US20190070323A1 - Inactivation of pathogens in ex vivo blood products in storage bags using visible light - Google Patents

Inactivation of pathogens in ex vivo blood products in storage bags using visible light Download PDF

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US20190070323A1
US20190070323A1 US15/765,424 US201615765424A US2019070323A1 US 20190070323 A1 US20190070323 A1 US 20190070323A1 US 201615765424 A US201615765424 A US 201615765424A US 2019070323 A1 US2019070323 A1 US 2019070323A1
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light
blood product
blood
light source
storage container
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US15/765,424
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Chintamani ATREYA
Michelle Maclean
John G. Anderson
Scott J. MacGregor
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University of Strathclyde
US Department of Health and Human Services
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University of Strathclyde
US Department of Health and Human Services
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Assigned to THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES reassignment THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ATREYA, Chintamani
Assigned to THE UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE reassignment THE UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MACGREGOR, Scott J., ANDERSON, JOHN G., MACLEAN, MICHELLE
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/0005—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts
    • A61L2/0011—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts using physical methods
    • A61L2/0029—Radiation
    • A61L2/0052—Visible light
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
    • A61L2/08—Radiation
    • A61L2/084—Visible light
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2202/12—Apparatus for isolating biocidal substances from the environment
    • A61L2202/122—Chambers for sterilisation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/20—Targets to be treated
    • A61L2202/22—Blood or products thereof

Definitions

  • This application is related to methods and devices for inactivating pathogens in ex-vivo stored blood and blood products.
  • PRT pathogen reduction technologies
  • platelets For platelet components, bacterial contamination still poses the highest risk of transfusion-transmitted disease despite the availability of bacterial detection methods. Although platelets usually have very low levels of bacterial contamination at the time of donation, platelets are stored at room temperature and this allows bacterial proliferation to occur throughout the storage period. Over a 5 day storage period even extremely small numbers of contaminating bacteria can multiply to very high and clinically dangerous levels.
  • a challenge for PRTs with platelet products is to maintain biological function of the treated cells, while achieving adequate pathogen reduction levels. For platelets this means sufficient retention of adhesive, aggregating and procoagulant properties to restore hemostasis in the recipient.
  • Platelet treatment methods that have been developed include amotosalen/UVA treatment and riboflavin/UV-light treatment. While data of clinical and hemovigilance studies indicate that the overall safety profile of pathogen-reduced platelets is comparable to that of conventional platelets, there have been concerns over acute respiratory distress associated with UV light and photo sensitizer-treated platelets.
  • the technology disclosed herein provides a new solution for the decontamination of blood products that overcomes limitations associated with currently available PRTs.
  • This disclosure describes, for example, the application of violet-blue light centered around 405 nm wavelengths for pathogen reduction in blood products such as plasma and platelets.
  • methods described herein permit decontamination to take place after the blood products enter the final storage receptacle, thereby minimizing any unnecessary further contamination from environmental sources during subsequent transfer operations.
  • Another aspect of the technology is that, unlike previous PRTs which utilize light radiation from the ultra-violet (UV) region of the spectrum, disclosed technologies utilize radiation from the visible light spectrum, such as with wavelengths particularly within the range of 380-420 nm and especially at or around 405 nm. This is beneficial as it permits inactivation of pathogens to occur without the photochemical damage to sensitive blood product components caused by high energy UV-light photons associated with UV light.
  • visible light has longer wavelengths that can more efficiently penetrate through blood storage bags and through the opaque blood products at lower intensities and without damaging the storage bag material.
  • chemical photosensitising agents which can also have a deleterious impact on the quality of blood products.
  • the disclosed technology makes use of properties of visible light, which have somewhat greater penetrability powers than UV light, thereby permitting the concept of in situ treatment of bagged products by enabling penetration of light through the transparent bag material and into the stored product.
  • the low transmissibility property of blood plasma and platelets is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • One aspect of the disclosed technology is to combine the use of a sufficient level of irradiation of visible light into the product which is mixed by agitation to a sufficient extent that the blood product circulates within the container and effective decontamination of most of or substantially the entire product volume is achieved. Agitation also prevents aggregation of platelets and other blood components.
  • the irradiance level at the blood product surface is desirably within a certain range that inactivates pathogens but does not harm the blood products (such as at least 3 mWcm ⁇ 2 and less than 80 mWcm ⁇ 2 ), with exposures ranging from minutes to hours, depending on the level of irradiance used.
  • Use of higher irradiance levels enables faster treatment times, e.g. for rapid treatment (of the order of minutes), and use of lower irradiance levels facilitates longer treatment, e.g.
  • the blood products do not contain chemical photosensitization agent additives.
  • the apparatus includes a treatment chamber configured to receive at least one sealed container storing a blood product, and at least one light source operable to emit light that is directed to a blood product storage container in the treatment chamber.
