US20200002492A1 - Composite material, and prepreg using same - Google Patents

Composite material, and prepreg using same Download PDF

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US20200002492A1
US20200002492A1 US16/485,480 US201816485480A US2020002492A1 US 20200002492 A1 US20200002492 A1 US 20200002492A1 US 201816485480 A US201816485480 A US 201816485480A US 2020002492 A1 US2020002492 A1 US 2020002492A1
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composite material
carbon fibers
carbon fiber
fiber bundle
cnts
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Maki Onizuka
Takuji Komukai
Daiki Ishii
Jun Inoi
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Nitta Corp
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Nitta Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
    • C08J5/0405—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres
    • C08J5/042—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres with carbon fibres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
    • C08J5/06—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material using pretreated fibrous materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
    • C08J5/241—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using inorganic fibres
    • C08J5/243—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using inorganic fibres using carbon fibres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
    • C08J5/248—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using pre-treated fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
    • D06M11/73—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with carbon or compounds thereof
    • D06M11/74—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with carbon or compounds thereof with carbon or graphite; with carbides; with graphitic acids or their salts
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
    • D06M23/10—Processes in which the treating agent is dissolved or dispersed in organic solvents; Processes for the recovery of organic solvents thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2300/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2361/00—Characterised by the use of condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2361/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
    • C08J2361/06—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes with phenols
    • C08J2361/12—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes with phenols with polyhydric phenols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2363/00—Characterised by the use of epoxy resins; Derivatives of epoxy resins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2377/00—Characterised by the use of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2377/00—Characterised by the use of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2377/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/005—Reinforced macromolecular compounds with nanosized materials, e.g. nanoparticles, nanofibres, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods or nanolayered materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
    • C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
    • C08K7/04—Fibres or whiskers inorganic
    • C08K7/06—Elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
    • C08K9/02—Ingredients treated with inorganic substances
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
    • D06M2101/40—Fibres of carbon

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a composite material in which carbon nanotubes (hereinafter referred to as CNT) adhere to the surfaces of a plurality of continuous carbon fibers constituting a carbon fiber bundle; and to a prepreg using the same.
  • CNT carbon nanotubes
  • Fiber-reinforced molded articles in which reinforcing fibers are dispersed in a resin that is a base material are excellent in mechanical properties and dimensional stability, and accordingly are used in a wide range of fields.
  • a CNT/carbon fiber composite material having a structure in which a plurality of CNTs are entangled on the surface of a carbon fiber to form a thin film of a network of CNTs has been proposed as a reinforcing fiber (for example, Patent Literature 1).
  • a carbon fiber bundle in which continuous carbon fibers in units of thousands to tens of thousands are bundled has excellent properties such as low density, high specific strength and high specific elastic modulus.
  • a prepreg obtained by impregnating such a carbon fiber bundle with a resin is expected to be applied to applications to which stricter performances are required (aerospace-related applications, and the like).
  • Patent Literature 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2013-76198
  • Patent Literature 1 carbon fibers are immersed in a dispersion containing CNTs, and energy such as vibration, light irradiation and heat is applied to form a network of CNTs on the surfaces of carbon fibers. It is described that when the composite material of Patent Literature 1 is impregnated with a base material, a fiber-reinforced molded article can be obtained in which the base material and the carbon fiber firmly bond to each other while taking advantage of the properties of the base material.
  • a more superior reinforcing fiber (composite material) can be obtained which has also properties derived from the CNTs combined to those of the carbon fiber.
  • composite material having a higher longitudinal strength is required.
  • an object of this invention is to provide a composite material that can exhibit a higher strength based on properties of a carbon fiber bundle, and properties derived from CNTs; and a prepreg using the same.
  • a composite material according to the present invention is a composite material that includes: a carbon fiber bundle in which a plurality of continuous carbon fibers are arranged; carbon nanotubes which adhere to respective surfaces of the carbon fibers; and a sizing agent which covers at least a part of each of the surfaces to which the carbon nanotubes adhere, wherein when the composite material disposed such that a longitudinal direction is vertically oriented is pierced with an inspection needle having a diameter of 0.55 mm across the longitudinal direction, and the composite material and the inspection needle are relatively moved in the longitudinal direction by 40 mm at a speed of 300 mm/min, the maximum value of a load acting between the composite material and the inspection needle is smaller than 0.5 N.
