    • C12P21/02—Preparation of peptides or proteins having a known sequence of two or more amino acids, e.g. glutathione
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • Infectious diseases remain the predominant cause of death in humans and animals in both developed and, more alarmingly, developing countries in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and South America.
  • three infectious diseases (lower respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, and diarrheal diseases) are ranked in the top ten causes of death by the World Health Organization.
  • lower respiratory infections alone account for 3.1 million deaths each year globally.
  • lower respiratory infections remain the third leading cause of death, behind only heart disease and cancer.
  • the communicative nature of the diseases poses enormous challenges for controlling or eradicating infectious diseases in public. For example, diarrhea, caused partly by contaminated food and drinks, affects 40-50% of visitors from industrialized countries travelling to developing countries which, due to lack of financial resources, already face enormous pressure to implement large-scale preventive measures to control the transmission of the disease.
  • Infectious diseases are primarily caused by microorganisms or pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Once transmitted to a host (e.g., a human or animal), pathogens may disrupt the normal physiological process of the host and stimulate immune responses, e.g., inflammation, fever, or other symptoms.
  • a host e.g., a human or animal
  • pathogens may disrupt the normal physiological process of the host and stimulate immune responses, e.g., inflammation, fever, or other symptoms.
  • Invasive infectious mycoses are among the most significant and common invasive fungal infections, which emerge worldwide and mainly include Aspergillosis ( Aspergillus fumigatus ), Candidiasis ( Candida albicans ), Cryptococcosis ( Cryptococcus neoformans ), Mucormycosis ( Rhizopus oryzae ), and Pneumocystis ( Pneumocystis jirovecii ). Brown et al., Sci Transl Med., 4(165) (2012). Among them, Aspergillosis clearly remains the most common mold infection in patients with hematological cancer, with Aspergillus fumigatus being the offending cause in more than 90% of the infected patients.
  • Cryptococcosis which is most commonly caused by C. neoformans , causes more than 1 million cases of infections worldwide with a mortality rate as high as 70% for the infected population.
  • Cryptococcal meningitis one of the most common Cryptococcal diseases, leads to 15% to 20% of AIDS-related mortality, largely due to inaccurate diagnosis, ineffective treatment, and the emerging resistance to antifungal agents. Smith et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., vol. 59 no. 12 7197-7204 (2015).
  • ESKAPE Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter sp.
  • ESKAPEs are multiple-drug resistant isolates.
  • the current treatments for the pathogens are extremely limited such that doctors often have to resort to outdated or even discarded therapeutics (e.g., colistin) for treatment.
  • the toxicity of the old therapeutics may subject those patients to additional suffering and pain.
  • the lack of guidance on an effective dosage regimen for the old therapeutics undermines their effects on ESKAPEs. It was estimated that ESKAPE infection has contributed to the death of about 99,000 patients per year, with about 1.7 million patients suffering from it. Klevens et al., Public Health Reports, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 160-166 (2007).
  • antifungal agents are commonly used to combat the fungal infections—polyenes, azoles, pyrimidines, and echinocandins.
  • the modes of action for all the antifungals are to inhibit the fungal growth or induce fungal cell death.
  • polyenes e.g., Amphotericin B, nystatin, and natamycin
  • polyenes can interact with ergosterol on fungal membrane and disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane. The release of K+ and Na+ ions through the disrupted membrane leads to the death of fungal cells. Hamilton-Miller, Bacteriological Reviews, 37 (2): 166-196 (1973).
  • Pyrimidine and its analogs can disrupt DNA and protein synthesis by incorporating itself into RNA, which results in cell death. Barker et al., Curr Infect Dis Rep., 8:449-56 (2006). Echinocandin antifungals can inhibit the synthesis of glucan, an integral component of the cell walls of fungi. Morris et al., Am J Health Syst Pharm., 63 (18): 1693-703 (2006). Azoles, including fluconazole and voriconazole, can target lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase and inhibit the biosynthesis of ergosterol, leading to the dysfunction or disruption of fungal membranes. Song et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother., April, 48(4):1136-44 (2004).
  • the disclosure relates to compositions for treating an infectious disease or a pathogen comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a fusaricidin.
  • the fusaricidin is a cyclic fusaricidin or an open-chain fusaricidin.
  • the cyclic fusaricidin is a compound of Formula I:
  • X 1 is Thr or Ser
  • X 2 is Val or Ile
  • X 3 is selected from a group consisting of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe
  • X 4 is Thr or Ser
  • X 5 is Asn or Gln
  • X 6 is Ala
  • R 1 is a GHPD side chain or GHID side chain.
  • the open-chain fusaricidin is a compound of Formula II
  • X 7 is Thr or Ser
  • X 8 is Val or Ile
  • X 9 is selected from a group consisting of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe
  • X 10 is Thr or Ser
  • X 11 is Asn or Gln
  • X 12 is selected from a group consisting of Ala, GABA, and Gly; wherein R 1 is a GHPD side chain.
  • the fusaricidin in some embodiments, is the same or similar to a metabolite produced by bacteria of Paenibacillus or Bacillus .
  • the bacteria comprise, consist essentially of, or yet consist of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, MS2820, MS0633, MS2335, MS2652, MS2658, MS2681, MS2697, or MS2712.
  • a sample of each bacterial strain has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • the bacterial isolates or their mutants of this disclosure may be genetically modified or not genetically modified.
  • the disclosure is directed to methods for treating an infectious disease of a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a fusaricidin or a bacterium.
  • the fusaricidin comprises a cyclic fusaricidin or an open-chain fusaricidin.
  • the fusaricidin in some embodiments, is the same or similar to a metabolite produced by bacteria of Paenibacillus or Bacillus .
  • the bacterium comprise, consist essentially of, or yet consist of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, MS2820, MS0633, MS2335, MS2652, MS2658, MS2681, MS2697, or MS2712. A sample of each bacterial strain has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • the disclosure also relates to a method of producing fursaricidin and a method of treating an infectious disease or a pathogen.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the diagrammatic structures of fusaricidins.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the in vitro inhibition of ESKAPE pathogens by Paenibacilli strains (MS2820).
  • FIG. 2A shows the in vitro inhibition of E. cloacae .
  • FIG. 2B shows the in vitro inhibition of P. aeruginosa.
  • FIG. 3A shows the levels (mg/l) of fusaricidin A in different culture media and fermentation processes.
  • TSB medium is a common lab medium used for screening isolates.
  • GB6-M, GB6-M3, GB6-M8, and GB6-M10 are modified GB6-M media.
  • GB6-M23 is 3 ⁇ concentrated modified GB6-M10 using newly selected yeast extract.
  • FIG. 3B shows the effect of autoclaving on the levels of fusaricidin A in whole broth (“WB”). The fermentation whole broth was autoclaved at 121.5° C. for 30 minutes, and fusaricidin contents were analyzed before and after autoclaving.
  • FIG. 4 shows the amounts of cells after ultrafiltration (CFU/ml) using PM-500 Cartridge (Molecular weight cut-off: 500 kDa) and PM-5 Cartridge (Molecular weight cut-off: 5 kDa).
  • CFU/ml ultrafiltration
  • PM-500 Cartridge Molecular weight cut-off: 500 kDa
  • PM-5 Cartridge Molecular weight cut-off: 5 kDa
  • MS2379 the amounts were 2.6 E+08 CFU/ml in whole broth, 8.2 E+08 CFU/ml in PM-500 retenate, and 3.6 E+03 CFU/ml PM-500 permeate.
  • MS2414 the amounts were 5.7 E+07 CFU/ml in whole broth, 3.5 E+08 CFU/ml in PM-500 retenate, and 2.2 E+03 CFU/ml PM-500 permeate.
  • FIG. 5 shows the concentrations of fusaricidin A after ultrafiltration (mg/L) using PM-500 Cartridge (Molecular weight cut-off: 500 kDa) and PM-5 Cartridge (Molecular weight cut-off: 5 kDa).
  • PM-500 Cartridge Molecular weight cut-off: 500 kDa
  • PM-5 Cartridge Molecular weight cut-off: 5 kDa
  • the concentrations of fusaricidin A were 347.8 mg/L in whole broth, 1060.8 mg/L in PM-500 retenate, and 10 mg/L PM-500 permeate.
