US20190024220A1 - Aluminum-based alloy - Google Patents
Aluminum-based alloy Download PDFInfo
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- US20190024220A1 US20190024220A1 US16/070,725 US201716070725A US2019024220A1 US 20190024220 A1 US20190024220 A1 US 20190024220A1 US 201716070725 A US201716070725 A US 201716070725A US 2019024220 A1 US2019024220 A1 US 2019024220A1
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- based alloy
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- heat treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/10—Alloys based on aluminium with zinc as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
- C22C21/18—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/053—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with zinc as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/057—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with copper as the next major constituent
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an aluminum-based alloy in which one or more special additive elements are solid-solved in an aluminum parent phase so as to impart a high Young's modulus.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an aluminum-based alloy which can have high stiffness without containing hard particles such as those of ceramics, which can be produced easily, and which is easily processed by machine processing.
- the inventors have researched strengthening by solid solution and aging in order to improve Young's modulus of aluminum-based alloys. As a result of calculation, they found that stiffness can be increased by substituting Al with an element having smaller atomic radius than Al. That is, by adding the additive element, electron density is improved and distance between atoms (distance between lattices) is smaller, bonding energy is increased, and therefore, stiffness can be increased.
- atomic radius of Cu, Zn, Ag, and Li is ⁇ 10.5%, ⁇ 6.99%, +1.05% and +5.70% of atomic radius of Al, respectively.
- the inventors have calculated Young's modulus of aluminum-based alloy in a case in which 25 atom % of the additive element is contained in Al, with respect to elements from the first row to the fifth row in the periodic table.
- the following formula 1 is used as the theoretical formula.
- E is Young's modulus
- r is distance between atoms in a crystal lattice (face centered cubic)
- A, n, and in are constants, depending on element.
- Young's modulus was calculated by the formula 1 using analytical software (CASTEP, super cell model). It should be noted that settings of the analytical software are approximations of the general density gradient, 350 eV of energy cut off, and 6 ⁇ 6 ⁇ 6 of K point set.
- Young's modulus of each of the aluminum-based alloys was calculated, and these alloys were compared to the Young's modulus of pure aluminum, and increase rate of Young's modulus was calculated in a condition in which added amount of additive element in each aluminum-based alloy is converted to 1 wt %.
- the increase rate of Young's modulus of Cu, Zn, Ag, and Li is respectively 0.65%, 0.04%, 0.24%, and 0.95%.
- the inventors have understood that if there is oversaturation of an additive element solid-solved in Al, even higher stiffness can be exhibited by depositing an intermediate layer (intermetallic compound of Al and additive element, intermetallic compound of additive elements or the like) due to difference between the oversaturated solid-solution and solid solubility limit at aging temperature, and they have researched elements from the first row to the fifth row in the periodic table. As a result, they have found that the maximum solid solubility amount of Cu, Zn, Ag and Li in Al is respectively 2.48 wt %, 49.1 wt %, 23.9 wt %, and 13.9 wt %.
- the product of both was calculated. Then, the products were Cu 1.612, Zn 1.964, Ag 5.736, Li 13.205, and the other elements less than 1.
- the present invention was completed in view of the above findings, and the first aspect of the present invention is an aluminum-based alloy containing aluminum as a main element and is shown by the following general formula (1), wherein X and Y are respectively selected from Cu, Zn, Ag and Li, and a and b are values in mass % in which a solid solution is possible by solution heat treatment in this range.
- the second aspect of the present invention is an aluminum-based alloy containing aluminum as a main element and is shown by the following general formula (2), wherein X, Y, Z, and W are respectively selected from Cu, Zn, Ag, and Li, and a, b, c, and d are values in mass % in which a solid solution is possible by solution heat treatment in this range.
- the solution heat treatment is a treatment in which secondary phase particles or the like generated by a concentration gradient in a solid phase are solid solved by heat treatment.
- additive elements are solid solved by increasing temperature until monophasic domain in an equilibrium diagram and then rapidly cooling. Therefore, a “range in which solid solution is possible by solution heat treatment” means a range in which a monophasic solid phase ( ⁇ phase) exists in an equilibrium diagram, and its upper limit is the content amount of additive elements of which the solid phase only exists in two phases ( ⁇ phase+ ⁇ phase).
