US20180356399A1 - Blood vessel model - Google Patents
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- US20180356399A1 US20180356399A1 US15/618,151 US201715618151A US2018356399A1 US 20180356399 A1 US20180356399 A1 US 20180356399A1 US 201715618151 A US201715618151 A US 201715618151A US 2018356399 A1 US2018356399 A1 US 2018356399A1
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- porous membrane
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- blood vessel
- vessel model
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5082—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms
- G01N33/5088—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms of vertebrates
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
- G01N33/5029—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects on cell motility
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
- G01N33/5064—Endothelial cells
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a blood vessel model.
- an extravasation test may be performed by running blood containing a drug through one of the microchannels, and then measuring the number or amount of red blood cells, biomarker, or the like, which have moved through the porous membrane from the one microchannel to another microchannel. This extravasation test enables evaluation of the level of drug induced injury to the layer of cells provided to the surface of the porous membrane, enabling drug toxicology testing to be performed.
- the pores in the porous membrane used in conventional internal organ models are produced using what is known as a track etching process, in which, for example, a material configuring the porous membrane is irradiated with heavy ions. Accordingly, the opening coverage ratio of pores in the membrane is, for example, as low as from 2% to 20%, and due to the membrane also being thick, the passage of red blood cells or the like is obstructed by the porous membrane. Namely, in the conventional internal organ models, there were cases in which the level of drug induced injury to a layer of cells provided at a surface of the porous membrane may not be accurately evaluated.
- the present disclosure provides a blood vessel model that may enable movement of red blood cells or the like to be suppressed from being obstructed by a porous membrane during an extravasation test.
- a blood vessel model includes: a pair of channel members, mutually opposing each other, each of which includes an opposing face in which a respective microchannel is formed; and a porous membrane that includes plural through-holes penetrating in a thickness direction, that is disposed between the opposing faces of the pair of channel members, and that partitions between the microchannels, wherein the porous membrane is provided with a vascular endothelial cell layer so as to cover one face facing one of the microchannels, an average opening diameter of the through-holes is from 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and an opening coverage ratio of the through-holes is from 30% to 70%.
- the average opening diameter of the through-holes in the porous membrane partitioning between the microchannels is from 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and the opening coverage ratio of the through-holes is from 30% to 70%.
- a membrane thickness of the porous membrane may be less than or equal to half of the average opening diameter of the through-holes.
- the membrane thickness of the porous membrane is less than or equal to half of the average opening diameter of the through-holes, compared to a case in which the membrane thickness of the porous membrane is greater than half the average opening diameter of the openings of the through-holes, red blood cells or the like may further readily pass through the through-holes in the porous membrane. Accordingly, the second aspect may further improve the accuracy of the extravasation test.
- communication holes that place the through-holes in communication with each other may be formed inside the porous membrane; the through-holes may be arranged in a honeycomb pattern; a variation coefficient of opening diameters of the through-holes may be less than or equal to 10%; and a porosity of the porous membrane may be greater than or equal to 50%.
- the through-holes are arranged in a honeycomb pattern and are in communication with each other through the communication holes.
- the variation coefficient of the opening diameters of the openings of the through-holes is less than or equal to 10%, and the porosity of the porous membrane is greater than or equal to 50%.
- a cell layer of cells may be selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells, and may be provided at the other face of the porous membrane facing the other microchannel.
- a blood vessel model that more closely resembles an actual blood vessel may be achieved.
- a tensile elongation at break of the porous membrane may be greater than or equal to 50%; and a stress required for 10% elongation of the porous membrane may be less than or equal to 1000 gf/mm 2 .
- the porous membrane is formed from a flexible material having a tensile elongation at break greater than or equal to 50% and having a stress required for 10% elongation less than or equal to 1000 gf/mm 2 , a blood vessel model that more closely resembles an actual blood vessel may be achieved.
- the through-holes may have flattened shapes in plan view and may include a major axis and a minor axis.
- the through-holes have flattened shapes such as elliptical shapes in plan view, the red blood cells or the like may pass more readily through the through-holes. Accordingly, the sixth aspect may further improve accuracy of the extravasation test.
- the porous membrane may include a porous region in which the through-holes are formed, and a non-porous region in which the through-holes are not formed.
- the seventh aspect since, for example, portions of the porous membrane disposed in the vicinity of inlets and in the vicinity of outlets of the microchannels are configured as the non-porous regions in which the through-holes are not formed, the flow of red blood cells or the like inside the microchannels may be regulated. Accordingly, the seventh aspect may further improve accuracy of the extravasation test.
- the present disclosure may enable the movement of red blood cells or the like during extravasation testing to be suppressed from being obstructed by the porous membrane.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective diagram illustrating an overall configuration of a blood vessel model of an exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective diagram illustrating overall configuration of a blood vessel model of an exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-section illustrating a porous membrane of a blood vessel model of an exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 4 is a plan view illustrating a porous membrane of a blood vessel model of an exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 5 is a plan view illustrating a porous membrane of a blood vessel model of a modified example
- FIG. 6 is a plan view illustrating a porous membrane of a blood vessel model of a modified example
- FIG. 7A is a micrograph of a porous membrane of an example 1.
- FIG. 7B is a micrograph of a porous membrane of a comparative example 1.
- a blood vessel model 10 of an exemplary embodiment includes an upper channel member 12 and a lower channel member 14 stacked on one another.
- the upper channel member 12 and the lower channel member 14 are, for example, configured from an elastic material such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and have substantially rectangular plate shapes.
- PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
- a concave portion 18 that defines an upper microchannel 16 , is formed in a lower face of the upper channel member 12 , namely, at an opposing face 12 A opposing to the lower channel member 14 .
- the concave portion 18 includes an inlet 18 A, an outlet 18 B, and a channel portion 18 C communicating the inlet 18 A with the outlet 18 B.
- Through-holes 20 A and 20 B are formed in the upper channel member 12 , penetrate the upper channel member 12 in the thickness direction, and have lower ends in respective communication with the inlet 18 A and the outlet 18 B. Upper ends of the through-holes 20 A and 20 B open at an upper face of the upper channel member 12 . Liquid supply tubing (not illustrated) is connected to the upper ends of the through-holes 20 A and 20 B.
- a concave portion 24 that defines a lower microchannel 22 is formed in an upper face of the lower channel member 14 , namely, at an opposing face 14 A opposing to the upper channel member 12 .
- the concave portion 24 includes an inlet 24 A, an outlet 24 B, and a channel portion 24 C communicating the inlet 24 A with the outlet 24 B.
- the inlet 24 A and outlet 24 B of the lower channel member 14 and the inlet 18 A and outlet 18 B of the upper channel member 12 are provided at positions not overlapping in plan view.
- the channel portion 24 C of the lower channel member 14 and the channel portion 18 C of the upper channel member 12 are provided at positions overlapping in plan view.
- Through-holes 26 A and 26 B are also formed in the upper channel member 12 , penetrate the upper channel member 12 in the thickness direction, and have lower ends in respective communication with the inlet 24 A and the outlet 24 B. Upper ends of the through-holes 26 A and 26 B open at the upper face of the upper channel member 12 . Liquid supply tubing (not illustrated) is connected to the upper ends of the through-holes 26 A and 26 B.
- a porous membrane 28 is provided between the opposing faces 12 A and 14 A of the upper channel member 12 and the lower channel member 14 .
- the upper channel member 12 and the lower channel member 14 are joined together with the porous membrane 28 in an interposed state therebetween.