  • MS2414 the concentrations of fusaricidin A were 221.9 mg/L in whole broth, 821.3 mg/L in PM-500 retenate, and 11.2 mg/L PM-500 permeate.
  • FIG. 6 shows the antimicrobial activities of extracts and column fractions of microbial strain MS2414 and the commercially available antimicrobial agents (amphotericin B and ciprofloxacin).
  • FIG. 7 shows the antimicrobial activities of column fractions of MS2414 (IC50, g/ml).
  • FIGS. 8A and 8B show LC-MS chromatograms of RP-18 column fractions of RRR-6-79H and RRR-6-79I of MS2414.
  • FIG. 9 shows a workflow for the identification of antifungal fusaricidins from Paenibacillus sp. MS2379.
  • FIG. 10 shows the fragmentation patterns for cyclic fusaricidins A and B ( FIG. 10A ) and open-chain fusaricidins A and B ( FIG. 10B ).
  • FIG. 11A shows the MS 2 spectra of fusaricidins 34 and 36 with Ser at position-1 and GABA at position-6.
  • FIG. 11B shows MS 2 and 13C NMR spectra of fusaricidins A 1 and B 1 ( FIG. 11B ).
  • compositions and methods include the recited elements but do not exclude others.
  • Consisting essentially of when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essential significance to the combination. For example, a composition consisting essentially of the elements as defined herein would not exclude other elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed disclosure.
  • Consisting of shall mean excluding more than trace amounts of other ingredients and substantial method steps recited. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this disclosure.
  • ESKAPE refers to Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter sp.
  • ESKAPE pathogens are implicated in nosocomial infection.
  • ESKAPE pathogens are antibiotic resistant.
  • “Nosocomial infection” or “hospital-acquired infection” (HAI) refers to an infection developed in a hospital or healthcare environment.
  • a nosocomial infection is a fungal, bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection.
  • nosocomial infection can cause severe pneumonia as well as infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream, and other parts of the body. Nosocomial infections can pose serious health concerns for patients and care providers.
  • active ingredient refers to a biologically active substance, and examples thereof include a compound, a protein, a peptide, a cyclic peptide, a nucleic acid, a nanoparticle, anticancer drugs, anti-pathogen drugs, anti-infection drugs, anti-angiogenesis inhibitors, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, antiarthritics, sedatives, antidepressants, antipsychotics, tranquilizers, antianxiety drugs, narcotic antagonists, anti-Parkinson's disease drugs, cholinergic agents, immunosuppressive agents, antiviral agents, antibiotics, appetite suppressants, anticholinergics, antihistamines, anti-migraine drugs, hormones, vasodilators, birth control pills, antithrombotic agents, diuretics, antihypertensives, cardiovascular drugs, wrinkle-diminishing agents, inhibitors of skin aging, skin whitening agents, or any combination thereof.
  • the active ingredient is produced by an organism or synthesized. In some embodiments, the active ingredient can be used to treat a pathogen or an infectious disease. In some embodiments, the active ingredient includes but is not limited to fusaricidins and/or their derivatives and analogs.
  • treating covers the treatment of a disease described herein in a subject, and includes: (i) inhibiting a disease, i.e., arresting its development; (ii) relieving a disease; (iii) slowing progression of the disease; (iv) inhibiting, relieving, or slowing progression of one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder; and/or (v) reducing the growth of the disease causing organism, e.g., pathogens.
  • administering refers to any mode of application of a composition, an inhibitory agent, or a drug to a subject in need of treatment. While the compositions described herein may be suitable for administration via any route, exemplary administration routes include, but are not limited to, oral, rectal, ophthalmic (including intravitreal or intracameral), nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), intrauterine, vaginal, or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intracranial, intratracheal, and epidural) administration.
  • the term “effective amount” refers to an amount of composition which is capable of inhibiting, relieving, and/or suppressing diseases or symptoms. In some embodiments, the precise effective amount will vary based on the type of the subject, the diseases, the level of infections, and/or the types of pathogens or microbes that cause the infectious diseases. In some embodiments, the effective amount is an amount of formulation, composition, or reagent in a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier that is of sufficient quantity to ameliorate the state of the patient or animal so treated.
  • the term “ameliorate” refers to a lessening of the detrimental effect of the disease state or disorder in the recipient of the therapy.
  • modulate means enhance, inhibit, alter, or modify the expression or function of antimicrobial activity in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the subject of the disclosure can be a human or any animal and can be treated in the methods or composition of this disclosure.
  • disease and “condition” refer to an interruption, cessation, or deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system of the body.
  • One skilled in the art can readily recognize signs or symptoms associated with a disease or condition and can readily recognize the amelioration of an associated sign and/or symptom.
  • the methods of the disclosure can be applied to the treatment of a variety of pathogen-induced diseases or conditions as described in further detail below.
  • Pathogenic infection refers to the colonization and/or invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in the host with or without the manifestation of disease.
  • fungicide means any agents, compositions, compounds, biologics, and chemicals that can inhibit, suppress, and/or limit the functions, growth, or pathogenic activities of a fungal species.
  • bactericide means any agents, compositions, compounds, biologics, and chemicals that can inhibit, suppress, and/or limit the functions, growth, or pathogenic activities of a bacterial species.
  • microbe or “microbial” refers to any organism that is microscopic or too small to be seen by the naked human eye.
  • the term “pathogen” refers to any infectious microbes causing disease in an organism.
  • the pathogens comprise bacteria, fungi, archaea (e.g., methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles, and psychrophiles), protists (e.g., Plasmodium, Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma brucei, Giardia lamblia ), viruses, prions (e.g., PrP res and PrP Sc ), microscopic plants (e.g., Shewanella algae, Shewanella putrefaciens , and Shewanella xiamenensis ), and/or microscopic animals (e.g., plankton and planarian).
  • bacteria fungi
  • archaea e.g., methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles, and psychrophiles
  • protists e.g., Plasmodium, Entam
  • the viruses include but are not limited to RNA viruses such as flaviviruses, picornaviruses, rhabdoviruses, filoviruses, retroviruses (including lentiviruses), or DNA viruses such as adenoviruses, poxviruses, herpes viruses, cytomegaloviruses, hepadnaviruses, or others.
  • pathogens include bacteria, fungi, helminths, schistosomes, and trypanosomes. Other kinds of pathogens can include mammalian transposable elements.
  • bacteria include but are not limited to “ESKAPE” pathogens Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter sp.
  • bacteria include, but are not limited to, Actinomyces israelii, Bacillus anthracis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bordetella pertussis, B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, B. suis, Campylobacter jejuni, C.
  • EHEC Francisella tularensis
  • Haemophilus influenzae Helicobacter pylori
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila
  • Leptospira species Listeria monocytogenes
  • M. leprae M. tuberculosis
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae M. gonorrhoeae
  • N. meningitidis Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Nocardia asteroides Rickettsia rickettsii, Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium, S. sonnei, S.
  • dysenteriae Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus viridans, Treponema pallidum, Vibrio cholerae , and Yersinia pestis.
  • Non-limiting examples of fungi include Absidia corymbifera or ramosa, Achorion gallinae, Actinomadura spp., Actinomyces spp., Ajellomyces dermatitidis, Aleurisma brasiliensis, Allescheria boydii, Arthroderma spp., Aspergillus spp., Basidiobolus spp., Blastomyces spp., Cadophora spp., Candida albicans, Cercospora apii, Chrysosporium spp., Cladosporium spp., Cladothrix asteroids, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cunninghamella elegans, Dematium wasnecke, Discomyces israelii, Emmonsia spp., Emmonsiella capsulate, Endomyces geotrichum, Entomophthora coronata, Epi
  • ringworm (ringworm), Monilia spp., Mucor spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nannizzia spp., Neotestudina rosati, Nocardia spp., Oidium albicans, Oospora lactis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Petriellidium boydii, Phialophora spp., Piedraia hortae, Pityrosporum furfur, Pullularia gougerotii, Pyrenochaeta romeroi, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Sabouraudites ( Microsporum ), Sartorya fumigate, Sepedonium, Sporotrichum spp., Streptomyces spp., Tinea spp. (ringworm), Torula spp., Trichophyton spp. (ringworm), Trichosporon spp., and Zopfia rosatii.