  • the prepreg according to the present invention includes the composite material, and a matrix resin impregnated in the composite material.
  • the load which the composite material receives in the longitudinal direction under predetermined conditions is defined to be smaller than a predetermined value, and accordingly the entanglement of carbon fibers contained in the carbon fiber bundle with each other does not substantially exist.
  • Each of the carbon fibers in the carbon fiber bundle can contribute to the strength, and the original strength of the carbon fiber bundle is exhibited.
  • the composite material of the present invention adheres to the respective surfaces of the carbon fibers contained in the carbon fiber bundle. Thereby, the composite material of the present invention can exhibit higher strength. By using the composite material of the present invention, a prepreg having the higher strength can be produced.
  • FIG. 1 is a partial schematic view showing a structure of a composite material according to the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view for describing a method of evaluating entanglement of carbon fibers in a composite material.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view for describing a CNT adhesion process.
  • FIG. 4 is a side view for describing a guide roller.
  • FIG. 5 is a partial side view for describing a flange roller.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing a load acting between a composite material of Example 1 and an inspection needle.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing a load acting between a composite material of Example 2 and the inspection needle.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing a load acting between a composite material of a comparative example and the inspection needle.
  • a composite material 10 of the present embodiment includes a carbon fiber bundle 12 in which a plurality of continuous carbon fibers 12 a are arranged.
  • the carbon fibers 12 a each has a diameter of approximately 5 to 20 ⁇ m and is obtained by baking of organic fibers derived from fossil fuels, or organic fibers derived from wood or plant fibers.
  • the carbon fiber bundle 12 in the present embodiment can contain one thousand to one hundred thousand carbon fibers 12 a.
  • the carbon fibers 12 a constituting the carbon fiber bundle 12 maintain linearity substantially without being entangled with each other.
  • the composite material 10 of the present embodiment including such carbon fibers 12 a is in a shape of a strip in which 3 to 30 carbon fibers 12 a are piled in a thickness direction.
  • the CNTs 14 a adhere to a surface of each of the carbon fibers 12 a.
  • the CNTs 14 a are uniformly dispersed and entangled across substantially the entire surface of the carbon fibers 12 a, being in direct contact with or directly connected to one another to form a network structure. It is preferable that a dispersing agent such as a surfactant or an intervening material such as an adhesive does not exist between the CNTs 14 a.
  • the CNTs 14 a directly adhere to the surfaces of the carbon fibers 12 a.
  • the connection referred here includes physical connection (simple contact).
  • the adhesion referred here refers to bonding by the van der Waals forces.
  • direct contact or direct connection includes a state in which the plurality of CNTs are integrally connected with each other, in addition to a state in which the plurality of CNTs simply come in contact with each other.
  • a length of the CNT 14 a is 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m.
  • the CNTs 14 a are entangled with and are directly connected to each other.
  • the length of CNT 14 a is 50 ⁇ m or shorter, the CNTs 14 a are likely to be uniformly dispersed.
  • the length of the CNT 14 a is shorter than 0.1 ⁇ m, the CNTs 14 a resist being entangled with each other.
  • the length of the CNT 14 a exceeds 50 ⁇ m, the CNTs 14 a are likely to aggregate.
  • an average diameter of the CNTs 14 a is approximately 30 nm or smaller.
  • the diameter of the CNT 14 a is 30 nm or smaller, the CNT 14 a becomes rich in flexibility, and can form a network structure on the surface of each of the carbon fibers 12 a.
  • the diameter of the CNT 14 a exceeds 30 nm, the flexibility is lost, and it becomes difficult to form the network structure on the surface of each of the carbon fibers 12 a.
  • the diameter of CNT 14 a shall be an average diameter which has been measured with the use of a photograph by a transmission electron microscope (TEM: Transmission Electron Microscope). It is more preferable that the average diameter of CNT 14 a is approximately 20 nm or smaller.