  • the emitted light has a wavelength or wavelength spectrum and an intensity sufficient to penetrate through a wall of the container and into the blood product, such that the irradiance of the light reaching the blood product inside the wall of the container is sufficient to inactivate pathogens in the blood product without the presence of an added photosensitizing agent in the blood product and without a detrimental effect on the blood product, such that the blood product is suitable for future medical use.
  • the treatment chamber can include a viewing window that filters out the treatment light wavelengths and allows other visible light wavelengths to pass through so that an operator can see inside the chamber.
  • the chamber can include reflective walls, lenses, diffusers, and/or other optical features for directing light at the blood storage containers.
  • the containers can rest on a tray in the chamber that vibrates or otherwise agitates the blood product in the container to prevent aggregation and/or to circulate the blood product inside the container for increased radiation exposure.
  • the blood product containers can also be suspended in the chamber or positioned in other orientations.
  • Light sources can be positioned on different sides of the container to expose more than one surface of the container at the same time.
  • the apparatus can include any of various other features, such as a fan, air circulation system, temperature monitoring system, sensors, and a control system that controls the light sources and other active features of the apparatus.
  • FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an exemplary treatment chamber for inactivating pathogens in stored blood products.
  • FIG. 1B is a schematic view of an exemplary treatment chamber having various light sources, a tray, and a blood product storage container on the tray being irradiated with light from the light sources.
  • FIG. 1C shows an exemplary blood product storage container.
  • FIG. 2 shows the percent transmission of 300-500 nm light through phosphate buffered saline (PBS), plasma and platelets. Transmittance is almost 100% through PBS at this wavelength but very low for platelets and plasma.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • FIG. 3 shows an example of the effect of 100 mWcm ⁇ 2 405 nm light on the CFU count of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli suspended in human plasma at a population density of 10 5 CFUml ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 4 is a plot of the effect of 405 nm light of differing irradiances on 10 5 CFUml ⁇ 1 populations of Staphylococcus aureus suspended in human plasma.
  • FIG. 5 is a plot of inactivation of 10 1 , 10 2 and 10 3 CFU/ml S. aureus in 3 ml platelet suspensions by exposure to 100 mW/cm 2 405 nm light for 2-hr.
  • FIG. 6 is a plot of inactivation of 10 1 CFU/ml S. aureus in 3 ml plasma using 14 mW/cm 2 405 nm light.
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of inactivation of S. aureus at a contamination level of 10 3 CFUml ⁇ 1 in a 30 ml volume of human plasma held in a closed sample dish by exposure to ⁇ 8 mWcm ⁇ 2 405 nm light.
  • FIG. 8 is a plot of inactivation of S. aureus at a contamination level of 10 3 CFUml ⁇ 1 in a 30 ml volume of human platelets held in a closed sample dish by exposure to ⁇ 8 mWcm ⁇ 2 405 nm light.
  • FIG. 9 is an optical analysis of transmission properties of the blood bag material and petri dish, highlighting 405 nm and UV-C light wavelengths for reference.
  • FIG. 10 is a plot of 405 nm light inactivation of S. aureus suspended in human plasma covered by a layer of blood bag material.
  • FIG. 11 is a plot of inactivation of S. aureus contamination in 300 ml transfusion bags of human plasma by exposure to 405 nm light using an irradiance of ⁇ 5 mWcm ⁇ 2 .
  • FIG. 12 is a plot of inactivation of ⁇ 10 2 CFU/ml S. aureus seeded into platelet bags (approx. 200 ml volume) using 3 mW/cm 2 405 nm light.
  • FIG. 13 shows the wavelength intensity spectrum for an exemplary light source centered around 405 nm discussed herein.
  • FIG. 14 shows decreasing Feline Calici Virus (FCV) viral population in a minimal medium (MM) with increasing light doses.
  • FCV Feline Calici Virus
  • FIG. 15 shows decreasing FCV viral population in an organically-rich medium (ORM) with increasing light doses, with and without fetal bovine serum (FBS).
  • ORM organically-rich medium
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • FIG. 16 shows decreasing FCV viral population in both artificial saliva and in blood plasma with increasing light doses.
  • FIG. 17 shows decreasing FCV viral population in artificial faeces with increasing light doses.
  • FIG. 18 illustrates an optical analysis of the suspending media, demonstrating transmission of 405 nm light in various ORM, including blood plasma, showing fluorescence emission spectra of the various ORM when excited at 405 nm.
  • blood products includes whole blood, plasma, platelets, red blood cells, fluids comprising any of these substances, and/or fluids derived from any of these substances.
  • blood and blood products includes human, animal, and/or synthetic blood and blood products.
  • pathogen and “contaminant” and “contaminant microorganism” are used interchangeably and include any undesired bacteria, viruses, fungi, viroids, parasites, and/or other contaminant microorganisms present in a blood product.
  • bacteria includes Gram positive types of bacteria, such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterococcus , etc., species and also includes Gram negative types such as Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter , etc., species.
  • fungi includes single celled fungi such as yeasts and filamentous or spore forms such as mold fungi.
  • virus includes any of the various types of viruses that can be present as contaminants in blood products.
