Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/40—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D211/42—Oxygen atoms attached in position 3 or 5
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
  • C07D473/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2 or 6, but not in both
  • C07D473/32—Nitrogen atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B55/00—Racemisation; Complete or partial inversion

Definitions

• the present invention relates to synthesis procedures and synthesis intermediates of substituted bicyclic compounds, especially compounds that are useful as medicaments, for instance Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitors such as ibrutinib.
• Btk Bruton's tyrosine kinase
• Ibrutinib is an organic small molecule having IUPAC name 1-[(3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidin-1-yl]prop-2-en-1-one. It is described in a number of published documents, including international patent application WO 2008/039218 (Example 1b), and is described as an irreversible inhibitor of Btk.
• Btk plays an essential role in the B-cell signaling pathway linking cell surface B-cell receptor stimulation to downstream intracellular responses.
• Btk is a key regulator of B-call development, activation, signaling, and survival (Kurosaki, Curr Op Imm, 2000, 276-281; Schaeffer and Schwartzberg, Curr Op Imm 2000, 282-288).
• Btk plays a role in a number of other hematopoetic cell signaling pathways, e.g.
• TLR Toll like receptor
• FcepsilonRI IgE receptor
• Ibrutinib has been approved for certain hematological malignancies in several countries including the US and the EU, and is also being studied in clinical trials for other hematological malignancies.
• malignancies include chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
• ibrutinib makes use of a chiral hydroxypiperidine. It is an object of the present invention to find an alternative and/or improved process for obtaining a chiral hydroxypiperidine, and such a compound may be used as intermediate or building block in the synthesis of ibrutinib.
• One known method to prepare a chiral hydroxypiperidine is described e.g. by Ju et al, Org. Process Res. Dev., 2014, 18 (6), pp 827-830, where a biocatalytic process is employed to reduce the corresponding ketone using KRED (and NADH/NAD).
• Various strategies may be used for introduction of chiral centres, including enzymatic strategies.
• various enzymes may be used to promote kinetic resolutions (and can be referred to as enzymatic kinetic resolutions).
• enzymatic kinetic resolutions For such processes, the maximum theoretical yield would be 50% given the conversion of only one of the enantiomers in the racemate.
• dynamic kinetic resolutions may overcome the yield limitation by racemising the remaining unreacted enantiomer enabling more complete conversion yields.
• a number of catalysts may fulfil this role, for instance organometallic catalysts such as ruthenium complex catalysts, some of which may be known.
• the Honig article discloses resolution of some heterocyclic alcohols using enzymes. Specifically, a 1-methyl-hydroxy-piperidine ring is first converted via a transesterification reaction to an acetate, and thereafter an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction proceeded with a varying degree of success. This document does not disclose an enzymatic kinetic acylation reaction.
• the Tatsuya Kikuchi article discloses for example, a Boc-protected hydroxy-piperidine that undergoes a kinetic resolution mediated via an enzymatic acylation reaction with vinyl acetate and where the enzyme is a lipase.
• Such reaction proceeds with a certain stereochemistry, namely the (R)-configuration at the relevant chiral centre bearing the —OAc group.
• the Lihammar journal article also discloses for example a 1-N-substituted hydroxy-piperidine which undergoes a kinetic resolution under enzymatic conditions in an acylation reaction, again forming the corresponding compound with an (R)-configuration at the chiral centre.
• JP 2001002637 discloses only enantiomerically-enriched N-substituted pyrrolidine rings; further such optically active compounds are prepared from chiral precursors in a stereospecific reaction, rather than via an enzymatic kinetic resolution process.
• R 1 represents hydrogen or an acyl group
• R 2 represents hydrogen or an amino-protecting group
• * represents a chiral centre of an (S) configuration; which comprises enzymatic kinetic resolution of a compound of formula (II)
• R 1 represents hydrogen and R 2 is as defined above, and the process is performed in the presence of an acyl donor, which process may be referred to herein as a process of the invention (which consists of one or more embodiments).
