US20190330307A1 - Methods for treating muscle wasting and bone disease using novel hybrid actriib ligand trap proteins - Google Patents

Methods for treating muscle wasting and bone disease using novel hybrid actriib ligand trap proteins Download PDF

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US20190330307A1
US20190330307A1 US16/343,366 US201716343366A US2019330307A1 US 20190330307 A1 US20190330307 A1 US 20190330307A1 US 201716343366 A US201716343366 A US 201716343366A US 2019330307 A1 US2019330307 A1 US 2019330307A1
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Hq Han
Xiaolan Zhou
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Alivegen Inc
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Biogen MA Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
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    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/71—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for growth factors; for growth regulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/01—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif
    • C07K2319/02—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif containing a signal sequence
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto

Definitions

  • Muscle wasting refers to the progressive loss of muscle mass and/or to the progressive weakening and degeneration of muscles, including skeletal or voluntary muscles, cardiac muscles controlling the heart (cardiomyopathies), and smooth muscles.
  • Chronic muscle wasting is a condition (i.e., persisting over a long period of time) characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass, as well as muscle weakening and degeneration. The loss of muscle mass occurs when the rate of muscle protein degradation exceeds muscle protein synthesis.
  • Muscle wasting is a debilitating and life-threatening disease state, which has been associated with the development of a number of chronic, neurological, genetic, inflammatory, fibrotic or infectious pathologies, including, e.g, muscular dystrophies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myositis, denervation muscle atrophies, anorexia-cachexia syndrome, cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, insulin resistance/diabetes, sarcopenic obesity, age-related sarcopenia, androgen deprivation, corticosteroid myopathy, inflammatory bowel disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic renal disease, trauma, cardiomyopathy, chronic heart failure and HIV infection.
  • Other conditions said to cause muscle wasting include chronic lower back pain, advanced age, damage to central nervous system, peripheral nerve injury, chemical injury, extended burns, hip/knee replacement, disuse atrophy, exposure
  • Bone disease is considered any affliction that involves the skeletal system. Bone diseases can be very serious, and require prompt and effective treatment. Bone diseases can be very painful and can rob the patient of mobility and independence. While the causative factors vary by disease, many bone diseases are caused by, e.g., genetic factors, viral infection, chemical abnormalities, lack of bone collagen, injuries, fractures, damage to blood vessel, excessive use of alcohol, or the long term use of certain medications. Examples of bone disease include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteogenesis imperfecta, fibrous dysplasia, ossificans progressiva, corticosteroid-induced bone loss, bone fracture, bone metastasis and Paget's disease of the bone.
  • Activin IIA receptor and Activin IIB receptor (ActRIIB) are type II receptors for a subset of TGF- ⁇ family member ligands, including, e.g., activin A, myostatin (also known as GDF-8), growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF-11), and various other bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) such as BMP-3, BMP-6, BMP-9 (also known as GDF-2) and BMP-10.
  • ActRIIA and ActRIIB have been identified as the type II receptors for activins, including activin A, activin B and activin AB.
  • ActRIIB is a high affinity receptor for myostatin, a key negative regulator of muscle growth, and thus plays central role in controlling muscle mass.
  • the binding of these ligands to ActRIIA and/or ActRIIB can regulate cell differentiation, apoptosis, protein synthesis and degradation, mineralization, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, steroid synthesis, adhesion, migration, extracellular matrix production and fibrogenesis.
  • the specific response depends upon the types and levels of the TGF- ⁇ ligands and receptors as well as the cellular state and environment.
  • the ActRIIB signaling pathway mediates cellular responses via Smad2/3 transcription factors, and activation of the ActRIIB signaling pathway has been implicated in pathogenesis and progression of many diseases including muscle wasting, bone loss, fibrosis and inflammation.
  • Several members of the TGF- ⁇ family including myostatin, activins and GDF11, mediate Smad2/3 activation by coupling to ActRIIB.
  • ActRIIB-Fc has also been shown to have important anti-fibrosis and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical models and various ActRIIA-Fc and ActRIIB-Fc fusion proteins have been, or are currently being clinically evaluated in patients for the treatment of muscle wasting disorders and/or bone diseases associated with the development of a number of chronic, neurological, genetic, inflammatory, fibrotic or infectious pathologies.
  • Acceleron Pharma's ACE-011 an ActRIIA-Fc fusion was clinically evaluated (Ph1, Ph2a) in patients with osteolytic lesions of multiple myeloma and osteoporosis and is currently being evaluated for chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Ph2/3) ( ⁇ ClinicalTrials.gov>) and for end-stage kidney disease in patients on hemodialysis and Acceleron Pharma's ACE-031, an ActRIIB-Fc fusion protein has been clinically evaluated (Ph1, Ph2) for therapeutic efficacy in Duchenne muscle dystrophy (DMD) ( ⁇ ClinicalTrials.gov>).
  • CIA chemotherapy-induced anemia
  • NSCLC metastatic non-small cell lung cancer
  • DMD Duchenne muscle dystrophy
  • ACE-011 for treating osteoporosis was hampered by safety concerns (high RBC growth) and ACE-031, while demonstrating a significant muscle gain which was more pronounced than that caused by a myostatin-selective inhibitor, such as myostatin antibody, peptibody or propeptide, has been hampered by the adverse event in nose and gum bleeding seen in DMD patients, thus there was a clinical hold put on ACE-031 (Smith R. C. and Lin B. K., Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 7(4): 352-360, 2013).
  • ACE-031 was discontinued in DMD Phase2 trial due to the side effect of nose and gum bleeding despite its promising sign of efficacy to improve muscle mass and function in DMD patients. It thus appears that the wild-type ActRIIB-Fc is capable of blocking BMP9 mediated Smad1/3/8 signaling that is critical in maintaining blood vessel homeostasis, and this functional blockade of BMP9 by the wild-type ActRIIB is believed to be the underlying cause of the bleeding side effect, as compelling new genetic evidence has linked loss-of-function mutations of BMP9 to vascular anomaly and bleeding syndrome in humans (Wooderchak-Donahue et. al., Am J Hum Genet., 93(3): 530-537, September 2013).
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a muscle wasting in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein such administration attenuates the loss of muscle mass and/or loss of muscle function.
  • the muscle wasting is associated with a disease selected from the group consisting of: muscular dystrophies (such as DMD, Becker MD, Limb-Girdle MD, Myotonic MD and FSHD), myositis (such as Dermatomyositis, Polymyositis and Inclusion body myositis), myopathy (including inherited myopathy as well as acquired myopathy such as myopathy induced by androgen-deprivation therapy, corticosteroids or statins), motoneuron disease (such as Lou Gehrig's Disease or ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (including Infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy, Intermediate spinal muscular atrophy, Juvenile spinal muscular atrophy and Adult spinal muscular atrophy), neuromuscular junction disease (such as Myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome and Botulism), peripheral nerve disease (such as Charcot-Marie tooth disease, Dejerine-Sottas disease and Friedreich's ataxia), spinal cord injury, stroke, neurodegenerative disease (including Parkinson'
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing bone disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the bone disease is selected from the group consisting of: osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, corticosteroid-induced bone loss, androgen-depriviation therapy-induced bone loss, hip fracture, cancer-induced bone loss, bone metastasis, Paget's disease, Rickets, osteomalacia, Perthes' disease and fibrous dysplasia.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the metabolic disorder is selected from the group consisting of: metabolic syndrome, obesity, dyslipidemia, sarcopenic obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, diabetes as well as diabetic myopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and hemochromatosis.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing fibrosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of: interstitial lung disease, idiotypic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, biliary atresia, myocardial infarction, cardiac fibrosis, renal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn's disease, keloid, scleroderma, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and arthrofibrosis.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing an autoimmune/inflammatory disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the disease is selected from the group consisting of: autoimmune/inflammatory disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic sclerosis, diabetes (type-1), glomerulonephritis, myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis, arthritis, asthma, and sepsis.
  • MS multiple sclerosis
  • systemic sclerosis diabetes
  • type-1 glomerulonephritis
  • myasthenia gravis psoriasis
  • systemic lupus erythematosus polymyositis
  • Crohn's disease Crohn's disease
  • ulcerative colitis ulcerative colitis
  • primary biliary cirrhosis arthritis, asthma, and sepsis.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating cardiovascular disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the cardiovascular disease is selected from the group consisting of: heart failure, cardiac atrophy, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), myocarditis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, heart valve disease, cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease, aorta disease, Marfan syndrome and cardiac transplant.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing cancer or cancer metastasis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, glioma, neuroblastoma, myeloma, lymphoma and leukemia, melanoma, carcinoma and myelodysplastic syndrome.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • CKD chronic kidney disease
  • the CKD is selected from the group consisting of: CKD including renal failure, interstitial fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, kidney dialysis, renal osteodystrophy, and protein energy wasting (PEW).
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing arthritis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the arthritis is selected from the group consisting of: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, Still's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, back pain, Behçet's disease, bursitis, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, chondromalacia patella, chronic fatigue syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, degenerative disc disease, developmental-dysplasia of hip, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, fibromyalgia, giant cell arteritis, dermatomyositis, idiopathic arthritis, scleroderma, Kawasaki disease, lupus, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, Pagets, rheumatic diseases, hemochromatosis, infectious Arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Sjögren's disease, spinal stenosis and tendinitis
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing anorexia in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the anorexia is selected from anorexia nervosa and anorexia-cachexia syndrome.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing liver disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the liver disease is selected from the group consisting of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver failure, and liver transplantation.
  • the present disclosure provides methods for organ or tissue transplantation in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the transplantation is selected from the group consisting of: organ transplantations of the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine and thymus or from tissue/cell transplantations of the muscles, bones, tendons, cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing anemia in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the anemia is selected from the group consisting of: anemia of inflammation, iron deficiency anemia, iron overload, thalassemia, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, pernicious anemia, fanconi anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia, cancer-associated anemia, chemotherapy-induced anemia, and anemia associated with CKD and kidney dialysis.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating pain in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pain is selected from the group consisting of: neuropathic pain, somatic pain, visceral pain, inflammatory pain, cancer pain, back pain, and joint pain.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating aging in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a therapeutically effective amount either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen
  • the aging condition is selected from the group consisting of: frailty of the elderly, age-related sarcopenia, and osteoarthritis.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of inducing stem cell growth for tissue repair or organ regeneration in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the stem cell is selected from the group consisting of: muscle stem (satellite) cell, cardiac stem cell, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell and pluripotent stem cell.
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least one of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, or SEQ ID NO: 37
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB polypeptides are hybrid soluble ActRIIB polypeptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 3-37, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 55, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 58, SEQ ID NO: 59, SEQ ID NO: 60, SEQ ID NO: 61, SEQ ID NO: 62, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 70, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO: 73, SEQ ID NO: 74, SEQ ID NO: 75, SEQ ID NO: 76, SEQ ID NO: 77, SEQ ID NO: 78, SEQ ID NO: 79, SEQ ID NO: 51, S
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB polypeptides are hybrid soluble ActRIIB polypeptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 51-117, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins of the present disclosure comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide and at least one heterologous protein, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • the heterologous protein is an Fc domain.
  • the Fc domain is a human IgG Fc domain.
  • the Fc domain is derived from the human IgG1 heavy chain constant domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38.
  • the Fc domain is an Fc domain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39. In various embodiments, the Fc domain is derived from the human IgG2 heavy chain constant domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40. In various embodiments, the Fc domain is an Fc domain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41. In various embodiments, the Fc domain is derived from the human IgG4 heavy chain constant domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42. In various embodiments, the Fc domain is an Fc domain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43.
  • the heterologous protein is attached to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide by a linker and/or a hinge linker peptide.
  • the linker or hinge linker may be an artificial sequence of between 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 or more amino acids that are relatively free of secondary structure.
  • the linker is rich in G/S content (e.g., at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more of the amino acids in the linker are G or S.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-37 or 51-117) of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the two exemplary molecular configurations for the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 shows line graphs depicting the results of the cell-based assays used to evaluate the myostatin-neutralizing (left panels), activin A-neutralizing (middle panels), and BMP9-neutralizing (right panels) abilities for the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap protein having the amino acid sequence of AG-0003 (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap protein having the amino acid sequence of AG-0005 (SEQ ID NO: 7), in comparison to those of the wild-type ActRIIB-Fc protein as a benchmark (WT).
  • WT wild-type ActRIIB-Fc protein
  • FIG. 3 shows line graphs depicting the results of the cell-based neutralizing activities on myostatin (top left), activin A (top right), activin B (bottom left) and BMP9 (bottom right) for the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap protein having the amino acid sequence of AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) and the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap protein having the amino acid sequence of AG-0027 (SEQ ID NO: 29) in comparison to those of the wild-type ActRIIB-Fc protein as a benchmark (WT).
  • Myostatin-, activin A- and activin B-neutralizing activities were examined by using 02012-CAGA-luc reporter assay and BMP9-neutralizing activities were analyzed by using 02012-BRE-luc reporter assay as described in the Examples.
  • FIG. 4 shows line graphs depicting the effects on body weight in 9-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice subcutaneously injected with PBS (Vehicle), wild-type ActRIIB-Fc (WT), AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) and AG-0027 (SEQ ID NO: 29), respectively, at the dosage of 10 mg/kg, once per week.
  • PBS Vehicle
  • WT wild-type ActRIIB-Fc
  • AG-0014 SEQ ID NO: 16
  • AG-0027 SEQ ID NO: 29
  • FIG. 6 shows Evans blue vascular permeability test images of mouse abdominal cavity. Representative images of surgically exposed abdominal cavity of each group are shown as labeled in the figure.
  • 8-week-old male BalbC mice were treated with PBS (Vehicle), wild-type ActRIIB-Fc (WT), AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) and AG-0027 (SEQ ID NO: 29), respectively, at the dosage of 10 mg/kg, once per week.