  • inactivation means that the subject microorganisms/pathogens are killed, damaged, and/or otherwise affected so as to inhibit or prevent their ability to replicate, infect a subject, and/or cause disease.
  • inactivation of a pathogen including viruses and other microorganisms stated in the above paragraph can include damaging the pathogen's genetic material that includes for example DNA, RNA, non-coding small RNAs (ncRNAs including microRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lnRNAs), thereby inhibiting its ability to reproduce, replicate and/or multiply.
  • Methods disclosed herein can therefore be considered, in some cases, as bactericidal/fungicidal/viricidal or bacteriostatic/fungistatic/virustatic and this may depend on the species/strain of bacteria or virus, wavelength of light, dose, and/or other factors.
  • Pathogen levels in blood products can be measured in terms of colony forming units, or “CFU”, which is an estimate of the number of pathogens (e.g., cells, viruses, etc.) in a given volume of blood product that are viable and can multiply, reproduce, or replicate.
  • CFU colony forming units
  • the term “light” means electromagnetic radiation having specified wavelength properties. If not specifically limited to particular wavelength properties, “light” includes electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths from about 1 nm to about 1 mm, including ultraviolet (UV) light, visible light, and infrared (IR) light.
  • visible light includes electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths from about 380 nm to about 800 nm.
  • violet-blue light means electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths from about 380 nm to about 500 nm.
  • wavelength means the length of one full wave or spatial period of the electromagnetic radiation, and can be defined as the inverse of the radiation's frequency.
  • the terms “irradiance” and “intensity” are used interchangeably to mean the radiant flux received by a given surface per unit area, measured in watts per square meter (W/m 2 ). Radiant flux is the radiant energy emitted/transmitted/received per unit time, and is measured in watts or joules per second.
  • radiation dose or “light dose” means the product of the irradiance and the duration of exposure, and can be measured in joules per square meter (J/m 2 ).
  • Light emitted or received can include a range of different wavelengths, and the light at each wavelength can have a different spectral irradiance.
  • “Spectral irradiance” is the irradiance of a surface per unit wavelength. Often, light has a greatest spectral irradiance at a certain wavelength, and reduces in spectral irradiance at longer or shorter wavelengths, such as in a “bell curve” shaped pattern.
  • the wavelength or wavelength range having the greatest spectral irradiance is referred to herein as the center wavelength or center wavelength range of the light, such that the light is referred to herein as being “centered on or around” the center wavelength or center wavelength range.
  • photosensitizing agent means any chemical additive, not naturally present in blood, that is added to a blood product and that produces a chemical change in another molecule in a photochemical process.
  • exemplary photosensitizing agents include riboflavin, benzoporphyrin derivative-monoacid ring A (BPD-MA), phenothiazine derivative methylene blue and other dyes with photochemical properties including psoralens, such as S-59 (amotosalen-HCl) and S-303 or the ethylene imine PEN-110.
  • the term “detrimental effect” means a substantial change in the normal physiological condition of a stored blood product (e.g., a substantial reduction in the ability of platelets to rapidly aggregate in response to TRAP introduction). Further, the phrase “without detrimental effect on the blood product” means without causing a substantial change in the normal physiological condition of the blood product.
  • methods and devices that utilize visible light at a wavelength and irradiation sufficient to inactivate pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, viroids, prions, parasites) that are present in stored human and animal blood products, such as whole blood, plasma and platelets.
  • pathogens e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, viroids, prions, parasites
  • the disclosed technology utilizes visible light wavelengths (e.g., violet-blue light) without the use of an added photosensitising agent.
  • a photosensitizing agent is not added to the blood products.
  • disclosed methods utilize visible light, this avoids the chemical and physical damage caused by the conventional methods of exposure to the higher energy photons of UV light.
  • a method for inactivating bacteria, fungi, viruses, and/or other pathogens that can be present as contaminants in blood products comprising exposure of the blood products to visible light having wavelengths in the range 380-500 nm.
  • the light may have wavelengths in the range 400-450 nm.
  • the light may have wavelengths in the range 380-420 nm.
  • the light may have a wavelength spectrum centered on or around 405 nm.
  • at least 50% or at least 90% of the light has a wavelength within any of the disclosed ranges.
  • at least 50% or at least 90% of the light has a wavelength within 10 nm of 405 nm.
  • Microbicidal wavelengths of light are used that penetrate through the storage bag material and to sufficient depth within the blood product as to achieve effective pathogen inactivation over an exposure period.
  • FIG. 1A An exemplary treatment device 2 is illustrated in FIG. 1A .
  • the device 2 comprises an exposure chamber 4 wherein sealed blood product storage bags, or similar storage containers, are placed for treatment.
  • the device 2 includes a door 6 that closes the treatment chamber and is configured to prevent some or all of the light of the selected emission wavelengths (e.g., 380-500 nm) from escaping from the treatment chamber.
  • the door 6 can include a viewing window to observe the treatment process.
  • the window can comprise a light filter (e.g., amber tinted) that allows certain visible wavelengths to pass through (e.g., 500-800 nm) and blocks shorter wavelengths.