- a, b, c, and d in the general formulas (1) and (2) be positive numbers satisfying the relationship 14 ⁇ (a+b+c+d) ⁇ 30.
- a method for production of aluminum-based alloy of the present invention is characterized in that solution heat treatment and quenching of the above-mentioned aluminum-based alloy are performed, and this is aged at 90 to 170 ° C. for 120 to 240 hours.
- an aluminum-based alloy due to forming effects of the solid solution and the intermediate phase of the additive elements added to the aluminum parent phase, an aluminum-based alloy can be provided, in which the Young's modulus and stiffness are greatly improved. Therefore, by the present invention, due to high stiffness, for example, weight can be reduced by reducing thickness of parts that are influenced by stiffness, such as a braking caliper, and compact shape design can be realized by reducing thickness of parts.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a measuring apparatus for Young's modulus.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing a relationship between aging time and Young's modulus of the aluminum-based alloy in an Example of the present invention.
- Rectangular samples having a width of 10 mm, length of 60 mm, and thickness of 1.5 mm were prepared from the aluminum-based alloy having composition shown in Table 1.
- the samples were processed by solution heat treatment in which samples were held at 520° C. for 4 hours and then quenched in water, and they were processed by aging at 110° C. for 24 hours. Then, Young's modulus of the samples was measured multiple times, and each of maximum values among multiple measurements are shown in Table 1.
- FIG. 1 shows an apparatus for measuring Young's modulus (trade name: JE-RT, produced by Nihon Techno-Plus Co. Ltd.).
- a sample TP is suspended by two hanging wires 1
- a driving electrode 2 generates natural vibration by constructing a condenser at a gap between the driving electrode 2 and the sample TP
- the vibration is detected by a non-contacting vibration sensor 3
- Young's modulus is calculated.
- This measuring method is regulated and understood under Japanese Industrial Standard Z 2280.
- Examples 1 to 5 exhibit higher Young's modulus than that of the reference material made of pure aluminum.
- Example 5 containing Cu, Zn, Ag and Li, extremely high Young's modulus was obtained.
- the Young's modulus calculated with the formula 1 was extremely close to the actual measured value thereof, and thus, the desirability of selecting Cu, Zn, Ag, and Li was confirmed.
- Samples of aluminum-based alloy were prepared in a condition similar to that of the First Examples, except that composition and aging treatment conditions were as shown in FIG. 2 .
- aging temperature was 170° C.
- Young's modulus of not less than 77 GPa was obtained by aging for 240 hours.
- Young's modulus of not less than 78 GPa was obtained by aging for 1500 hours.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
An aluminum-based alloy has high stiffness without containing hard particles such as ceramics, can be produced easily, and is easily processed by machine processing, the alloy contains aluminum as a main element and is shown by the following general formula (1), in which X and Y are respectively selected from Cu, Zn, Ag, and Li, and a and b are values in mass % in which a solid solution is possible by solution heat treatment in this range Al-aX-bY (1).
Description
- The present invention relates to an aluminum-based alloy in which one or more special additive elements are solid-solved in an aluminum parent phase so as to impart a high Young's modulus.
- Accompanied by increasing demand to reduce weight of vehicles or aircraft, aluminum alloys have been more widely used. When substituting a conventional iron-based material with an aluminum material, there is a major problem of decreasing stiffness due to decreasing Young's modulus. To solve this problem, conventionally, increasing stiffness has been attempted by a complex effect of aluminum and ceramics (See Japanese Patents Nos. 4825776, 4119357, 4119348 and 3391636).
- However, there is a problem of high production cost because production process of such complex material including reinforcing ceramic material is complicated. Furthermore, since hard particles are contained, there is a problem in that machine processing is difficult.
- Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an aluminum-based alloy which can have high stiffness without containing hard particles such as those of ceramics, which can be produced easily, and which is easily processed by machine processing.