  • PBS Vehicle
  • WT wild-type ActRIIB-Fc
  • AG-0014 SEQ ID NO: 16
  • AG-0027 SEQ ID NO: 29
  • FIG. 7 shows Evans blue vascular permeability test images of mouse testis. Representative images of the dissected testis organ from each group are shown as labeled in the figure.
  • 8-week-old male BalbC mice were treated with PBS (Vehicle), wild-type ActRIIB-Fc (WT), AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) and AG-0027 (SEQ ID NO: 29), respectively, at 10 mg/kg, once per week.
  • PBS Vehicle
  • WT wild-type ActRIIB-Fc
  • AG-0014 SEQ ID NO: 16
  • AG-0027 SEQ ID NO: 29
  • PBS Vector
  • WT wild-type ActRIIB-Fc
  • AG-0014 SEQ ID NO: 16
  • AG-0027 SEQ ID NO: 29
  • FIG. 9 shows bar graphs depicting the amounts of extravasated Evans blue dye per mg of wet lung tissue (left panel) and testis tissue (right panel) in different treatment groups as labeled in the figure.
  • 8-week-old male BalbC mice were treated with PBS (Vehicle), the wild-type ActRIIB-Fc protein (WT), AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) and AG-0027 (SEQ ID NO: 29), respectively, at 10 mg/kg, once per week.
  • PBS Vehicle
  • WT wild-type ActRIIB-Fc protein
  • AG-0014 SEQ ID NO: 16
  • AG-0027 SEQ ID NO: 29
  • the tissues were weighed and then placed individually into vials containing formamide to extract the Evans blue dye. After incubation at 55° C. for 24 hours, the samples were centrifuge and the absorbance of the aqueous phase of each sample was measured at the wavelength of 610 nm using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed by using Student's t-test. *: P ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 10 shows line graphs depicting the results of the cell-based neutralizing activities on BMP9 for a number of exemplary hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins including AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16), AG-0023 (SEQ ID NO: 25), AG-0024 (SEQ ID NO: 26), AG-0025 (SEQ ID NO: 27), AG-0027 (SEQ ID NO: 29), AG-0028 (SEQ ID NO: 30), AG-0029 (SEQ ID NO: 31) and AG-0035 (SEQ ID NO: 37) in comparison to those of the wild-type ActRIIB-Fc protein as a benchmark (Wild type).
  • BMP9-neutralizing activities were analyzed by using C2C12-BRE-luc reporter assay.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates the differences in myostatin-neutralizing IC 50 values between several exemplary hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins relative to that of the wild type ActRIIB-Fc protein.
  • Myostatin-neutralizing activities of the individual proteins were examined using C2C12-CAGA-luc reporter cultures and the IC 50 values were calculated by using Prism software.
  • the graph shows the percentage difference in myostatin-neutralizing IC 50 value of each of the exemplary hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins, including AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16), AG-0023 (SEQ ID NO: 25), AG-0024 (SEQ ID NO: 26), AG-0027 (SEQ ID NO: 29), AG-0028 (SEQ ID NO: 30) and AG-0029 (SEQ ID NO: 31), compared to that of the wild-type ActRIIB-Fc.
  • FIG. 12 shows the results of ELISA analysis on BMP9 binding of two exemplary hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) and AG-0027 (SEQ ID NO: 29), respectively, in comparison to wild-type (WT) ActRIIB-Fc as well as to wild-type ActRIIA-Fc at increasing concentrations.
  • Automated ELISA was performed using KinEXA instrument (Sapidyne Instruments). 20 ⁇ g/ml of BMP9 was coupled to NHS-Activated Sepharose 4 Fast Flow beads (GE Healthcare) using the experimental procedure recommended by Sapidyne Instruments.
  • WT ActRIIB-Fc, WT ActRIIA-Fc and each hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap protein were tested for BMP9 binding at 100 pM, 1 nM and 10 nM concentrations as shown in the figure.
  • the wild-type and hybrid proteins were captured on the BMP9-coated beads and detected by Alexa Fluor 647-labeled goat anti-human-Fc antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc.).
  • the BMP9 binding signals were recorded with KinExA Pro software (Sapidyne Instruments).
  • FIG. 13 shows microscopic examination on gross morphology of hindlimb paw nail beds of 129S1/SvlmJ mice treated with PBS (vehicle control), Wild-Type ActRIIB-Fc (WT-ActRIIB-Fc), Hybrid Trap A (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) or Hybrid Trap B (AG-0014; SEQ ID NO: 16).
  • PBS vehicle control
  • Wild-Type ActRIIB-Fc Wild-Type ActRIIB-Fc
  • Hbrid Trap A AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29
  • Hybrid Trap B AG-0014; SEQ ID NO: 16
  • FIG. 14 shows line graphs depicting the effect of Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) administration on body weight in ORX C57BL/6 mice.
  • Data illustrate the longitudinally recorded body weights (left panel) and body weight changes (right panel) in normal control group, vehicle-treated ORX group, and Hybrid Trap-treated ORX group.
  • FIG. 15 shows bar graphs depicting the effect of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) treatment on hindlimb muscle mass and lean carcass mass in orchiectomized (ORX) mice.
  • Gastrocnemius, quadriceps and soleus muscle weights and lean carcass weights were recorded during terminal necropsy on day 42 for normal control group, vehicle-treated ORX group and hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap-treated ORX group.
  • Data on the average gastrocnemius, quadriceps and soleus muscle weights were based on each hindlimb muscle pairs.
  • FIG. 18 shows bar graphs depicting the effect of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) treatment on food intake (A), water consumption (B), 24-hour urine volume (C) and fasting blood glucose level (D) in diabetic db/db mice.
  • Food intake, water consumption, 24-hour urine volume and fasting blood glucose level are measured after 10 weeks of treatment.
  • FIG. 19 shows the effect of single dose of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) proteins on body weight change in female C57BL/6 mice.
  • Control group received a single injection of vehicle (PBS).
  • Body weight (A) and body weight change from baseline (B) were recorded in PBS- and Hybrid Trap-treated mice at different time points up to 14 days post injection.
  • FIG. 20 shows the head-to-head comparison of the effects of single injection of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) proteins on hindlimb muscle mass and lean carcass mass in C57BL/6 mice.
  • Mice were subcutaneously treated with a single dose, at 10 mg/kg, of Hybrid Trap A (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29), Hybrid Trap B (AG-0014; SEQ ID NO: 16) and WT-ActRIIB-Fc (benchmark), respectively, or with vehicle (PBS).
  • Hybrid Trap A AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29
  • Hybrid Trap B AG-0014; SEQ ID NO: 16
  • WT-ActRIIB-Fc benchmark
  • FIG. 21 shows the effect of single ascending doses of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) proteins on body weight change in female C57BL/6 mice.
  • Hybrid Trap Hybrid Trap A
  • Hybrid Trap B AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) at 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively.
  • Control group was treated with vehicle (PBS).
  • Body weight and body weight change from baseline in PBS-treated and Hybrid Trap-treated mice were recorded up to 8 days post injection.
  • FIG. 22 illustrates the effect of single ascending doses of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) proteins on hindlimb muscle mass in female C57BL/6 mice.
  • Hybrid Trap A AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29
  • Hybrid Trap B AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) were given subcutaneously at 1 mg/kg, 3/mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively.
  • the mice were euthanized for terminal necropsy.
  • the weights of hindlimb muscles including the gastrocnemius (A) and the quadriceps (B) were determined by necropsy procedures for PBS-, Hybrid Trap A- and Hybrid Trap B-treated groups.
  • FIG. 23 shows the effect of single ascending doses of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) protein on food intake in female C57BL/6 mice.
  • Hybrid Trap Hybrid Trap
  • Six-week-old female C57BL/6mice were treated with single ascending doses of Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29), SC, at 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively.
  • Data illustrate the recorded food intake on day 8 in PBS-treated and Hybrid Trap-treated mice.
  • FIG. 24 illustrates the effect of subcutaneous administration of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) proteins on body weight in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MDX) mice.
  • MDX Duchenne muscular dystrophy
  • FIG. 25 shows the effect of subcutaneous administration of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) proteins on hindlimb muscle mass in MDX mice.
  • MDX mice were subcutaneously treated with Hybrid Trap A (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) and Hybrid Trap B (AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) at 10 mg/kg, once per week, or with vehicle (PBS) for 8 weeks.
  • PBS vehicle
  • the weights of individual hindlimb muscles including the gastrocnemius (A), the quadriceps (B) and the soleus (C) were determined by necropsy procedures in the MDX mice treated with PBS (MDX+PBS) or with Hybrid Trap A (MDX+Hybrid Trap A) or with Hybrid Trap B (MDX+Hybrid Trap B).
  • FIG. 26 shows the effect of subcutaneous administration of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) proteins on grip strength in MDX mice.
  • Grip strength was analyzed on week 8 in the MDX mice treated with PBS (MDX+PBS) or with Hybrid Trap A (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) (MDX+Hybrid Trap A) or Hybrid Trap B (MDX+Hybrid Trap B) (AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) by using BIOSEB grip strength meter (EB-instruments).
  • BIOSEB grip strength meter BIOSEB grip strength meter
  • FIG. 27 illustrates the effect of subcutaneous administration of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) proteins on circulating creatine kinase (CK) levels in MDX mice.
  • MDX mice were treated with PBS or with Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) at 10 mg/kg, SC, weekly, for 8 weeks.
  • Hybrid Trap AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29
  • Age-matched wild type mice were used as the normal control.
  • Serum CK levels were measured in age-matched wild type mice (WT) and in MDX mice treated with PBS (MDX+PBS) or Hybrid Trap (Hybrid Trap+PBS).
  • n 8 per group. Error bars represent standard deviation.
  • FIG. 28 shows the results of micro-CT analysis of trabecular bone density changes in the distal femur resulting from hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) treatment.
  • MDX mice were treated with PBS (MDX+PBS) or Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) (MDX+Hybrid Trap) at 10 mg/kg, SC, weekly, for 8 weeks.
  • B Representative images of the distal femur trabecular architectures of PBS- and Hybrid Trap-treated groups.
  • FIG. 29 shows the results of micro-CT analysis of trabecular bone density changes in the lumbar spine resulting from hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) treatment.
  • MDX mice were treated with PBS (MDX+PBS) or Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) (MDX+Hybrid Trap) at 10 mg/kg, SC, weekly, for 8 weeks.
  • B Representative images of the lumbar spine trabecular architectures of PBS- and Hybrid Trap-treated groups.
  • FIG. 30 shows the effect of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) on muscle mass in wild type and oim/oim (type III osteogenesis imperfecta) mice.
  • Eight-week-old wild type control mice and oim/oim mice were treated with PBS or Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) for 6 weeks.
  • Triceps (A) and gastrocnemius muscle (B) weights were recorded during terminal necropsy.
  • FIG. 31 shows the results of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) analysis of the changes in BMD and BMC in wild type and oim/oim mice resulting from hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) treatment.
  • EXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
  • Eight-week-old wild type control mice and oim/oim mice were treated with PBS or Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) for 6 weeks.
  • DEXA scans on BMD (A) and BMC (B) were conducted immediately before and after the 6-week treatment with PBS or Hybrid Trap.
  • FIG. 32 shows the results of micro-CT analysis of the changes in trabecular bone density in the distal femur resulting from hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) treatment.
  • Eight-week-old wild type control mice and oim/oim mice were treated with PBS or Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29) for 6 weeks.
  • Data illustrate bone volume fracture (BV/TV %) as well as the representative microCT images of trabecular architecture in the distal femur in PBS- and Hybrid Trap-treated wild type mice and in PBS- and Hybrid Trap-treated wildtype mice (panel A) and oim/oim mice (panel B).
  • Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis.
  • FIG. 33 shows the results of micro-CT analysis of the changes in trabecular bone density in lumbar spine resulting from hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) treatment.
  • Data illustrate bone volume fracture (BV/TV %) as well as the representative microCT images of trabecular architecture in the 5 th lumbar vertebrae in wildtype mice (panel A) and oim/oim mice (panel B) treated with PBS or Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29).
  • Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. *: P ⁇ 0.05; **: P ⁇ 0.01; ***: P ⁇ 0.001. Error bars represent standard deviation.
  • FIG. 34 illustrates the effect of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) treatment on body length in oim/oim mice.
  • the body lengths of oim/oim mice and age-matched wild type control mice were measured after 6-week treatment with PBS or Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29).
  • FIG. 35 shows the results of bone histomorphometry analysis of the effect of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) treatment on Bone Area (A), Bone Perimeter (B) and Mineralizing Surface/Bone Surface Ratio (C) in the distal femurs. Bone histomorphometry analysis was performed after 6-week treatment with PBS or Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29).
  • Hybrid Trap Hybrid Trap
  • FIG. 36 shows the results of bone histomorphometry analysis of the effect of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap (Hybrid Trap) treatment on Osteoclast/Bone Surface Ratio (A) and Number of Osteoclasts/Bone Perimeter Ratio (B) in the distal femurs. Bone histomorphometry analysis was performed after 6-week treatment with PBS or Hybrid Trap (AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29).
  • Hybrid Trap Hybrid Trap
  • the present disclosure provides for methods of treating myostatin-related or activin A-related disorders in a subject, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a novel isolated hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a therapeutically effective amount either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen
  • novel isolated hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins genetically engineered as fusion proteins which function as a multi-cytokine antagonist designed to selectively block the actions of multiple cachectic (atrophy-inducing) cytokines without affecting the signaling of non-muscle related cytokines.
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise isolated hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides which are capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrate a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 (i.e., retain myostatin- and activin A-neutralizing activities, but demonstrate dramatically reduced BMP9-neutralization) relative to a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • the present disclosure is based in part on the inventors' unique insight that a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap engineered to exhibit significantly reduced binding to BMP9 (therefore having reduced BMP9-neutralization), while retaining its strong neutralizing activities against myostatin and activin, would provide myostatin inhibitors which are safer and more effective molecules than the currently available myostatin inhibitors.