- a variety of methods such as welding, attraction (self-adhering), or joining with bolts, may be employed as the method for joining the upper channel member 12 and the lower channel member 14 together.
- the porous membrane 28 is, for example, a hydrophobic polymer that solves in a hydrophobic organic solvent.
- the hydrophobic organic solvent is a liquid with a solubility in 25° C. water of less than or equal to 10 (g/100 g water).
- hydrophobic polymers include polymers such as polybutadiene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyesters (for example, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, polylactic acid-polycaprolactone coolymer, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene succinate, polybutylene succinate, and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate), polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropene, polyvinyl ether, polyvinylcarbazole, polyvinyl acetate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactone, polyamide, polyimide, polyurethane, polyurea, polyaromatics, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polysiloxane derivative
- These polymers may have the form of a homopolymer, a copolymer, a polymer blend or a polymer alloy, as necessary, from the viewpoints of, for example, solubility in solvents, optical properties, electrical properties, membrane strength, and elasticity. These polymers may be used singly, or in combination of two or more thereof.
- the material of the porous membrane 28 is not limited to being a hydrophobic polymer, and various materials may be selected from viewpoints such as the adhesiveness of cells.
- An upper face 28 A and a lower face 28 B of the porous membrane 28 (hereinafter, the upper face 28 A and the lower face 28 B are may be referred collectively as “main faces”) are sized so as to substantially cover the channel portions 18 C and 24 C of the upper microchannel 16 and the lower microchannel 22 , such that the upper microchannel 16 is partitioned from the lower microchannel 22 .
- the upper face 28 A of the porous membrane 28 namely, the main face facing the upper channel member 12 , together with the concave portion 18 of the upper channel member 12 , defines the upper microchannel 16 .
- the lower face 28 B of the porous membrane 28 namely, the main face facing the lower channel member 14 , together with the concave portion 24 of the lower channel member 14 , defines the lower microchannel 22 .
- vascular endothelial cell layer 36 is provided to the upper face 28 A of the porous membrane 28 so as to completely cover the upper face 28 A.
- the inside of the upper microchannel 16 thereby configures an environment that closely resembles the inside of a blood vessel.
- vascular endothelial cells include: vascular endothelial cells originating from the umbilical vein, the umbilical artery, the aorta, a coronary artery, the pulmonary artery, a pulmonary microvessel, or a dermal microvascular; and vascular endothelial cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells.
- a cell layer 38 for example, configured from cells selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells, is provided to the lower face 28 B of the porous membrane 28 so as to completely cover the lower face 28 B.
- the lower microchannel 22 thereby configures an environment that closely resembles a blood vessel exterior.
- Mesenchymal stem cells are somatic stem cells that are capable of dividing into muscle cells, fat cells, cartilage cells, and the like.
- the cell layer 38 of cells selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells may be provided to the upper face 28 A of the porous membrane 28
- the vascular endothelial cell layer 36 may be provided to the lower face 28 B of the porous membrane 28 .
- the vascular endothelial cell layer 36 be provided to at least one of the main faces of the porous membrane 28 . Configuration may be such that the cell layer 38 is not provided to the other main face of the porous membrane 28 .
- a region where cells are seeded on at least one of the upper face 28 A and the lower face 28 B of the porous membrane 28 is coated by at least one selected from the group consisting of fibronectin, collagen (for example, type I collagen, type IV collagen or type V collagen), laminin, vitronectin, gelatin, perlecan, nidogen, proteoglycan, osteopontin, tenascin, nephronectin, a basement membrane matrix and polylysine.
- the porous membrane 28 , and the inside of through-holes 30 described later, be coated by at least one of these.
- vascular endothelial cell layer 36 and the cell layer 38 For providing the vascular endothelial cell layer 36 and the cell layer 38 to the respective main face of the porous membrane 28 , for example, a method in which a cell suspension is poured into the upper microchannel 16 and the lower microchannel 22 so as to seed cells on the main faces of the porous membrane 28 , may be employed. Further, a method in which cells are seeded and cultured on the main faces of the porous membrane 28 inside a separate culturing apparatus, and then the porous membrane 28 having the vascular endothelial cell layer 36 and the cell layer 38 formed thereon is mounted in the blood vessel model 10 , may also be employed.
- plural through-holes 30 are formed in the porous membrane 28 penetrating the porous membrane 28 in the thickness direction. Openings 30 A of the through-holes 30 are provided in each of the upper face 28 A and the lower face 28 B of the porous membrane 28 . As illustrated in FIG. 4 , the openings 30 A have circular shapes in plan view. The openings 30 A are provided at a separation from each other. A flat portion 32 extends between adjacent openings 30 A. Note that the openings 30 A are not limited to circular shapes, and may also be configured with polygonal shapes.
- the plural openings 30 A are arranged in a regular manner, and in the present exemplary embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 4 , for example, are arranged in honeycomb pattern.
- a honeycomb pattern arrangement is an arrangement in which the centers of the openings 30 A are disposed at positions of the vertexes, and at the points where diagonals intersect, for units of a parallel hexagon (a regular hexagon is preferable) or a shape close to this.
- centers of the openings means the centers of the openings 30 A in plan view.
- the arrangement of the openings 30 A is not limited to a honeycomb pattern.
- the openings 30 A may also be configured in a lattice pattern or a face-centered lattice pattern.
- a lattice pattern arrangement is an arrangement in which the centers of the openings are disposed at the positions of the vertexes for units of a parallelogram (it goes without saying that this includes squares, rectangles, and rhombuses; a square is preferable) or a shape close thereto.
- a face-centered lattice pattern arrangement is an arrangement in which the centers of the openings are disposed at the positions of the vertexes, and at the points where diagonals intersect, for units of a parallelogram (it goes without saying that this includes squares, rectangles, and rhombuses; a square is preferable) or a shape close thereto.
- the arrangement of the openings 30 A may be arbitrary. However, it is preferable that the plural openings 30 A are arranged in a regular manner from the viewpoint of achieving a uniform density of the openings 30 A in the upper face 28 A and the lower face 28 B of the porous membrane 28 .
- a regular arrangement is an arrangement in which the variation coefficient of the surface areas of the parallel hexagon or parallelogram units of the arrangement is, for example, less than or equal to 10%. Some of the openings 30 A may be missing or the openings 30 A may be not in alignment. However, it is preferable that the openings 30 A are continuously arranged in all directions without any gaps therebetween.
- the “variation coefficient” is a value arrived at by dividing the standard deviation of a given population by the mean thereof, and is an index expressing the degree of dispersion in the population as a percentage.
- each through-hole 30 in the porous membrane 28 has a spherical segment shape, which is a shape in which the upper and lower end of a sphere have been cut away.
- Through-holes 30 that are adjacent to one another are in communication with each other through respective communication holes 34 in the interior of the porous membrane 28 .
- each through-hole 30 is in communication with every adjacent through-hole 30 .
- each through-hole 30 is in respective communication with six adjacent through-holes 30 through six communication holes 34 .
- the through-holes 30 may have a barrel shape, a circular column shape, a polygonal column shape, or the like, and the communication holes 34 may be tube shaped voids linking together adjacent through-holes 30 .
- An opening diameter D of each opening 30 A of the through-holes 30 is, for example, a size such that red blood cells in blood are able to pass therethrough.
- the average opening diameter is preferably from 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and even more preferably is from 3 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m. Setting the average opening diameter to 1 ⁇ m or greater enables the through-holes 30 to be a size that allows red blood cells to pass therethrough, and setting the average opening diameter to 20 ⁇ m or less enables retention of the vascular endothelial cell layer 36 and the cell layer 38 on the main faces of the porous membrane 28 .