- The inventors have researched strengthening by solid solution and aging in order to improve Young's modulus of aluminum-based alloys. As a result of calculation, they found that stiffness can be increased by substituting Al with an element having smaller atomic radius than Al. That is, by adding the additive element, electron density is improved and distance between atoms (distance between lattices) is smaller, bonding energy is increased, and therefore, stiffness can be increased. As a result of researching the atomic radius of elements from the first row to the fifth row in the periodic table, atomic radius of Cu, Zn, Ag, and Li is −10.5%, −6.99%, +1.05% and +5.70% of atomic radius of Al, respectively.
- Furthermore, the inventors have calculated Young's modulus of aluminum-based alloy in a case in which 25 atom % of the additive element is contained in Al, with respect to elements from the first row to the fifth row in the periodic table. The following
formula 1 is used as the theoretical formula. In theformula 1, E is Young's modulus, r is distance between atoms in a crystal lattice (face centered cubic), and A, n, and in are constants, depending on element. In addition, Young's modulus was calculated by theformula 1 using analytical software (CASTEP, super cell model). It should be noted that settings of the analytical software are approximations of the general density gradient, 350 eV of energy cut off, and 6×6×6 of K point set. -
- Young's modulus of each of the aluminum-based alloys was calculated, and these alloys were compared to the Young's modulus of pure aluminum, and increase rate of Young's modulus was calculated in a condition in which added amount of additive element in each aluminum-based alloy is converted to 1 wt %. The increase rate of Young's modulus of Cu, Zn, Ag, and Li is respectively 0.65%, 0.04%, 0.24%, and 0.95%.
- Furthermore, the inventors have understood that if there is oversaturation of an additive element solid-solved in Al, even higher stiffness can be exhibited by depositing an intermediate layer (intermetallic compound of Al and additive element, intermetallic compound of additive elements or the like) due to difference between the oversaturated solid-solution and solid solubility limit at aging temperature, and they have researched elements from the first row to the fifth row in the periodic table. As a result, they have found that the maximum solid solubility amount of Cu, Zn, Ag and Li in Al is respectively 2.48 wt %, 49.1 wt %, 23.9 wt %, and 13.9 wt %.
- Since the high stiffness of the aluminum-based alloy was considered to be an synergic effect of the abovementioned increase ratio of Young's modulus and the maximum solid solubility amount, the product of both was calculated. Then, the products were Cu 1.612, Zn 1.964, Ag 5.736, Li 13.205, and the other elements less than 1.
- The present invention was completed in view of the above findings, and the first aspect of the present invention is an aluminum-based alloy containing aluminum as a main element and is shown by the following general formula (1), wherein X and Y are respectively selected from Cu, Zn, Ag and Li, and a and b are values in mass % in which a solid solution is possible by solution heat treatment in this range.
-
Al-aX-bY (1) - Furthermore, the second aspect of the present invention is an aluminum-based alloy containing aluminum as a main element and is shown by the following general formula (2), wherein X, Y, Z, and W are respectively selected from Cu, Zn, Ag, and Li, and a, b, c, and d are values in mass % in which a solid solution is possible by solution heat treatment in this range.
-
Al-aX-bY-cZ-dW (2) - It should be noted that since at least one element is added in the aluminum-alloy of the present invention, one to three among a to d can be zero. In addition, the solution heat treatment is a treatment in which secondary phase particles or the like generated by a concentration gradient in a solid phase are solid solved by heat treatment. In the treatment, additive elements are solid solved by increasing temperature until monophasic domain in an equilibrium diagram and then rapidly cooling. Therefore, a “range in which solid solution is possible by solution heat treatment” means a range in which a monophasic solid phase (α phase) exists in an equilibrium diagram, and its upper limit is the content amount of additive elements of which the solid phase only exists in two phases (α phase+β phase).
- Here, it is desirable that a, b, c, and d in the general formulas (1) and (2) be positive numbers satisfying the relationship 14≤(a+b+c+d)≤30.
- A method for production of aluminum-based alloy of the present invention is characterized in that solution heat treatment and quenching of the above-mentioned aluminum-based alloy are performed, and this is aged at 90 to 170 ° C. for 120 to 240 hours.