  • a hybrid soluble ActRIIB polypeptide engineered to selectively replace amino acids residues within the ActRIIB extracellular domain (ECD) with corresponding amino acid residues from the ActRIIA ECD could provide novel hybrid soluble ActRIIB polypeptides which preferentially neutralize myostatin and activin A (the key negative regulators of muscle growth) over BMP9.
  • BMP9 plays an important role in a number of physiological processes (see, e.g, Tillet E, et al., Front Genet.
  • polypeptide refers to a polymer of amino acid residues.
  • peptides polypeptides
  • proteins are chains of amino acids whose alpha carbons are linked through peptide bonds.
  • the terminal amino acid at one end of the chain (amino terminal) therefore has a free amino group, while the terminal amino acid at the other end of the chain (carboxy terminal) has a free carboxyl group.
  • amino terminus refers to the free ⁇ -amino group on an amino acid at the amino terminal of a peptide or to the ⁇ -amino group (imino group when participating in a peptide bond) of an amino acid at any other location within the peptide.
  • carboxy terminus refers to the free carboxyl group on the carboxy terminus of a peptide or the carboxyl group of an amino acid at any other location within the peptide.
  • Peptides also include essentially any polyamino acid including, but not limited to, peptide mimetics such as amino acids joined by an ether as opposed to an amide bond
  • Polypeptides of the disclosure include polypeptides that have been modified in any way and for any reason, for example, to: (1) reduce susceptibility to proteolysis, (2) reduce susceptibility to oxidation, (3) alter binding affinity for forming protein complexes, (4) alter binding affinities, and (5) confer or modify other physicochemical or functional properties.
  • single or multiple amino acid substitutions e.g., conservative amino acid substitutions
  • a “conservative amino acid substitution” refers to the substitution in a polypeptide of an amino acid with a functionally similar amino acid. The following six groups each contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another:
  • non-conservative amino acid substitution refers to the substitution of a member of one of these classes for a member from another class.
  • the hydropathic index of amino acids may be considered. Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics.
  • hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biological function on a protein is understood in the art (see, for example, Kyte et al., 1982, J. Mol. Biol. 157:105-131). It is known that certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score and still retain a similar biological activity. In making changes based upon the hydropathic index, in various embodiments, the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indices are within ⁇ 2 is included. In various embodiments, those that are within ⁇ 1 are included, and in various embodiments, those within ⁇ 0.5 are included.
  • the substitution of like amino acids can be made effectively on the basis of hydrophilicity, particularly where the biologically functional protein or peptide thereby created is intended for use in immunological embodiments, as disclosed herein.
  • the greatest local average hydrophilicity of a protein as governed by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with its immunogenicity and antigenicity, i.e., with a biological property of the protein.
  • hydrophilicity values have been assigned to these amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartate (+3.0.+ ⁇ 0.1); glutamate (+3.0.+ ⁇ 0.1); serine (+0.3); asparagine (+0.2); glutamine (+0.2); glycine (0); threonine ( ⁇ 0.4); proline ( ⁇ 0.5.+ ⁇ 0.1); alanine ( ⁇ 0.5); histidine ( ⁇ 0.5); cysteine ( ⁇ 1.0); methionine ( ⁇ 1.3); valine ( ⁇ 1.5); leucine ( ⁇ 1.8); isoleucine ( ⁇ 1.8); tyrosine ( ⁇ 2.3); phenylalanine ( ⁇ 2.5) and tryptophan ( ⁇ 3.4).
  • the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are within ⁇ 2 is included, in various embodiments, those that are within ⁇ 1 are included, and in various embodiments, those within ⁇ 0.5 are included.
  • a skilled artisan will be able to determine suitable variants of polypeptides as set forth herein using well-known techniques.
  • one skilled in the art may identify suitable areas of the molecule that may be changed without destroying activity by targeting regions not believed to be important for activity.
  • the skilled artisan can identify residues and portions of the molecules that are conserved among similar polypeptides.
  • even areas that may be important for biological activity or for structure may be subject to conservative amino acid substitutions without destroying the biological activity or without adversely affecting the polypeptide structure.
  • One skilled in the art can also analyze the three-dimensional structure and amino acid sequence in relation to that structure in similar polypeptides. In view of such information, one skilled in the art may predict the alignment of amino acid residues of a polypeptide with respect to its three-dimensional structure. In various embodiments, one skilled in the art may choose to not make radical changes to amino acid residues predicted to be on the surface of the polypeptide, since such residues may be involved in important interactions with other molecules. Moreover, one skilled in the art may generate test variants containing a single amino acid substitution at each desired amino acid residue. The variants can then be screened using activity assays known to those skilled in the art. Such variants could be used to gather information about suitable variants.
  • polypeptide fragment and “truncated polypeptide” as used herein refers to a polypeptide that has an amino-terminal and/or carboxy-terminal deletion as compared to a corresponding full-length protein.
  • fragments can be, e.g., at least 5, at least 10, at least 25, at least 50, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900 or at least 1000 amino acids in length.
  • fragments can also be, e.g., at most 1000, at most 900, at most 800, at most 700, at most 600, at most 500, at most 450, at most 400, at most 350, at most 300, at most 250, at most 200, at most 150, at most 100, at most 50, at most 25, at most 10, or at most 5 amino acids in length.
  • a fragment can further comprise, at either or both of its ends, one or more additional amino acids, for example, a sequence of amino acids from a different naturally-occurring protein (e.g., an Fc or leucine zipper domain) or an artificial amino acid sequence (e.g., an artificial linker sequence).
  • polypeptide variant refers to a polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acid residues are inserted into, deleted from and/or substituted into the amino acid sequence relative to another polypeptide sequence.
  • the number of amino acid residues to be inserted, deleted, or substituted can be, e.g., at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 25, at least 50, at least 75, at least 100, at least 125, at least 150, at least 175, at least 200, at least 225, at least 250, at least 275, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450 or at least 500 amino acids in length.
  • Hybrids of the present disclosure include fusion proteins.
  • a “derivative” of a polypeptide is a polypeptide that has been chemically modified, e.g., conjugation to another chemical moiety such as, for example, polyethylene glycol, albumin (e.g., human serum albumin), phosphorylation, and glycosylation.
  • another chemical moiety such as, for example, polyethylene glycol, albumin (e.g., human serum albumin), phosphorylation, and glycosylation.
  • % sequence identity is used interchangeably herein with the term “% identity” and refers to the level of amino acid sequence identity between two or more peptide sequences or the level of nucleotide sequence identity between two or more nucleotide sequences, when aligned using a sequence alignment program.
  • 80% identity means the same thing as 80% sequence identity determined by a defined algorithm, and means that a given sequence is at least 80% identical to another length of another sequence.
  • the % identity is selected from, e.g., at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% or more sequence identity to a given sequence.
  • the % identity is in the range of, e.g., about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to about 80%, about 80% to about 85%, about 85% to about 90%, about 90% to about 95%, or about 95% to about 99%.
  • % sequence homology is used interchangeably herein with the term “% homology” and refers to the level of amino acid sequence homology between two or more peptide sequences or the level of nucleotide sequence homology between two or more nucleotide sequences, when aligned using a sequence alignment program.
  • 80% homology means the same thing as 80% sequence homology determined by a defined algorithm, and accordingly a homologue of a given sequence has greater than 80% sequence homology over a length of the given sequence.
  • the % homology is selected from, e.g., at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% or more sequence homology to a given sequence. In certain embodiments, the % homology is in the range of, e.g., about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to about 80%, about 80% to about 85%, about 85% to about 90%, about 90% to about 95%, or about 95% to about 99%.
  • the BLASTX program is preferred for searching nucleic acid sequences that have been translated in all reading frames against amino acid sequences in the GenBank Protein Sequences and other public databases. Both BLASTP and BLASTX are run using default parameters of an open gap penalty of 11.0, and an extended gap penalty of 1.0, and utilize the BLOSUM-62 matrix. See Id.
  • the BLAST algorithm In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:5873-5787, 1993).
  • One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance.
  • P(N) the smallest sum probability
  • a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is, e.g., less than about 0.1, less than about 0.01, or less than about 0.001.
  • heterologous refers to a composition or state that is not native or naturally found, for example, that may be achieved by replacing an existing natural composition or state with one that is derived from another source.
  • expression of a protein in an organism other than the organism in which that protein is naturally expressed constitutes a heterologous expression system and a heterologous protein.
  • antibody refers to a protein comprising one or more polypeptides substantially or partially encoded by immunoglobulin genes or fragments of immunoglobulin genes and having specificity to a tumor antigen or specificity to a molecule overexpressed in a pathological state.
  • the recognized immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon and mu constant region genes, as well as subtypes of these genes and myriad of immunoglobulin variable region genes.
  • Light chains (LC) are classified as either kappa or lambda.
  • Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, which in turn define the immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, respectively.
  • a typical immunoglobulin (e.g., antibody) structural unit comprises a tetramer. Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one “light” (about 25 kD) and one “heavy” chain (about 50-70 kD). The N-terminus of each chain defines a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition.
  • Fc region defines the C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, which may be generated by papain digestion of an intact antibody.
  • the Fc region may be a native sequence Fc region or a variant Fc region.
  • the Fc region of an immunoglobulin generally comprises two constant domains, a C H2 domain and a C H3 domain, and optionally comprises a C H4 domain.
  • the Fc portion of an antibody mediates several important effector functions e.g.
  • cytokine induction ADCC
  • phagocytosis phagocytosis
  • complement dependent cytotoxicity CDC
  • half-life/clearance rate of antibody and antigen-antibody complexes e.g., the neonatal FcR (FcRn) binds to the Fc region of IgG at acidic pH in the endosome and protects IgG from degradation, thereby contributing to the long serum half-life of IgG).
  • FcRn neonatal FcR
  • replacements of amino acid residues in the Fc portion to alter antibody effector function are known in the art (see, e.g., Winter et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,648,260 and 5,624,821).
  • Polynucleotide refers to a polymer composed of nucleotide units.
  • Polynucleotides include naturally occurring nucleic acids, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”) and ribonucleic acid (“RNA”) as well as nucleic acid analogs.
  • Nucleic acid analogs include those which include non-naturally occurring bases, nucleotides that engage in linkages with other nucleotides other than the naturally occurring phosphodiester bond or which include bases attached through linkages other than phosphodiester bonds.
  • nucleotide analogs include, for example and without limitation, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphorotriesters, phosphoramidates, boranophosphates, methylphosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, 2-O-methyl ribonucleotides, peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs), and the like.
  • PNAs peptide-nucleic acids
  • Such polynucleotides can be synthesized, for example, using an automated DNA synthesizer.
  • the term “nucleic acid” typically refers to large polynucleotides.
  • oligonucleotide typically refers to short polynucleotides, generally no greater than about 50 nucleotides.
  • nucleotide sequence is represented by a DNA sequence (i.e., A, T, G, C)
  • this also includes an RNA sequence (i.e., A, U, G, C) in which “U” replaces “T.”
  • the left-hand end of a single-stranded polynucleotide sequence is the 5′-end; the left-hand direction of a double-stranded polynucleotide sequence is referred to as the 5′-direction.
  • the direction of 5′ to 3′ addition of nucleotides to nascent RNA transcripts is referred to as the transcription direction.
  • the DNA strand having the same sequence as an mRNA is referred to as the “coding strand”; sequences on the DNA strand having the same sequence as an mRNA transcribed from that DNA and which are located 5′ to the 5′-end of the RNA transcript are referred to as “upstream sequences”; sequences on the DNA strand having the same sequence as the RNA and which are 3′ to the 3′ end of the coding RNA transcript are referred to as “downstream sequences.”
  • “Complementary” refers to the topological compatibility or matching together of interacting surfaces of two polynucleotides.
  • the two molecules can be described as complementary, and furthermore, the contact surface characteristics are complementary to each other.
  • a first polynucleotide is complementary to a second polynucleotide if the nucleotide sequence of the first polynucleotide is substantially identical to the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide binding partner of the second polynucleotide, or if the first polynucleotide can hybridize to the second polynucleotide under stringent hybridization conditions.
  • Hybridizing specifically to” or “specific hybridization” or “selectively hybridize to”, refers to the binding, duplexing, or hybridizing of a nucleic acid molecule preferentially to a particular nucleotide sequence under stringent conditions when that sequence is present in a complex mixture (e.g., total cellular) DNA or RNA.
  • stringent conditions refers to conditions under which a probe will hybridize preferentially to its target subsequence, and to a lesser extent to, or not at all to, other sequences.
  • Stringent hybridization and “stringent hybridization wash conditions” in the context of nucleic acid hybridization experiments such as Southern and northern hybridizations are sequence-dependent, and are different under different environmental parameters.
  • highly stringent hybridization and wash conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.
  • Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe.
  • Very stringent conditions are selected to be equal to the Tm for a particular probe.
  • An example of stringent hybridization conditions for hybridization of complementary nucleic acids which have more than about 100 complementary residues on a filter in a Southern or northern blot is 50% formalin with 1 mg of heparin at 42° C., with the hybridization being carried out overnight.
  • An example of highly stringent wash conditions is 0.15 M NaCl at 72° C. for about 15 minutes.
  • An example of stringent wash conditions is a 0.2 ⁇ SSC wash at 65° C. for 15 minutes. See Sambrook et al. for a description of SSC buffer. A high stringency wash can be preceded by a low stringency wash to remove background probe signal.
  • An exemplary medium stringency wash for a duplex of, e.g., more than about 100 nucleotides, is 1 ⁇ SSC at 45° C. for 15 minutes.
  • An exemplary low stringency wash for a duplex of, e.g., more than about 100 nucleotides is 4-6 ⁇ SSC at 40° C. for 15 minutes.