- opening diameter D is the major axis of the openings 30 A
- average opening diameter is the calculated average of the opening diameters D measured for ten or more arbitrarily selected openings 30 A.
- Major axis means the longest distance between two arbitrarily selected points on the outline of an opening. However, in cases in which a direction has been specified, “major axis” means the longest distance between two arbitrarily selected points along that direction.
- the opening coverage ratio of the openings 30 A of the through-holes 30 is preferably from 30% to 70%, and even more preferably is from 40% to 60%. Setting the opening coverage ratio to greater than or equal to 30% enables the movement of red blood cell to be suppressed from being obstructed by the porous membrane 28 , and setting the opening coverage ratio to less than or equal to 70% enables the required strength to be achieved in the porous membrane 28 .
- opening coverage ratio expresses a ratio of S 2 to S 1 as a percentage, wherein S 1 denotes a unit of surface area of the porous membrane 28 under the supposition that the main faces of the porous membrane 28 are smooth (namely, under the supposition that there are no openings 30 A in the porous membrane 28 ), and S 2 denotes the sum of the surface area of openings 30 A provided per unit surface area, where the same units of measurement are used for S 1 and S 2 .
- the membrane thickness T of the porous membrane 28 is preferably less than or equal to half of the average opening diameter of the openings 30 A of the through-holes 30 .
- the thickness T is preferably from 0.5 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, and is more preferably from 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m. Setting the membrane thickness T of the porous membrane 28 to a thickness less than or equal to half of the average opening diameter of the through-holes 30 enables the movement of red blood cell to be suppressed from being obstructed by the porous membrane 28 .
- the variation coefficient of the opening diameters D of the openings 30 A is preferably less than or equal to 10%, and the smaller the variation coefficient the more preferable. The smaller the variation coefficient of the opening diameters D, the more uniformly red blood cells and the like can pass through the plural through-holes 30 in the porous membrane 28 .
- the porosity of the porous membrane 28 is preferably greater than or equal to 50%. Setting the porosity to greater than or equal to 50% enables the movement of red blood cell to be suppressed from being obstructed by the porous membrane 28 . Note that if the porosity is too large, the strength of the porous membrane 28 becomes insufficient with regards to the required strength therefor, and so the porosity is preferably less than or equal to 95%.
- “porosity” expresses a ratio of V 2 to V 1 as a percentage, wherein V 1 denotes a unit of volume of the porous membrane 28 under the supposition that the main faces of the porous membrane 28 are smooth (namely, under the supposition that there are no openings 30 A in the porous membrane 28 ), and V 2 denotes the sum of the volume of the through-holes 30 and the communication holes 34 provided per unit volume, where the same units of measurement are used for V 1 and V 2 .
- the tensile elongation at break of the porous membrane 28 is preferably greater than or equal to 50%, is more preferably 100%, and is even more preferably greater than or equal to 200%.
- the stress required for 10% elongation of the porous membrane 28 is preferably less than or equal to 1000 gf/mm 2 .
- a material becomes more flexible as the tensile elongation at break increases and the stress required for 10% elongation decreases. It is thus possible to bend, stretch, and compress the porous membrane 28 , enabling the blood vessel model 10 to more closely resemble an actual blood vessel.
- the “tensile elongation at break” can be evaluated by measuring the elongation at tensile breaking of the porous membrane 28 according to the method defined in JIS K 6251:2010.
- the “stress required for 10% elongation” can be evaluated by measuring the stress applied to the porous membrane 28 when the porous membrane 28 is elongated by 10% according to the method defined in JIS K 6251:2010.
- examples of methods for producing the porous membrane 28 formed with the through-holes 30 include, nano-printing processes, condensation processes, etching processes, sandblasting processes, or press molding processes.
- a nano-printing process is a method in which the through-holes 30 are produced by pouring a material for configuring the porous membrane 28 into a mold having projections and recesses, or pressing such a mold against a material for configuring the porous membrane 28 .
- a condensation process is a method in which condensation is induced on the surface of a material for configuring the porous membrane 28 , so as to form the through-holes 30 by using water droplets as molds.
- a condensation process enables the membrane thickness of the porous membrane 28 to be made thinner, enables the porosity and the opening coverage ratio of the openings 30 A to be increased, and also enables the communication holes 34 to be provided within the porous membrane 28 .
- the porous membrane 28 is produced using a condensation process. Condensation processes are described in detail in, for example, JP-B No. 4945281, JP-B No. 5422230, JP-B No. 5405374, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2011-74140.
- a blood dilution containing a drug is run through tubing (not illustrated in the drawings) and the through-hole 20 A into the upper microchannel 16 , is passed through the inside of the upper microchannel 16 , and is caused to pass through the through-hole 20 B and tubing (not illustrated in the drawings) to run out of the blood vessel model 10 .
- a culture solution or a physiological saline solution is run through tubing (not illustrated in the drawings) and the through-hole 26 A into the lower microchannel 22 , is passed through the inside of the lower microchannel 22 , and is caused to pass through the through-hole 26 B and tubing (not illustrated in the drawings) to run out of the blood vessel model 10 .
- the pressure in the upper microchannel 16 through which the blood dilution flows is higher than that in the lower microchannel 22 through which the culture solution or the physiological saline solution flows.
- the whole of the upper face 28 A and the whole of the lower face 28 B of the porous membrane 28 are respectively covered by the vascular endothelial cell layer 36 and the cell layer 38 . Accordingly, red blood cells in the blood are unable to pass through the porous membrane 28 and do not leak out into the lower microchannel 22 .
- the vascular endothelial cell layer 36 is injured by the toxicity of the drug.
- the cell layer 38 is also injured by the drug.
- the present exemplary embodiment is configured such that in the porous membrane 28 partitioning the upper microchannel 16 from the lower microchannel 22 , the average opening diameter of the openings 30 A of the through-holes 30 is from 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and the opening coverage ratio of the openings 30 A of the through-holes 30 is from 30% to 70%. Accordingly, during extravasation testing when red blood cells running through the upper microchannel 16 pass through the through-holes 30 in the porous membrane 28 and move into the lower microchannel 22 , the movement of red blood cells can be suppressed from being obstructed by the porous membrane 28 .
- the present exemplary embodiment is configured such that the membrane thickness of the porous membrane 28 is less than or equal to half of the average opening diameter of the openings 30 A of the through-holes 30 . Accordingly, compared to a case in which the membrane thickness of the porous membrane 28 is greater than half the average opening diameter of the openings 30 A of the through-holes 30 , red blood cells more readily pass through the through-holes 30 in the porous membrane 28 Accordingly, the present exemplary embodiment may further improve the accuracy of the extravasation test.
- the present exemplary embodiment is configured with the openings 30 A of the through-holes 30 arranged in a honeycomb pattern, and through-holes 30 within the porous membrane 28 are in communication with each other through the communication holes 34 .
- the variation coefficient of the opening diameters of the openings 30 A of the through-holes 30 is less than or equal to 10%, and the porosity of the porous membrane 28 is greater than or equal to 50%. Accordingly, red blood cells can pass through the plural through-holes 30 in the porous membrane 28 more uniformly. Accordingly, the present exemplary embodiment may further improve the accuracy of the extravasation test.
- the present exemplary embodiment is configured with the vascular endothelial cell layer 36 provided to the upper face 28 A of the porous membrane 28 , and with the cell layer 38 provided to the lower face 28 B of the porous membrane 28 .
- the cell layer 38 is configured of cells selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells.