  • the plurality of CNTs 14 a uniformly adhere to the respective surfaces of the carbon fibers 12 a in the carbon fiber bundle 12 .
  • a state of the CNT 14 a adhering to the surface of the carbon fiber 12 a can be observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope), and the obtained image can be visually evaluated.
  • a sizing agent a resin referred to as a sizing agent.
  • a urethane emulsion and an epoxy emulsion are generally used.
  • the carbon fibers 12 a contained in the carbon fiber bundle 12 maintain linearity without substantially being entangled with each other.
  • the entanglement of the carbon fibers 12 a in the carbon fiber bundle 12 can be evaluated by the linearity of adjacent carbon fibers 12 a.
  • a support stand 30 can be used on which a transverse bar portion 34 that can move up and down is provided on a standing portion 32 .
  • the composite material 10 is cut into a predetermined length (for example, approximately 150 to 300 mm), and a sample 100 for measurement is prepared.
  • the sample 100 for measurement is set such that the longitudinal direction is vertically oriented, and one end thereof is attached to the transverse bar portion 34 via a connecting member 36 .
  • a weight 24 having an appropriate weight is connected to the other end of the sample 100 for measurement such that the sample 100 for measurement is taut.
  • the weight of the weight 24 is selected such that the original length of the sample 100 for measurement is maintained.
  • the standing portion 32 of the support stand 30 is provided with an inspection needle 20 (diameter of 0.55 mm) extending in a horizontal direction.
  • the sample 100 for measurement is pierced with the inspection needle 20 across the longitudinal direction of the sample, the transverse bar portion 34 is moved upward, and thereby the sample 100 for measurement and the inspection needle 20 are relatively moved.
  • the moving speed is set at 300 mm/min, and the moving distance is set at 40 mm.
  • a not-shown load cell is connected to the inspection needle 20 .
  • the load acting between the sample and the needle is measured by the load cell.
  • the carbon fibers 12 a contained in the carbon fiber bundle 12 cause less entanglement with each other.
  • the maximum value of the load acting between the composite material 10 and the inspection needle 20 is smaller than 0.5 N, and accordingly the plurality of continuous carbon fibers 12 a are arranged so as to keep linearity substantially without being entangled.
  • the average value of the load acting between the composite material 10 and the inspection needle 20 is smaller than 0.4 N.
  • the average value of the acting load is calculated, after the loads at 810 points have been measured while the composite material 10 and the inspection needle 20 are relatively moved to each other by 40 mm, as an average of the load of the 810 points.
  • the composite material 10 can be produced by steps of immersing the carbon fiber bundle 12 containing the plurality of carbon fibers 12 a in a CNT dispersion (hereinafter, also simply referred to as dispersion) in which the CNTs 14 a are isolated from one another and are dispersed, and making the carbon fiber bundle travel therein to make the CNT 14 a adhere to the respective surfaces of the carbon fibers 12 a .
  • a CNT dispersion hereinafter, also simply referred to as dispersion
  • the CNT 14 a can be used which has been produced in the following way.
  • the CNT 14 a can be produced by steps of: forming a film of a catalyst which is formed from aluminum and iron, on a silicon substrate with the use of a thermal CVD method as described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-126311, for example; converting the catalyst metal into fine particles for growth of the CNT; and bringing a hydrocarbon gas into contact with the catalyst metal in a heating atmosphere.
  • a CNT may be used which has been produced by other methods such as an arc discharge method and a laser evaporation method, as long as the CNT contains impurities as little as possible.
  • the impurities can be removed by a step of annealing the produced CNT at a high temperature in an inert gas.
  • the thus produced CNT has such a high aspect ratio and linearity that the diameter is 30 nm or smaller and the length is several hundred micrometers to several millimeters.
  • the CNTs may be any of a single layer and multiple layers, but are preferably multiple layers.
  • a dispersion in which the CNTs 14 a are isolated-dispersed, is prepared.