• the process of the invention produces an enantioenriched compound of formula (I) and may alternatively be described as a process for preparing a composition comprising compound of formula (I) in which the (S)-enantiomer is the predominantly formed enantiomer, thus providing an ee of greater than 20% (and in embodiments described herein in an ee greater still).
• the compound of formula (II) starting material is racemic (or of low enantiopurity, e.g. displaying an enantiomeric excess “ee” of less than 20%) i.e. the chiral centre at the point of attachment of the —OR 1 group contains an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-configurations (or a substantially lower preference for one configuration compared to the other, e.g. less than 60% of the dominant enantiomer).
• the corresponding chiral centre of the compound of formula (I) is mainly of the (S)-configuration (and is described as being an “enantioenriched product”).
• the process of the invention is an enzymatic resolution.
• the process of the invention is performed in the presence of a suitable enzyme (that affects the resolution, i.e. that selectively reacts with one of the two enantiomers of the racemate of formula (II)).
• a suitable enzyme that affects the resolution, i.e. that selectively reacts with one of the two enantiomers of the racemate of formula (II).
• Suitable enzymes may accompany the acyl donor and are discussed hereinafter.
• the process of the invention is a dynamic kinetic resolution, in which case the process of the reaction is further performed in the presence of a racemisation catalyst.
• a racemisation catalyst any one or more of the following racemisation catalysts may be employed:
• alkyl groups as defined herein may be straight-chain or, when there is a sufficient number (i.e. a minimum of three) of carbon atoms be branched-chain, and/or cyclic. Further, when there is a sufficient number (i.e. a minimum of four) of carbon atoms, such alkyl groups may also be part cyclic/acyclic. Such alkyl groups may also be saturated or, when there is a sufficient number (i.e. a minimum of two) of carbon atoms, be unsaturated (including therefore e.g. “vinyl” moieties).
• the R 1 or R 2 integer of the compound of formula (II) need not be the same as the corresponding integers of the compound of formula (I).
• the R 1 moiety of compound (II) may be hydrogen, but during the course of the process of the invention, such group may be converted to an acyl group (in the compound of formula (I)) for instance when the enzyme is employed along with an acyl donor.
• the compound of formula (I) in which R 1 is acyl is saponificated to a further compound of formula (I) in which R 1 is hydrogen.
• the R 2 integer in the conversion from compound (II) to (I) may be the same (e.g.
• R 2 nitrogen-protecting group may be necessary on the compound of formula (II) during the course of the process of the invention and it may therefore carry over to the resultant compound of formula (I). However, thereafter, the protecting group may be removed (i.e. deprotected) to provide a compound of formula (I) in which R 2 represents hydrogen. If downstream chemistry is intended (e.g. as described hereinbelow), then, in an embodiment, R 2 represents a protecting group (e.g. Boc) and the compound of formula (I) in which R 2 represents Boc is converted to a downstream product, for examples as described hereinbelow.
• a protecting group e.g. Boc
• R 1 may form, for example, a —C(O)CH 2 —OCH 3 moiety or a —C(O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 moiety (in an embodiment the R 1 acyl moiety represents —C(O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ).
• the acyl donor in an embodiment, may represent a compound of the following formula R x —R 1 , in which R 1 is as hereinbefore defined, and R x represents —O—C 1-8 alkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from fluoro and —OC 1-6 alkyl; the latter alkyl moiety optionally substituted by one or more fluoro atoms) or —O-phenyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo (e.g.
• the “acyl donor” represents a butyrate, e.g. a compound in which R 1 represents —C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 (which is thus the acyl moiety in the resultant compound of formula (I)) and in which R x represents a suitable moiety (e.g.
• the acyl donor is 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl butyrate or 4-fluorophenyl butyrate.
• R 2 is a nitrogen protecting group.