- the porous membrane 28 is configured from a flexible material having a tensile elongation at break that is greater than or equal to 50%, and in which the stress required for 10% elongation is less than or equal to 1000 gf/mm 2 .
- the blood vessel model 10 may be configured to more closely resemble an actual blood vessel.
- openings 30 A of the through-holes 30 in the porous membrane 28 of the above exemplary embodiment have circular shapes in plan view
- openings 50 A of through-holes 50 in a porous membrane 48 may have elliptical shapes in plan view, as illustrated in FIG. 5 .
- the openings 50 A of the through-holes 50 with elliptical shapes, for example, disc-shaped red blood cells may be easily passed through the openings 50 A of the through-holes 50 , and other cells in blood may be less liable to pass therethrough.
- Examples of methods for forming the openings 50 A of the openings 50 A of through-holes 50 into elliptical shapes include a method in which, after circular shaped openings 30 A such as illustrated in FIG. 4 have been formed in the porous membrane 48 , the porous membrane 48 is stretched along one direction (the left-right direction in FIG. 4 ). This method enables plural elliptical shaped openings 50 A to be formed having their major axis directions along the same direction (the left-right direction in FIG. 5 ).
- elliptical shaped openings 50 A may be directly formed in the porous membrane 48 using press molding or the like, without stretching the porous membrane 48 . Moreover, so long as the shape of the openings 50 A is a flattened shape with a major axis and a minor axis in plan view, the shape of the openings 50 A may, for example, be a flattened polygonal shape arrived at by stretching a regular polygon.
- a porous membrane 58 may be provided with a porous region 62 in which openings 60 A of through-holes 60 are formed, and a non-porous region 64 not formed with the openings 60 A of through-holes 60 (the region marked by the double-dotted dashed line in FIG. 6 ).
- portions disposed in the vicinity of the inlet 18 A and in the vicinity of the outlet 18 B of the concave portion 18 configuring the upper microchannel 16 illustrated in FIG. 1 , and in the vicinity of the inlet 24 A and in the vicinity of the outlet 24 B of the concave portion 24 configuring the lower microchannel 22 illustrated in FIG. 1 are, for example, configured as the non-porous region 64 .
- the flow of liquid such as blood is easily disturbed at the inlets 18 A and 24 A and at the outlets 18 B and 24 B.
- the porous membrane 58 in the vicinity of the inlets 18 A and 24 A and in the vicinity of the outlets 18 B and 24 B as the non-porous region 64 , the flow of liquid such as blood in the upper microchannel 16 and in the lower microchannel 22 may be regulated. Accordingly, the porous membrane 58 may further improve the accuracy of the extravasation test.
- the blood vessel model of the present disclosure may enable extravasation testing to be performed, in a state in which movement of leaking substances such as red blood cells to outside the blood vessel accompanying drug toxicity is suppressed from being obstructed by the porous membrane.
- the blood vessel model of the present disclosure may therefore be useful as a blood vessel model capable of toxicology testing with high-accuracy.
- FIG. 7A illustrates a micrograph of a porous membrane of example 1.
- a porous membrane similar to the porous membrane 28 of the above exemplary embodiment, was employed in which the openings of plural through-holes were arranged in a honeycomb pattern and the through-holes were in communication through communication holes.
- the average opening diameter of openings in the porous membrane of example 1 was 5 the opening coverage ratio of the openings was 55%
- the membrane thickness of the porous membrane was 2.2 the variation coefficient of the opening diameters of the openings was 3.5%
- the porosity of the porous membrane was 75%
- the tensile elongation at break was 250%
- the stress required for 10% elongation was 100 gf/mm2.
- the microstructure of the produced porous membrane was measured using a profile scanning laser microscope (product name VK-X100, made by Keyence, Japan). Observations were made using a magnification at which 50 or more openings appeared on a single screen. Based on the observed micrograph, image analysis was performed on the openings present on the one screen, so as to measure the respective opening diameters D and find the average opening diameter DAV and the variation coefficient ⁇ D of the opening diameters D. Note that the variation coefficient of the opening diameters (given as a percentage) can be achieved using the calculation ( ⁇ D/DAV) ⁇ 100.
- the average opening diameter and the opening coverage ratio were achieved by performing binarization processing and image processing on the micrograph, using the 2D image analysis software WinROOF (Mitani Corp.).
- the membrane thickness of the porous membrane is an average value of the thickness of opening portions measured at ten points using the profile scanning laser microscope.
- FIG. 7B illustrates a micrograph of a porous membrane of comparative example 1.
- a porous membrane of conventional technology was employed in which the openings were formed by a track etching process. Note that the average opening diameter of the openings in the porous membrane of comparative example 1 was 5.7 ⁇ m, the opening coverage ratio of the openings was 12.4%, the membrane thickness of the porous membrane was 10.6 ⁇ m, the variation coefficient of the opening diameters of the openings was 35%, the porosity of the porous membrane was 15%, the tensile elongation at break was 150%, and the stress required for 10% elongation was 5800 gf/mm 2 .
- a porous membrane is prepared with medical paper affixed to both sides thereof.
- the medical paper on one face of the porous membrane is removed using tweezers, and the face from which the medical paper has been removed is set face down on a lower channel member.
- the porous membrane is then soaked in ethanol using a swab to join the porous membrane and the lower channel member together.
- the medical paper on the other face of the porous membrane is removed using tweezers, and the upper channel member is stacked on the other face of the porous membrane.
- the positions of the upper channel member and the lower channel member are aligned while being checking a microscope, and the upper channel member and the lower channel member are joined together.
- the blood vessel model of example 1 and the blood vessel model of the comparative example 1 were respectively produced.
- the porous membranes employed did not have an vascular endothelial cell layer 36 nor a cell layer of cells selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells provided on principal faces thereof.
- a blood dilution was run through the upper microchannels of the produced blood vessel models and a physiological saline solution was run through the lower microchannels thereof.
- the rate of fluid delivery of the blood dilution and the physiological saline solution was set to 500 ⁇ L/min
- the internal pressure of the upper microchannel was set to approximately 8.7 kPa
- the internal pressure of the lower microchannel was set to approximately 1.3 kPa so as to establish parameters close to the blood flow and blood pressure conditions inside actual blood vessels.
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Abstract
Description
- The present disclosure relates to a blood vessel model.
- Recently, there have been attempts to model internal organs such as blood vessels, intestines, livers, and lungs, using devices including what are referred to as microchannels, which include channels with micrometer order widths. United States Patent Application Publication (US) No. 2011/0053207, Japanese Patent Application Publication (JP-B) No. 5415538, and JP-B No. 5815643, for example, each discloses an internal organ model including a porous membrane having a layer of cells provided on a surface thereof, and at least two microchannels partitioned by the porous membrane.
- Various experiments and tests can be performed using an internal organ model such as that disclosed in US 2011/0053207, JP-B No. 5415538, and JP-B No. 5815643. For example, what is called an extravasation test may be performed by running blood containing a drug through one of the microchannels, and then measuring the number or amount of red blood cells, biomarker, or the like, which have moved through the porous membrane from the one microchannel to another microchannel. This extravasation test enables evaluation of the level of drug induced injury to the layer of cells provided to the surface of the porous membrane, enabling drug toxicology testing to be performed.
- However, the pores in the porous membrane used in conventional internal organ models are produced using what is known as a track etching process, in which, for example, a material configuring the porous membrane is irradiated with heavy ions. Accordingly, the opening coverage ratio of pores in the membrane is, for example, as low as from 2% to 20%, and due to the membrane also being thick, the passage of red blood cells or the like is obstructed by the porous membrane. Namely, in the conventional internal organ models, there were cases in which the level of drug induced injury to a layer of cells provided at a surface of the porous membrane may not be accurately evaluated.