  • viruses include Adenovirus; Coxsackievirus; Epstein-Barr virus; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Herpes simplex virus, type 1; Herpes simplex virus, type 2; Cytomegalovirus; Human herpesvirus, type 8; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Influenza virus; Measles virus; Mumps virus; Human papillomavirus; Parainfluenza virus; Poliovirus; Rabies virus; Respiratory syncytial virus; Rubella virus; and Varicella-zoster virus.
  • viruses include Adenovirus; Coxsackievirus; Epstein-Barr virus; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Herpes simplex virus, type 1; Herpes simplex virus, type 2; Cytomegalovirus; Human herpesvirus, type 8; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Influenza virus; Measles virus; Mumps
  • the term “subject” refers to a non-plant species, including mammals or non-mammals, to which treatment with the compositions and compounds, according to the disclosure, can be administered.
  • Mammalian species that can benefit from the disclosed methods of treatment include, but are not limited to, apes, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, monkeys, and other animals such as dogs, cats, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the non-mammlian species include but are not limited to birds (e.g., chickens), fishes (e.g., tilapia, catfish, carp, salmon, and trout), shellfishes, shrimps, lobsters, prawns, bees (e.g., honey bees), and oysters.
  • the subject suffers from an infectious disease.
  • the subject is infected by a pathogen.
  • isolate refers to a pure microbial culture separated from its natural origin, such as an isolate obtained by culturing a single microbial colony.
  • An isolate is a pure culture derived from a heterogeneous, wild population of microorganisms.
  • strain refers to an isolate or a group of isolates exhibiting phenotypic and/or genotypic traits belonging to the same lineage, distinct from those of other isolates or strains of the same species.
  • viral inhibitor means any agents, compositions, compounds, biologics, and chemicals that can inhibit, suppress, and/or limit the functions, growth, or pathogenic activities of a virus.
  • culture medium refers to all kinds of media which are used for culturing the microorganism, including but not limited to, a liquid broth and the remaining material when cells grown in the medium are removed, e.g., the supernatant remaining when cells grown in a liquid broth are removed by centrifugation, filtration, sedimentation, or other means well known in the art.
  • the term “whole culture broth,” “whole broth,” or “WB” refers to a liquid culture of a microorganism in the culture medium, which may optionally include metabolites produced by the microorganism.
  • the term “whole broth sterile filtrate,” “sterile filtrate,” or “SF” refers to liquid which is separated from the whole culture broth by use of a filter such that any intact bacterial cells are removed.
  • the pore size of the filter varies, and can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the filter has a 0.22 micron pore size.
  • the pore size of the filter is less than 0.22 micron. In another embodiment, the pore size of the filter is greater than 0.22 micron.
  • BS3 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 5-20 g/L Soy peptone, 2-10 g/L Urea, 1-5 g/L CaCl 2 , 2-10 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , 2-10 g/L K 2 HPO 4 , and 10-30 g/L Sucrose.
  • BS3-M2 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 5-20 g/L Soy peptone, 2-10 g/L Urea, 1-5 g/L CaCl 2 , 2-10 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , 2-10 g/L K 2 HPO 4 , and 10-30 g/L Sucrose.
  • the term “BS3-M9” means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 5-20 g/L Low fat soy flour, 0.5-5 g/L CaCl 2 , 4 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , 3.5 g/L K 2 HPO 4 , 10-30 g/L Sucrose, and 0.1-5 g/L ammonia sulfate.
  • BS3-M10 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 5-15 g/L Low fat soy flour, 2-10 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , 2-10 g/L K 2 HPO 4 , 10-30 g/L Sucrose, and 0.1-5 g/L ammonia sulfate.
  • GB6-M means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 5-40 g/L Maltrin® (M-180), 5-20 g/L Dextrose, 1-10 g/L yeast extract, 1-10 g/L Casein hydrolysate, and 0-5 g/L CaCO 3 .
  • GB6-M3 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 10-30 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 5-20 g/L Dextrose, 2-10 g/L yeast extract, 2-10 g/L low fat soy flour, and 0.1-5 g/L CaCO 3 .
  • GB6-M7 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 10-30 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180) 5-20 g/L Dextrose, 2-10 g/L yeast extract, 0.1-5 g/L ammonia sulfate, and 0.2-3 g/L CaCO 3 .
  • GB6-M8 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 10-30 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 5-20 g/L Dextrose, 2-15 g/L yeast extract, 5-20 g/L low fat soy flour, 0.2-1.5 g/L ammonia sulfate, and 0.2-3 g/L CaCO 3 .
  • GB6-M9 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 5-40 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 5-20 g/L Dextrose, 5-20 g/L low fat soy flour, and 0.2-5 g/L CaCO 3 .
  • GB6-M10 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 5-40 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 5-25 g/l Dextrose, 1-10 g/L yeast extract, 1-10 g/L Low fat soy flour, 0.2-2 g/L ammonia sulfate, and 0-5 g/L CaCO 3 .
  • GB6-M20 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 40-100 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 10-30 g/L Dextrose, 10-30 g/L yeast extract, 5-15 g/L low fat soy flour, 1-4 g/L ammonia sulfate, and 1-6 g/L CaCO 3 .
  • GB6-M21 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 40-100 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 5-20 g/L Dextrose, 10-30 g/L yeast extract, 5-15 g/L low fat soy flour, 1-4 g/L ammonia sulfate, and 1-5 g/L CaCO 3 .
  • GB6-M22 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 50-100 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 5-20 g/L Dextrose, 10-20 g/L yeast extract, 2-10 g/L low fat soy flour, 1-4 g/L ammonia sulfate, 1-4 g/L CaCO 3 , and 0.1-1.5 ml/L antifoam.
  • GB6-M23 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 50-100 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 5-20 g/L Dextrose, 10-20 g/L yeast extract, 5-15 g/L low fat soy flour, 1-3 g/L ammonia sulfate, 1-4 g/L CaCO 3 , and 0.1-1.2 ml/L antifoam.
  • GB6-M31 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 30-70 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 5-25 g/L dextrose, 5-15 g/L yeast, 2-10 g/L low fat soy flour, 0.5-3 g/L ammonia sulfate, 0.5-3 g/L CaCO 3 , and 0.2-1.5 ml/L antifoam.
  • GB6-M33 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 50-100 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 5-25 g/L dextrose, 10-20 g/L yeast, 2-10 g/L low fat soy flour, 1-4 g/L ammonia sulfate, 1-5 g/L CaCO 3 , and 0.2-1.5 ml/L antifoam.
  • GB6-M34 means a culture medium comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of 50-100 g/L Maltrin® (M-250 or M-180), 10-25 g/L dextrose, 1-10 g/L yeast, 2-10 g/L low fat soy flour, 1-4 g/L ammonia sulfate, 2-5 g/L CaCO 3 , and 0.2-1 ml/L antifoam.
  • Maltrin® M-250 or M-180
  • 10-25 g/L dextrose 1-10 g/L yeast
  • 2-10 g/L low fat soy flour 2-10 g/L low fat soy flour
  • 1-4 g/L ammonia sulfate 2-5 g/L CaCO 3
  • 0.2-1 ml/L antifoam 0.2-1 ml/L antifoam.
  • carrier refers to a substance linked with a pharmaceutical composition.
  • a carrier increases, decreases, or eliminates the physiological activity of the drug by binding to the drug.
  • a carrier is employed to minimize a decrease in the physiological activity of a drug of interest, linked to the carrier, while enhancing the in vivo stability of the drug.
  • the non-limiting examples of a carrier include diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or a vehicle with which the pharmaceutical composition is administered.
  • Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, and the like, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol, or other synthetic solvents.
  • water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously.
  • Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, propylene glycol, water, ethanol, and the like.
  • the composition if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates.
  • the carriers include, but are not limited to, reams, lotions, gels, emulsions, liposomes, aerosols, patches, poultices, subcutaneous depots, plasters, and sustained release systems designed to alter absorption kinetics in favor of zero order release.
  • MS1479 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124701.
  • MS2379 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124703.