- According to the present invention, due to forming effects of the solid solution and the intermediate phase of the additive elements added to the aluminum parent phase, an aluminum-based alloy can be provided, in which the Young's modulus and stiffness are greatly improved. Therefore, by the present invention, due to high stiffness, for example, weight can be reduced by reducing thickness of parts that are influenced by stiffness, such as a braking caliper, and compact shape design can be realized by reducing thickness of parts.
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a measuring apparatus for Young's modulus. -
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a relationship between aging time and Young's modulus of the aluminum-based alloy in an Example of the present invention. - Hereinafter, the present invention is further explained by way of practical Examples.
- Rectangular samples having a width of 10 mm, length of 60 mm, and thickness of 1.5 mm were prepared from the aluminum-based alloy having composition shown in Table 1. The samples were processed by solution heat treatment in which samples were held at 520° C. for 4 hours and then quenched in water, and they were processed by aging at 110° C. for 24 hours. Then, Young's modulus of the samples was measured multiple times, and each of maximum values among multiple measurements are shown in Table 1.
-
TABLE 1 Maximum Chemical composition Young's modulus (Ladle value, wt %) after aging Cu Zn Ag Li Al (GPa) Reference — — — — 100 68 material Example 1 4 20 — — Bal. 72 Example 2 4 — 10 — Bal. 72 Example 3 — 20 10 — Bal. 72 Example 4 — 20 — 0.5 Bal. 70 Example 5 4 10 10 0.05 Bal. 74 -
FIG. 1 shows an apparatus for measuring Young's modulus (trade name: JE-RT, produced by Nihon Techno-Plus Co. Ltd.). In this measuring apparatus, a sample TP is suspended by two hangingwires 1, a drivingelectrode 2 generates natural vibration by constructing a condenser at a gap between the drivingelectrode 2 and the sample TP, the vibration is detected by a non-contacting vibration sensor 3, and Young's modulus is calculated. This measuring method is regulated and understood under Japanese Industrial Standard Z 2280. - As shown in Table 1, Examples 1 to 5 exhibit higher Young's modulus than that of the reference material made of pure aluminum. In particular, in Example 5 containing Cu, Zn, Ag and Li, extremely high Young's modulus was obtained.
- Samples were prepared under conditions similar to those in the First Examples, except that aging treatment was performed holding at 90° C. for 10 days, and Young's modulus thereof was measured. The results are shown in Table 2. In addition, Young's modulus calculated by the
above formula 1 is also shown in Table 2. -
TABLE 2 Young's Calculated Chemical composition modulus Young's (Ladle value, wt %) after aging modulus Cu Zn Ag Li Al (GPa) (GPa) Example 1 4 20 — — Bal. 71.8 =68 + 0.65 × 4 + 0.04 × 20 = 71.4 Example 2 4 — 10 — Bal. 71.8 =68 + 0.63 × 4 + 0.24 × 10 = 73 Example 3 — 20 10 — Bal. 72.2 =68 + 0.47 × 10 + 0.04 × 20 = 71.2 Example 4 — 20 — 0.5 Bal. 68.7 =68 + 0.04 × 10 + 0.9 × 0.5 = 69.3 Example 5 4 10 10 0.05 Bal. 74.2 =68 + 0.47 × 10 + 0.65 × 4 + 0.04 × 10 + 0.9 × 0.05 = 73.4 - As shown in Table 2, the Young's modulus calculated with the
formula 1 was extremely close to the actual measured value thereof, and thus, the desirability of selecting Cu, Zn, Ag, and Li was confirmed. - Samples of aluminum-based alloy were prepared in a condition similar to that of the First Examples, except that composition and aging treatment conditions were as shown in
FIG. 2 . As shown inFIG. 2 , in a case in which aging temperature was 170° C., it was confirmed that Young's modulus of not less than 77 GPa was obtained by aging for 240 hours. Furthermore, in a case in which aging temperature was 110° C., it was also confirmed that Young's modulus of not less than 78 GPa was obtained by aging for 1500 hours. - Since high stiffness is obtained in the present invention, it is possible to use it for a part of a vehicle that requires stiffness.
Claims (5)
1. An aluminum-based alloy containing aluminum as a main element and is shown by the following general formula (1), wherein X and Y are respectively selected from Cu, Zn, Ag and Li, and a and b are values in mass % in which a solid solution is possible by solution heat treatment in this range
Al-aX-bY (1).