- The present disclosure provides a blood vessel model that may enable movement of red blood cells or the like to be suppressed from being obstructed by a porous membrane during an extravasation test.
- A blood vessel model according to a first aspect of the present disclosure includes: a pair of channel members, mutually opposing each other, each of which includes an opposing face in which a respective microchannel is formed; and a porous membrane that includes plural through-holes penetrating in a thickness direction, that is disposed between the opposing faces of the pair of channel members, and that partitions between the microchannels, wherein the porous membrane is provided with a vascular endothelial cell layer so as to cover one face facing one of the microchannels, an average opening diameter of the through-holes is from 1 μm to 20 μm, and an opening coverage ratio of the through-holes is from 30% to 70%.
- In the above configuration, the average opening diameter of the through-holes in the porous membrane partitioning between the microchannels is from 1 μm to 20 μm, and the opening coverage ratio of the through-holes is from 30% to 70%. Thus, during extravasation testing, when red blood cells or the like that are flowing through the through-holes in the porous membrane and moving from one of the microchannels to the other of the microchannels, the movement of the red blood cells or the like may be suppressed from being obstructed by the porous membrane.
- In a second aspect of the present disclosure, in the first aspect, a membrane thickness of the porous membrane may be less than or equal to half of the average opening diameter of the through-holes.
- In the above second aspect, since the membrane thickness of the porous membrane is less than or equal to half of the average opening diameter of the through-holes, compared to a case in which the membrane thickness of the porous membrane is greater than half the average opening diameter of the openings of the through-holes, red blood cells or the like may further readily pass through the through-holes in the porous membrane. Accordingly, the second aspect may further improve the accuracy of the extravasation test.
- In a third aspect of the present disclosure, in the first or second aspect, communication holes that place the through-holes in communication with each other may be formed inside the porous membrane; the through-holes may be arranged in a honeycomb pattern; a variation coefficient of opening diameters of the through-holes may be less than or equal to 10%; and a porosity of the porous membrane may be greater than or equal to 50%.
- In the above third aspect, the through-holes are arranged in a honeycomb pattern and are in communication with each other through the communication holes. The variation coefficient of the opening diameters of the openings of the through-holes is less than or equal to 10%, and the porosity of the porous membrane is greater than or equal to 50%. Thereby, in the third aspect, the red blood cells or the like may be made to pass through more uniformly. Accordingly, the third aspect may further improve the accuracy of the extravasation test.
- In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, in the first to the third aspects, a cell layer of cells may be selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells, and may be provided at the other face of the porous membrane facing the other microchannel.
- In the above fourth aspect, due to forming the cell layer of cells from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells, on the other face of the porous membrane on the opposite side to the face on which the vascular endothelial cell layer is formed, a blood vessel model that more closely resembles an actual blood vessel may be achieved.
- In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, in the first aspect to the fourth aspect, a tensile elongation at break of the porous membrane may be greater than or equal to 50%; and a stress required for 10% elongation of the porous membrane may be less than or equal to 1000 gf/mm2.
- In the above fifth aspect, since the porous membrane is formed from a flexible material having a tensile elongation at break greater than or equal to 50% and having a stress required for 10% elongation less than or equal to 1000 gf/mm2, a blood vessel model that more closely resembles an actual blood vessel may be achieved.
- In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, in the first aspect to the fifth aspect, the through-holes may have flattened shapes in plan view and may include a major axis and a minor axis.
- In the above sixth aspect, since the through-holes have flattened shapes such as elliptical shapes in plan view, the red blood cells or the like may pass more readily through the through-holes. Accordingly, the sixth aspect may further improve accuracy of the extravasation test.
- In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, in the first aspect to the sixth aspect, the porous membrane may include a porous region in which the through-holes are formed, and a non-porous region in which the through-holes are not formed.
- In the above seventh aspect, since, for example, portions of the porous membrane disposed in the vicinity of inlets and in the vicinity of outlets of the microchannels are configured as the non-porous regions in which the through-holes are not formed, the flow of red blood cells or the like inside the microchannels may be regulated. Accordingly, the seventh aspect may further improve accuracy of the extravasation test.
- According to the above aspects, the present disclosure may enable the movement of red blood cells or the like during extravasation testing to be suppressed from being obstructed by the porous membrane.
- Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail based on the following figures, wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective diagram illustrating an overall configuration of a blood vessel model of an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective diagram illustrating overall configuration of a blood vessel model of an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-section illustrating a porous membrane of a blood vessel model of an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 4 is a plan view illustrating a porous membrane of a blood vessel model of an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 5 is a plan view illustrating a porous membrane of a blood vessel model of a modified example; -
FIG. 6 is a plan view illustrating a porous membrane of a blood vessel model of a modified example; -
FIG. 7A is a micrograph of a porous membrane of an example 1; and -
FIG. 7B is a micrograph of a porous membrane of a comparative example 1. - Explanation follows regarding an example and modified examples of an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, with reference to
FIG. 1 toFIG. 6 . Note that the following exemplary embodiment is merely an example of the present disclosure, and does not limit the scope of the present disclosure. Also note that the dimensions of various configuration in the drawings are modified as appropriate in order to facilitate explanation of the various configuration. Accordingly, the scale in the drawings may differ from the scale in actual practice. - As illustrated in
FIG. 1 andFIG. 2 , ablood vessel model 10 of an exemplary embodiment includes anupper channel member 12 and alower channel member 14 stacked on one another. Theupper channel member 12 and thelower channel member 14 are, for example, configured from an elastic material such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and have substantially rectangular plate shapes. - A
concave portion 18, that defines anupper microchannel 16, is formed in a lower face of theupper channel member 12, namely, at anopposing face 12A opposing to thelower channel member 14. Theconcave portion 18 includes aninlet 18A, anoutlet 18B, and achannel portion 18C communicating theinlet 18A with theoutlet 18B. - Through-
holes upper channel member 12, penetrate theupper channel member 12 in the thickness direction, and have lower ends in respective communication with theinlet 18A and theoutlet 18B. Upper ends of the through-holes upper channel member 12. Liquid supply tubing (not illustrated) is connected to the upper ends of the through-holes - Similarly, a
concave portion 24 that defines alower microchannel 22 is formed in an upper face of thelower channel member 14, namely, at anopposing face 14A opposing to theupper channel member 12. Theconcave portion 24 includes aninlet 24A, anoutlet 24B, and achannel portion 24C communicating theinlet 24A with theoutlet 24B. - The
inlet 24A andoutlet 24B of thelower channel member 14 and theinlet 18A andoutlet 18B of theupper channel member 12 are provided at positions not overlapping in plan view. In contrast thereto, thechannel portion 24C of thelower channel member 14 and thechannel portion 18C of theupper channel member 12 are provided at positions overlapping in plan view. - Through-
holes upper channel member 12, penetrate theupper channel member 12 in the thickness direction, and have lower ends in respective communication with theinlet 24A and theoutlet 24B. Upper ends of the through-holes upper channel member 12. Liquid supply tubing (not illustrated) is connected to the upper ends of the through-holes - A
porous membrane 28 is provided between the opposing faces 12A and 14A of theupper channel member 12 and thelower channel member 14. Theupper channel member 12 and thelower channel member 14 are joined together with theporous membrane 28 in an interposed state therebetween. Note that, besides being bonded together using an adhesive agent, a variety of methods, such as welding, attraction (self-adhering), or joining with bolts, may be employed as the method for joining theupper channel member 12 and thelower channel member 14 together. - The
porous membrane 28 is, for example, a hydrophobic polymer that solves in a hydrophobic organic solvent. Note that the hydrophobic organic solvent is a liquid with a solubility in 25° C. water of less than or equal to 10 (g/100 g water). - Examples of hydrophobic polymers include polymers such as polybutadiene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyesters (for example, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, polylactic acid-polycaprolactone coolymer, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene succinate, polybutylene succinate, and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate), polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropene, polyvinyl ether, polyvinylcarbazole, polyvinyl acetate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactone, polyamide, polyimide, polyurethane, polyurea, polyaromatics, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polysiloxane derivatives, and cellulose acylate (for example, triacethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate propionate, and cellulose acetate butyrate). Polymers that dissolve in a hydrophobic organic solvent are preferable from the viewpoint of producing a honeycomb membrane using the production method disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent No. 4,734,157.