• Such groups include those that result in the formation of:
• R 2 may represent:
• R t1 may represent C 1-6 alkyl or optionally substituted aryl
• R t2 (in which R t2 may represent optionally substituted aryl); or, in an embodiment, —C(O)OR t3 (in which R t3 may represent optionally substituted aryl or, in a further embodiment, optionally substituted C 1-6 (e.g. C 1-4 ) alkyl, e.g. tert-butyl (so forming, for example, a tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting group, i.e. when taken together with the amino moiety, a tert-butylcarbamate group) or a —CH 2 phenyl group (so forming a carboxybenzyl protecting group));
• C 1-6 e.g. C 1-4
• tert-butyl so forming, for example, a tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting group, i.e. when taken together with the amino moiety, a tert-butylcarbamate group
• R t4 and R t5 independently represent hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl or —C(O)R t6 , and R t6 represents C 1-6 alkyl or optionally substituted aryl).
• R 2 represents —C(O)OR t3 (in which R t3 may represent C 1-6 alkyl, e.g. tert-butyl) and, hence, in an aspect, the R 2 protecting group is tert-butoxycarbonyl (also known as, and referred to herein, as a BOC or Boc group).
• the process of the invention produces enantioenriched forms or products, by which we mean the products produced have an enantiomeric excess of greater than 20%, for instance greater than 40%, such as more than 60% and, in an embodiment, greater than 80% enantiomeric excess.
• the enantioenriched products may even be greater than 90% (for example, they may consist essentially of a single enantiomer, by which we mean that the ee may be 95% or higher, e.g. above 98% or about 100%).
• Such enantioenrichment (or ees) may be obtained directly, or through further purification techniques that are known to those skilled in the art.
• the process of the invention may produce a compound of formula (I) in which R 1 represents H or an acyl group, wherein such a product is enantioenriched.
• the enzymatic kinetic resolution (e.g. dynamic kinetic resolution) is performed in the presence of an enzyme and an acyl donor.
• the enzyme is suitable to affect the desired resolution, i.e. to selectively react with one of the two enantiomers in the racemate of formula (II) to provide the compound of formula (I) (i.e. a product that is enantioenriched).
• Suitable enzymes can be identified by screening available enzymes, e.g. using high throughput screening techniques or by using enrichment isolation techniques. In such enrichment isolation techniques carbon-limited or nitrogen-limited media can be supplemented with an enrichment substrate.
• the enzymes giving the best results can be further selected by further experimentation (e.g. using the conditions described herein, performing the process of the invention as described herein).
• the properties of the enzymes can be further enhanced by enzyme engineering. For example, enzyme engineering can be employed to improve the reaction rate, the yield and the selectivity of the reaction, in particular the enantioselectivity.
• enzyme engineering can be used to broaden the pH and temperature range at which the enzymes can be employed as well as their tolerance to certain solvents.
• Enzyme engineering techniques which can be employed include rational design methods, such as site-directed mutagenesis and in-vitro-directed evolution techniques. Such techniques are described e.g. in K. M. Koeller and C. H. Wong, “Enzymes for chemical synthesis”, Nature, 409: 232-240 and the references cited therein, which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the enzyme can be used in the form of a crude lysate or in a purified form. Alternatively, the enzyme can be immobilized and used as such. Immobilization techniques are known to a person skilled in the art. Useful solid supports include, e.g. polymer matrices such as calcium alginate, polyacrylamide, Eupergit®, and other polymeric materials, as well as inorganic matrices, such as Celite®. Immobilization techniques are advantageous because the enzyme and the product can be easily separated. Additionally, the immobilized enzyme may be recycled and reused rendering the process more economic. Other techniques such as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) or cross-linked enzyme crystals (CLECs) are also applicable in the present invention.
• CLSAs cross-linked enzyme aggregates
• CLECs cross-linked enzyme crystals
• Certain enzymes which have been found to be suitable for use in the present invention include proteases and lipases. Suitable enzymes gave, in the process of the invention, enantioenriched product of formula (I), e.g. a product with an ee of greater than 20%.
• the enzyme may be a protease (e.g. a non-specific protease) for instance a serine protease.
• it may be a subtilase such as a subtilisin (which may be obtained from Bacillus subtilis , or from certain types of soil bacteria, for example Bacilius amyloliquefaiens .