  • isolated-dispersed means a state in which CNTs 14 a are dispersed in a dispersion medium so that the CNTs 14 a are each physically separated and not entangled with one another, and also in which the percentage of aggregates in which two or more CNTs 14 a are aggregated in a bundle form is 10% or less.
  • the dispersion is treated by a homogenizer, shear force, an ultrasonic disperser or the like, and thereby the CNTs 14 a are uniformly dispersed.
  • Usable dispersion medium include: water; alcohols such as ethanol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol; and organic solvents such as toluene, acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), hexane, normal hexane, ethyl ether, xylene, methyl acetate and ethyl acetate, etc.
  • Additives such as a dispersing agent and a surfactant are not necessarily required for the preparation of the dispersion, but the above additives may be used only in such a range as not to hinder the functions of the carbon fibers 12 a and the CNTs 14 a.
  • the CNTs 14 a are made to adhere to the surfaces of the carbon fibers 12 a by the steps of: immersing the carbon fiber bundle 12 in the dispersion which has been prepared in the above described way; making the carbon fiber bundle 12 travel therein under predetermined conditions; and applying mechanical energy to the dispersion.
  • a CNT adhesion tank 40 in which the dispersion 46 is accommodated, a plurality of guide rollers 42 for making the carbon fiber bundle 12 travel in the direction of the arrow A are disposed.
  • the guide rollers 42 are flat rollers of which the diameter D is 50 mm and the length L is 100 mm, as are shown in the side view of FIG. 4 .
  • carbon fibers 12 a of the order of 3 to 30 fibers are piled in the thickness direction.
  • a length L of the guide roller 42 is sufficiently larger than a width w of the carbon fiber bundle 12 . It is preferable that the carbon fiber bundle 12 is wound around the guide roller 42 at a smaller winding angle (90° or smaller). It is preferable that the guide roller 42 is disposed such as to make the carbon fiber bundle 12 linearly travel.
  • the carbon fiber bundle 12 is reliably supported by the guide roller 42 , and can travel in the dispersion 46 without causing contraction.
  • the carbon fibers 12 a contained in the carbon fiber bundle 12 undergo a tensile force in a state of having been supported by the guide roller 42 , thereby the entanglement is reduced, and the linearity is enhanced.
  • the carbon fiber bundle 12 travels in a certainly deep place within the CNT adhesion tank 40 at a traveling speed, without undergoing an excessive load.
  • the carbon fiber bundle 12 is not bent during traveling, and accordingly such a possibility is reduced that the carbon fibers 12 a contained in the carbon fiber bundle 12 are entangled with each other.
  • the traveling speed of the carbon fiber bundle 12 is set at a level of 1 to 20 m/min. As the traveling speed is slower, the linearity of the carbon fibers 12 a in the carbon fiber bundle 12 can be enhanced.
  • the carbon fiber bundle 12 containing the plurality of continuous carbon fibers 12 a When the carbon fiber bundle 12 containing the plurality of continuous carbon fibers 12 a is immersed in the dispersion in the reversible reaction state, the reversible reaction state of the dispersion state and the aggregation state of the CNTs 14 a occurs also on the surfaces of the carbon fibers 12 a .
  • the CNTs 14 a adhere to the surfaces of the carbon fibers 12 a , when moving from the dispersion state to the aggregation state.
  • the carbon fiber bundle is subjected to sizing treatment and drying, and the composite material 10 of the present embodiment is produced.
  • the sizing treatment can be performed by a general method with the use of a general sizing agent.
  • the carbon fiber bundle after the sizing treatment is placed on a hot plate, for example, and the drying can be achieved.
  • the composite material 10 of the present embodiment can be impregnated with a matrix resin to form a prepreg.
  • the matrix resin is not limited in particular, but includes thermosetting resins such as an epoxy resin, and thermoplastic resins such as a phenoxy resin and nylon.
  • the entanglement of the carbon fibers 12 a in the carbon fiber bundle 12 with each other do not substantially exist, and accordingly in the prepreg as well, the carbon fibers 12 a are not entangled with each other. Moreover, the CNTs 14 a adequately adhere to the respective surfaces of the carbon fibers 12 a in the carbon fiber bundle 12 .
