US20200348086A1 - Thermal battery with encapsulated phase-change material - Google Patents

Thermal battery with encapsulated phase-change material Download PDF

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Publication number
US20200348086A1
US20200348086A1 US16/086,194 US201716086194A US2020348086A1 US 20200348086 A1 US20200348086 A1 US 20200348086A1 US 201716086194 A US201716086194 A US 201716086194A US 2020348086 A1 US2020348086 A1 US 2020348086A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
bars
tubes
banks
thermal battery
housings
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US16/086,194
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English (en)
Inventor
Kamel Azzouz
Patrick Boisselle
Véronique Monnet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
Original Assignee
Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS filed Critical Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
Publication of US20200348086A1 publication Critical patent/US20200348086A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F28D20/021—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material and the heat-exchanging means being enclosed in one container
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/007—Auxiliary supports for elements
    • F28F9/013—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies
    • F28F9/0135—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies formed by grids having only one tube per closed grid opening
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F28D20/023—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material being enclosed in granular particles or dispersed in a porous, fibrous or cellular structure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/0041—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for only one medium being tubes having parts touching each other or tubes assembled in panel form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/007—Auxiliary supports for elements
    • F28F9/013—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies
    • F28F9/0131—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies formed by plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/007—Auxiliary supports for elements
    • F28F9/013—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies
    • F28F9/0132—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies formed by slats, tie-rods, articulated or expandable rods
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D2020/0004—Particular heat storage apparatus
    • F28D2020/0021—Particular heat storage apparatus the heat storage material being enclosed in loose or stacked elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2240/00—Spacing means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of thermal batteries, and more precisely that of thermal batteries comprising a phase change material.
  • Thermal batteries are generally used for heating passenger compartments, notably in electric and hybrid vehicles, or for preheating a heat transfer fluid in a thermal management circuit. Thermal batteries may also be used for preheating the engine oil or automatic gearbox oil in vehicles with internal combustion engines.
  • a thermal battery with a phase change material usually comprises an enclosure forming a reservoir, in which the phase change material, usually in encapsulated form, notably in the form of tubes forming a bundle, is placed.
  • the performance of the thermal battery depends on the amount of phase change material that it can contain, that is to say the number of tubes present in the bundle, but also on the contact surface area between the fluid passing through the thermal battery and said tubes.
  • the tubes must therefore be kept at a certain distance from one another, so that the fluid passing through the thermal battery can circulate.
  • the tubes must also be fairly close together in order to incorporate the largest possible amount of phase change material into the thermal battery, to make the battery efficient.
  • phase change material tubes there is a known way of keeping the phase change material tubes at a certain distance from one another by means of braces or by means of a porous, foam-like material through which a fluid can pass.
  • these solutions are usually expensive and difficult to include in an industrial process, or generate large pressure drops in the fluid, leading to reduced efficiency of the thermal battery.
  • One of the objects of the present invention is therefore to overcome at least some of the drawbacks of the prior art, and to propose an improved thermal battery.
  • the present invention relates to a thermal battery having an enclosure comprising a fluid inlet and outlet, and containing a bundle comprising tubes of encapsulated phase change material, the bundle being formed by a stack of banks of tubes, said banks comprising tubes placed parallel to one another and being connected by bracing and supporting bars, said bars comprising, on at least one of their faces, individual housings separated from one another by a lateral wall, each housing being capable of receiving one tube.
  • the bars allow a high degree of modularity in the design of thermal batteries, while also enabling the production costs to be reduced. Furthermore, the use of such bars enables the tubes to be correctly supported and arranged with respect to one another, so as to form a bundle, while limiting the pressure drops of the fluid passing through the bundle.
  • the spacing between the tubes within one bank is defined by the width of the lateral wall between two housings.
  • the housings have a shape complementary to that of the tubes, and an insertion opening smaller than the tube diameter, so that said tubes can be clipped into the housings.
  • the bars of successive banks are placed in a quincuncial arrangement on planes parallel to one another and perpendicular to the tubes.
  • the bars of successive banks are grouped on two parallel planes, separated by a distance at least greater than the width of the bars.