  • a signal to noise ratio of 2 ⁇ (or higher) than that observed for an unrelated probe in the particular hybridization assay indicates detection of a specific hybridization.
  • Primer refers to a polynucleotide that is capable of specifically hybridizing to a designated polynucleotide template and providing a point of initiation for synthesis of a complementary polynucleotide. Such synthesis occurs when the polynucleotide primer is placed under conditions in which synthesis is induced, i.e., in the presence of nucleotides, a complementary polynucleotide template, and an agent for polymerization such as DNA polymerase.
  • a primer is typically single-stranded, but may be double-stranded. Primers are typically deoxyribonucleic acids, but a wide variety of synthetic and naturally occurring primers are useful for many applications.
  • a primer is complementary to the template to which it is designed to hybridize to serve as a site for the initiation of synthesis, but need not reflect the exact sequence of the template. In such a case, specific hybridization of the primer to the template depends on the stringency of the hybridization conditions. Primers can be labeled with, e.g., chromogenic, radioactive, or fluorescent moieties and used as detectable moieties.
  • Probe when used in reference to a polynucleotide, refers to a polynucleotide that is capable of specifically hybridizing to a designated sequence of another polynucleotide.
  • a probe specifically hybridizes to a target complementary polynucleotide, but need not reflect the exact complementary sequence of the template. In such a case, specific hybridization of the probe to the target depends on the stringency of the hybridization conditions.
  • Probes can be labeled with, e.g., chromogenic, radioactive, or fluorescent moieties and used as detectable moieties. In instances where a probe provides a point of initiation for synthesis of a complementary polynucleotide, a probe can also be a primer.
  • a “vector” is a polynucleotide that can be used to introduce another nucleic acid linked to it into a cell.
  • a “plasmid” refers to a linear or circular double stranded DNA molecule into which additional nucleic acid segments can be ligated.
  • a viral vector e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses
  • certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors comprising a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors).
  • vectors e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors
  • An “expression vector” is a type of vector that can direct the expression of a chosen polynucleotide.
  • a “regulatory sequence” is a nucleic acid that affects the expression (e.g., the level, timing, or location of expression) of a nucleic acid to which it is operably linked.
  • the regulatory sequence can, for example, exert its effects directly on the regulated nucleic acid, or through the action of one or more other molecules (e.g., polypeptides that bind to the regulatory sequence and/or the nucleic acid).
  • Examples of regulatory sequences include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Further examples of regulatory sequences are described in, for example, Goeddel, 1990, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
  • a nucleotide sequence is “operably linked” to a regulatory sequence if the regulatory sequence affects the expression (e.g., the level, timing, or location of expression) of the nucleotide sequence.
  • a “host cell” is a cell that can be used to express a polynucleotide of the disclosure.
  • a host cell can be a prokaryote, for example, E. coli , or it can be a eukaryote, for example, a single-celled eukaryote (e.g., a yeast or other fungus), a plant cell (e.g., a tobacco or tomato plant cell), an animal cell (e.g., a human cell, a monkey cell, a hamster cell, a rat cell, a mouse cell, or an insect cell) or a hybridoma.
  • a prokaryote for example, E. coli
  • a eukaryote for example, a single-celled eukaryote (e.g., a yeast or other fungus)
  • a plant cell e.g., a tobacco or tomato plant cell
  • an animal cell e.g.
  • a host cell is a cultured cell that can be transformed or transfected with a polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid, which can then be expressed in the host cell.
  • the phrase “recombinant host cell” can be used to denote a host cell that has been transformed or transfected with a nucleic acid to be expressed.
  • a host cell also can be a cell that comprises the nucleic acid but does not express it at a desired level unless a regulatory sequence is introduced into the host cell such that it becomes operably linked with the nucleic acid. It is understood that the term host cell refers not only to the particular subject cell but also to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to, e.g., mutation or environmental influence, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein.
  • isolated molecule (where the molecule is, for example, a polypeptide or a polynucleotide) is a molecule that by virtue of its origin or source of derivation (1) is not associated with naturally associated components that accompany it in its native state, (2) is substantially free of other molecules from the same species (3) is expressed by a cell from a different species, or (4) does not occur in nature.
  • a molecule that is chemically synthesized, or expressed in a cellular system different from the cell from which it naturally originates will be “isolated” from its naturally associated components.
  • a molecule also may be rendered substantially free of naturally associated components by isolation, using purification techniques well known in the art.
  • Molecule purity or homogeneity may be assayed by a number of means well known in the art.
  • the purity of a polypeptide sample may be assayed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and staining of the gel to visualize the polypeptide using techniques well known in the art.
  • higher resolution may be provided by using HPLC or other means well known in the art for purification.
  • a protein or polypeptide is “substantially pure,” “substantially homogeneous,” or “substantially purified” when at least about 60% to 75% of a sample exhibits a single species of polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide or protein may be monomeric or multimeric.
  • a substantially pure polypeptide or protein will typically comprise about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% W/W of a protein sample, more usually about 95%, and preferably will be over 99% pure.
  • Protein purity or homogeneity may be indicated by a number of means well known in the art, such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a protein sample, followed by visualizing a single polypeptide band upon staining the gel with a stain well known in the art. For certain purposes, higher resolution may be provided by using HPLC or other means well known in the art for purification.
  • Linker refers to a molecule that joins two other molecules, either covalently, or through ionic, van der Waals or hydrogen bonds, e.g., a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes to one complementary sequence at the 5′ end and to another complementary sequence at the 3′ end, thus joining two non-complementary sequences.
  • a “cleavable linker” refers to a linker that can be degraded or otherwise severed to separate the two components connected by the cleavable linker.
  • Cleavable linkers are generally cleaved by enzymes, typically peptidases, proteases, nucleases, lipases, and the like. Cleavable linkers may also be cleaved by environmental cues, such as, for example, changes in temperature, pH, salt concentration, etc.
  • label refers to incorporation of another molecule in the antibody.
  • the label is a detectable marker, e.g., incorporation of a radiolabeled amino acid or attachment to a polypeptide of biotinyl moieties that can be detected by marked avidin (e.g., streptavidin containing a fluorescent marker or enzymatic activity that can be detected by optical or calorimetric methods).
  • the label or marker can be therapeutic, e.g., a drug conjugate or toxin.
  • Various methods of labeling polypeptides and glycoproteins are known in the art and may be used.
  • labels for polypeptides include, but are not limited to, the following: radioisotopes or radionuclides (e.g., 3 H, 14 O, 15 N, 35 S, 90 Y, 99 Tc, 111 In, 125 I, 131 I), fluorescent labels (e.g., FITC, rhodamine, lanthanide phosphors), enzymatic labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, ⁇ -galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase), chemiluminescent markers, biotinyl groups, predetermined polypeptide epitopes recognized by a secondary reporter (e.g., leucine zipper pair sequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies, metal binding domains, epitope tags), magnetic agents, such as gadolinium chelates, toxins such as pertussis toxin, taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide,
  • “Pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition suitable for pharmaceutical use in an animal.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmacologically effective amount of an active agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • “Pharmacologically effective amount” refers to that amount of an agent effective to produce the intended pharmacological result.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, vehicles, buffers, and excipients, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, 5% aqueous solution of dextrose, and emulsions, such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents and/or adjuvants.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is a salt that can be formulated into a compound for pharmaceutical use including, e.g., metal salts (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, etc.) and salts of ammonia or organic amines.
  • treat refers to a method of alleviating or abrogating a biological disorder and/or at least one of its attendant symptoms.
  • to “alleviate” a disease, disorder or condition means reducing the severity and/or occurrence frequency of the symptoms of the disease, disorder, or condition.
  • references herein to “treatment” include references to curative, palliative and prophylactic treatment.
  • references to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) variations that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X”.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating myostatin-related or activin A-related disorders in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a therapeutically effective amount either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be used to increase lean muscle mass as a percentage of body weight and decrease fat mass as percentage of body weight, while avoiding safety concerns reported for existing ActRIIB-Fc fusion protein-based therapeutics.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a muscle wasting in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein such administration attenuates the loss of muscle mass and/or loss of muscle function.
  • the muscle wasting is associated with a disease selected from the group consisting of: muscular dystrophies (such as DMD, Becker MD, Limb-Girdle MD, Myotonic MD and FSHD), myositis (such as Dermatomyositis, Polymyositis and Inclusion body myositis), myopathy (including inherited myopathy as well as acquired myopathy such as myopathy induced by androgen-deprivation therapy, corticosteroids or statins), motoneuron disease (such as Lou Gehrig's Disease or ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (including Infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy, Intermediate spinal muscular atrophy, Juvenile spinal muscular atrophy and Adult spinal muscular atrophy), neuromuscular junction disease (such as Myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome and Botulism), peripheral nerve disease (such as Charcot-Marie tooth disease, Dejerine-Sottas disease and Friedreich's ataxia), spinal cord injury, stroke, neurodegenerative disease (including Parkinson'
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing bone disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the bone disease is selected from the group consisting of: osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, corticosteroid-induced bone loss, androgen-depriviation therapy-induced bone loss, hip fracture, cancer-induced bone loss, bone metastasis, Paget's disease, Rickets, osteomalacia, Perthes' disease and fibrous dysplasia.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the metabolic disorder is selected from the group consisting of: metabolic syndrome, obesity, dyslipidemia, sarcopenic obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, diabetes as well as diabetic myopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and hemochromatosis.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing fibrosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of: interstitial lung disease, idiotypic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, biliary atresia, myocardial infarction, cardiac fibrosis, renal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn's disease, keloid, scleroderma, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and arthrofibrosis.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing an autoimmune/inflammatory disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the disease is selected from the group consisting of: autoimmune/inflammatory disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic sclerosis, diabetes (type-1), glomerulonephritis, myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis, arthritis, asthma, and sepsis.
  • MS multiple sclerosis
  • systemic sclerosis diabetes
  • type-1 glomerulonephritis
  • myasthenia gravis psoriasis
  • systemic lupus erythematosus polymyositis
  • Crohn's disease Crohn's disease
  • ulcerative colitis ulcerative colitis
  • primary biliary cirrhosis arthritis, asthma, and sepsis.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating cardiovascular disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the cardiovascular disease is selected from the group consisting of: heart failure, cardiac atrophy, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), myocarditis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, heart valve disease, cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease, aorta disease, Marfan syndrome and cardiac transplant.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method of treating cardiac dysfunction or heart failure in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap into the subject.
  • the modulation may improve cardiac function of the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%.
  • the improvement of cardiac function can be evaluated by echocardiography to measure 1) cardiac pump functions focusing on the ejected blood volume and the efficiency of ejection and 2) myocardial functions focusing on the strength of myocardial contraction.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method of treating cancer cells in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein such administration inhibits the growth and/or proliferation of a cancer cell.
  • a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure is useful in treating disorders characterized as cancer.
  • Such disorders include, but are not limited to solid tumors, such as cancers of the breast, respiratory tract, brain, reproductive organs, digestive tract, urinary tract, eye, liver, skin, head and neck, thyroid, parathyroid and their distant metastases, lymphomas, sarcomas, multiple myeloma and leukemia.
  • solid tumors such as cancers of the breast, respiratory tract, brain, reproductive organs, digestive tract, urinary tract, eye, liver, skin, head and neck, thyroid, parathyroid and their distant metastases, lymphomas, sarcomas, multiple myeloma and leukemia.
  • breast cancer include, but are not limited to invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, and lobular carcinoma in situ.
  • cancers of the respiratory tract include, but are not limited to small-cell and non-small-cell lung carcinoma, as well as bronchial adenoma and pleuropulmonary blastoma.
  • brain cancers include, but are not limited to brain stem and hypophthalmic glioma, cerebellar and cerebral astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, as well as neuroectodermal and pineal tumor.
  • Tumors of the male reproductive organs include, but are not limited to prostate and testicular cancer.
  • Tumors of the female reproductive organs include, but are not limited to endometrial, cervical, ovarian, vaginal, and vulvar cancer, as well as sarcoma of the uterus.
  • Tumors of the digestive tract include, but are not limited to anal, colon, colorectal, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, pancreatic, rectal, small-intestine, and salivary gland cancers.
  • Tumors of the urinary tract include, but are not limited to bladder, penile, kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, and urethral cancers.
  • Eye cancers include, but are not limited to intraocular melanoma and retinoblastoma.
  • liver cancers include, but are not limited to hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cell carcinomas with or without fibrolamellar variant), cholangiocarcinoma (intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma), and mixed hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma.
  • Skin cancers include, but are not limited to squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant melanoma, Merkel cell skin cancer, and non-melanoma skin cancer.
  • Head-and-neck cancers include, but are not limited to nasopharyngeal cancer, and lip and oral cavity cancer.
  • Lymphomas include, but are not limited to AIDS-related lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and lymphoma of the central nervous system.
  • Sarcomas include, but are not limited to sarcoma of the soft tissue, osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, lymphosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.
  • Leukemias include, but are not limited to acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and hairy cell leukemia.
  • the cancer will be a cancer with high expression of TGF- ⁇ family member, such as activin A, myostatin, TGF- ⁇ and GDF15, e.g., pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma leukemia, lung cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer, bladder cancer, and head-neck cancer.
  • TGF- ⁇ family member such as activin A, myostatin, TGF- ⁇ and GDF15
  • pancreatic cancer gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma leukemia, lung cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer, bladder cancer, and head-neck cancer.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method of treating chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein such administration attenuates the loss of muscle mass and/or loss of muscle function or inhibits kidney fibrosis.
  • CKD chronic kidney disease
  • a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure is useful in treating CKD including renal failure, interstitial fibrosis, and kidney dialysis as well as protein energy wasting (PEW) associated with CKD.
  • PEW protein energy wasting
  • the modulation may improve CKD or PEW of the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%.