  • the obtained prepreg can fully exhibit also the properties derived from the CNTs, because the CNTs 14 a adequately adhere to the surface of each of the carbon fibers 12 a.
  • the composite material 10 when the composite material 10 is pierced through with the inspection needle 20 having a diameter of 0.55 mm and is relatively moved to the inspection needle 20 in the longitudinal direction, the maximum value of the load which acts between the composite material 10 and the inspection needle 20 is smaller than 0.5 N, and accordingly the linearity of the adjacent carbon fibers 12 a contained in the carbon fiber bundle 12 is excellent.
  • the carbon fibers 12 a keep the linearity without substantially being entangled with each other.
  • the carbon fibers 12 a which are arranged while keeping the linearity can contribute to the enhancement of the strength of the composite material 10 .
  • the CNTs 14 a adhere to the respective surfaces of the carbon fibers 12 a , and at least a part of the surfaces to which the CNTs 14 a adhere is covered with the resin.
  • the composite material 10 of the present embodiment can exhibit a higher strength based on the properties derived from the CNTs and the properties of the carbon fiber bundle, because the carbon fiber 12 a to the surface of which the CNTs have adhered keeps the linearity.
  • a prepreg of higher strength can be produced.
  • Example 1 The composite material of Example 1 was produced according to a procedure shown in the above described production method.
  • CNTs 14 a MW-CNTs (Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes) were used which were grown to a diameter of 10 to 15 nm and a length of 100 ⁇ m or longer on a silicon substrate by a thermal CVD.
  • the CNTs 14 a were washed with the use of a mixed acid of which the ratio of sulfuric acid to nitric acid was 3:1, thereby the catalyst residue was removed, and then the resultant CNTs 14 a were filtered and dried.
  • the CNTs 14 a were added to MEK of a dispersion medium, and a dispersion was prepared.
  • the CNTs 14 a were crushed with the use of an ultrasonic homogenizer, and were cut into lengths of 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the concentration of the CNTs 14 a in the dispersion was controlled to be 0.01 wt %. This dispersion does not contain a dispersing agent or an adhesive.
  • the CNT adhesion tank 40 as shown in FIG. 3 was prepared, and the thus prepared dispersion 46 was accommodated therein.
  • guide rollers 42 (with diameter of 50 mm and length of 100 mm) as described with reference to FIG. 4 are provided.
  • vibration, ultrasonic waves or rocking were given which were mechanical energy.
  • the carbon fiber bundle 12 As the carbon fiber bundle 12 , T700SC-12000 (made by Toray Industries, Inc.) was used.
  • the carbon fiber bundle 12 contains 12000 carbon fibers 12 a .
  • a diameter of the carbon fiber 12 a is approximately 7 ⁇ m, and a length thereof is approximately 100 m.
  • the carbon fiber bundle 12 was immersed in the dispersion 46 , and was made to travel at a speed of 3.5 m/min via the guide rollers 42 .
  • the resultant carbon fiber bundle 12 was subjected to sizing treatment which uses an epoxy resin as a sizing agent, and then was dried on a hot plate at approximately 80° C. In this way, the composite material 10 of Example 1 was produced.
  • the composite material 10 of Example 1 had a shape of a strip in which 12 carbon fibers were piled in the thickness direction.
  • a composite material 10 of Example 2 was produced in a similar way to that in Example 1, except that the traveling speed of the carbon fiber bundle 12 was changed to 5 m/min.
  • the composite material 10 of Example 2 had the shape of the strip in which 12 carbon fibers were piled in the thickness direction.
  • a composite material of Comparative Example was produced with the use of a conventional CNT adhesion tank provided with a flange roller, at the traveling speed of the carbon fiber bundle, which was changed to 3 m/min.
  • a part of the side face of the flange roller is shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the flange roller 52 has flange portions 54 on the circumference of the side face, and supports the carbon fiber bundle 12 on a region 56 in between the flange portions 54 .
  • the width of the region 56 which supports the carbon fiber bundle 12 thereon is 12 mm.
  • the composite material of the Comparative Example had the shape of the strip in which 17 carbon fibers were piled in the thickness direction.