  • MS2414 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124704.
  • MS2820 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124710.
  • MS0633 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124700.
  • MS2335 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124702.
  • MS2652 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124705.
  • MS2658 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124706.
  • MS2681 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124707.
  • MS2697 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124708.
  • MS2712 refers to a bacterial strain deposited as ATCC® Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-124709.
  • the term “metabolite” refers to any component, compound, substance, or byproduct produced by a microorganism, e.g., fungi and bacteria.
  • Paenibacillus species are facultative anaerobic, endospore-forming, gram-positive organisms previously included in the Bacillus genus.
  • This disclosure provides newly-identified bacteria of Paenibacillus or Bacillus , which may exert multiple modes of actions (e.g., producing anti-microbial agents) to control pathogens or their related infectious diseases.
  • the Paenibacillus or Bacillus bacteria comprise, consist essentially of, or yet consist of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, MS2820, MS0633, MS2335, MS2652, MS2658, MS2681, MS2697, or MS2712.
  • the disclosure is related to a composition for treating an infectious disease, where the composition comprises, consists essentially of, or yet consists of metabolites produced by a bacterium belonging to Paenibacillus .
  • the bacterial isolate belongs to Paenibacillus spp. or Paenibacillus polymyxa .
  • the composition comprises, or alternatively consists essentially of, or yet further consists of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, or MS2820.
  • the bacteria grows in a culture media comprising one or more of LB, TSB, BS3, BS3-M2, GB6-M3, GB6-M7, GB6-M8, GB6-M9, GB6-M22, GB6-M23, GB6-M10, GB6-M31, GB6-M33, and GB6-M34.
  • the disclosure provides a method of treating an infectious disease or a pathogen comprising administering an effective amount of composition, which comprises, consists essentially of, or yet consists of one or more of bacteria belonging to Paenibacillus or Bacillus .
  • the bacteria comprise one or more of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, MS2820, MS0633, MS2335, MS2652, MS2658, MS2681, MS2697, and MS2712.
  • the bacteria comprise one or both of MS2379 and MS2414.
  • the bacteria comprise one or more of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, and MS2820.
  • the active agents produced by the Paenibacillus or Bacillus isolates demonstrate a broad spectrum of activities against pathogens, including but not limited to, bacteria, fungi, parasites, archaea, protists, viruses, prions (e.g., PrP res and PrP se ), microscopic plants (e.g., Shewanella algae, Shewanella putrefaciens , and Shewanella xiamenensis ), and/or microscopic animals (e.g., plankton and planarian).
  • pathogens including but not limited to, bacteria, fungi, parasites, archaea, protists, viruses, prions (e.g., PrP res and PrP se ), microscopic plants (e.g., Shewanella algae, Shewanella putrefaciens , and Shewanella xiamenensis ), and/or microscopic animals (e.g., plankton and planarian).
  • the viruses include, but are not limited to, RNA viruses such as flaviviruses, picornaviruses, rhabdoviruses, filoviruses, retroviruses (including lentiviruses), or DNA viruses such as adenoviruses, poxviruses, herpes viruses, cytomegaloviruses, hepadnaviruses, or others.
  • pathogens include bacteria, fungi, helminths, schistosomes, and trypanosomes. Other kinds of pathogens can include mammalian transposable elements.
  • bacteria include, but are not limited to, “ESKAPE” pathogens Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter sp.
  • bacteria include, but are not limited to, Actinomyces israelii, Bacillus anthracis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bordetella pertussis, B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, B. suis, Campylobacter jejuni, C.
  • EHEC Francisella tularensis
  • Haemophilus influenzae Helicobacter pylori
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila
  • Leptospira species Listeria monocytogenes
  • M. leprae M. tuberculosis
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae M. gonorrhoeae
  • N. meningitidis Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Nocardia asteroides Rickettsia rickettsii, Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium, S. sonnei, S.
  • dysenteriae Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus viridans, Treponema pallidum, Vibrio cholerae , and Yersinia pestis.
  • Non-limiting examples of fungi include Absidia corymbifera or ramosa, Achorion gallinae, Actinomadura spp., Actinomyces spp., Ajellomyces dermatitidis, Aleurisma brasiliensis, Allescheria boydii, Arthroderma spp., Aspergillus spp., Basidiobolus spp., Blastomyces spp., Cadophora spp., Candida albicans, Cercospora apii, Chrysosporium spp., Cladosporium spp., Cladothrix asteroids, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cunninghamella elegans, Dematium wasnecke, Discomyces israelii, Emmonsia spp., Emmonsiella capsulate, Endomyces geotrichum, Entomophthora coronata, Epi
  • ringworm (ringworm), Monilia spp., Mucor spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nannizzia spp., Neotestudina rosatii, Nocardia spp., Oidium albicans, Oospora lactis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Petriellidium boydii, Phialophora spp., Piedraia hortae, Pityrosporum furfur, Pullularia gougerotii, Pyrenochaeta romeroi, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Sabouraudites ( Microsporum ), Sartorya fumigate, Sepedonium, Sporotrichum spp., Streptomyces spp., Tinea spp. (ringworm), Torula spp., Trichophyton spp. (ringworm), Trichosporon spp., and Zopfia rosatii.
  • the parasitic diseases include any conditions caused by a parasite.
  • the parasites include, but are not limited to, endoparasites and ectoparasites.
  • Non-limiting examples of parasites include Rafflesia, Cuscuta, Acanthocephala, Ascariasis (roundworms), Cestoda (tapeworms) including: Taenia saginata (human beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (human pork tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) and Echinococcosis (hydatid tapeworm), Clonorchis sinensis (the Chinese liver fluke), Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm), Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Filariasis, Hookworm, Loa loa , Onchocerciasis (river blindness), Schistosomiasis, Strongyloides stercoralis , Tapeworm, Toxocara canis (dog roundworm
  • viruses include Adenovirus; Coxsackievirus; Epstein-Barr virus; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Herpes simplex virus, type 1; Herpes simplex virus, type 2; Cytomegalovirus; Human herpesvirus, type 8; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Influenza virus; Measles virus; Mumps virus; Human papillomavirus; Parainfluenza virus; Poliovirus; Rabies virus; Respiratory syncytial virus; Rubella virus; and Varicella-zoster virus.
  • viruses include Adenovirus; Coxsackievirus; Epstein-Barr virus; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Herpes simplex virus, type 1; Herpes simplex virus, type 2; Cytomegalovirus; Human herpesvirus, type 8; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Influenza virus; Measles virus; Mumps
  • the breadth of their anti-pathogen activities may be correlated to the bacterial isolates' unique genome sequences and secondary metabolite production, combined with their ability to establish sustained association with the subject in need thereof.
  • the metabolites from isolates of Paenibacillus or Bacillus have shown increased efficacy against pathogens, both in vitro and in vivo.
  • All the Paenibacillus isolates MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, or MS2820 may control, suppress, or prevent the infectious diseases caused by pathogens, including viral, bacterial, and/or fungal pathogens.
  • Metabolites produced by microorganisms may also play a pivotal role in biodefense or biocontrol against the pathogens affecting a host or a subject.
  • Microorganisms may produce two major types of metabolites-primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. Both types of metabolites may be associated with the biocontrol of pathogens in the host or subject.
  • the secondary metabolites which have no or limited effect on the life cycle of microorganisms, are often noted for their roles in interactions between organisms, for example, in biodefense against various pathogens, in toxicity of pathogens, or in attraction of beneficial organisms. See Hartmann, Phytochemistry, 68(22-24), 2831-2846 (2007).
  • the secondary metabolites are often used as agonists against pathogens, e.g., pathogencides, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food additives, or ingredients for cosmetics.
  • pathogens e.g., pathogencides, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food additives, or ingredients for cosmetics.
  • 10093 Fusaricidins are known for germicidal activity against plant pathogens, e.g., fungi ( Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillusniger, Aspergillus oryzae and Pencilium thomii ). But the functions of fusaricidins against pathogens remain unexplored.
  • Applicant identified 54 fusaricidins from MS2379 and MS2414, among which 37 Aare new fusaricidins.
  • the identified fusaricidins are listed in Table 1, with their diagrammatic structures shown in FIG. 1 .