• the enzyme is a protease that is Subtilisin. Subtilisin may also be referred to by several other names, including inter alia alcalase and savinase (and can depend on a commercial source from which it is obtained).
• the enzyme is an alkaline protease, such as alkaline protease B.
• the enzyme is lipase from Carica Papaya (or from papaya latex).
• the enzyme is Papain, protease from papaya latex.
• the enzyme may also be a lipase.
• it may be a lipase that is expressed and secreted by pathogenic organisms.
• the lipase may be Lipase A from Candida Rugosa , Lipase B from Candida Rugosa and/or Lipase from Carica Papaya.
• the process of the reaction may also be carried out in the presence of a phosphate buffer for hydrolysis.
• the enzymatic process may be one in which the enzyme is selected from:
• Savinase (e.g. commercially available from ChiralVision; also referred to as “SAV”)—from the protease group
• Candida Rugosa lipase B (e.g. commercially available from Almac, for instance article AH24 and/or article AH09)
• Candida Rugosa lipase A (e.g. commercially available from Almac, for instance article AH06)
• alkaline Protease B (e.g. commercially available from Almac, for instance article AH19)
• Subtilisin e.g. commercially available from Almac
• Savinase from ChiralVision (also referred to as “Savinase, Subtilisin”)
• this a protease from Bacillus sp. e.g. covalent on acrylic beads
• a suitable quantity of enzyme may be employed in the process of the invention, and it may be dependent on the specific enzyme chosen.
• the process of the invention is, in an aspect, performed in the presence of about 1 and 100 g/mol (e.g. between about 10 and 50 g/mol, e.g. about 25 g/mol).
• these quantities are particularly employed when e.g. the Savinase catalyst is employed.
• per mol refers to per mol of the compound of formula (II).
• the enzymatic kinetic resolution (e.g. dynamic kinetic resolution) is performed in the presence of an enzyme and an acyl donor, in which the acyl donor is selected from:
• acetyl donors such as isopropenyl acetate, phenyl acetate, and the like
• butyrate donors such as isopropyl butyrate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl butyrate (TFEB), vinyl butyrate, and the like
• the acyl donors are the butyrate donors, as these advantageously may lead (in certain instances) to an improvement in ee and/or improvement in yield conversion, for instance as shown in the experimental.
• Percentage conversion of the process of the invention may increase depending on the acyl donor used and/or the solvent (or conditions) employed. In an embodiment percentage conversion may be greater than 10%, for instance greater than 20%, e.g. greater than 30% (in an embodiment, about 50%, or in a further embodiment greater than 50%) and/or percentage ee in an embodiment is greater than 30%, for instance greater than 50%, e.g. greater than 70% (in an embodiment, greater than 90%, such as greater than 95% or about 100%).
• At least one acyl donor equivalent is employed compared to the compound of formula (II). In an aspect, at least 1.5 equivalents is employed (compared to the compound of formula (II)). For instance, about two equivalents are employed (or at least two equivalents). In an embodiment, less than four (e.g. less than three) equivalents are employed, which may have the advantage that the process of the invention does not result in a decrease (or degradation) of ee.
• ee when the kinetic resolution process of the invention is performed in the presence of the savinase enzyme and a butyrate acyl donor, then ee can be greater than 50% (e.g. greater than 60%, such as greater than 75% and in an aspect, greater than 90%, e.g. greater than 95% ee) and/or the conversion can be greater than 5% (e.g. greater than 10%, greater than 20% or 30% and in an embodiment greater than 50%). The highest conversion may be obtained when vinyl butyrate is employed.
• the process of the invention is performed in the presence of a base such as an organic or inorganic base.
• bases that may be employed include carbonate bases (e.g. sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, barium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium carbonate and the like), hydroxide bases (e.g. potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and the like), alkoxide bases (e.g. tert-butoxides, such as potassium tert-butoxide), amine bases (e.g. trialkylamine, such as triethylamine, dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), and the like), amide bases (e.g. LDA or LiHMDS, i.e. lithium diisopropylamide or lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide) or other suitable bases (or mixtures of bases).