  • the improvement of renal function can be evaluated by measuring protein/creatinine ratio (PCR) in the urine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Improvement of PEW can be evaluated by measuring serum levels of albumin and inflammatory cytokines, rate of protein synthesis and degradation, body mass, muscle mass, physical activity and nutritional outcomes.
  • the present disclosure provides for methods for treating arthritis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure is useful in treating an arthritis selected from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
  • the present disclosure provides for methods for treating anorexia in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure is useful in treating an anorexia selected from anorexia nervosa and anorexia-cachexia syndrome.
  • the present disclosure provides for methods for treating liver disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure is useful in treating a liver disease selected from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, liver failure, autoimmune hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • the present disclosure provides for methods for organ or tissue transplantation in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure is useful in treating a transplantation selected from organ transplantations of the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine and thymus or from tissues transplantations of the bones, tendons, cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins.
  • the present disclosure provides for methods for treating anemia in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the anemia is selected from various anemia disorders including cancer-associated anemia, chemotherapy-induced anemia, chronic kidney disease-associated anemia, iron-deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell disease, aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating pain in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
  • the subject is a human subject.
  • the pain is selected from neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, or cancer pain.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating aging in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the aging condition is selected from the group consisting of: frailty of the elderly, age-related sarcopenia, and osteoarthritis.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of inducing stem cell growth for tissue repair or organ regeneration in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount (either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy regimen) of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the stem cell is selected from the group consisting of: muscle stem (satellite) cell, cardiac stem cell, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell and pluripotent stem cell.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method of inhibiting loss of muscle mass and/or muscle function in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap into the subject.
  • the modulation may attenuate the loss of the muscle mass and/or function of the subject by at least 5%, 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, or at least 90%.
  • the inhibition of loss of muscle mass and function can be evaluated by using imaging techniques and physical strength tests. Examples of imaging techniques for muscle mass evaluation include Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Tomography (CT). Examples of muscle function tests include grip strength test, stair climbing test, short physical performance battery (SPPB) and 6-minute walk, as well as maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) that are used to measure respiratory muscle strength.
  • EXA Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
  • MRI Magnetic Reson
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” or “therapeutically effective dose” refers to that amount of the therapeutic agent being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disorder being treated.
  • a therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays by determining an IC 50 .
  • a dose can then be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC 50 as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by HPLC. The exact composition, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the subject's condition.
  • Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic or prophylactic response). For example, a single bolus can be administered, several divided doses (multiple or repeat or maintenance) can be administered over time and the dose can be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the mammalian subjects to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specification for the dosage unit forms of the present disclosure will be dictated primarily by the unique characteristics of the antibody and the particular therapeutic or prophylactic effect to be achieved.
  • the dose and dosing regimen is adjusted in accordance with methods well-known in the therapeutic arts. That is, the maximum tolerable dose can be readily established, and the effective amount providing a detectable therapeutic benefit to a subject may also be determined, as can the temporal requirements for administering each agent to provide a detectable therapeutic benefit to the subject. Accordingly, while certain dose and administration regimens are exemplified herein, these examples in no way limit the dose and administration regimen that may be provided to a subject in practicing the present disclosure.
  • dosage values may vary with the type and severity of the condition to be alleviated, and may include single or multiple doses. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition. Further, the dosage regimen with the compositions of this disclosure may be based on a variety of factors, including the type of disease, the age, weight, sex, medical condition of the subject, the severity of the condition, the route of administration, and the particular antibody employed. Thus, the dosage regimen can vary widely, but can be determined routinely using standard methods.
  • doses may be adjusted based on pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters, which may include clinical effects such as toxic effects and/or laboratory values.
  • the present disclosure encompasses intra-subject dose-escalation as determined by the skilled artisan. Determining appropriate dosages and regimens are well-known in the relevant art and would be understood to be encompassed by the skilled artisan once provided the teachings disclosed herein.
  • An exemplary, non-limiting daily dosing range for a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the disclosure can be 0.001 to 100 mg/kg, 0.001 to 90 mg/kg, 0.001 to 80 mg/kg, 0.001 to 70 mg/kg, 0.001 to 60 mg/kg, 0.001 to 50 mg/kg, 0.001 to 40 mg/kg, 0.001 to 30 mg/kg, 0.001 to 20 mg/kg, 0.001 to 10 mg/kg, 0.001 to 5 mg/kg, 0.001 to 4 mg/kg, 0.001 to 3 mg/kg, 0.001 to 2 mg/kg, 0.001 to 1 mg/kg, 0.010 to 50 mg/kg, 0.010 to 40 mg/kg, 0.010 to 30 mg/kg, 0.010 to 20 mg/kg, 0.010 to 10 mg/kg, 0.010 to 5 mg/kg, 0.010 to 4 mg/kg, 0.010 to 3 mg/kg, 0.010 to 2 mg
  • dosage values may vary with the type and severity of the conditions to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition.
  • the total dose administered will achieve a plasma antibody concentration in the range of, e.g., about 1 to 1000 ⁇ g/ml, about 1 to 750 ⁇ g/ml, about 1 to 500 ⁇ g/ml, about 1 to 250 ⁇ g/ml, about 10 to 1000 ⁇ g/ml, about 10 to 750 ⁇ g/ml, about 10 to 500 ⁇ g/ml, about 10 to 250 ⁇ g/ml, about 20 to 1000 ⁇ g/ml, about 20 to 750 ⁇ g/ml, about 20 to 500 ⁇ g/ml, about 20 to 250 ⁇ g/ml, about 30 to 1000 ⁇ g/ml, about 30 to 750 ⁇ g/ml, about 30 to 500 ⁇ g/ml, about 30 to 250 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic index of the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effective dose is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD 50 /ED 50 .
  • Compositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are generally preferred.
  • the dosing frequency of the administration of the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap pharmaceutical composition depends on the nature of the therapy and the particular disease being treated.
  • the subject can be treated at regular intervals, such as weekly or monthly, until a desired therapeutic result is achieved.
  • Exemplary dosing frequencies include, but are not limited to: once weekly without break; once weekly, every other week; once every 2 weeks; once every 3 weeks; weakly without break for 2 weeks, then monthly; weakly without break for 3 weeks, then monthly; monthly; once every other month; once every three months; once every four months; once every five months; or once every six months, or yearly.
  • the terms “co-administration”, “co-administered” and “in combination with”, referring to the a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the disclosure and one or more other therapeutic agents is intended to mean, and does refer to and include the following: simultaneous administration of such combination of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the disclosure and therapeutic agent(s) to a subject in need of treatment, when such components are formulated together into a single dosage form which releases said components at substantially the same time to said subject; substantially simultaneous administration of such combination of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the disclosure and therapeutic agent(s) to a subject in need of treatment, when such components are formulated apart from each other into separate dosage forms which are taken at substantially the same time by said subject, whereupon said components are released at substantially the same time to said subject; sequential administration of such combination of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the disclosure and therapeutic agent(s) to a subject in need of treatment, when such components are formulated apart from each other into separate dosage forms
  • the present disclosure relates to methods of treating muscle wasting diseases in a subject, comprising administration of a combination of a) a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap of the present disclosure; and b) a second agent.
  • This combination therapy may be particularly effective against a muscle wasting disease that is resistant or refractory to treatment using the second agent alone.
  • second agent is selected from growth hormone, ghrelin, IGF1, insulin, prednisone, corticosteroid therapy, androgen-deprivation therapy, anabolic steroids, antagonists to angiotensin or angiotensin receptor, antagonists to inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 and their receptors, and other antagonists to myostatin, activin A or another member of the TGF-beta family and to their receptors, bisphosphonates, RANKL inhibitors, agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, ⁇ 2 agonists, activator of PGC-1alpha, proteasome inhibitors, cancer therapeutics, chemotherapeutic agents, cell therapy, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, gene targeting therapy, and antisense oligonucleotide therapy.
  • growth hormone ghrelin, IGF1, insulin, prednisone, corticosteroid therapy, androgen-deprivation therapy
  • the combination therapy comprises administering a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap and the second agent composition simultaneously, either in the same pharmaceutical composition or in separate pharmaceutical composition.
  • a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap composition and the second agent composition are administered sequentially, i.e., a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap composition is administered either prior to or after the administration of the second agent composition.
  • the administrations of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap composition and the second agent composition are concurrent, i.e., the administration period of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap composition and the second agent composition overlap with each other.
  • the administrations of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap composition and the second agent composition are non-concurrent.
  • the administration of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap composition is terminated before the second agent composition is administered.
  • the administration second agent composition is terminated before a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap composition is administered.
  • activin type II B receptors refers to the human activin receptors having accession number NP_001097.2 (SEQ ID NO: 45 herein), and variants thereof.
  • wild-type ActRIIB-ECD refers to the extracellular domain of ActRIIB, amino acids 1 to 134 (with signal sequence), or amino acids 19 through 134 of SEQ ID NO: 45 (without signal sequence) (referred to herein as SEQ ID NO: 46).
  • activin type II A receptors refers to the human activin receptors having accession number UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P27037.1 (SEQ ID NO: 47 herein), and variants thereof.
  • wild-type ActRIIA-ECD refers to the extracellular domain of ActRIIA, amino acids 1 to 135 (with signal sequence), or amino acids 20 through 135 of SEQ ID NO: 46 (without signal sequence) (referred to herein as SEQ ID NO: 48).
  • the methods of the present disclosure utilize novel hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides that are derived from wild-type ActRIIB-ECD and wild-type ActRIIA-ECD.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB polypeptides are specifically engineered by replacing one or more amino acids of a truncated wild-type ActRIIB-ECD with the amino acids from a truncated wild-type ActRIIA-ECD at corresponding positions based on sequence alignment between the two truncated ActRII ECD domains at the amino acid level.
  • the one or more amino acid replacements are specifically selected for purposes of providing hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides which demonstrate a marked reduction of BMP9-neutralization as compared to wild-type ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide, while fully retaining strong myostatin- and activin A-neutralization.
  • the truncated extracellular domain of ActRIIB used to prepare the novel hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides has the 110 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1:
  • the truncated extracellular domain of ActRIIA used to prepare the novel hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides has the 110 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2:
  • the methods of the present disclosure utilize isolated novel hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprising novel hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides which retain myostatin- and activin A-neutralizing activities, but demonstrate dramatically reduced BMP9-neutralization.
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least one of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least two of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least three of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least four of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least five of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least six of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least seven of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least eight of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least nine of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least ten of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least fifteen of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least twenty of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least twenty-five of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein at least thirty of amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84, R88, T90, H91, L92, E94, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, or T110 is substituted with another amino acid, and wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type Act
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, and Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, and Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, wherein amino acid residues F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, and Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, wherein amino acid residues F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, and N72 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein amino acid residues Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, and N72 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein amino acid residues Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, and Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein amino acid residues A68, T69, E70, E71, N72 and Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein amino acid residues A68, T69, E70, E71, and N72 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein amino acid residues F58, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, and Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, wherein amino acid residues Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, and F84 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, wherein amino acid residues A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, and F84 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, wherein amino acid residues R3, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, and L33 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, wherein amino acid residues R3, L14, E15, S20, L22, and R24 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, and L33 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein amino acid residues L14, E15, S20, L22, and R24 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, wherein amino acid residues R3, L14, E15, S20, L22, and R24 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein amino acid residues R3, L14, E15, and S20 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, wherein amino acid residues R3, L14, and E15 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, wherein amino acid residues L14 and E15 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, wherein amino acid residue R3 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, wherein amino acid residues Y36, S38, and K51 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, and F58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, wherein amino acid residue E70 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, wherein amino acid residue F58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, wherein amino acid residues F58 and E70 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, wherein amino acid residues E28, Q29, F58, and E70 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, wherein amino acid residues E28, F58, and E70 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, wherein amino acid residues E28 and E70 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein amino acid residue E28 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, and Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, wherein amino acid residues Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, and R24 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, wherein amino acid residues Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, and K51 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, wherein amino acid residues Q64 and E65 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36, wherein amino acid residue F84 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residue in the corresponding position of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37, wherein amino acid residues E28 and F58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51, wherein amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52, wherein amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, wherein amino acid residues 16, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, wherein amino acid residues 16, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24, E26 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, wherein amino acid residues 16, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, wherein amino acid residues 16, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57, wherein amino acid residues 16, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, wherein amino acid residues 16, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59, wherein amino acid residues R3, E26, E28, Q29, L33, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, wherein amino acid residues Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63, wherein amino acid residues Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58, Q64, E65 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64, wherein amino acid residues Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, Q64, E65 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein amino acid residues Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66, wherein amino acid residues R3, E26, E28, Q29, L33, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67, wherein amino acid residues R3, E26, E28, Q29, L33, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68, wherein amino acid residues R3, E26, E28, Q29, L33, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, F84 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69, wherein amino acid residues R3, E26, E28, Q29, L33, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70, wherein amino acid residues 16, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71, wherein amino acid residues 16, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72, wherein amino acid residues 16, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, Q64, E65 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, K51, Q64, E65 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, Q64, E65 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, T45, Q64, E65 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, T45, L48, Q64, E65 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, T45, L48, K51, Q64, E65 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79, wherein amino acid residues Q64, E65, F84 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, wherein amino acid residues R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81, wherein amino acid residues R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E70, E71, N72, Q74, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, K51, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, L48, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, T45, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88, wherein amino acid residues T45, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89, wherein amino acid residues L48, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90, wherein amino acid residues K51, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91, wherein amino acid residues A68, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92, wherein amino acid residues A68, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93, wherein amino acid residues E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94, wherein amino acid residues E71, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95, wherein amino acid residues N72, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96, wherein amino acid residues Q74, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97, wherein amino acid residues E28, Q29, A68, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein amino acid residues Q29, T69, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99, wherein amino acid residues E28, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100, wherein amino acid residues E28, Q29, K51, T69, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101, wherein amino acid residues E28, Q29, L48, K51, T69E, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, T45, L48, K51, T69, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103, wherein amino acid residues Q29, L48, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, L33, Q70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105, wherein amino acid residues L33, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106, wherein amino acid residues E26, T45, L48, Q64, E65, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107, wherein amino acid residues L33, T45, T69, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108, wherein amino acid residues L33, L48, T69, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109, wherein amino acid residues L33, T45, L48, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110, wherein amino acid residues E28, L48, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111, wherein amino acid residues E28, T45, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112, wherein amino acid residues E28, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113, wherein amino acid residues L48, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114, wherein amino acid residues E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115, wherein amino acid residues E28, L48, T79, E70, R88, T90, H91, L92, A95, G96, G97, P98, E99, V100, Y102, E103, P105, P106, T107, A108, T110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2, and E94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with Q.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116, wherein amino acid residues R3, I6, Y7, Y8, L14, E15, S20, L22, R24, E26, E28, Q29, L33, Y36, S38, R40, S42, T45, L48, K51, F58, Q64, E65, A68, T69, E71, N72, Q74, F84 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 117, wherein amino acid residues E26, E28, Q29, L33, F56, E68 of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been replaced by the amino acid residues in the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the hybrid ActRII ligand traps comprise a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide and at least one heterologous protein attached to the ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide either directly or through a linker sequence to form a fusion protein referred to herein as hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap.