  • fusaricidins of the claimed invention include all 54 fusaricidin
  • cyclic fusaricidins are identified from the fermentation broth-cyclic fusaricidins and open-end fusaricidins.
  • the identified cyclic fusaricidins have a ring structure with six amino acid residues at different positions, wherein the ring structure has a 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl (GHPD) side chain or 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl (GHHD) side chain.
  • GHPD 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl
  • GHHD 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl
  • the cyclic fusaricidin is a compound of Formula I:
  • X 1 is Thr or Ser
  • X 2 is Val or Ile
  • X 3 is selected from a group consisting of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe
  • X 4 is Thr or Ser
  • X 5 is Asn or Gln
  • X 6 is Ala
  • R 1 is a 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl (GHPD) side chain or 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl (GHHD) side chain.
  • GHPD 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl
  • GHHD 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl
  • Thr is at the position 1, Val at position 2, Val at position 3, Ser at position 4, Asn at position 5, and Ala at position 6.
  • Thr is at the position 1, Val at position 2, Val at position 3, Ser at position 4, Gln at position 5, and Ala at position 6.
  • Thr is at the position 1, Val at position 2, Val at position 3, Thr at position 4, Asn at position 5, and Ala at position 6.
  • Thr is at the position 1, Val at position 2, Val at position 3, Thr at position 4, Gln at position 5, and Ala at position 6.
  • All of the fusaricidins A, B, A 1 and B 1 have a GHPD side chain (Table 1). Formula I only depicts the relative positions of amino acids and the side chain and does not define the conformation and bond angles.
  • the amino acids on Forma I can be either a D-amino acid or an L-amino acid.
  • An amide bond attaches the carbonyl moiety of R 1 to the amino group of X 1 , the carbonyl group of X 1 to the amino group of X 2 , the carbonyl moiety of X 2 to the amino group of X 3 , the carbonyl moiety of X 3 to the amino group of X 4 , the carbonyl moiety of X 4 to the amino group of X 5 , and the carbonyl moiety of X 5 to the amino group of X 6 .
  • An ester bond attaches the carbonyl group of X 6 to the hydroxyl group of X 1 .
  • X 1 is Thr; X 2 is Val; X 3 is Val; X 4 is Thr or Ser; X 5 is Asn; wherein R 1 is a GHPD side chain.
  • the cyclic fusaricidin comprises one or both of fusaricidin A 1 and fusaricidin A.
  • X 1 is Thr; X 2 is Val; X 3 is Val; X 4 is Thr or Ser; X 5 is Gln; wherein R 1 is a GHPD side chain.
  • the cyclic fusaricidin in some embodiments, comprises one or both of fusaricidin B 1 and fusaricidin B.
  • the open-chain fusaricidins also comprise six amino acid residues, which do not form a ring structure.
  • the open-end fusaricidins also comprise a GHPD side chain.
  • the open-chain fusaricidin is a compound of Formula II:
  • X 7 is Thr or Ser
  • X 8 is Val or Ile
  • X 9 is selected from a group consisting of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe
  • X 10 is Thr or Ser
  • X 11 is Asn or Gln
  • X 12 is selected from a group consisting of Ala, GABA, and Gly; wherein R 1 is a GHPD side chain.
  • No. 29 fusaricidin has a formula of C 40 H 74 N 10 O 12 and a GHPD side chain. On the amino acid chain of fusaricidin No. 29, Ser is at the position 7, Val at position 8, Val at position 9, Thr at position 10, Asn at position 11, and Ala at position 12 (Table 1).
  • the amino acids on Forma II can be either a D-amino acid or an L-amino acid.
  • Formula II only depicts the relative positions of amino acids and the side chain and does not define the confirmation and bond angles.
  • An amide bond attaches the carbonyl moiety of R 1 to the amino group of X 7 , the carbonyl group of X 7 to the amino group of X 8 , the carbonyl moiety of X 8 to the amino group of X 9 , the carbonyl moiety of X 9 to the amino group of X 10 , the carbonyl moiety of X 10 to the amino group of X 11 , and the carbonyl moiety of X 11 to the amino group of X 12 .
  • the disclosure also provides a composition comprising, consisting essentially of, or yet consisting of a fusaricidin that is a compound of Formula I or Formula II.
  • the fusaricidin comprises one or more of the fusaricidins as disclosed in Table 1.
  • the fusaricidin is produced by a bacterium of Paenibacillus and/or Bacillus as a metabolite or is synthesized independent of the Paenibacillus and Bacillus bacteria.
  • the bacterium that produces fusaricidins belongs to Paenibacillus polymyxa or Paenibacillus spp.
  • the bacteria comprise, or alternatively consist essentially of, or yet further consist of one or more of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, MS2820, MS0633, MS2335, MS2652, MS2658, MS2681, MS2697, or MS2712.
  • the bacteria comprise, or alternatively consist essentially of, or yet further consist of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, or MS2820.
  • the fusaricidin or the bacterial metabolites may be present in the whole culture broth, fermentation broths, the supernatant, or the cell pellets, or may be bound to the bacterial membranes.
  • the fusaricidins are extracted for further analysis, e.g., liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis.
  • the fermentation broths of the bacteria are extracted by methods well known in the art.
  • suitable solvents for extraction include n-butanol (n-BuOH), chloroform, methanol (MeOH), ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, and tetrahydrofuran. Selection of the solvent is not believed to be critical to practice of the invention, and solvents other than those set forth can be employed, especially solvents having polarity similar to those described above.
  • the solvent used for extracting fermentation broth is chloroform, n-butanol, and/or methanol.
  • the organic solvent is removed by rotary evaporation, and the concentrate was transferred by syringe, through a 0.25 ⁇ membrane filter, into a tared, labeled vial. After high vacuum drying, the weight of the organic extract is recorded.
  • the samples processed by this protocol and the resultant extracts were analyzed by LC-MS and TLC.
  • the sample e.g., fermentation broth of MS2414 in GB6-M medium or MS2414 in BS3-M2 medium
  • the relatively clear supernatants are extracted with n-BuOH (situated with water) to afford the n-BuOH extracts.
  • 25 mL of the supernatant is extracted with 20 mL of n-BuOH (situated with water) to afford the following n-BuOH extracts.
  • Cell pellets (with a small amount of medium) from MS2414 in GB6-M were extracted with 90% MeOH to afford the MeOH extract.
  • Cell pellets (with a small amount of medium) from MS2414 in BS3-M2 are extracted with 90% MeOH to afford a MeOH extract.
  • the production of metabolites from the bacterial isolates may also depend on the certain medium and the volume of fermentation broth used in culturing the bacterial isolates.
  • the medium modifications e.g., LB, TSB, BS3, BS3-M2, GB6-M3, GB6-M7, GB6-M8, GB6-M9, GB6-M22, GB6-M23, GB6-M10, GB6-M31, GB6-M33, and GB6-M34, may increase or reduce the production of the metabolites, including but not limited to, the fusaricidin-type compounds.
  • the media modifications may alter, enhance, or reduce the predominance of the metabolites, including but not limited to, the fusaricidin-type compounds.
  • the volumes of fermentation for culturing the bacterial isolates ranges from less than 1 ml, from 1 ml to 100 ml, from 100 ml to 500 ml, from 500 ml to 1 L, from 1 L to 5 L, from 5 L to 20 L, from 20 L to 50 L, from 50 L to 100 L, from 100 L to 1,000 L, or more than 1,000 L.
  • the disclosure provides a method of producing a fusaricin, comprising culturing a bacterium of Paenibacillus or Bacillus species in a production medium.
  • the bacterium comprises one or more of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, MS2820, MS0633, MS2335, MS2652, MS2658, MS2681, MS2697, and MS2712. In another embodiment, the bacterium is one or both of MS2379 and MS2414.
  • the production medium comprises one or more of LB, TSB, BS3, BS3-M2, GB6-M3, GB6-M7, GB6-M8, GB6-M9, GB6-M22, GB6-M23, GB6-M10, GB6-M31, GB6-M33, and GB6-M34.
  • the fusaricidin produced by this method is a cyclic fusaricidin or an open-chain fusaricidin.