  • the door 6 can also include an automatic light turn-off system that turns off the lights when the door is opened.
  • the device 2 can utilize a lighting system 8 which can comprise one or more LED sources 10 and/or other types of light sources that emits light in a selected wavelength range and intensity sufficient to inactivate pathogens in stored blood products.
  • the lighting system 8 can be configured to deliver light in any direction above, below and/or to the sides of the stored blood products in order to achieve focused or uniform illumination of the blood products as required.
  • light sources can be mounted on any surface of the chamber and/or on shelves, racks, trays, and/or other structures within the chamber. Blood storage bags can thereby be irradiated from two or more different directions, such as from the top and bottom, or two other opposing sides, at the same time.
  • FIG. 1B is a schematic view of an exemplary treatment 4 chamber of the device 2 with a storage container 20 containing a blood product 22 resting on a tray 14 .
  • FIG. 1C shows an exemplary blood product storage container filled with a blood product.
  • the chamber 4 includes plural light sources, including an upper light source 10 A, a lower light source 10 B, and side light sources 10 C.
  • all four vertical walls can include light sources.
  • Each light source emits light 30 that is directed to the storage container 20 .
  • the light 30 can reach and pass through some or all of the walls of the container 20 , including the upper wall 24 , lower wall 26 , and side walls 28 .
  • some of the light 30 can pass through the tray 14 , such as to reach the lower wall 26 .
  • the chamber 4 can also include reflective inner surfaces 12 to enhance irradiation of the container 20 .
  • the arrangement in FIG. 1B is only one non-limiting example, and various other arrangements can be utilized in other embodiments.
  • the treatment chamber 4 can have various dimensions, even up to the size of an entire room, in which the lighting system 8 is installed at one or more locations around the treatment chamber, and the internal surfaces 12 of which can be lined with or made from highly reflective material.
  • Exemplary reflective materials include various mirrored surfaces, polished stainless steel, polished aluminum, silver coated surfaces, various retroreflective material surfaces and surfaces that are optimal for reflecting light of wavelengths between 380-500 nm and/or 400-420 nm and/or 405 nm.
  • the treatment device can include a mechanically operated reciprocating tray or platform 14 on which stored blood products may be continuously agitated during exposure to the inactivating light. Agitation can help circulate the blood product inside the container for a more even irradiation and/or to reduce aggregation of platelets or other blood components.
  • the reciprocating tray or platform 14 can be operated at different reciprocation rates (e.g., 10-100 rpm or 30-100 rpm) and for differing periods of time throughout the duration of the light treatment in order to provide sufficient mixing so that the opaque blood product receives sufficient light treatment within the illuminated zone under the semi-transparent bag material.
  • the device 2 includes one tray 14 , though in other embodiments the device can include two or more independent trays, such as trays that are stacked on top of each other and/or side-by-side.
  • the tray 14 or trays can be at least partially transparent or transmissive of the treatment light wavelengths such that blood product bags can be irradiated from below while resting on a tray.
  • the light sources can be arranged and positioned around the chamber roof, walls, floor, and/or on the tray bottoms to provide the desired light exposure to the blood products on each tray.
  • the treatment chamber 4 can simultaneously contain two or more blood product containers in any relative orientation, such as lying side-by-side flat on one or more trays, one above the other on different trays, suspended from above or hanging, etc.
  • the device 2 can comprise a temperature control system, ventilation system, and/or air circulation system 16 in order to accurately control the environment inside the chamber 4 throughout the treatment process.
  • the lighting system 8 can include lenses or diffusers positioned adjacent to the light sources 10 in order to achieve directed or diffuse light outputs depending on the process requirements.
  • FIG. 1B illustrates an exemplary lens and/or diffuser 32 coupled to the upper light source 10 A. This can provide a more even light distribution and/or a more focused light exposure to a particular area.
  • the lighting system 8 can deliver light at different intensities during the treatment period so that, for example, a high radiation dose may be delivered at the beginning of the process to achieve effective initial inactivation followed by a lower dose regime to maintain the decontamination effect.
  • Predetermined intensity patterns and cycles can be used during a treatment.
  • Other variations in dose delivery may also be used, such as depending upon the blood product type and nature of the pathogens present.
  • the intensity of the light emitted from the light sources can be sufficient such that irradiance levels at the surface of the blood product within the storage container can be from about 3 mWcm ⁇ 2 to about 80 mWcm ⁇ 2 in some embodiments.
  • the light reaching the surface of the blood product has an irradiance of 3 mWcm ⁇ 2 or less. In some embodiments the light reaching the surface of the blood product has an irradiance of 80 mWcm ⁇ 2 or greater. In some embodiments, the light emitted from the light sources can have any of the irradiance or intensity values provided herein, or greater values due to the reduced area of the light sources relative to the blood product. In some embodiments, the light reaching the external surface of the blood product storage container can have any of the irradiance or intensity values provided herein. In various embodiments, the light reaching at least some portion of the blood product within the storage container can have any of the irradiance or intensity values provided herein. The irradiance of the light can decrease as it passes through the storage container material, and thus the irradiance at the surface of the blood product can depend on the material and thickness of the storage container walls, as well as various other factors.