  • the bundle is contained in a frame.
  • the frame comprises flanges surrounding the bundle and external braces connecting said brackets.
  • the flanges comprise grooves into which bars are inserted.
  • the banks comprise internal braces between the bars.
  • the banks are flat.
  • the bundle is cylindrical and the banks are curved and concentric.
  • the bars comprise housings on two of their opposed faces, so as to support two superimposed banks, the spacing between said banks being defined by the thickness of the wall of said bars separating the housings located on either side of the bars.
  • the housings on one face of the bars and the housings on the other face of said bars are placed in a quincuncial arrangement.
  • the bars comprise housings on only one of their faces.
  • the tubes of two successive banks are placed in a quincuncial arrangement, the tubes of the upper bank resting on the lateral wall of the bar of the lower bank, the spacing between the tubes of said banks being defined by the height of said lateral wall.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic perspective exploded view of a thermal battery
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic view in longitudinal section of the thermal battery of FIG. 1 ,
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic view in cross section of a stack of banks
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic perspective view of a tube bundle
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic exploded perspective view of a tube bundle
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic perspective view of a portion of a bar according to a first embodiment
  • FIGS. 7 a and 7 b show schematic views, transverse and longitudinal respectively, of a superimposition of banks with bars of FIG. 6 ,
  • FIG. 8 shows a schematic perspective view of the assembly of the tube bundle with a flange
  • FIG. 9 shows a schematic perspective view of a portion of a bar according to a second embodiment
  • FIGS. 10 a and 10 b show schematic views, transverse and longitudinal respectively, of a stack of banks with bars of FIG. 9 ,
  • FIG. 11 shows a schematic view in cross section of a stack of banks according to an alternative embodiment.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a schematic view of a thermal battery 1 comprising an enclosure 2 in which a fluid flows between a fluid inlet 2 a and outlet 2 b .
  • the thermal battery 1 comprises, within the enclosure 2 , a bundle 3 composed of tubes 3 ′ of phase change material.
  • the tubes 3 ′ of the bundle 3 are positioned parallel to one another.
  • the bundle 3 may, for example, be inserted into the enclosure 2 through an opening 2 c . Said opening 2 c is closed after the insertion of the bundle 3 by a cover 2 d.
  • the bundle 3 is positioned parallel to the circulating flow of the fluid in the enclosure 2 .
  • the tubes 3 ′ of phase change material each comprise a tubular wall, preferably made of plastic material, for example polycarbonate, in which a phase change material is positioned.
  • the tubular wall is closed in a sealed way at the ends of the tubes 3 ′.
  • the bundle 3 is formed by a stack of banks 4 of tubes 3 ′. These banks 4 comprise tubes 3 ′ placed parallel to one another and connected by bracing and supporting bars 5 .
  • the bars 5 may be straight, as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the banks 4 are flat and may be stacked on one another.
  • the length L of the bars 5 of a bank 4 determines the width of the latter, and the shape of the bundle 3 may thus be varied by modifying the length L of the bars 5 and consequently the width of the banks 4 from one to another.
  • An example of a bundle 3 of generally cylindrical shape is thus shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 .
  • other shapes of the bundle 3 parallelepipedal for example, are possible and imaginable.
  • the bars 5 are shown in greater detail in FIGS. 6 to 7 b .
  • Said bars 5 comprise, on at least one of their faces, individual housings 50 separated from one another by a lateral wall 51 .
  • the housings 50 are each intended to receive a tube 3 ′, so as to form the bank 4 .
  • the spacing between the tubes 3 ′ within a bank 4 is, notably, defined by the width Lp of the lateral wall 51 between two housings 50 .
  • the housings 50 may have a shape complementary to that of said tubes 3 ′, and may have an insertion opening 52 smaller than the diameter of the tubes 3 ′, so that said tubes 3 ′ can be clipped into the housings 50 .
  • the lateral walls 51 are resilient and may be deformed and move away from one another to enable a tube 3 ′ to be inserted into the housing 50 .
  • the lateral walls 51 return to their initial position and partially grip the tube 3 ′ in order to lock it.
  • the bars 5 may comprise closed housings 50 into which the tubes 3 ′ are fitted.
  • the bars 5 may, for example, be overmoulded around the tubes 3 ′ so as to form the banks 4 .
  • the bars 5 are preferably made of plastic material and may be manufactured in a long strip which is cut to the desired length L according to the shape and size of the thermal battery 1 .
  • the bars 5 allow a high degree of modularity in the design of the thermal batteries, while also enabling the production costs to be reduced. Furthermore, the use of such bars 5 enables the tubes 3 ′ to be correctly supported and arranged with respect to one another so as to form a bundle 3 , while limiting the pressure drops of the fluid passing through the bundle.
  • the bars 5 may comprise housings 50 on two of their opposed faces.
  • One bar 5 may thus support the tubes 3 ′ of two superimposed banks 4 , one on each of its faces.
  • the spacing between the banks 4 is then defined by the thickness E of the wall of said bars 5 separating said housings 50 located on either side of the bars 5 .
  • the housings 50 on one face of the bars 5 and the housings 50 on the other face of said bars 5 are placed in a quincuncial arrangement.