  • the cyclic fusaricidin is a compound of Formula I, wherein X 1 is Thr or Ser; X 2 is Val or Ile; X 3 is selected from a group consisting of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe; X 4 is Thr or Ser; X 5 is Asn or Gln; X 6 is Ala; wherein R 1 is a 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl (GHPD) side chain or 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl (GHHD) side chain.
  • GHPD 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl
  • GHHD 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl
  • the open-chain fusaricidin is a compound of Formula II, wherein X 7 is Thr or Ser; X 8 is Val or Ile; X 9 is selected from a group consisting of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe; X 10 is Thr or Ser; X 11 is Asn or Gln; X 12 is selected from a group consisting of Ala, GABA, and Gly; wherein R 1 is a GHPD side chain.
  • Paenibacillus and Bacillus were newly identified bacterial strains ( Paenibacillus and Bacillus ), and their fermentation broth and metabolites.
  • Paenibacillus strains demonstrated their efficacy against the ESKAPE pathogens with MS2379 showing strong inhibitory activity against the two gram-positive bacteria ( E. faecium and S. aureus ) (Table 6).
  • both the fermentation media and the column fractions from the extract of MS2414 also showed strong anti-microbial activities against several pathogens, e.g., Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Staphylococcus aureus , MRSA, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Mycobacterium intracellulare ( FIG. 6 ).
  • pathogens e.g., Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Staphylococcus aureus , MRSA, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Mycobacterium intracellulare ( FIG. 6 ).
  • column fractions 131-135 and 136-152 of MS2414 extracts, n-BuOH and MeOH extracts of MS2414 showed antifungal activities that are comparable to commercial antifungal agents, e.g., Amphotericin B.
  • the column fractions demonstrated more potent antifungal effects against C. neoformans than Amphotericin B.
  • the specific fractions or the active ingredients within the column fractions may exert the anti-microbial effects from the fermentation broth.
  • the LC-MS data identified the abundance of various fusaricidins in the fermentation broths (Table 10). Further studies confirmed the anti-microbial activities of the isolated fusaricidins, even against antibiotics-resistant pathogens (Table 13). Fusaricidins are contained in both supernatant and cell pellets. Due to the polar arginine residue, fusaricidins are slightly soluble in water, but are more likely present in the cell pellets. Without being bound by a theory, less presence of fusaricidins in the supernatant than the cell pellets may explain the weak in-vitro control of Pythium by the sterile filtrate of supernatant.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating an infectious disease or a pathogen in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a fusaricidin.
  • the fusaricidin of this disclosure comprises one or more of those listed in Table 1. It can be a cyclic fusaricidin or an open-ended fusaricidin.
  • the cyclic fusaricidin is a compound of Formula I, wherein X 1 is Thr or Ser; X 2 is Val or Ile; X 3 is selected from a group consisting of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe; X 4 is Thr or Ser; X 5 is Asn or Gln; X 6 is Ala; wherein R 1 is a 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl (GHPD) side chain or 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl (GHD) side chain.
  • GHPD 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl
  • HGD 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl
  • the cyclic fusaricidin comprises one or more of fusaricidin A 1 , fusaricidin A, fusaricidin B 1 and fusaricidin B.
  • the open-chain fusaricidin is a compound of Formula II: wherein X 7 is Thr or Ser; X 8 is Val or Ile; X 9 is selected from a group consisting of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe; X 10 is Thr or Ser; X 11 is Asn or Gln; X 12 is selected from a group consisting of Ala, GABA, and Gly; wherein R 1 is a GHPD side chain.
  • the fusaricidin can be produced by a bacterium of Paenibacillus or Bacillus species, or synthesized.
  • the disclosure is also directed to a method of treating an infectious disease or a pathogen in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a Paenibacillus and/or Bacillus bacterium.
  • the bacterium comprises one or more of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, MS2820, MS0633, MS2335, MS2652, MS2658, MS2681, MS2697, and MS2712.
  • the bacterium is one or both of MS2379 and MS2414.
  • the subject is a mammal or a non-mammal.
  • the subject is a human, in one embodiment.
  • the methods of this disclosure can be used for treatment various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, archaea (e.g., methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles, and psychrophiles), parasites, protists, viruses, and prions.
  • the pathogen is a bacterium, a fungus, a virus, or a parasite.
  • bacteria that can be treated by the method include but are not limited to “ESKAPE” pathogens Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter sp.
  • bacteria include, but are not limited to, Actinomyces israelii, Bacillus anthracis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bordetella pertussis, B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, B.
  • EHEC Francisella tularensis
  • Haemophilus influenzae Helicobacter pylori
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila
  • Leptospira species Listeria monocytogenes
  • M. leprae M. tuberculosis
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae M. gonorrhoeae
  • N. meningitidis Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Nocardia asteroides Rickettsia rickettsii, Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium, S. sonnei, S.
  • the bacterium comprises one or more of S. aureus, E. faecium, E. coli , and P. aeruginosa.
  • the method of this disclosure can treat fungi, which include Absidia corymbifera or ramosa, Achorion gallinae , Actinomadura spp., Actinomyces spp., Ajellomyces dermatitidis, Aleurisma brasiliensis, Allescheria boydii, Arthroderma spp., Aspergillus spp., Basidiobolus spp., Blastomyces spp., Cadophora spp., Candida albicans, Cercospora apii, Chrysosporium spp., Cladosporium spp., Cladothrix asteroids, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cunninghamella elegans, Dematium wasnecke, Discomyces israelii, Emmonsia spp., Emmonsiella capsulate, Endomyces geotrichum, Entomoph
  • ringworm ringworm
  • Monilia spp. Monilia spp.
  • Mucor spp. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nannizzia spp., Neotestudina rosati, Nocardia spp., Oidium albicans, Oospora lactis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Petriellidium boydii, Phialophora spp., Piedraia hortae, Pityrosporum furfur, Pullularia gougerotii, Pyrenochaeta romeroi, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Sabouraudites ( Microsporum ), Sartorya fumigate, Sepedonium, Sporotrichum spp., Streptomyces spp., Tinea spp.
  • the fungus comprises one or more of C. neoformans, C. albicans , and A. fumigatus.
  • the pathogens include those that are resistant to or less effectivity to be treated by traditional treatments.
  • S. aureus is methicillin-resistant.
  • E. faecium is vancomycin-resistant.
  • the method is used to treat parasites.
  • the parasites include endoparasites and ectoparasites.
  • the method of treating infectious diseases or inhibiting the pathogens may further comprise, or alternatively consist essentially of, or yet further consist of the addition of antibiotics for combination or synergistic therapy.
  • the appropriate antibiotic administered will typically depend on the susceptibility of the pathogen. For example, gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria may respond to different antibiotics. The suitable types of antibiotics are easily discernable by one of skill in the art.
  • the method of inhibiting the growth of pathogens may further include the addition of antibiotics for combination or synergistic therapy.
  • aminoglycosides e.g., tobramycin
  • penicillins e.g., piperacillin
  • cephalosporins e.g., ceftazidime
  • fluoroquinolones e.g., ciprofloxacin
  • carbapenems e.g., imipenem
  • antibiotics include aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, netilmicin, tobramycin, streptomycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, erythromycin estolate/ethylsuccinate/gluceptate/lactobionate/stearate), beta-lactams such as penicillins (e.g., penicillin G, penicillin V, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ticarcillin, carbenicillin, mezlocillin, azlocillin and piperacillin), or cephalosporins (e.g., cephalothin, cefazolin, cef
  • antibiotics include, but are not limited to, carbapenems (e.g., imipenem), monobactams (e.g., aztreonam), quinolones (e.g., fleroxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin and cinoxacin), tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline), and glycopeptides (e.g., vancomycin, teicoplanin), for example.
  • carbapenems e.g., imipenem
  • monobactams e.g., aztreonam
  • quinolones e.g., fleroxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin
  • antibiotics include but are not limited to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, rifampin, and mupirocin.
  • any suitable pharmaceutically acceptable liposome may be used as a vehicle for the composition of the present invention.
  • Such liposomal compositions have activity against many microorganisms similar to the activity of other compositions of this invention discussed in more detail above. Additionally, these compositions may be administered in a variety of conventional and well-known ways as is also discussed in greater detail above.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier preparations for administration comprise, or alternatively consist essentially of, or yet further consist of sterile or aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
  • non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions, or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.