• the base employed is an inorganic base (e.g. sodium carbonate).
• there is at least 0.25 base equivalents employed the base may be one base or a mixture of more than one, e.g. two, different bases) compared to the compound of formula (II).
• there is at least about 0.5 equivalents of base which has the advantage that even such an amount can significantly increase the reaction speed).
• between about 0.5 and 1.5 (e.g. about 1) equivalents of base e.g. an inorganic base, such as a carbonate, e.g. sodium carbonate
• base e.g. an inorganic base, such as a carbonate, e.g. sodium carbonate
• Suitable solvents include solvents such as aromatic solvents (e.g. toluene, pyridine), ethers (e.g. dioxane, THF (tetrahydrofuran), EtOAc (ethyl acetate), methyl ter-butyl ether, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran), alcohols (e.g. propanol, tert-amyl alcohol), alkanes (e.g. heptane, cyclohexane) and the like.
• the solvents will be those that effect the highest conversion while keeping the ee high.
• the solvent for use in the process of the invention may be toluene or methyl-THF.
• Such solvents may have the advantage that they achieve the fastest conversion (and maintain high ee; e.g. as described herein).
• reaction of a compound of formula (II) in which R 2 is Boc and R 1 is hydrogen using Savinase as the enzyme (25 g/mol), DIPEA as the base (1 equiv compared to compound of formula (II)), vinyl butyrate as the acyl donor (2 equivs compared to the compound of formula (II)) and using solvent in a dilution of 1 L/mol at a reaction temperature of 30° C.
• different solvents gave different conversion (and different rates of conversion): toluene in this instance gave a conversion of more than 20% in 10 hours and a conversion of over 50% in 50 hours (and maintained an ee of 94.8% for the desired product of formula (I) in which R 2 is Boc and R 1 is —C(O)—C 3 H 7 );
• Me-THF in this instance gave a conversion of about 15% in 10 hours and a conversion of above 40% (but less than 50%) in 50 hours (maintaining an ee of the same desired product of
• a suitable amount of solvent may be between about 0.25 L/mol (compared to mol of compound of formula (II)) and 6 L/mol (for instance between about 0.25 L/mol and 4 L/mol). In an embodiment, between about 0.5 L/mol and 1.5 L/mol (e.g. about 1 L/mol) solvent is employed.
• the reaction temperature of the process of the invention is, in an embodiment, between about 0° C. and about 60° C., but is dependent on how the temperature affects the ee of the final product (balanced with the increase in conversion that an increase in temperature may have). For instance, in an embodiment, the temperature is kept below about 50° C. as higher temperatures may result in a decrease (or degradation) of ee. In a further embodiment, the temperature is kept above room temperature (e.g. above about 25° C.) as that may have a positive effect on the reaction rate and, particularly, on the conversion. In an embodiment, the process of the invention is performed at a temperature of between about 25 and 40° C. (e.g. between about 25 and 35° C.), such as at about 30° C.
• the process of the invention may also be allowed to react for a suitable period of time.
• the progress of the reaction may be monitored (e.g. by thin layer chromatography) and the duration may be for a period of between about 1 hour and about 72 hours.
• the reaction time may be between about 12 hours and about 48 hours (for instance between about 16 and 48 hours, such as between 24 and 48 hours e.g. about 40 hours).
• the result of the process of the invention is in fact a kinetic resolution, conditions for which are discussed herein.
• any undesired product e.g. unreacted started material
• any undesired product may be removed or separated using standard conditions.
• a process for separating the product obtained (compound of formula (I)) from the process of the invention (which may be referred to herein as the “compound of the invention”).
• the compound of the invention (or product obtained by the process of the invention) may thus be separated/isolated. This may be achieved in several ways:
• the method is derivatisation, for example where the undesired product (e.g. unreacted starting material) is derivatised (e.g. by reaction with succinic anhydride, so forming a group with a terminal carboxylic acid moiety), which may allow for possible separation, extraction or isolation (e.g. the carboxylic acid may be removed in the work-up procedure).