  • fusion protein refers to a protein having a heterologous polypeptide attached via recombinant DNA techniques.
  • the heterologous protein is selected from, but not limited to, a polyhistidine tag, a Glu-Glu, a glutathione S transferase (GST), a thioredoxin, a protein A, a protein G, a fluorescent protein, a maltose binding protein (MBP), a human serum albumin or an Fc polypeptide or Fc domain.
  • the Fc domain is a human IgG Fc domain.
  • the Fc domain is derived from the human IgG1 heavy chain constant domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38.
  • the Fc domain is an Fc domain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39.
  • the Fc domain is derived from the human IgG2 heavy chain constant domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40. In various embodiments, the Fc domain is an Fc domain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41. In various embodiments, the Fc domain is derived from the human IgG4 heavy chain constant domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42. In various embodiments, the Fc domain is an Fc domain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43.
  • the hybrid ActRIIB hybrid traps can optionally further comprise a “linker” or “hinge linker” sequence.
  • Linkers serve primarily as a spacer between a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide a heterologous protein or other type of fusion or between two or more hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides.
  • the heterologous protein is attached to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide by a linker or a hinge linker peptide.
  • the linker and/or hinge linker may be an artificial sequence of between 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 or more amino acids that are relatively free of secondary structure.
  • the linkers comprise amino acids selected from glycine, alanine, proline, asparagine, glutamine, and lysine.
  • a linker is made up of a majority of amino acids that are sterically unhindered, such as glycine and alanine, and are polyglycines (particularly (Gly) 5 , (Gly) 8 , poly(Gly-Ala), and polyalanines.
  • the linker is rich in G/S content (e.g., at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more of the amino acids in the linker are G or S.
  • Such linkers and hinge linkers have been described extensively in art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,410,043 (Sun et al), incorporated by reference herein for the purposes of teaching such linkers).
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 and a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 is used to link a human IgG1 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 39) or a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the present disclosure.
  • Linkers may also be non-peptide linkers.
  • These alkyl linkers may further be substituted by any non-sterically hindering group such as lower alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 6 ) lower acyl, halogen (e.g., Cl, Br), CN, NH 2 , phenyl, etc.
  • the different elements of the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap may be arranged in any manner that is consistent with the desired functionality.
  • a heterologous protein may be placed C-terminal to a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide, or alternatively the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide may be placed C-terminal to a heterologous domain.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRII-ECD polypeptide domain and the heterologous domain need not be adjacent, and additional domains or amino acid sequences may be included C- or N-terminal to either domain or between the domains (i.e. include a linker described herein).
  • Exemplary molecular configurations for the novel ActRIIB ligand traps are depicted in FIG. 1
  • An exemplary configuration of a synthetic DNA cassette encoding a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap can be generally described as comprising the following elements: 1) a signal peptide (or leader sequence) placed at the N-terminus, which can be either the native signal peptide of ActRIIB (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 49) or any surrogate signal peptide capable of mediating the processing and secretion of secreted proteins (e.g., by using the human immunoglobulin light chain leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 50) as a surrogate signal peptide, efficient secretion of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins in CHO cells can be achieved); 2) a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide sequence (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-37 or 51-117) fused to the signal peptide sequence; 3) a peptide linker sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 44) and hinge linker sequence (SEQ ID NO: 118), and
  • Examples of various embodiments of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins described in Table 2.
  • the present disclosure provides isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide encoding a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the present disclosure.
  • the subject nucleic acids may be single-stranded or double stranded.
  • Such nucleic acids may be DNA or RNA molecules.
  • DNA includes, for example, cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, DNA amplified by PCR, and combinations thereof.
  • Genomic DNA encoding ActRIIB polypeptides is obtained from genomic libraries which are available for a number of species. Synthetic DNA is available from chemical synthesis of overlapping oligonucleotide fragments followed by assembly of the fragments to reconstitute part or all of the coding regions and flanking sequences.
  • RNA may be obtained from prokaryotic expression vectors which direct high-level synthesis of mRNA, such as vectors using T7 promoters and RNA polymerase.
  • cDNA is obtained from libraries prepared from mRNA isolated from various tissues that express ActRIIB.
  • the DNA molecules of the disclosure include full-length genes as well as polynucleotides and fragments thereof.
  • the full-length gene may also include sequences encoding the N-terminal signal sequence.
  • nucleic acids may be used, for example, in methods for making the novel hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides.
  • the polynucleotides encodes any one of the polypeptide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-37 or 51-117, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • the polynucleotides encode a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to any one of the polypeptides sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-37 or 51-117, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • the polynucleotides encode a polypeptide having at least 90% identity to any one of the polypeptides sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-37 or 51-117, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • the polynucleotides encode a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identity to any one of the polypeptides sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-37 or 51-117, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • the nucleic acid sequences of the present disclosure can be isolated, recombinant, and/or fused with a heterologous nucleotide sequence, or in a DNA library.
  • the present disclosure provides nucleic acid molecules which hybridize under stringent or moderate conditions with the polypeptide-encoding regions of the polynucleotides described herein, wherein the encoded polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-37 or 51-117 and wherein the encoded polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin and activin A, but demonstrates a decreased binding affinity for BMP9 relative to a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • appropriate stringency conditions, which promote DNA hybridization can be varied.
  • the hybridization at 6.0 ⁇ sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by a wash of 2.0 ⁇ SSC at 50° C.
  • the salt concentration in the wash step can be selected from a low stringency of about 2.0 ⁇ SSC at 50° C. to a high stringency of about 0.2 ⁇ SSC at 50° C.
  • the temperature in the wash step can be increased from low stringency conditions at room temperature, about 22° C., to high stringency conditions at about 65° C. Both temperature and salt may be varied, or temperature or salt concentration may be held constant while the other variable is changed.
  • the disclosure provides nucleic acids which hybridize under low stringency conditions of 6 ⁇ SSC at room temperature followed by a wash at 2 ⁇ SSC at room temperature.
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecules comprise the polynucleotides described herein, and further comprise a polynucleotide encoding at least one heterologous protein described herein. In various embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules further comprise polynucleotides encoding the linkers or hinge linkers described herein.
  • the recombinant nucleic acids of the present disclosure may be operably linked to one or more regulatory nucleotide sequences in an expression construct.
  • Regulatory sequences are art-recognized and are selected to direct expression of the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide. Accordingly, the term regulatory sequence includes promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements. Exemplary regulatory sequences are described in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990).
  • said one or more regulatory nucleotide sequences may include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, leader or signal sequences, ribosomal binding sites, transcriptional start and termination sequences, translational start and termination sequences, and enhancer or activator sequences. Constitutive or inducible promoters as known in the art are contemplated by the present disclosure.
  • the promoters may be either naturally occurring promoters, or hybrid promoters that combine elements of more than one promoter.
  • An expression construct may be present in a cell on an episome, such as a plasmid, or the expression construct may be inserted in a chromosome.
  • the expression vector contains a selectable marker gene to allow the selection of transformed host cells. Selectable marker genes are well known in the art and will vary with the host cell used.
  • the subject nucleic acid is provided in an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide and operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence.
  • expression vector refers to a plasmid, phage, virus or vector for expressing a polypeptide from a polynucleotide sequence. Vectors suitable for expression in host cells are readily available and the nucleic acid molecules are inserted into the vectors using standard recombinant DNA techniques.
  • Such vectors can include a wide variety of expression control sequences that control the expression of a DNA sequence when operatively linked to it may be used in these vectors to express DNA sequences encoding a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • useful expression control sequences include, for example, the early and late promoters of SV40, tet promoter, adenovirus or cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter, RSV promoters, the lac system, the trp system, the TAC or TRC system, T7 promoter whose expression is directed by T7 RNA polymerase, the major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, the control regions for fd coat protein, the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycolytic enzymes, the promoters of acid phosphatase, e.g., PhoS, the promoters of the yeast a-mating factors, the polyhedron promoter of the baculovirus system and other sequences known
  • vActRIIB is the pDSRa, (described in WO 90/14363, herein incorporated by reference) and its derivatives, containing vActRIIB polynucleotides, as well as any additional suitable vectors known in the art or described below.
  • a recombinant nucleic acid of the present disclosure can be produced by ligating the cloned gene, or a portion thereof, into a vector suitable for expression in either prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (yeast, avian, insect or mammalian), or both.
  • Expression vehicles for production of a recombinant ActRIIB polypeptide include plasmids and other vectors.
  • suitable vectors include plasmids of the types: pBR322-derived plasmids, pEMBL-derived plasmids, pEX-derived plasmids, pBTac-derived plasmids and pUC-derived plasmids for expression in prokaryotic cells, such as E. coli.
  • Some mammalian expression vectors contain both prokaryotic sequences to facilitate the propagation of the vector in bacteria, and one or more eukaryotic transcription units that are expressed in eukaryotic cells.
  • the pcDNAI/amp, pcDNAI/neo, pRc/CMV, pSV2gpt, pSV2neo, pSV2-dhfr, pTk2, pRSVneo, pMSG, pSVT7, pko-neo and pHyg derived vectors are examples of mammalian expression vectors suitable for transfection of eukaryotic cells.
  • vectors are modified with sequences from bacterial plasmids, such as pBR322, to facilitate replication and drug resistance selection in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  • bacterial plasmids such as pBR322
  • derivatives of viruses such as the bovine papilloma virus (BPV-1), or Epstein-Barr virus (pHEBo, pREP-derived and p205) can be used for transient expression of proteins in eukaryotic cells.
  • BBV-1 bovine papilloma virus
  • pHEBo Epstein-Barr virus
  • pREP-derived and p205 Epstein-Barr virus
  • examples of other viral (including retroviral) expression systems can be found below in the description of gene therapy delivery systems.
  • the various methods employed in the preparation of the plasmids and in transformation of host organisms are well known in the art.
  • baculovirus expression systems include pVL-derived vectors (such as pVL1392, pVL1393 and pVL941), pAcUW-derived vectors (such as pAcUW1), and pBlueBac-derived vectors (such as the B-gal containing pBlueBac III).
  • pVL-derived vectors such as pVL1392, pVL1393 and pVL941
  • pAcUW-derived vectors such as pAcUW1
  • pBlueBac-derived vectors such as the B-gal containing pBlueBac III.
  • a vector will be designed for production of the subject hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides in CHO cells, such as a Pcmv-Script vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), pcDNA4 vectors (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and pCI-neo vectors (Promega, Madison, Wis.).
  • a vector will be designed for production of the subject hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides in CHO cells, such as a Pcmv-Script vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), pcDNA4 vectors (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and pCI-neo vectors (Promega, Madison, Wis.).
  • the subject gene constructs can be used to cause expression of the subject hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides in cells propagated in culture, e.g., to produce proteins, including fusion proteins or variant proteins, for purification.
  • This present disclosure also pertains to a host cell transfected with a recombinant gene including a nucleotide sequence coding an amino acid sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 3-37 or 51-117) for one or more of the subject hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • the host cell may be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
  • a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the present disclosure may be expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli , insect cells (e.g., using a baculovirus expression system), yeast, or mammalian cells. Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled in the art.
  • the present disclosure further pertains to methods of producing the subject hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides.
  • a host cell transfected with an expression vector encoding a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide can be cultured under appropriate conditions to allow expression of the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide to occur.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide may be secreted and isolated from a mixture of cells and medium containing the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide may be retained cytoplasmically or in a membrane fraction and the cells harvested, lysed and the protein isolated.
  • a cell culture includes host cells, media and other byproducts. Suitable media for cell culture are well known in the art.
  • polypeptides and proteins of the present disclosure can be purified according to protein purification techniques are well known to those of skill in the art. These techniques involve, at one level, the crude fractionation of the proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous fractions. Having separated the peptide polypeptides from other proteins, the peptide or polypeptide of interest can be further purified using chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques to achieve partial or complete purification (or purification to homogeneity).
  • isolated polypeptide” or purified polypeptide as used herein, is intended to refer to a composition, isolatable from other components, wherein the polypeptide is purified to any degree relative to its naturally-obtainable state.
  • a purified polypeptide therefore also refers to a polypeptide that is free from the environment in which it may naturally occur.
  • purified will refer to a polypeptide composition that has been subjected to fractionation to remove various other components, and which composition substantially retains its expressed biological activity.
  • substantially purified will refer to a peptide or polypeptide composition in which the polypeptide or peptide forms the major component of the composition, such as constituting about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90% or more of the proteins in the composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated hybrid soluble ActRIIB polypeptides or hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known and understood by those of ordinary skill and have been extensively described (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, A. R. Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Company, 1990).