  • Non-limiting examples of parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils.
  • An active agent or therapeutic ingredient is often mixed with excipients that are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient.
  • suitable excipients include water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, and ethanol, or combinations thereof.
  • Intravenous vehicles include, but are not limited to, fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, chelating agents, inert gases, and the like.
  • Another therapeutic approach included within the invention involves direct administration of reagents or compositions by any conventional administration techniques (for example, but not restricted to, local injection, inhalation, or administered systemically), to the subject with a microbial, bacterial, viral, or fungal disorder.
  • the reagent, formulation, or composition may also be targeted to specific cells or receptors by any of the methods described herein.
  • the actual dosage of reagent, formulation, or composition that modulates a microbial, bacterial, viral, or fungal disorder depends on many factors, including the size and health of an organism.
  • compositions are administered in effective amounts.
  • the effective amount depends upon the mode of administration, the particular condition being treated, and the desired outcome. It also depends upon the stage of the condition, the age and physical condition of the subject, the nature of concurrent therapy, if any, and like factors well known to the medical practitioner. For therapeutic applications, it is that amount sufficient to achieve a medically desirable result.
  • the dose of the composition of the present disclosure is less than 1 mg/kg, between about 1 mg/kg and about 200 mg/kg, about 200 mg/kg and about 400 mg/kg, about 400 mg/kg and about 600 mg/kg, about 600 mg/kg and about 800 mg/kg, about 800 mg/kg and about 1000 mg/kg body weight, or more than 1000 mg/kg body weight per day, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, including endpoints.
  • the dose is from about 10 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg per day. In one embodiment, the dose is from about 200 mg/kg to about 400 mg/kg per day. In one embodiment, the dose does not exceed about 1000 mg/kg per day.
  • the dose of fusaricidin is about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.02 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, from about 0.2 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.2 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, or from about 0.3 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg.
  • the dosage of the fusaricidin is at least 0.01 mg/kg, at least 0.02 mg/kg, at least 0.05 mg/kg, at least 0.1 mg/kg, at least 0.2 mg/kg, at least 0.3 mg/kg, at least 0.4 mg/kg, at least 0.5 mg/kg, at least 0.6 mg/kg, at least 0.7 mg/kg, at least 0.8 mg/kg, at least 0.9 mg/kg, at least 1 mg/kg, at least 2 mg/kg, at least 5 mg/kg, at least 10 mg/kg, at least 20 mg/kg, at least 30 mg/kg, at least 40 mg/kg, at least 50 mg/kg, at least 60 mg/kg, at least 70 mg/kg, at least 80 mg/kg, at least 90 mg/kg, or at least 100 mg/kg.
  • the composition or fusaricidin of this disclosure is administered every 1 hour to every 24 hours; for example, every 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, 18 hours, 19 hours, 20 hours, 21 hours, 22 hours, 23 hours, or 24 hours.
  • the composition or fusaricidin is administered every one day, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, seven days, eight days, nine days, or ten days.
  • doses of the pharmaceutical composition are administered for a period of time sufficient to have an anti-pathogen effect (e.g., to attenuate the risk of pathogen or infectious disease).
  • the period of time is between about one day and about ten days.
  • the period of time may be one day, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, seven days, eight days, nine days, or ten days.
  • composition of the invention may be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of the active ingredients without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects.
  • Routes of administration that are appropriate in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, oral, rectal, topical, nasal, intradermal, or parenteral routes.
  • parenteral includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or infusion. Intravenous or intramuscular routes are not particularly suitable for long-term therapy and prophylaxis. They could, however, be preferred in emergency situations. Oral administration will be preferred for prophylactic treatment because of the convenience to the patient as well as the dosing schedule.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active agent(s).
  • the compositions can take any form that is appropriate for the practice of the present disclosure, which includes but is not limited to solutions, suspensions (e.g., elixirs or syrups), emulsion, tablets, capsules, powders, suppositories, implants, sustained-release formulations, and the like, depending on the route of administration chosen.
  • Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
  • non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions, or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.
  • Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or 25 fixed oils.
  • Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, inert gases, and the like. Lower doses will result from other forms of administration, such as intravenous administration. In the event that a response in a subject is insufficient at the initial doses applied, higher doses (or effectively higher doses by a different, more localized delivery route) may be employed to the extent that patient tolerance permits. Multiple doses per day are contemplated to achieve appropriate systemic levels of compounds.
  • Other delivery systems can include time-release, delayed release or sustained release delivery systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations of the pharmaceutical composition of this invention, increasing convenience to the subject and the physician.
  • Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include polymer base systems such as poly (lactide-glycolide), copolyoxalates, polycaprolactones, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polyhydroxybutyric acid, and polyanhydrides. Microcapsules of the foregoing polymers containing drugs are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,109.
  • Delivery systems also include non-polymer systems that are: lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides; hydrogel release systems; silastic systems; peptide-based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients; partially fused implants; and the like.
  • the composition or the fusaricidin is administered in a time-release, delayed release, or sustained release delivery system.
  • the time-release, delayed release, or sustained release delivery system comprising the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is inserted directly into the tumor.
  • composition of the invention When administered, the composition of the invention are applied in pharmaceutically-acceptable amounts and in pharmaceutically-acceptable compositions.
  • Such preparations may routinely contain salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, and optionally other therapeutic agents.
  • the salts When used in medicine, the salts should be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention.
  • Such pharmacologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, citric, formic, malonic, succinic, and the like.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium, or calcium salts.
  • a method for treating and/or preventing an infectious disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition comprising a fusaricidin.
  • Non-limiting examples of infectious diseases that can be treated or targeted by the compositions and methods described herein include, but are not limited to, Acinetobacter infections, Actinomycosis, African sleeping sickness, AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), Amebiasis, Anaplasmosis, Angiostrongyliasis, Anisakiasis, Anthrax, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection, Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Ascariasis, Aspergillosis, Astrovirus infection, Babesiosis, Bacillus cereus infection, Bacterial pneumonia, Bacterial vaginosis, Bacteroides infection, Balantidiasis, Bartonellosis, Baylisascaris infection, BK virus infection, Black piedra, Blastocystosis, Blastomycosis, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, Botulism (and Infant botulism), Brazilian hemorrhagic fever, Brucellosis
  • this invention relates to a kit of parts for treatment of an infectious disease or a pathogen in a subject, the kit comprising a fusaricidin.
  • the fusaricidin of the disclosure has a same or similar structure with a metabolite produced by a bacterium of Paenibacillus or Bacillus .
  • the bacteria comprise, consist essentially of, or yet consist of MS1479, MS2379, MS2414, MS2820, MS0633, MS2335, MS2652, MS2658, MS2681, MS2697, or MS2712.
  • the fusaricidin is a cyclic fusaricidin or an open-chain fusaricidin.
  • the identified cyclic fusaricidins have a ring structure with six amino acid residues at different positions, wherein the ring structure has a 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl (GHPD) side chain or 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl (GHHD) side chain.
  • the cyclic fusaricidin is a compound of Formula I, wherein X 1 is Thr or Ser; X 2 is Val or Ile; X 3 is selected from a group consisting of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe; X 4 is Thr or Ser; X 5 is Asn or Gln; X 6 is Ala; wherein R 1 is a 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl (GHPD) side chain or 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl (GHHD) side chain.
  • GHPD 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoyl
  • GHHD 17-guanidino-3-(R)-hydroxyheptadecanoyl
  • the open-chain fusaricidin is a compound of Formula II, wherein X 7 is Thr or Ser; X 8 is Val or Ile; X 9 is selected from a group consisting of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe; X 10 is Thr or Ser; X 11 is Asn or Gln; X 12 is selected from a group consisting of Ala, GABA, and Gly; wherein R 1 is a GHPD side chain.
  • No. 29 fusaricidin has a formula of C 40 H 74 N 10 O 12 and a GHPD side chain. On the amino acid chain of fusaricidin No. 29, Ser is at the position 7, Val at position 8, Val at position 9, Thr at position 10, Asn at position 11, and Ala at position 12.