Al-aX-bY (1).
2. An aluminum-based alloy containing aluminum as a main element and is shown by following general formula (2), wherein X, Y, Z and W are respectively selected from Cu, Zn, Ag, and Li, and a, b, c, and d are values in mass % in which a solid solution is possible by solution heat treatment in this range
Al-aX-bY-cZ-dW (2).
Al-aX-bY-cZ-dW (2).
3. The aluminum-based alloy according to claim 2 , wherein a, b, c, and d are positive numbers satisfying the relationship 14≤(a+b+c+d)≤30.
4. A method for production of aluminum-based alloy, comprising:
performing solution heat treatment and quenching of the aluminum-based alloy according to claim 1 , and
aging at 90 to 170° C. for 120 to 240 hours.
5. A method for production of aluminum-based alloy, comprising:
performing solution heat treatment and quenching of the aluminum-based alloy according to claim 2 , and
aging at 90 to 170° C. for 120 to 240 hours.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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JP2016010567A JP6784962B2 (en) | 2016-01-22 | 2016-01-22 | Aluminum-based alloy |
JP2016-010567 | 2016-01-22 | ||
PCT/JP2017/001917 WO2017126650A1 (en) | 2016-01-22 | 2017-01-20 | Aluminum-based alloy |
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US20190024220A1 true US20190024220A1 (en) | 2019-01-24 |
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US16/070,725 Abandoned US20190024220A1 (en) | 2016-01-22 | 2017-01-20 | Aluminum-based alloy |
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US (1) | US20190024220A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP6784962B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN108699636A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2017126650A1 (en) |
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US6562154B1 (en) * | 2000-06-12 | 2003-05-13 | Aloca Inc. | Aluminum sheet products having improved fatigue crack growth resistance and methods of making same |
BRPI0820679A2 (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2019-09-10 | Alcoa Inc | improved aluminum-copper-lithium alloys |
CN101533911B (en) * | 2009-04-08 | 2011-06-22 | 西安交通大学 | Application of aluminum based ternary alloy as anode material of Li-ion batteries |
CA2771585C (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2015-11-24 | Alcoa Inc. | Methods of aging aluminum alloys to achieve improved ballistics performance |
MX344421B (en) * | 2010-09-08 | 2016-12-15 | Alcoa Inc * | Improved 7xxx aluminum alloys, and methods for producing the same. |
CN102011030A (en) * | 2010-09-27 | 2011-04-13 | 中国计量学院 | Design of aluminum component for preparing hydrogen and preparation method thereof |
CN102021457B (en) * | 2010-10-27 | 2012-06-27 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京航空材料研究院 | High-toughness aluminum lithium alloy and preparation method thereof |
CN101967589B (en) * | 2010-10-27 | 2013-02-20 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京航空材料研究院 | Medium-strength high-toughness aluminum lithium alloy and preparation method thereof |
EP2789706B1 (en) * | 2013-04-11 | 2015-07-15 | Aleris Rolled Products Germany GmbH | Method of casting lithium containing aluminium alloys |
JP6344816B2 (en) * | 2013-08-30 | 2018-06-20 | 株式会社Uacj | High-strength aluminum alloy extruded thin section and method for producing the same |
CN103540876B (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2015-09-16 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京航空材料研究院 | The preparation method of a kind of Al-Cu-Li-X system Al-Li alloy thin plate |
CN104060130A (en) * | 2014-07-01 | 2014-09-24 | 张家港市佳晟机械有限公司 | Lithium aluminum alloy used for aviation |
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- 2016-01-22 JP JP2016010567A patent/JP6784962B2/en active Active
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2017
- 2017-01-20 WO PCT/JP2017/001917 patent/WO2017126650A1/en active Application Filing
- 2017-01-20 CN CN201780007795.0A patent/CN108699636A/en active Pending
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JP6784962B2 (en) | 2020-11-18 |
CN108699636A (en) | 2018-10-23 |
WO2017126650A1 (en) | 2017-07-27 |
JP2017128780A (en) | 2017-07-27 |
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