  • the device 2 can have a lighting control system 18 that allows for the setting or programming of different irradiation intensities and durations throughout the blood product treatment period.
  • the control system 18 can control the chamber air temperature and/or humidity, air circulation, tray agitation/vibration, light source selection, light source intensity, treatment duration, cycles, patterns, and/or automatic light source turn-off (e.g., when door is open or temperature is too high).
  • the control system 18 can also include or be coupled to one or more sensors that measure desired properties and provide feedback to the control system 18 .
  • Exemplary sensors or sensor systems can include temperature sensors, light intensity or irradiance sensors, light wavelength or frequency sensors, tray weight sensors, and/or other sensors.
  • bacteria described above was for illustrative purposes only.
  • pathogens are susceptible to visible light, including 405 nm light.
  • Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, fungi, bacterial endospores and viruses can be inactivated by 405 nm light and/or other visible light, with up to 9-log reduction in populations demonstrated.
  • Such pathogens can be successfully inactivated when suspended in blood products such as plasma and platelets when exposed to inactivating doses of 405 nm light and/or other visible light having bandwidths near 405 nm.
  • Disclosed devices and methods can be used for decontamination (e.g., inactivation of pathogens) of blood products, either within test containers or within blood transfusion storage bags.
  • decontamination e.g., inactivation of pathogens
  • the light source used for exposure was an array of 405 nm LEDs powered by a direct current supply. For thermal management, the LED arrays were bonded to a heat sink and fan, thus ensuring that heating had no effect on the test samples exposed to the 405 nm light.
  • FIG. 3 shows the effects of 100 mWcm ⁇ 2 405 nm light for inactivation of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli in human plasma. Near complete inactivation of S. aureus was achieved after 45 min (270 Jcm ⁇ 2 ). Exposure experiments repeated using lower irradiances of light (75, 50, 25 mWcm ⁇ 2 ) also demonstrated significant population reductions, with use of higher irradiance resulting in increased inactivation rates ( FIG. 4 ). Similar inactivation kinetics were observed for S. epidermidis . Test data on E. coli also demonstrated that reduction of E. coli contamination can be achieved.
  • FIG. 5 shows the results from exposing 3 ml platelets seeded with S. aureus to 2-hr 100 mW/cm 2 405 nm light. Successful inactivation was achieved in all cases, with approximately 1.5 login reductions being achieved after a 2-hr exposure to 100 mW/cm 2 light. Near-complete inactivation of 10 1 CFU/ml contamination was observed.
  • Pathogens suspended in clear media such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS) can be inactivated using lower doses of visible light.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the need for higher doses in the case of inactivation in blood plasma and platelets can be accredited to the differing optical properties of these suspending media.
  • the opacity, and consequent relatively low transmissibility of plasma and platelets reduces photon penetration through the suspension, resulting in the need for greater doses, compared with suspension in clear, transparent liquids such as PBS.
  • FIG. 8 shows an example of the results demonstrating the inactivation of 10 3 CFU/ml S. aureus in 30 ml platelet suspension in a closed dish using an irradiance of ⁇ 8 mW/cm 2 .
  • Inactivation became evident after 115 Jcm ⁇ 2 (4-hr), with near-complete inactivation achieved over the 8-hr exposure period (230 Jcm ⁇ 2 ).
  • Tests were also carried out (results not shown) demonstrating faster inactivation with a 10 2 CFU/ml contamination level with near complete inactivation achieved by 201 Jcm ⁇ 2 .
  • FIG. 9 shows the transmissability of a typical PVC blood product storage bag wall, as well as comparable transmissibility of clear plastic Petri dish wall, over different wavelengths. The measurements demonstrate that transmission of 405 nm light though the blood product bag material resulted in an approximate 20-30% loss in irradiance. However, light irradiance can be increased through the use of higher power light sources in order to compensate for this loss if needed. Alternatively or additionally, a storage container can be irradiated from opposite surfaces of the container.
  • tests were carried out to establish that bacteria can be inactivated in human blood plasma when the applied light was transmitted through a layer of blood bag material.
  • Tests were carried out by placing samples of the contaminated plasma into the wells of a 12-well microplate (without the lid), but with the wells covered with a layer of PVC blood-bag material, and the sample was exposed to 14 mWcm ⁇ 2 405 nm light at the sample surface. Samples were treated in the rotary incubator (37° C.; 72 rpm). Exposure of S. aureus suspended in human plasma to 405 nm light transmitted through the blood-bag material resulted in successful inactivation with complete inactivation achieved after a 4-hour exposure period as shown in FIG. 10 . The comparatively long exposure period in such cases can be attributed to the use of a low irradiance level of 14 mWcm ⁇ 2 . Inactivation can be achieved more rapidly if a higher irradiance level is used for sample exposure.