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be included for purposes of modifying, maintaining or preserving, for example, the pH, osmolarity, viscosity, clarity, color, isotonicity, odor, sterility, stability, rate of dissolution or release, adsorption or penetration of the composition.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, amino acids (such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine); antimicrobials; antioxidants (such as ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite or sodium hydrogen-sulfite); buffers (such as borate, bicarbonate, Tris-HCl, citrates, phosphates, other organic acids); bulking agents (such as mannitol or glycine), chelating agents (such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)); complexing agents (such as caffeine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, beta-cyclodextrin or hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin); fillers; monosaccharides; disaccharides and other carbohydrates (such as glucose, mannose, or dextrins); proteins (
  • the primary vehicle or carrier in a pharmaceutical composition may be either aqueous or non-aqueous in nature.
  • a suitable vehicle or carrier may be water for injection, physiological saline solution or artificial cerebrospinal fluid, possibly supplemented with other materials common in compositions for parenteral administration.
  • Neutral buffered saline or saline mixed with serum albumin are further exemplary vehicles.
  • Other exemplary pharmaceutical compositions comprise Tris buffer of about pH 7.0-8.5, or acetate buffer of about pH 4.0-5.5, which may further include sorbitol or a suitable substitute thereof.
  • compositions may be prepared for storage by mixing the selected composition having the desired degree of purity with optional formulation agents (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, supra) in the form of a lyophilized cake or an aqueous solution. Further, the therapeutic composition may be formulated as a lyophilizate using appropriate excipients such as sucrose.
  • the optimal pharmaceutical composition will be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art depending upon, for example, the intended route of administration, delivery format, and desired dosage.
  • the therapeutic pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous solution comprising the desired ActRIIB polypeptide in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • a particularly suitable vehicle for parenteral injection is sterile distilled water in which a polypeptide is formulated as a sterile, isotonic solution, properly preserved.
  • pharmaceutical formulations suitable for injectable administration may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks' solution, Ringer's solution, or physiologically buffered saline.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents to increase the solubility of the compounds and allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • the therapeutic pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated for targeted delivery using a colloidal dispersion system.
  • Colloidal dispersion systems include macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes.
  • lipids useful in liposome production include phosphatidyl compounds, such as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingolipids, cerebrosides, and gangliosides.
  • Illustrative phospholipids include egg phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and distearoylphosphatidylcholine.
  • the targeting of liposomes is also possible based on, for example, organ-specificity, cell-specificity, and organelle-specificity and is known in the art.
  • one or more therapeutic compounds of the present disclosure may be mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch,
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof
  • the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.
  • topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated.
  • the topical formulations may further include one or more of the wide variety of agents known to be effective as skin or stratum corneum penetration enhancers. Examples of these are 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, propylene glycol, methyl or isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and azone. Additional agents may further be included to make the formulation cosmetically acceptable. Examples of these are fats, waxes, oils, dyes, fragrances, preservatives, stabilizers, and surface active agents. Keratolytic agents such as those known in the art may also be included.
  • Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, and inhalants.
  • the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.
  • the ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to a subject compound of the disclosure (e.g., a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap), excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • compositions contemplated for use herein include formulations involving polypeptides in sustained- or controlled-delivery formulations.
  • Techniques for formulating a variety of other sustained- or controlled-delivery means, such as liposome carriers, bio-erodible microparticles or porous beads and depot injections, are also known to those skilled in the art.
  • An effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition to be employed therapeutically will depend, for example, upon the therapeutic context and objectives.
  • One skilled in the art will appreciate that the appropriate dosage levels for treatment will thus vary depending, in part, upon the molecule delivered, the indication for which the polypeptide is being used, the route of administration, and the size (body weight, body surface or organ size) and condition (the age and general health) of the patient. Accordingly, the clinician may titer the dosage and modify the route of administration to obtain the optimal therapeutic effect.
  • a typical dosage may range from about 0.1 mg/kg to up to about 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above.
  • Polypeptide compositions may be preferably injected or administered intravenously.
  • compositions may be administered every three to four days, every week, or biweekly depending on the half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation. The frequency of dosing will depend upon the pharmacokinetic parameters of the polypeptide in the formulation used. Typically, a composition is administered until a dosage is reached that achieves the desired effect. The composition may therefore be administered as a single dose, or as multiple doses (at the same or different concentrations/dosages) over time, or as a continuous infusion. Further refinement of the appropriate dosage is routinely made. Appropriate dosages may be ascertained through use of appropriate dose-response data.
  • the route of administration of the pharmaceutical composition is in accord with known methods, e.g. orally, through injection by intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracerebral (intra-parenchymal), intracerebroventricular, intramuscular, intra-ocular, intraarterial, intraportal, intralesional routes, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal; as well as intranasal, enteral, topical, sublingual, urethral, vaginal, or rectal means, by sustained release systems or by implantation devices.
  • the compositions may be administered by bolus injection or continuously by infusion, or by implantation device.
  • the composition may be administered locally via implantation of a membrane, sponge, or another appropriate material on to which the desired molecule has been absorbed or encapsulated.
  • a membrane, sponge, or another appropriate material on to which the desired molecule has been absorbed or encapsulated may be used.
  • the device may be implanted into any suitable tissue or organ, and delivery of the desired molecule may be via diffusion, timed-release bolus, or continuous administration.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating muscle wasting in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating bone disorders in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating metabolic disorders in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating fibrosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating autoimmune/inflammatory disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating cardiovascular disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating cancer cells in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating renal disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating arthritis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating anorexia in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating liver disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of inducing stem cell growth for tissue repair or organ regeneration in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide which having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating anemia in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating pain in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating aging in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap comprises a soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 29.
  • a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 is used with a hinge linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118 to link a human IgG4 Fc (SEQ ID NO: 43) to the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • polypeptides of the present disclosure can be prepared according to recombinant DNA techniques that are well known to those of skill in the art. In this example, the preparation of the hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides is generally described.
  • hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides were designed by substituting multiple amino acid residues at selective positions within the human ActRIIB extracellular domain with amino acid residues derived from the human ActRIIA extracellular domain at corresponding positions based on sequence alignment at the amino acid level.
  • DNA expression cassettes encoding the hybrid ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides were generated by using site-directed mutagenesis and subsequently engineered into Fc fusion protein constructs by placing in frame a cDNA fragment encoding human immunoglobulin light chain signal peptide at the 5′ end and a DNA fragment encoding a peptide linker followed by human Fc at the 3′ end.
  • Synthetic DNA cassettes encoding various hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins each containing a signal peptide leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 49 or 50), a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide from Example 1 (or a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD sequence), a peptide linker sequence (SEQ ID NO: 44), a hinge linker sequence (SEQ ID NO: 118) and an Fc domain sequence (SEQ ID NO: 39 or 41 or 43), are cloned into Freedom pCHO 1.0 and pcDNA3.1 expression vectors (Life Technologies).
  • a signal peptide leader sequence SEQ ID NO: 49 or 50
  • a hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide from Example 1 or a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD sequence
  • a peptide linker sequence SEQ ID NO: 44
  • a hinge linker sequence SEQ ID NO: 118
  • Fc domain sequence SEQ ID NO: 39 or 41 or 43
  • the pCHO 1.0 expression vectors encoding the various hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins were each transfected in CHO-S cells using FreeStyle MAX Reagent (Life Technologies). 48 hours after transfection, the cells were grown in serum-free CD FortiCHO medium containing puromycin and methotrexate (MTX) selection for 3-7 weeks at 37° C. in a shaker CO 2 incubator. The stable pool were generated until cells exceed 90% viability containing 30 M puromycin and 500 nM methotrexate. Stable clones were generated by dilution cloning following the manufacturer's recommended protocols (Life Technologies). For transient transfection, pcDNA3.1 expression plasmids encoding various hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins were each transfected in Expi293 cells using ExpriFectamine293 transfection reagent (Life Technologies).
  • stably transfected CHO-S cells were grown in completed serum-free CD FortiCHO medium supplied with glucose at 37° C. in a CO 2 shaker incubator for up to 14 days. The conditioned medium was collected for protein purification.
  • Transiently transfected Expi293 cells were cultured in Expi293 expression medium at 37° C. in a CO 2 shaker incubator for up to 7 days and the medium was collected for protein purification.
  • condition medium containing the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap protein was purified via a Hitrap Protein A High Performance Column by using AKTA FPLC (GE Healthcare).
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins were eluted with acetic acid buffer (pH 3.6), neutralized with 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), and then subjected to buffer-exchange. Protein concentrations were determined by using a spectrophotometer (Beckman).
  • the myostatin and BMP9 binding activities of seven of the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins is evaluated.
  • Myostatin and BMP9 binding activities of various hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins were initially analyzed using Octect Red (ForteBio). Purified proteins or conditioned media were individually loaded to AHC biosensors with maximum loading. Following a baseline washing phase, the sensors were exposed to 10 nM myostatin or BMP9, respectively, for an association step followed by a dissociation step. All experiments were performed with shaking at 1,000 rpm. Binding activity was analyzed using ForteBio's software with KD being calculated using the ratio Kd/Ka.
  • Hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins were examined in comparison with the wild-type ActRIIB-ECD-Fc fusion protein for binding activities against myostatin and BMP9. The results indicate that the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins exhibit a marked reduction in binding affinity to BMP9 as compared to the wild-type ActRIIB-ECD-Fc fusion protein. A number of the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins showed dramatically decreased BMP9 binding affinities that are more than 100-fold weaker than that of the wild-type ActRIIB-ECD-Fc protein and in the meantime, they retained a strong myostatin binding affinity that is similar to that of the wild-type ActRIIB-ECD-Fc protein. A summary of the preliminary binding data obtained by Octet Red analysis is shown in Table 3.
  • the free hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins captured on the beads was detected by Alexa Fluor 647-labeled goat anti-human-Fc antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc.).
  • the ligand binding affinity values (K D ) were calculated using the KinExA Pro software (Sapidyne Instruments).
  • a myostatin/activin A signaling assay and a BMP9 signaling assay are described which were used to quantify the myostatin/activin A-blocking activities, and BMP9-blocking activity, respectively, of the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins.
  • a reporter construct with 12 repeats of CAGA sequence was cloned into a pGL3-luc reporter vector (Promega).
  • the engineered pGL3-CAGA 12 -luc vector was stably transfected in C2C12 cells to generate a luciferase reporter cell line, 02012-CAGA-luc, capable of sensing Smad3/4 signaling mediated by myostatin or activin A.
  • BMP9 signaling was tested in C2C12 cells that had been stably transfected with a luciferase reporter containing BMP responsive element (BRE) that senses Smad1/5/8-signaling (Korchynski et.al, J. Biol. Chem. 277:4883-4891, 2002). Specifically, a two-repeat BMP-responsive element (Briter et at, PLoS One, 2012) was synthesized and cloned into the pGL3-luc vector (Promega). The pGL3-2XBRE-luc vector was then stably transfected into C2C12 cells.
  • BRE BMP responsive element
  • a stably transfected reporter cell line, 02012-BRE-luc was used to quantify the BMP9-mediated Smad1/5/8 signaling.
  • 4 nM of BMP9 was preincubated with increasing concentrations of various hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins as well as a wild-type ActRIIB-ECD-Fc fusion protein (as a control) for 1 hour at room temperature.
  • the reaction mixtures were then added to the 02012-BRE-luc cell cultures. After 5 hours of incubation at 37° C. in a CO2 incubator, the luciferase activities of the C2C12 BRE-luc reporter cultures were measured by using Luminoskan Ascent (Thermo Scientific).
  • FIG. 2 shows the cell-based neutralizing activities against myostatin, activin A and BMP9 for two exemplary hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins, AG-0003 (SEQ ID NO: 5) and AG-0005 (SEQ ID NO: 7), in comparison to those of the wild-type control ActRIIB-ECD-Fc fusion protein.
  • the myostatin/activin A signaling assay and BMP9 signaling assay described in Example 4 were used to quantify the myostatin/activin A-blocking activities, and BMP9-blocking activity, respectively, of the following hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap protein: AG-0003 (SEQ ID NO: 5), AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16), AG-0023 (SEQ ID NO: 25), AG-0024 (SEQ ID NO: 26), AG-0025 (SEQ ID NO: 27), AG-0027 (SEQ ID NO: 29), AG-0028 (SEQ ID NO: 30), AG-0029 (SEQ ID NO: 31), and AG-0035 (SEQ ID NO: 37).
  • FIG. 3 shows the cell-based neutralizing activities against myostatin, activin A and BMP9 for two exemplary hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins, AG-0014 and AG-0027, in comparison to those of the wild-type control ActRIIB-ECD-Fc fusion protein.
  • Table 6 outlines the BMP9- and myostatin-neutralizing activities of several exemplary hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins in comparison to those of WT ActRIIB-Fc.
  • hybrid proteins AG-0003, AG-0004, AG-0005, AG-0014, AG-0023, AG-0024, AG-0025, AG-0027 and AG-0028 showed dramatically reduced or virtually no BMP9-neutralizing activity (also see FIG.
  • administration of the two exemplary hybrid ligand trap proteins AG-0014 and AG-0027, respectively, is capable of markedly increasing muscle mass in the mice in a similar manner as wild type ActRIIB-Fc.
  • administration of the two exemplary hybrid ligand trap proteins markedly decreases the level of blood vessel leakage as compared to wild type ActRIIB-Fc protein in all tissues evaluated in the treated animals.
  • each animal was placed into a transparent-bottom container and examined for any sign of bleeding in the paw nail beds using an inverted microscope.
  • the results of the present example demonstrate that repeated high dose of WT-ActRIIB-Fc administered SC at 30 mg/kg, twice per week, for 4 weeks led to clear signs of bleeding in the paw nail beds and the Brunner's glands in 129S1/SvlmJ female mice.