  • the kit further comprises, alternatively consists essentially of, or yet consists of an antibiotic for combination or synergistic therapy.
  • the kit further comprises instructions for treating the infectious disease.
  • the kit of parts comprises instructions for dosing and/or administration of the composition or the fusaricidin of this disclosure.
  • the antimicrobial activities of the 50 organic extracts were studied against three fungal pathogens— Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus , and Cryptococcus neoformans —and five bacterial strains-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIRSA), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the test concentrations for all extracts were in the range of 8-200 ⁇ g/mL (Table 3).
  • the 50 organic extracts were analyzed by LC-MS to measure the production of fusaricidins.
  • Fusaricidin A an antifungal compound produced in the MS2414 strain, was used as a baseline to generate a quantification curve based on the concentrations against the peak areas of positive ESIMS extracted ion chromatograms.
  • the contents of fusaricidin A in these samples are summarized in Table 4, which shows that the n-butanol extracts generally contain less fusaricidin A compared to the methanol extracts.
  • Sample #1 produced only 5.15 mg/L fusaricidin A from n-butanol extracts, but 259.15 mg/L from the methanol extracts.
  • the results may indicate that fusaricidin A (and other analogs) mainly stayed in the cells.
  • the filtrate samples (which would be similar to the supernatants generated by centrifugation) also contained negligible amounts of fusaricidin A.
  • the contents of fusaricidin A in the 25 whole broth cultural samples are in the range 3.6-341.39 mg/L, with MS2820-BS3-M2 (#7), MS2414-BS3-M10 (#23), and MS2414-GB-6-M3 (#18) on the top 3 list, all of which produced fusaricidin A greater than 300 mg/L.
  • the 4 Paenibacillus strains (MS1479, MS2379, MS2414 and MS2820) were tested along with other spore-forming bacteria for antibiosis against ESKAPE pathogens ( Enterococcus faecium ATCC 70021, Staphylococcus aureus Xen 29 PerkinElmer, Klebsiella pneumoniae 3363 Walter Reed, Acinetobacter baumannii 3806 Walter Reed, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Enterobacter cloacae ATCC BAA-1143 strain 55M).
  • ESKAPE pathogens Enterococcus faecium ATCC 70021, Staphylococcus aureus Xen 29 PerkinElmer, Klebsiella pneumoniae 3363 Walter Reed, Acinetobacter baumannii 3806 Walter Reed, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Enterobacter cloacae ATCC BAA-1143 strain 55M
  • the plates were checked for the bacteria growth.
  • the cultures started in a 1.9 ml culture of TSB with 100 microliters of the selected pathogen. The cultures were then incubated with shaking at the desired temperature for growth.
  • the water agar plates were UV treated for 120 seconds.
  • the soft agar was cooled so that the pathogens were not killed by the high temperature, but cooling stopped before the media solidified.
  • 100 ml of pathogen was added and gently mixed to avoid air bubbles.
  • Ten ml of the pathogen was added onto the water agar plates that were UV treated. Once the soft agar solidified, the plates were wrapped with Parafilm and incubated at the required temperature for pathogen growth.
  • Fermentation whole broth (each ⁇ 10-11 mL) was centrifuged at room temperature for 120 minutes at 3000 rpm. Supernatant was decanted, transferred to a separatory flask, and extracted with n-BuOH (2 ⁇ 7.5 mL) to yield crude n-BuOH extracts.
  • n-BuOH 2 ⁇ 7.5 mL
  • MeOH extraction cell pellets were soaked in MeOH (2 ⁇ 10 mL), sonicated for 30 minutes, kept at room temperature for 12 hours, and then centrifuged at room temperature for 30 minutes at 3000 rpm. The clear supernatant was decanted, and MeOH was evaporated to yield crude extracts.
  • Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Strain MS0633) was compared with Paenibacillus strains (MS2379, MS2414 and MS2820) in different media. As shown in Table 8, MS0633 produced negligible amounts of fusaricidin A in all media.
  • the fusaricidin A concentrations in GB6-M10 medium using various yeast extracts are shown in Table 9. Without being bound by a theory, the yeast extracts in the culture media may affect the fusaricidin production.
  • fusaricidin A contents of fusaricidin A in the fermentation whole broth from 20 L fermentation are summarized in Table 10.
  • the MeOH extracts of harvest WB of MS2414 in GB6-M23 medium and MS2379 in 3XGB6-M10 medium produced the highest content of fusaricidin A with production rates of 3195.26 mg/L and 419.70 mg/L, respectively.
  • the effects of fermentation medium and process on the production of fusaricidin A are also shown in FIG. 3A .
  • fusaricidin A is heat stable because significant amounts of fusaricidin A were detected after the harsh heat treatment in most cases ( FIG. 3B ).
  • the fermentation whole broth was concentrated by ultrafiltration using hollow fiber filter.
  • the starting materials for concentration are fermentation whole broth of MS2379 and MS2414 in GB6-M10 medium (FER062916).
  • the WB was filtered through a PM-500 cartridge, the filtrate was further filtered using a PM-5 cartridge as shown in the Table 11:
  • MS2414 Because of the strong antimicrobial activities shown by some fractions of microbial strain MS2414 ( FIG. 6 ), the fractions of MS2414 extract were further fractioned to identify particular classes of compounds that contribute to the pathogen inhibition.
  • organic extracts of microbial strain MS2414 in different fermentation media and column fractions from the extract of MS2414 in BS3-M2 demonstrated anti-microbial activities against several human fungal and bacterial pathogens, including Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Staphylococcus aureus , MRSA, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Mycobacterium intracellulare .
  • column fractions 131-135 and 136-152 of MS2414 extracts and n-BuOH and MeOH extracts of MS2414 showed antifungal activities that are comparable to commercial antifungal agents, e.g., Amphotericin B.
  • the column fractions demonstrated more potent antifungal effects against C. neoformans than Amphotericin B.
  • the methods to isolate and fraction the organic extracts are appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Those compounds may also be related to the potent antifungal activities of the MS2414 column fractions, and may constitute a new group of antifungal agents. Therefore, the metabolites of this microbial strain and related strains have potential values not only for protecting agricultural crops, but also for pharmaceutical development.
  • the column fractions from the Paenibacillus strain fermentation broth were further isolated with UHPLC-HRESIMS and NMR techniques to identify active ingredients against microbes.
  • An exemplary process of isolation is shown in FIG. 9 , in which the n-butanol extract prepared from the fermentation broth of MS2379 was fractioned into column fractions (CFs) by reversed-phase Cis silica gel chromatography. The minor fusaricidins were enriched in these CFs, making it possible to be detected by UHPLC-HRESIMS.
  • the QTOF-MS collision energy was optimized as 60V that produced most fragmentation information for the reference compounds fusaricidins A and B.
  • Open-chain fusaricidins A and B were also analyzed using the same conditions as the cyclic fusaricidins A and B ( FIG. 10 ).
  • the fragmentation patterns of the four compounds are the basis for the analysis of other fusaricidins.
  • sequential elimination of amino acid residues starting from alanine (position 6) is observed for cyclic fusaricidins, which is accompanied by the elimination of H 2 O and NH 3 from the fatty acid side chain.
  • elimination of an additional H 2 O is the most characteristic feature during the fragmentation process.
  • fusaricidins A, B, A1 and B1 demonstrates strong inhibitions against various clinical relevant bacteria (e.g., S. aureus, E. faecium, E. coli and P. aeruginosa ), fungi (e.g., C. neoformans, C. albicans , and A. fumigatus ), and parasites (e.g., L. donovani and T. brucei ).
  • fusaricidins were tested against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using four antibacterial drugs methicillin, vancomycin, cefotaxime, and meropenem as controls. It appears that fusaricidins A and B showed a strong activity against the gram-positive bacteria MRSA, and VRE with fusaricidin A is more potent than fusaricidins B, A 1 , and B 1 (Table 12).
  • Fusaricidins were also tested against fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans , and Aspergillus fumigatus and compared with two antifungal drugs, fluconazole and amphotericin B (Table 13). Moreover, the anti-parasitic activity was also tested against L. donovani and T. brucei (Table 14).
  • the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”), or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

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