  • FIG. 12 shows the successful results of the use of 5 mWcm 2 405 nm light for inactivation of contamination within platelet bags.
  • Results demonstrate that bacterial inactivation becomes evident after 5 h exposure (90 Jcm 2 ), with complete/near complete inactivation being typically achieved by 6 hours (108 Jcm ⁇ 2 ).
  • Control bacterial populations in the non-exposed samples demonstrated that the bacterial contamination either remains unchanged or increases slightly over the course of the 8-hour period, confirming that the inactivation effect was the result of the light exposure.
  • the disclosed technology effectively inactivates pathogens contained within blood products, such as blood plasma and platelets. Furthermore the disclosed technology establishes that visible light and particularly 405 nm light can be used for inactivation of pathogens in plasma and platelets while these blood products are contained within transfusion bags. The fact that light of 405 nm wavelength can penetrate the transfusion bag material enables the blood products to be decontaminated (i.e., inactivation of pathogens) while sealed in the bags, thereby significantly reducing the risk of any post treatment contamination that can occur with other procedures.
  • the disclosed technology When the disclosed technology is used as a platelet decontamination technology, it can be important that the visible light treatment has no adverse effects on the platelet cells, and that they are suitable for transfusion post treatment. Testing and establishing such features of the disclosed technology included the establishment of information about the physiological effects of visible light on platelet cells. To this end, the standard tests that are performed on platelets in blood bank storage conditions, such as platelet count, pH of the platelet solution, and platelet aggregation in response to platelet agonists [e.g. Thrombin Receptor Agonist Peptide (TRAP)], were evaluated following a selected time (in hours) of 405 nm light exposure of platelets in the bags (see Tables 1a, 1b and 1c below).
  • platelet agonists e.g. Thrombin Receptor Agonist Peptide (TRAP)
  • Rapid aggregation associated with TRAP induction is a positive indicator that platelets are in normal physiological conditions during storage.
  • the test to control ratio of 1 (i.e., 100%) or close to 1 (i.e., close to 100%) is a good indicator of the quality of platelets in any given context.
  • the non-exposed control samples (in a light-safe box) and the test samples were held under rotary conditions during exposure ( ⁇ 25° C. and 72 rpm) in the same incubation chamber. Samples were collected and analyzed at 2 h intervals from both light-exposed and control samples.
  • Tables 1a, 1b, and 1c below show platelet counts, pH measurements and TRAP-induced platelet aggregation of non-exposed platelets and platelet samples exposed to 405 nm light at 10 mW/cm 2 (Table 1a) 40 mW/cm 2 (Table 1b) and 80 mW/cm 2 (Table 1c) for up to 6 hrs while in transfusion bags. Note that “Control” and “Test” are two individual bags originated from the same donor and the same donation (split sample).
  • Some embodiments of the disclosed technology utilize high irradiance treatment (e.g., up to 80 mW/cm 2 ) for exposure of whole platelet/plasma bags in order to achieve shorter exposure periods (e.g. minutes) for the effective inactivation of pathogens in the blood products without having detrimental effects on the blood products. Results from the analysis of high irradiance light-exposed platelets showed that there were no significant detrimental changes apparent in the platelet suspensions. Accordingly, some embodiments of the disclosed technology utilize high-irradiance exposure of whole bags to enable platelet/plasma bags to be treated quickly (e.g., 30-60 mins) immediately after collection from the donor before being stored awaiting transfusion.
  • high irradiance treatment e.g., up to 80 mW/cm 2
  • the disclosed technology can be used to treat blood products stored in many different types of storage containers comprising various materials, so long as the container provides at least some transmissivity to the applied light.
  • Exemplary container/bag materials suitable for use with the disclosed technology include PVC (polyvinyl chloride), EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate), PE (polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), PS (polystyrene), combinations of such materials, variations of such materials, and/or other at least partially light-transmissive materials.
  • FIGS. 13-18 illustrate the efficacy of the disclosed technology for viral inactivation in blood products and other media.
  • FCV feline calicivirus
  • NoV Norovirus
  • FIGS. 13-18 illustrate the efficacy of the disclosed technology for viral inactivation in blood products and other media.
  • FCV feline calicivirus
  • NoV Norovirus
  • Environmental stability and resistance to disinfection further aids transmission of NoV, with viral particles detected on surfaces up to 42 days after contamination. If environmental decontamination is deficient this can lead to ward closures which has substantial operational and financial implications for health boards.
  • FCV narrowband 405 nm light
  • FCV was selected as a NoV surrogate, as there is currently no standardized cell-culture system for NoV.
  • Our data demonstrates the influence of the suspending media, including biologically-relevant fluids, on viral susceptibility. As such, this study provides evidence of the antiviral efficacy and discusses the potential mechanism of 405 nm light viral inactivation.
  • Feline embryonic cells strain FEA (Jarrett, Laird & Hay 1973) were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 240 U mL ⁇ 1 penicillin streptomycin (Gibco, Life Technologies, UK), to form 10% FBS-DMEM. Cells were maintained at 37° C. in 5% CO 2 .