- These polymers may have the form of a homopolymer, a copolymer, a polymer blend or a polymer alloy, as necessary, from the viewpoints of, for example, solubility in solvents, optical properties, electrical properties, membrane strength, and elasticity. These polymers may be used singly, or in combination of two or more thereof. Note that the material of the
porous membrane 28 is not limited to being a hydrophobic polymer, and various materials may be selected from viewpoints such as the adhesiveness of cells. - An
upper face 28A and alower face 28B of the porous membrane 28 (hereinafter, theupper face 28A and thelower face 28B are may be referred collectively as “main faces”) are sized so as to substantially cover thechannel portions upper microchannel 16 and thelower microchannel 22, such that theupper microchannel 16 is partitioned from thelower microchannel 22. - Specifically, the
upper face 28A of theporous membrane 28, namely, the main face facing theupper channel member 12, together with theconcave portion 18 of theupper channel member 12, defines theupper microchannel 16. Thelower face 28B of theporous membrane 28, namely, the main face facing thelower channel member 14, together with theconcave portion 24 of thelower channel member 14, defines thelower microchannel 22. - As illustrated in
FIG. 3 , a vascularendothelial cell layer 36, for example, is provided to theupper face 28A of theporous membrane 28 so as to completely cover theupper face 28A. The inside of theupper microchannel 16 thereby configures an environment that closely resembles the inside of a blood vessel. Examples of vascular endothelial cells include: vascular endothelial cells originating from the umbilical vein, the umbilical artery, the aorta, a coronary artery, the pulmonary artery, a pulmonary microvessel, or a dermal microvascular; and vascular endothelial cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells. - A
cell layer 38, for example, configured from cells selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells, is provided to thelower face 28B of theporous membrane 28 so as to completely cover thelower face 28B. Thelower microchannel 22 thereby configures an environment that closely resembles a blood vessel exterior. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are somatic stem cells that are capable of dividing into muscle cells, fat cells, cartilage cells, and the like. - Note that the
cell layer 38 of cells selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells may be provided to theupper face 28A of theporous membrane 28, and the vascularendothelial cell layer 36 may be provided to thelower face 28B of theporous membrane 28. Moreover, it is sufficient that the vascularendothelial cell layer 36 be provided to at least one of the main faces of theporous membrane 28. Configuration may be such that thecell layer 38 is not provided to the other main face of theporous membrane 28. - From the viewpoint of adhesiveness of cells, it is preferable that a region where cells are seeded on at least one of the
upper face 28A and thelower face 28B of theporous membrane 28 is coated by at least one selected from the group consisting of fibronectin, collagen (for example, type I collagen, type IV collagen or type V collagen), laminin, vitronectin, gelatin, perlecan, nidogen, proteoglycan, osteopontin, tenascin, nephronectin, a basement membrane matrix and polylysine. Note that it is preferable that theporous membrane 28, and the inside of through-holes 30, described later, be coated by at least one of these. - For providing the vascular
endothelial cell layer 36 and thecell layer 38 to the respective main face of theporous membrane 28, for example, a method in which a cell suspension is poured into theupper microchannel 16 and thelower microchannel 22 so as to seed cells on the main faces of theporous membrane 28, may be employed. Further, a method in which cells are seeded and cultured on the main faces of theporous membrane 28 inside a separate culturing apparatus, and then theporous membrane 28 having the vascularendothelial cell layer 36 and thecell layer 38 formed thereon is mounted in theblood vessel model 10, may also be employed. - As illustrated in
FIG. 3 andFIG. 4 , plural through-holes 30 are formed in theporous membrane 28 penetrating theporous membrane 28 in the thickness direction.Openings 30A of the through-holes 30 are provided in each of theupper face 28A and thelower face 28B of theporous membrane 28. As illustrated inFIG. 4 , theopenings 30A have circular shapes in plan view. Theopenings 30A are provided at a separation from each other. Aflat portion 32 extends betweenadjacent openings 30A. Note that theopenings 30A are not limited to circular shapes, and may also be configured with polygonal shapes. - The
plural openings 30A are arranged in a regular manner, and in the present exemplary embodiment, as illustrated inFIG. 4 , for example, are arranged in honeycomb pattern. A honeycomb pattern arrangement is an arrangement in which the centers of theopenings 30A are disposed at positions of the vertexes, and at the points where diagonals intersect, for units of a parallel hexagon (a regular hexagon is preferable) or a shape close to this. Herein, “centers of the openings” means the centers of theopenings 30A in plan view. - Note that the arrangement of the
openings 30A is not limited to a honeycomb pattern. Theopenings 30A may also be configured in a lattice pattern or a face-centered lattice pattern. A lattice pattern arrangement is an arrangement in which the centers of the openings are disposed at the positions of the vertexes for units of a parallelogram (it goes without saying that this includes squares, rectangles, and rhombuses; a square is preferable) or a shape close thereto. A face-centered lattice pattern arrangement is an arrangement in which the centers of the openings are disposed at the positions of the vertexes, and at the points where diagonals intersect, for units of a parallelogram (it goes without saying that this includes squares, rectangles, and rhombuses; a square is preferable) or a shape close thereto. - The arrangement of the
openings 30A may be arbitrary. However, it is preferable that theplural openings 30A are arranged in a regular manner from the viewpoint of achieving a uniform density of theopenings 30A in theupper face 28A and thelower face 28B of theporous membrane 28. A regular arrangement is an arrangement in which the variation coefficient of the surface areas of the parallel hexagon or parallelogram units of the arrangement is, for example, less than or equal to 10%. Some of theopenings 30A may be missing or theopenings 30A may be not in alignment. However, it is preferable that theopenings 30A are continuously arranged in all directions without any gaps therebetween. Note that the “variation coefficient” is a value arrived at by dividing the standard deviation of a given population by the mean thereof, and is an index expressing the degree of dispersion in the population as a percentage. - As illustrated in
FIG. 3 , each through-hole 30 in theporous membrane 28 has a spherical segment shape, which is a shape in which the upper and lower end of a sphere have been cut away. Through-holes 30 that are adjacent to one another are in communication with each other through respective communication holes 34 in the interior of theporous membrane 28. - It is preferable that each through-
hole 30 is in communication with every adjacent through-hole 30. In cases in which theopenings 30A of the plural through-holes 30 are arranged in a honeycomb pattern, as in the present exemplary embodiment, each through-hole 30 is in respective communication with six adjacent through-holes 30 through six communication holes 34. Note that the through-holes 30 may have a barrel shape, a circular column shape, a polygonal column shape, or the like, and the communication holes 34 may be tube shaped voids linking together adjacent through-holes 30. - An opening diameter D of each
opening 30A of the through-holes 30 is, for example, a size such that red blood cells in blood are able to pass therethrough. Specifically, the average opening diameter is preferably from 1 μm to 20 μm, and even more preferably is from 3 μm to 10 μm. Setting the average opening diameter to 1 μm or greater enables the through-holes 30 to be a size that allows red blood cells to pass therethrough, and setting the average opening diameter to 20 μm or less enables retention of the vascularendothelial cell layer 36 and thecell layer 38 on the main faces of theporous membrane 28. - Herein, “opening diameter D” is the major axis of the
openings 30A, and “average opening diameter” is the calculated average of the opening diameters D measured for ten or more arbitrarily selectedopenings 30A. “Major axis” means the longest distance between two arbitrarily selected points on the outline of an opening. However, in cases in which a direction has been specified, “major axis” means the longest distance between two arbitrarily selected points along that direction. - The opening coverage ratio of the
openings 30A of the through-holes 30 is preferably from 30% to 70%, and even more preferably is from 40% to 60%. Setting the opening coverage ratio to greater than or equal to 30% enables the movement of red blood cell to be suppressed from being obstructed by theporous membrane 28, and setting the opening coverage ratio to less than or equal to 70% enables the required strength to be achieved in theporous membrane 28. - Herein, “opening coverage ratio” expresses a ratio of S2 to S1 as a percentage, wherein S1 denotes a unit of surface area of the