  • 4 weeks of repeated high dose treatment with AG-0027 or AG-0014 caused no sign of bleeding in the nail beds in the 129S1/SvlmJ female mice.
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap molecules had no negative influence on blood vessel integrity as the wild-type ActRIIB-Fc did.
  • hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap molecules differ dramatically from wild-type ActRIIB-Fc with respect to in vivo selectivity and, unlike the wild-type ActRIIB-Fc that disrupts vasculature, the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins maintain normal vasculature integrity without interfering with vascular homeostasis.
  • hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins clearly offer distinct therapeutic advantages in safety and efficacy over wild-type ActRIIB-Fc or any similar prior-generation molecules.
  • mice 18 male C57BL/6 mice of 10 weeks of age including 6 normal control mice and 12 orchiectonized (ORX) mice (Charles River Laboratory) were subcutaneously injected with either vehicle (PBS, pH7.4) or AG-0027 using the dosing regimens as shown in the Table 10 below:
  • mice Longitudinal body weights were recorded twice per week throughout the 6-week treatment period. On day 42, the mice were euthanized with CO 2 asphyxiation. Tissues, including the lean carcass, heart, and individual hindlimb muscles (gastrocnemius, quadriceps and soleus), as well as the femur and the lumbar vertebrae, were dissected from each animal. The lean carcass, heart, and individual hindlimb muscle pairs (both left and right) were weighed using digital balances with the values being recorded. Bone tissues, including the distal femur and the 4th lumbar vertebrae from each animal, were analyzed by high-resolution micro-computed tomography (microCT) using a microCT imaging system.
  • microCT micro-computed tomography
  • Bone volume (BV/TV, %), trabecular number (Tb.N, mm-1), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th, mm) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp, mm) of the distal femur and the 4 th lumbar vertebrae were calculated based on consecutive microCT scans of the 6 femur and lumbar bone samples from each group.
  • body weight data indicates that the ORX C57BL/6 mice had a marked reduction in body weight compared to the normal control C57BL/6 mice.
  • AG-0027 led to complete reversal of weight loss in the ORX mice (left panel) and AG-0027 administration resulted in a rapid, sustained and statistically significant body weight gain compared to both vehicle-treated ORX mice and normal control mice (see right panel).
  • FIG. 15 shows the changes in individual hindlimb muscle mass and lean carcass weights.
  • Data indicate that the vehicle-treated ORX group had a significant loss of hindlimb muscle mass by 9%-13% and loss of lean carcass mass by nearly 14% compared to the normal control group.
  • the AG-0027-treated ORX group showed marked increases in hindlimb muscle mass by 22%-47% and in lean carcass mass by nearly 37% compared to the vehicle-treated ORX group and also showed significant increases in hindlimb muscle mass by 11%-28% and in lean carcass mass by 18% compared to the normal control group.
  • FIG. 16 and FIG. 17 also show the results of microCT analysis of bone density in the distal femur ( FIG. 16 ) and the 4 th lumbar vertebrae ( FIG. 17 ) in normal control mice, vehicle-treated ORX mice, and AG-0027-treated ORX mice. As shown in FIG.
  • ORX mice showed marked loss of bone mass in the distal femur with statistically significant decreases in bone volume fraction (BV/TV, %) and trabecular number (Tb.N, mm-1) in the distal femur by >86% and a marked increase in trabecular separation (Tb.Sp, mm) by 144% in comparison to the normal control mice; however, treatment of the ORX mice with AG-0027 dramatically increased the bone volume fraction (BV/TV, %) by 726% and the trabecular number (Tb.N, mm-1) by 667% and decreased trabecular separation (Tb.Sp, mm) by 51%, thereby completely reversing the loss of distal femur bone density in the ORX mice resulting from androgen deprivation.
  • the vehicle-treated ORX mice showed statistically significant decreases in bone volume fraction (BV/TV, %) and trabecular number (Tb.N, mm-1) in the 4 th lumbar vertebrae by approximately 50% compared and also a statistically significant decrease in (Tb.Sp, mm) by 33% in comparison to normal control mice; however, treatment of the ORX mice with AG-0027 dramatically increased the lumbar bone volume fraction by 148% and the lumbar trabecular number by 110% and decreased the lumbar trabecular separation (Tb.Sp, mm) by 23%, thereby completely ameliorating the marked loss of the lumbar bone density in ORX mice resulting from androgen deprivation.
  • AG-0027 treatment significantly increased the trabecular thickness of the lumbar spine in the ORX mice to 19% beyond the normal control value seen in normal mice.
  • FIG. 18 shows the effect of AG-0027 treatment on food intake, water consumption, 24-hour urine volume, and fasting glucose levels in diabetic db/db mice.
  • Subcutaneous administration of hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap protein AG-0027 dramatically normalized food consumption, water intake, 24-hour urine volume, and fasting glucose levels in the diabetic db/db mice. Therefore, the data indicate that pharmacological blockade of myostatin/activin-Smad2/3 signaling in db/db diabetic mice is able to ameliorate metabolic dysfunctions as the treatment with the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap protein is found to effectively reduce food intake and water consumption, decrease blood glucose level, and reduce 24-hour urine volume. The treatment also ameliorated fatty liver in db/db mice. Therefore, hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins like AG-0027 appear to offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of metabolic diseases including diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, metabolic syndrome, obesity and fatty liver.
  • Terminal necropsy analysis was performed on day 14 and data demonstrated that treatment with AG-0014 and AG-0027 resulted in significant increases in the mass of the three individual hindlimb muscles examined, including the gastrocnemius, the quadriceps and the soleus, at the same level as benchmark WT-ActRIIB-Fc ( FIG. 20 ).
  • WT-ActRIIB-Fc WT-ActRIIB-Fc
  • Hybrid Trap A AG-0027; SEQ ID NO: 29
  • Hybrid Trap B AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16)
  • Body weight and body weight change from baseline in PBS-treated and Hybrid Trap-treated mice were recorded up to 8 days post injection.
  • Body weight data demonstrate that hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins AG-0014 and AG-0027 are able to stimulate body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner ( FIG. 21 ).
  • Terminal necropsy analysis of the weights of hindlimb muscles further demonstrate that treatment with AG-0014 or AG-0027 resulted in statistically significant increases in gastrocnemius muscle mass (A) and quadriceps muscle mass (B) in a dose-dependent manner.
  • A gastrocnemius muscle mass
  • B quadriceps muscle mass
  • hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins like AG-0014 and AG-0027 are capable of stimulating muscle growth in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Muscular dystrophy is a group of highly debilitating diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass as well as bone fragility.
  • the data in the preceding examples clearly establishes that a hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins such as AG-0014 (SEQ ID NO: 16) and AG-0027 (SEQ ID NO: 29) are capable of strongly enhancing muscle growth, muscle regeneration and bone formation in MDX mice, a disease model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, by selectively antagonizing myostatin/activin-Smad2/3 signaling pathway.
  • AG-0014 and AG-0027 for treating muscular dystrophy is evaluated.
  • Forelimb grip strength is assessed weekly using a BIOSEB's grip strength meter (Bioseb) by placing the animal on a horizontal grid and allowing it to pull away from the experimenter by using its forelimbs.
  • Bioseb a BIOSEB's grip strength meter
  • animals are euthanized using CO2, and the individual tissues, including the lean carcass, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, soleus and diaphragm muscles, are collected and weighed.
  • Blood serum samples are collected from all experimental mice via cardiac puncture to quantify creatine kinase (CK) levels using Pointe Scientific Creatine Kinase test kit (Fisher Scientific). Data indicates that hybrid trap proteins (AG-0027 and AG-0014) effectively enhanced body weight gain, muscle mass and grip strength in the MDX mice ( FIGS.
  • hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins such as AG-0014 and AG-0027 are able to promote muscle growth, increase muscle strength, improve muscle repair and enhance bone density in MDX mice.
  • hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins such as AG-0014 and AG-0027 have therapeutic potential to combat muscular dystrophy, including, but not limited to, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.
  • activins are upregulated in many inflammatory disease states. Elevated activins in circulation play an important role in inflammation.
  • AG-0027 SEQ ID NO: 29
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • vehicle PBS pH 7.4
  • AG-0027 treatment-treated mice
  • the 2 nd and 3 rd groups are given one subcutaneous injection of AG-0027 (20 mg/kg) or vehicle one hour prior to LPS immunization.
  • LPS 400 ⁇ g/kg is then injected i.p. one hour later.
  • Fibrosis is a serious and progressive disease condition affecting many different organs, including lung, kidney, heart, liver, bone marrow, GI tract, skin and skeletal muscle and can cause organ failure.
  • Activation of activin-Smad2/3 signaling pathway has been implicated in pathogenesis of fibrosis.
  • AG-0027 SEQ ID NO: 29
  • AG-0027 SEQ ID NO: 29
  • Lung fibrosis is induced in 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (Charles River Laboratory) with an intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (Calbiochem) at the dosage of 3 U/kg.
  • vehicle PBS, pH 7.4
  • the mice are euthanized. Blood samples and lung tissues are harvested to quantify the severity of fibrosis by histological examination of fibrosis scores and measurement of hydroxyproline levels and collagen contents. Data suggests that blocking the actions of activins can effectively attenuate bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Therefore, hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins like AG-0027 appear to offer therapeutic potential
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta is a highly debilitating genetic disease characterized by brittle bones, frequent fractures and disuse muscle atrophy. It has been shown that activation of the Smad2/3 signaling pathway may play an important part in pathogenesis and progression of OI.
  • AG-0027 SEQ ID NO: 29
  • B6C3Fe a/a Col1a2oim/J mice Homozygous B6C3Fe a/a Col1a2oim/J mice, a preclinical disease model of OI, are investigated. Specifically, eight-week-old male homozygous of B6C3Fe a/a Col1a2oim/J oim/oim mice (OI mice) and age-matched wild-type littermate normal control mice are obtained from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me., USA). The OI mice are grouped into two groups based on randomization of body weights as well as of the bone mass measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
  • DEXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
  • Body weights are longitudinally measured weekly for 6 weeks.
  • homozygous OI mice and wild-type littermate control mice are anesthetized and subjected to DEXA scans (Lunar PIXImus) to measure bone mineral density and content at the beginning and immediately before the termination of the experiment.
  • mice are euthanized using CO 2 , the triceps, quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles are harvested and weighed.
  • Blood samples are collected from all experimental mice via cardiac puncture, sera are collected for analysis of bone turnover markers including bone formation markers procolagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and osteocalcin (00) and bone resorption markers such as C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1).
  • P1NP procolagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide
  • BAP bone-specific alkaline phosphatase
  • osteocalcin 00
  • bone resorption markers such as C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1).
  • Femurs and fourth lumbar vertebras are collected and the bone volumes are assessed using a microtomographic imaging system (pCT, Skyscan, Kontich, Belgium).
  • the collective teachings of the present disclosure demonstrates that the novel hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins described herein potently bind and neutralize multiple atrophy-inducing cytokines. And, importantly, the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins have dramatically improved selectivity for muscle, i.e, while potently blocking the actions of muscle atrophy-inducing cytokines, they leave the signaling of non-muscle related cytokines intact, thus maintaining the normal physiological functioning of non-muscle cells. As stated above, BMP plays an important role in a number of physiological processes and BMP9 signaling has been shown to be essential in maintaining normal blood vasculature/permeability.
  • the hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins of the present disclosure offer a more effective and safer treatment than existing soluble ActRIIB proteins, which potently neutralize BMP-9, i.e., by selectively targeting multiple atrophy-inducing cytokines in parallel and by avoiding interfering with the signaling of non-muscle related cytokines, these hybrid ActRIIB ligand trap proteins represent a class of clinical candidates armed with a superior muscle growth efficacy and an improved safety profile and thereby it offers the potential to become a best-in-class treatment for combating muscle wasting and/or bone disorders associated with the development of a number of chronic, neurological, genetic, inflammatory, fibrotic or infectious pathologies.
  • nucleic and amino acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequence listing are shown using standard letter abbreviations for nucleotide bases and three letter code for amino acids, as defined in 37 C.F.R. 1.822.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 is the amino acid sequence of a truncated wild-type human ActRIIB-ECD polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 2 is the amino acid sequence of a truncated wild-type human ActRIIA-ECD polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NOS: 3-37 are the amino acid sequences of various hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides.
  • SEQ ID NO: 38 is the amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin gamma-1 (IgG1) heavy chain constant region
  • SEQ ID NO: 39 is the amino acid sequence of an IgG1 Fc Domain
  • SEQ ID NO: 40 is the amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin gamma-2 chain heavy constant region
  • SEQ ID NO: 41 is the amino acid sequence of an IgG2 Fc Domain
  • SEQ ID NO: 42 is the amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin gamma-4 chain heavy constant region
  • SEQ ID NO: 43 is the amino acid sequence of an IgG4 Fc Domain
  • SEQ ID NO: 44 is the amino acid sequence of peptide linker.
  • SEQ ID NO: 45 is the full length amino acid sequence of Human ActRIIB polypeptide
  • SEQ ID NO: 46 is the amino acid sequence of wild-type human ActRIIB extracellular domain (19-134 of SEQ ID NO: 45)
  • SEQ ID NO: 47 is the full length amino acid sequence of Human ActRIIA polypeptide
  • SEQ ID NO: 48 is the amino acid sequence of wild-type human ActRIIA extracellular domain (20-135 of SEQ ID NO: 47)
  • SEQ ID NO: 49 is the amino acid sequence of a ActRIIB native signal peptide
  • SEQ ID NO: 50 is the amino acid sequence of an Immunoglobulin light chain signal peptide.
  • SEQ ID NOS: 51-117 are the amino acid sequences of various hybrid soluble ActRIIB-ECD polypeptides.
  • SEQ ID NO: 118 is the amino acid sequence of peptide linker.

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