  • the term “placed in a quincuncial arrangement” is taken to mean a repeated arrangement of elements, row by row, in which one of every two rows is offset by a certain amount, notably by half of an element, relative to the row preceding or following it.
  • the bars 5 of successive banks 4 are preferably placed in a quincuncial arrangement on planes parallel to one another and perpendicular to the tubes 3 ′, as shown in FIG. 7 b .
  • the bars 5 between two successive banks 4 do not lie above one another, and allow the fluid, the flow of which is indicated by two black arrows, to circulate between the tubes 3 ′ without an excessive pressure drop.
  • the bars 5 of successive banks 4 may be grouped on two parallel planes and separated by a distance D which is at least greater than the width Lb of the bars 5 , so that the bars 5 are not adjacent, thus allowing the fluid to flow as shown in FIG. 7 b .
  • Said bars 5 then form a supporting assembly 6 .
  • the bundle 3 may comprise a plurality of supporting assemblies 6 . These supporting assemblies 6 are also visible in FIGS. 2 and 5 .
  • the bars 5 may comprise housings 50 on only one of their faces.
  • a bar 5 can only support the tubes 3 ′ of a single bank 4 .
  • the tubes 3 ′ of two successive banks 4 are placed in a quincuncial arrangement as shown in FIG. 10 a , in order to facilitate the flow of the fluid while also optimizing the number of tubes 3 ′.
  • the tubes 3 ′ of the upper bank 4 can thus rest on the lateral wall 51 of the bar 5 of the lower bank 4 .
  • the spacing between the tubes 3 ′ of said banks 4 is then defined by the height Hp of said lateral wall 51 , corresponding to the distance between the base and the end of said lateral wall 51 .
  • the bars 5 of successive banks 4 are preferably placed in a quincuncial arrangement on planes parallel to one another and perpendicular to the tubes 3 ′, as shown in FIG. 10 b .
  • the bars 5 between two successive banks 4 do not lie above one another, and allow the fluid, the flow of which is indicated by two black arrows, to circulate between the tubes 3 ′ without an excessive pressure drop.
  • the bars 5 may be grouped on two parallel planes separated by a distance D at least greater than the width Lb of the bars 5 , so that the bars 5 are not adjacent, thus allowing the flow of the fluid as shown in FIG. 7 b .
  • Said bars 5 then form a supporting assembly 6 .
  • the bundle 3 may comprise a plurality of supporting assemblies 6 . These supporting assemblies 6 are also visible in FIGS. 2 and 5 .
  • the bundle 3 comprises at least one supporting assembly 6 at each of its ends, and at least one intermediate supporting assembly 6 between said ends. This permits a constant separation of the banks 4 from one another, and therefore a constant spacing of the tubes 3 ′ over the whole length of the bundle 3 .
  • the bundle 3 comprises a total of four supporting assemblies 6 .
  • the bundle 3 may also comprise internal braces 41 , visible in FIGS. 4 and 5 , within the banks 4 .
  • These internal braces 41 may be, more particularly, solid rigid tubes made of plastic or metal and may, notably, each take the place of a tube 3 ′ in a bank 4 , so that they are clipped into the housings 50 of the bars 5 .
  • These internal braces 41 make it possible to stiffen the banks 4 , while keeping the bars 5 at a certain distance from one another.
  • These internal braces 41 also make it possible to maintain the cohesion of the supporting assemblies 6 and to maintain the spacing between them.
  • the internal braces 41 may have grooves 42 , corresponding to a reduction in the cross section of the internal brace 41 . These grooves 42 are inserted into the housings 50 of the bars 5 . Thus any translational movements of said bars 5 along the tubes 3 ′ and relative to one other are prevented.
  • the bundle 3 is preferably contained in a frame 7 , as shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5 .
  • This frame 7 makes it possible, notably, to consolidate the shaping of the bundle 3 and reinforce its strength.
  • the frame 7 also makes it possible to provide a degree of rigidity in the bundle 3 .
  • the frame 7 may, notably, comprise flanges 70 surrounding the bundle 3 transversely, and external braces 71 connecting said flanges 70 .
  • the flanges 70 and the external braces 71 may be made of metal and/or plastic.
  • the flanges 70 may also comprise grooves 701 into which the bars 5 are to be inserted. More particularly, these grooves 701 allow said bars 5 to be connected to the frame 7 so as to keep said bars 5 in place, independently of the fact that they can be clipped on to the tubes 3 ′ and independently of the possible presence of internal braces 41 . If the banks 4 are flat, it is the ends of the different bars 5 that are inserted into the grooves 701 .
  • the flanges 70 may then comprise at least two parallel grooves 701 , and may be placed at the positions of the supporting assemblies 6 .
  • the latter may be assembled into two half-bundles which are placed adjacent to one another.
  • the half-bundles may, for example, be assembled and fastened together, for example by means of male/female fastening devices present at the positions of the flanges 70 .
  • the banks 4 may be curved and stacked concentrically, so as to form a cylindrical bundle 3 , as shown in FIG. 11 .
  • the use of a frame 7 makes it possible, notably, to maintain the curvature of said banks 4 as well as the cylindrical shape of the bundle 3 .
  • the bars 5 have housings 50 on only one of their faces, it is the back, that is to say the part not having a housing 50 , of the bars 5 of the outer bank 4 that is inserted into the grooves 701 of the flanges 70 .
US16/086,194 2016-03-18 2017-03-17 Thermal battery with encapsulated phase-change material Abandoned US20200348086A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1652311 2016-03-18
FR1652311A FR3049117B1 (fr) 2016-03-18 2016-03-18 Batterie thermique a materiau a changement de phase encapsule
PCT/FR2017/050628 WO2017158309A1 (fr) 2016-03-18 2017-03-17 Batterie thermique a matériau a changement de phase encapsulé