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • 2 mM L-glutamine 1 mM sodium pyruvate
  • 240 U mL ⁇ 1 penicillin streptomycin Gibco, Life Technologies, UK
  • virus inoculum School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow
  • FEA monolayers 850 cm 2 cell culture roller flasks (Corning, USA).
  • fresh culture medium was added and flasks incubated for 24 hours. This resulted in virus-induced destruction of nearly 90% of the cell monolayer.
  • the light source used was a 405 nm light emitting diode (LED) array (ENFIS PhotonStar Innovate UNO 24; PhotonStar Technologies, UK) powered by a 40 V Phillips Xitanium LED Driver (Phillips, Netherlands).
  • the array had a peak wavelength around 405 nm and a bandwidth of approximately 19 nm ( FIG. 13 ) but will, for convenience, be referred throughout the following text as 405 nm light.
  • the array was attached to a heatsink and cooling fan, to minimize heat transfer to test samples, so that no significant heating of the sample occurred.
  • the light source was held on a PVC stand at a distance of 4 cm from the microbial samples, giving an irradiance of 155.8 mW cm ⁇ 2 at the sample surface (measured using a radiant power meter and photodiode detector (LOT Oriel, USA)).
  • FCV stock virus was defrosted at room temperature and diluted to 2 ⁇ 10 5 PFU mL ⁇ 1 in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, supplemented with calcium and magnesium (DPBS; Hyclone, Thermo Fischer Scientific, UK). This was used as a ‘minimal medium’ (MM). 1.5 mL volumes of viral suspension were transferred into the central 4 wells of a 24-well plate (Techno Plastic Products, Switzerland) and the plate positioned on a raised stand, with the sample wells 4 cm directly below the light source and the plate lid kept on to prevent evaporation.
  • DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, supplemented with calcium and magnesium
  • Test samples were exposed to increasing doses of 405 nm light at room temperature, with the dose calculated as the product of irradiance (mW cm ⁇ 2 ) ⁇ exposure time (s). Control samples were set up under identical environmental conditions but without 405 nm light illumination. Post-exposure, FCV samples were immediately removed from the well and serially diluted in MM for enumeration by plaque assay.
  • FCV suspended in ‘organically-rich media’ (ORM): DMEM, 10% FBS-DMEM, artificial saliva, artificial faeces and blood plasma.
  • ORM organically-rich media
  • the artificial saliva was a modified version of that used by Margomenou et al. (2000) [5.2 g NaHCO 3 , 0.88 g NaCl, 1.36 g K 2 HPO 4 , 0.48 g KCl, 2000 units ⁇ -amylase and 2 g pig gastric mucin (Sigma Aldrich, UK) in 1 L sterile water], and was adjusted to pH 7-7.5 to emulate the variability of pH in human saliva, and also to ensure no FCV inactivation occurred (Duizer et al. 2004b; Edgar et al. 2004).
  • the artificial faeces was a modified version of that by Colon et al. (2015) [30 g inactivated yeast (Marigold, UK), 7 g physillum (Buy Whole Foods Online, UK), 11 g miso paste (Yutaka, UK), 8 g cellulose, 1.6 g NaCl, 0.8 g CaCl, 1.6 g KCl (Sigma Aldrich, UK) in 920 mL sterile water], and was also adjusted to pH 7.
  • the modifications to the artificial saliva and faeces formulations were to ensure compatibility with the FEA cells. Fresh frozen human blood plasma was obtained from the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS, UK), and defrosted before use.
  • FCV was also exposed whilst suspended in MM supplemented with riboflavin, with and without tyrosine, tryptophan, pyridoxine and folic acid (used at the same concentrations as found in DMEM: 0.4, 104, 16, 4 and 4 mg L ⁇ 1 respectively).
  • 6-well cell culture plates Prior to experiments, 6-well cell culture plates (Thermo Fischer Scientific) were seeded with 7.5 ⁇ 10 5 FEA cells per well. 3 mL of the cell suspension in growth medium was pipetted into each well, and incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO 2 for 20-h, resulting in confluent monolayers.
  • FCV fetal calf serum
  • the growth medium was aspirated from the FEA cells and replaced with 1 mL FCV sample. Plates were co-incubated at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator for 90-min, with the plates gently rocked every 15-min to ensure even distribution of the inoculum over each monolayer.
  • the inoculum was aspirated and the well washed with medium (10% FBS-DMEM or DPBS) before adding 4 mL overlay mixture consisting of 2 ⁇ supplemented DMEM 1:1 with 2 ⁇ agarose.
  • 2 ⁇ supplemented DMEM was prepared using 20 mL from a filter sterilized stock of 10 ⁇ DMEM, adding the same supplements as detailed earlier, plus 9.86 mL sodium bicarbonate solution (Gibco), and was made up to 100 mL with sterile water.
  • 2 ⁇ agarose was prepared by dissolving 2 g agarose (Sigma Aldrich) in 100 mL deionized distilled water and sterilized by autoclaving. The overlay was left to set before the plates were incubated for 44-48 hours at 37° C. in 5% CO 2 .