• the undesired product e.g. unreacted starting material
• succinic anhydride so forming a group with a terminal carboxylic acid moiety
• the compound of formula (I) (in enantioenriched form) may be used in the preparation of further compounds, for example further pharmaceutical products (or intermediates thereto) such as pharmaceutical products that are useful in the treatment of cancer (such as hematological malignancies), and particularly the pharmaceutical product may be ibrutinib.
• Ibrutinib may be prepared in WO 2008/039218 (Example 1b) in accordance with the following scheme:
• 4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole[3,4-d]pyrimidine may be prepared in accordance with procedures described in WO 2008/039218 (which is specifically incorporated herein by reference), for instance by converting 4-phenoxybenzoic acid to the corresponding acyl chloride (by using thionyl chloride), which latter product may be reacted with malononitrile to prepare 1,1-dicyano-2-hydroxy-2-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)ethene.
• the methoxy moiety is then methylated using trimethylsilyldiazo-methane, and that methylated product is the treated with hydrazine hydrate to provide 3-amino-4-cyano-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazole, which is reacted with formamide to provide 4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole[3,4-d]pyrimidine, as illustrated in the following scheme:
• the 4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole[3,4-d]pyrimidine may have the requisite piperidinyl moiety introduced at the 1H-position (i.e. on the —NH of the pyrazole moiety).
• this is done by means of a Mitsunobu reaction—more specifically by converting the hydroxy moiety of the Boc-protected 3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate to a better leaving group, thereby allowing a substitution reaction with the —NH moiety of the pyrazole (with inversion).
• the chirality of the hydroxypiperidine is translated into the product, which is then converted to the single enantiomer ibrutinib by Boc-deprotection and acylation with acryloyl chloride.
• the ee is based on the ratio of the areas for the two possible enantiomers, i.e. in this case, compound B and its enantiomer.
• the conversion is the ratio of the sum of the two enantiomers of Compound B divided by the sum of the two enantiomers of the starting material Compound A, multiplied by the relative response factor (and hence refers to percentage conversion in which, in this case, refers generally to conversion of Compound A to Compound B plus its enantiomer).
• a 100 mL reactor was charged with rac-3-hydroxy-N-Boc-piperidine, i.e. Compound A (80 mmol, 16.10 g), savinase enzyme (25 g/mol, 2.00 g) and toluene (80 mL). DIPEA (80 mmol, 16 mL) and vinyl butyrate (1.1 eq, 11 mL) were finally added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was worked up after 42 hours. The mixture was filtered. The mother liquor was extracted with acidic water (pH ⁇ 2, 3 ⁇ 100 mL). The organic layer was then dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo.
• Compound A 80 mmol, 16.10 g
• savinase enzyme 25 g/mol, 2.00 g
• toluene 80 mL
• DIPEA 80 mmol, 16 mL
• vinyl butyrate 1.1 eq, 11 mL
• the general procedure for the large scale EasySampler reactions was used.
• the reaction mixture was filtered after 44 hours, the filtrate was transferred to a clean 100 mL EasyMax reactor, succinic anhydride (4.80 g, 48 mmol) was added, along with 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.24 g, 2 mmol).
• the reaction mixture was then heated at 50° C. for 18 hours.
• the mixture was then transferred to a separation funnel, water (25 mL) and NaHCO 3 (sat., 25 mL) were added and the layers separated.
• the aqueous layer was extracted with toluene twice (50 mL and 30 mL).
• Ibrutinib (or a salt thereof) is prepared by preparing an intermediate using any of the processes steps described in Example 1, following by conversion to ibrutinib (or a salt thereof).
• a pharmaceutical composition is prepared by first preparing ibrutinib (or a salt thereof) as per Example 2, and then contacting ibrutinib (or a salt thereof) so obtained with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent and/or excipient.

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• 2017
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