porous membrane 28 under the supposition that the main faces of theporous membrane 28 are smooth (namely, under the supposition that there are noopenings 30A in the porous membrane 28), and S2 denotes the sum of the surface area ofopenings 30A provided per unit surface area, where the same units of measurement are used for S1 and S2. - The membrane thickness T of the
porous membrane 28 is preferably less than or equal to half of the average opening diameter of theopenings 30A of the through-holes 30. Specifically, the thickness T is preferably from 0.5 μm to 10 μm, and is more preferably from 1 μm to 10 μm. Setting the membrane thickness T of theporous membrane 28 to a thickness less than or equal to half of the average opening diameter of the through-holes 30 enables the movement of red blood cell to be suppressed from being obstructed by theporous membrane 28. - The variation coefficient of the opening diameters D of the
openings 30A is preferably less than or equal to 10%, and the smaller the variation coefficient the more preferable. The smaller the variation coefficient of the opening diameters D, the more uniformly red blood cells and the like can pass through the plural through-holes 30 in theporous membrane 28. - The porosity of the
porous membrane 28 is preferably greater than or equal to 50%. Setting the porosity to greater than or equal to 50% enables the movement of red blood cell to be suppressed from being obstructed by theporous membrane 28. Note that if the porosity is too large, the strength of theporous membrane 28 becomes insufficient with regards to the required strength therefor, and so the porosity is preferably less than or equal to 95%. - Herein, “porosity” expresses a ratio of V2 to V1 as a percentage, wherein V1 denotes a unit of volume of the
porous membrane 28 under the supposition that the main faces of theporous membrane 28 are smooth (namely, under the supposition that there are noopenings 30A in the porous membrane 28), and V2 denotes the sum of the volume of the through-holes 30 and the communication holes 34 provided per unit volume, where the same units of measurement are used for V1 and V2. - The tensile elongation at break of the
porous membrane 28 is preferably greater than or equal to 50%, is more preferably 100%, and is even more preferably greater than or equal to 200%. The stress required for 10% elongation of theporous membrane 28 is preferably less than or equal to 1000 gf/mm2. A material becomes more flexible as the tensile elongation at break increases and the stress required for 10% elongation decreases. It is thus possible to bend, stretch, and compress theporous membrane 28, enabling theblood vessel model 10 to more closely resemble an actual blood vessel. - Herein, the “tensile elongation at break” can be evaluated by measuring the elongation at tensile breaking of the
porous membrane 28 according to the method defined in JIS K 6251:2010. The “stress required for 10% elongation” can be evaluated by measuring the stress applied to theporous membrane 28 when theporous membrane 28 is elongated by 10% according to the method defined in JIS K 6251:2010. - Note that, examples of methods for producing the
porous membrane 28 formed with the through-holes 30 include, nano-printing processes, condensation processes, etching processes, sandblasting processes, or press molding processes. A nano-printing process is a method in which the through-holes 30 are produced by pouring a material for configuring theporous membrane 28 into a mold having projections and recesses, or pressing such a mold against a material for configuring theporous membrane 28. A condensation process is a method in which condensation is induced on the surface of a material for configuring theporous membrane 28, so as to form the through-holes 30 by using water droplets as molds. - In comparison to other methods, a condensation process enables the membrane thickness of the
porous membrane 28 to be made thinner, enables the porosity and the opening coverage ratio of theopenings 30A to be increased, and also enables the communication holes 34 to be provided within theporous membrane 28. Thus, in the present exemplary embodiment, theporous membrane 28 is produced using a condensation process. Condensation processes are described in detail in, for example, JP-B No. 4945281, JP-B No. 5422230, JP-B No. 5405374, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2011-74140. - Next, as an example, explanation is given regarding a case in which a drug toxicology evaluation is performed using the
blood vessel model 10 of the present exemplary embodiment. When performing a drug toxicology test, first, theupper channel member 12 and thelower channel member 14 are joined together with theporous membrane 28 in an interposed state therebetween to produce theblood vessel model 10 including theupper microchannel 16 and thelower microchannel 22, as illustrated inFIG. 2 . Note that the vascularendothelial cell layer 36 and thecell layer 38 are provided to the main faces of theporous membrane 28. - Then, using a pump, a blood dilution containing a drug is run through tubing (not illustrated in the drawings) and the through-
hole 20A into theupper microchannel 16, is passed through the inside of theupper microchannel 16, and is caused to pass through the through-hole 20B and tubing (not illustrated in the drawings) to run out of theblood vessel model 10. - Meanwhile, using a pump, a culture solution or a physiological saline solution is run through tubing (not illustrated in the drawings) and the through-
hole 26A into thelower microchannel 22, is passed through the inside of thelower microchannel 22, and is caused to pass through the through-hole 26B and tubing (not illustrated in the drawings) to run out of theblood vessel model 10. Note that the pressure in theupper microchannel 16 through which the blood dilution flows is higher than that in thelower microchannel 22 through which the culture solution or the physiological saline solution flows. - At the start of the toxicology test, as illustrated in
FIG. 3 , the whole of theupper face 28A and the whole of thelower face 28B of theporous membrane 28 are respectively covered by the vascularendothelial cell layer 36 and thecell layer 38. Accordingly, red blood cells in the blood are unable to pass through theporous membrane 28 and do not leak out into thelower microchannel 22. - However, when a certain amount of time has elapsed from the start of the toxicology test, the vascular
endothelial cell layer 36 is injured by the toxicity of the drug. In addition to the vascular endothelial cell layer, thecell layer 38 is also injured by the drug. By measuring the number of red blood cells that have passed through theporous membrane 28 and flowed into thelower microchannel 22 due to such an injured portion, namely, by performing an extravasation test, it is possible to evaluate the level of drug induced injury to the vascularendothelial cell layer 36 and thecell layer 38. - The present exemplary embodiment is configured such that in the
porous membrane 28 partitioning theupper microchannel 16 from thelower microchannel 22, the average opening diameter of theopenings 30A of the through-holes 30 is from 1 μm to 20 μm, and the opening coverage ratio of theopenings 30A of the through-holes 30 is from 30% to 70%. Accordingly, during extravasation testing when red blood cells running through theupper microchannel 16 pass through the through-holes 30 in theporous membrane 28 and move into thelower microchannel 22, the movement of red blood cells can be suppressed from being obstructed by theporous membrane 28. - Moreover, the present exemplary embodiment is configured such that the membrane thickness of the
porous membrane 28 is less than or equal to half of the average opening diameter of theopenings 30A of the through-holes 30. Accordingly, compared to a case in which the membrane thickness of theporous membrane 28 is greater than half the average opening diameter of theopenings 30A of the through-holes 30, red blood cells more readily pass through the through-holes 30 in theporous membrane 28 Accordingly, the present exemplary embodiment may further improve the accuracy of the extravasation test. - Additionally, the present exemplary embodiment is configured with the
openings 30A of the through-holes 30 arranged in a honeycomb pattern, and through-holes 30 within theporous membrane 28 are in communication with each other through the communication holes 34. The variation coefficient of the opening diameters of theopenings 30A of the through-holes 30 is less than or equal to 10%, and the porosity of theporous membrane 28 is greater than or equal to 50%. Accordingly, red blood cells can pass through the plural through-holes 30 in theporous membrane 28 more uniformly. Accordingly, the present exemplary embodiment may further improve the accuracy of the extravasation test. - Additionally, the present exemplary embodiment is configured with the vascular
endothelial cell layer 36 provided to theupper face 28A of theporous membrane 28, and with thecell layer 38 provided to thelower face 28B of theporous membrane 28. Thecell layer 38 is configured of cells selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells. Additionally, theporous membrane 28 is configured from a flexible material having a tensile elongation at break that is greater than or equal to 50%, and in which the stress required for 10% elongation is less than or equal to 1000 gf/mm2. Thereby, in the present exemplary embodiment, theblood vessel model 10 may be configured to more closely resemble an actual blood vessel. - Explanation has been given regarding an example of an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the above, and various modifications may be implemented besides the above, within a range not departing from the spirit of the present disclosure.