  • the monolayers were fixed and stained overnight with 0.5% crystal violet in 10% buffered neutral formalin.
  • the agarose plugs and stain were then removed, the plates left to dry, plaques counted, and the virus infectivity titre expressed as PFU mL ⁇ 1 .
  • porphyrins or other components with the ability to absorb 405 nm light and emit fluorescence, within the suspending media was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Media were freshly prepared and fluorescence measurements were carried out using a RF-5301 PC spectrofluorophotometer (Shimadzu, USA). Excitation was carried out at 405 nm and emission spectra recorded between 425-700 nm.
  • SD standard deviation
  • the antiviral activity of 405 nm light was determined by calculating the reduction in the level of infectivity from the difference between Log 10 values for exposed and control samples. Significant differences were calculated using one-way ANOVA (Minitab 16 Statistical Software) with results found to be significant when P ⁇ 0.05.
  • FCV was suspended in MM and ORM and exposed to increasing doses of 405 nm light at an irradiance of 155.8 mW cm 2 .
  • the non-exposed control samples showed no significant change over the course of the experiment (P>0.05).
  • FCV inactivation in artificial faeces required greater doses, with 4.5 log 10 inactivation achieved after 1.4 kJ cm ⁇ 2 ( FIG. 17 ).
  • FCV feline calicivirus
  • FCV NoV surrogates
  • the virucidal efficacy of 405 nm light was determined using FCV suspended in both minimal medium (MM) and organically-rich media (ORM). Exposure in MM would provide a better indication of the interaction of 405 nm light and the virus alone, whilst suspension in ORM, which is likely to contain photosensitive components, would assess how viral susceptibility can potentially be influenced by the surrounding media.
  • MM minimal medium
  • ORM organically-rich media
  • Inactivation in MM may be associated with the LED emission spectrum extending slightly into the UVA region ( FIG. 13 ), meaning the virus is exposed to very low-level UVA photons ( ⁇ 390 nm). Over an extended period, this could cause oxidative damage to proteins (Girard et al. 2011) for example to the viral capsid, and therefore contribute to the observed inactivation.
  • Another possibility is that the small amount of 420-430 nm light emitted from the source may contribute to viral inactivation.
  • Antiviral effects of 420-430 nm have been demonstrated against murine leukemia virus, with long exposures thought to cause photo-damage to the virion-associated reverse transcription complex (Richardson & Porter 2005).
  • FCV was first suspended in DMEM with and without 10% FBS (thought to aid protection against ROS (Grzelak et al. 2001)).
  • Results demonstrated near complete reduction in infectivity of a 10 5 PFU mL ⁇ 1 population after a dose of 421 J cm ⁇ 2 .
  • FIG. 3 slightly greater inactivation occurred when FCV was suspended in DMEM without the FBS serum additive, however, no significant difference was seen between the inactivation kinetics.
  • FIGS. 16 and 17 demonstrated that, similarly to inactivation in ORM (DMEM and 10% FBS-DMEM), viral susceptibility was significantly increased when suspended in these biologically-relevant fluids.
  • ORM DMEM and 10% FBS-DMEM
  • sensitivity was highest when suspended in saliva, with a 5.1 Log 10 reduction of FCV infectivity achieved after a dose of 421 J cm 2 —the same as that observed when in ORM.
  • Susceptibility was slightly reduced when suspended in blood plasma (4.8 Log 10 inactivation with 561 J cm ⁇ 2 ), and further reduced when in artificial faeces, with more than three times the dose required to achieve a 4.5 Log 10 reduction.
  • FCV susceptibility of FCV to 405 nm light when suspended in artificial faeces, artificial saliva, blood plasma and other organically-rich media was significantly increased when compared to susceptibility in minimal media, with 50-85% less dose required for similar levels of viral inactivation.
  • Inactivation when suspended in these ORM is likely due to the proteins contained within the media, for example, the mucin in the artificial saliva, proteins within the plasma, and inactivated yeast within the artificial faeces, which may all be predisposed to photosensitization (demonstrated by the fluorescence peaks around 460 nm and 510-520 nm in FIG.
  • the disclosed technology can also provide for beneficial application of 405 nm light for the decontamination of air, surfaces and equipment in healthcare settings, as well as in other indoor locations, where transmission of viral pathogens is a significant occurrence.
  • the terms “a”, “an”, and “at least one” encompass one or more of the specified element. That is, if two of a particular element are present, one of these elements is also present and thus “an” element is present.
  • the terms “a plurality of” and “plural” mean two or more of the specified element.
  • the term “and/or” used between the last two of a list of elements means any one or more of the listed elements.
  • the phrase “A, B, and/or C” means “A”, “B,”, “C”, “A and B”, “A and C”, “B and C”, or “A, B, and C.”
  • the term “coupled” generally means physically, magnetically, electrically, wirelessly, or otherwise coupled or linked together and does not exclude the presence of intermediate elements between the coupled items absent specific contrary language.

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