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20200348086A1 true US20200348086A1 (en) 2020-11-05

Family

ID=56087352

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US16/086,194 Abandoned US20200348086A1 (en) 2016-03-18 2017-03-17 Thermal battery with encapsulated phase-change material

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20200348086A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP3455574A1 (fr)
KR (1) KR102189076B1 (fr)
FR (1) FR3049117B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2017158309A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3647707A1 (fr) * 2018-11-01 2020-05-06 Perkins Engines Company Ltd Énergie thermique et dispositif de stockage

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4616390A (en) * 1984-10-18 1986-10-14 Maccracken Calvin D Superdensity assembly method and system for plastic heat exchanger resists large buoyancy forces and provides fast melt down in phase change thermal storage
US6889751B1 (en) * 2000-10-04 2005-05-10 Modine Manufacturing Company Latent heat storage device
US7225860B2 (en) * 2005-08-03 2007-06-05 Honeywell International, Inc. Compact heat battery
WO2015024518A1 (fr) * 2013-08-22 2015-02-26 上海工电能源科技有限公司 Accumulateur de chaleur cylindrique à gradient et procédé de fabrication associé

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2017158309A1 (fr) 2017-09-21
FR3049117B1 (fr) 2018-04-27
EP3455574A1 (fr) 2019-03-20
KR20180122447A (ko) 2018-11-12
FR3049117A1 (fr) 2017-09-22
KR102189076B1 (ko) 2020-12-09

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