  • the entanglement of the carbon fibers contained in the carbon fiber bundle was evaluated on the composite materials of Example 1 and 2 and the Comparative Example. The evaluation was performed by an operation of examining the linearity of adjacent carbon fibers according to the method as described with reference to FIG. 2 .
  • Example 1 The composite material of Example 1 was cut into a length of 150 mm, and a sample 100 for measurement was prepared. One end of the sample 100 for measurement was fixed to the transverse bar portion 34 of the support stand 30 , and the weight 24 of 20 g was connected to the other end. The sample 100 for measurement was pierced with the inspection needle 20 (diameter of 0.55 mm) which was provided so as to extend from the standing portion 32 of the support stand 30 , across the longitudinal direction of the sample.
  • the inspection needle 20 diameter of 0.55 mm
  • the transverse bar portion 34 which suspended the sample 100 for measurement was raised by 40 mm at a speed of 300 mm/min. Changes of the measured load are shown in the graph of FIG. 6 .
  • the horizontal axis is a movement distance (mm) of the transverse bar portion 34 which has moved upward.
  • the loads of the composite material of Example 2 and the composite material of Comparative Example were also measured by a similar method. The results are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 , respectively.
  • the maximum value, the minimum value and the average value of the measured loads of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example are summarized in the following Table 1.
  • the average value was determined as an average of loads at 810 points at which the loads were measured while the transverse bar portion 34 was raised by 40 mm.
  • Example 1 Comparative Example Maximum value 0.172 0.425 0.906 Minimum value 0.00286 0.211 0.531 Average value 0.0764 0.287 0.689
  • the maximum values of the loads are 0.172 N and 0.425 N, respectively, which are smaller than 0.5 N.
  • average values of the loads are 0.0764 N and 0.287 N, respectively, which are smaller than 0.4 N.
  • the maximum value of the load is 0.908 N.
  • even the minimum value of the load is 0.531 N which exceeds 0.5 N, and an average value of the load reaches even 0.689 N.
  • a magnitude of the load is an index which indicates a degree of the entanglement of the carbon fibers contained in the carbon fiber bundle.
  • the composite material of the Examples and the composite material of the Comparative Example are produced under similar conditions, except that the CNT adhesion step such as the roller and the winding angle is different.
  • the CNT adhesion tank provided with the flat roller was used, and in the Comparative Example, the conventional CNT adhesion tank provided with the flange roller was used. From the results of the Examples and the Comparative Example, it can be understood that the entanglement of the carbon fibers with each other can be greatly reduced by the use of the CNT adhesion tank provided with the flat roller. The slower the moving speed of the carbon fiber bundle is, the more highly the effect is enhanced.
  • the entanglement of the carbon fibers in the carbon fiber bundle with each other does not substantially exist, and the carbon fibers are arranged while keeping the linearity. Moreover, the plurality of CNTs adhere to the surface of the carbon fibers in a form of being uniformly dispersed. Accordingly, the composite material of the Examples can exhibit a higher strength based on the properties of the carbon fiber bundle and the properties derived from the CNTs. By using the composite material of the Example, a prepreg having a higher strength can be obtained.
  • the entanglement of the carbon fibers with each other occurs even though the plurality of CNTs adhere to the surface of the carbon fibers in a form of being uniformly dispersed. It is assumed that in the composite material of the Comparative Example, carbon fibers which are arranged while keeping the linearity are greatly less than the case of the composite material of the Example. In the composite material of the Comparative Example, the higher strength based on the properties of the carbon fiber bundle is not exhibited. Even though a prepreg has employed the composite material of the Comparative Example, it is difficult to further enhance the strength of the prepreg.
  • the composite material and the inspection needle may be moved relatively to each other at a speed of 300 mm/min, and the support stand to be used is not limited in particular.
  • a support stand can be used on which the composite material is fixed and the inspection needle can move, or a support stand can be used on which the composite material and the inspection needle can move in opposite directions to each other.
  • the load acting between the composite material and the inspection needle can be measured by an arbitrary method, and for example, a spring balance can be used.
  • CNT carbon nanotube

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