- For example, although the
openings 30A of the through-holes 30 in theporous membrane 28 of the above exemplary embodiment have circular shapes in plan view,openings 50A of through-holes 50 in aporous membrane 48 may have elliptical shapes in plan view, as illustrated inFIG. 5 . By configuring theopenings 50A of the through-holes 50 with elliptical shapes, for example, disc-shaped red blood cells may be easily passed through theopenings 50A of the through-holes 50, and other cells in blood may be less liable to pass therethrough. - Examples of methods for forming the
openings 50A of theopenings 50A of through-holes 50 into elliptical shapes include a method in which, after circular shapedopenings 30A such as illustrated inFIG. 4 have been formed in theporous membrane 48, theporous membrane 48 is stretched along one direction (the left-right direction inFIG. 4 ). This method enables plural elliptical shapedopenings 50A to be formed having their major axis directions along the same direction (the left-right direction inFIG. 5 ). - Note that elliptical shaped
openings 50A may be directly formed in theporous membrane 48 using press molding or the like, without stretching theporous membrane 48. Moreover, so long as the shape of theopenings 50A is a flattened shape with a major axis and a minor axis in plan view, the shape of theopenings 50A may, for example, be a flattened polygonal shape arrived at by stretching a regular polygon. - In the
porous membrane 28 of the above exemplary embodiment, theopenings 30A of the through-holes 30 were arranged in a regular manner over the entirety of the main faces of theporous membrane 28. However, as illustrated inFIG. 6 , aporous membrane 58 may be provided with aporous region 62 in whichopenings 60A of through-holes 60 are formed, and anon-porous region 64 not formed with theopenings 60A of through-holes 60 (the region marked by the double-dotted dashed line inFIG. 6 ). - Specifically, in the
porous membrane 58, portions disposed in the vicinity of theinlet 18A and in the vicinity of theoutlet 18B of theconcave portion 18 configuring theupper microchannel 16 illustrated inFIG. 1 , and in the vicinity of theinlet 24A and in the vicinity of theoutlet 24B of theconcave portion 24 configuring thelower microchannel 22 illustrated inFIG. 1 , are, for example, configured as thenon-porous region 64. - Generally, the flow of liquid such as blood is easily disturbed at the
inlets outlets porous membrane 58 in the vicinity of theinlets outlets non-porous region 64, the flow of liquid such as blood in theupper microchannel 16 and in thelower microchannel 22 may be regulated. Accordingly, theporous membrane 58 may further improve the accuracy of the extravasation test. - The blood vessel model of the present disclosure may enable extravasation testing to be performed, in a state in which movement of leaking substances such as red blood cells to outside the blood vessel accompanying drug toxicity is suppressed from being obstructed by the porous membrane. The blood vessel model of the present disclosure may therefore be useful as a blood vessel model capable of toxicology testing with high-accuracy.
- Detailed explanation follows regarding examples of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. Note that the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are not to be interpreted as being limited by the examples illustrated below.
-
FIG. 7A illustrates a micrograph of a porous membrane of example 1. In example 1, a porous membrane, similar to theporous membrane 28 of the above exemplary embodiment, was employed in which the openings of plural through-holes were arranged in a honeycomb pattern and the through-holes were in communication through communication holes. Note that the average opening diameter of openings in the porous membrane of example 1 was 5 the opening coverage ratio of the openings was 55%, the membrane thickness of the porous membrane was 2.2 the variation coefficient of the opening diameters of the openings was 3.5%, the porosity of the porous membrane was 75%, the tensile elongation at break was 250%, and the stress required for 10% elongation was 100 gf/mm2. - The microstructure of the produced porous membrane was measured using a profile scanning laser microscope (product name VK-X100, made by Keyence, Japan). Observations were made using a magnification at which 50 or more openings appeared on a single screen. Based on the observed micrograph, image analysis was performed on the openings present on the one screen, so as to measure the respective opening diameters D and find the average opening diameter DAV and the variation coefficient σD of the opening diameters D. Note that the variation coefficient of the opening diameters (given as a percentage) can be achieved using the calculation (σD/DAV)×100.
- The average opening diameter and the opening coverage ratio were achieved by performing binarization processing and image processing on the micrograph, using the 2D image analysis software WinROOF (Mitani Corp.). The membrane thickness of the porous membrane is an average value of the thickness of opening portions measured at ten points using the profile scanning laser microscope.
- Cross-sections of the porous membrane were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, product name SU8030, made by Hitachi, Japan) and the diameters of spheres equivalent to the through-holes was calculated as the porosity of the porous membrane. The porous membrane sample to be evaluated was sliced by a microtome (product name FCS, made by Reichert, Austria) to produce a sample for cross-sectional observation, the surface of the sample for cross-sectional observation was coated with an Os layer at a thickness of 6 nm, and the sample was observed with a SEM using an accelerating voltage of 2 kV. The tensile elongation at break of the porous membrane and the stress required for 10% elongation thereof were measured using a FUDOH RHEO METER RT-2002D·D (made by Rheotech Corp.)
-
FIG. 7B illustrates a micrograph of a porous membrane of comparative example 1. In comparative example 1, a porous membrane of conventional technology was employed in which the openings were formed by a track etching process. Note that the average opening diameter of the openings in the porous membrane of comparative example 1 was 5.7 μm, the opening coverage ratio of the openings was 12.4%, the membrane thickness of the porous membrane was 10.6 μm, the variation coefficient of the opening diameters of the openings was 35%, the porosity of the porous membrane was 15%, the tensile elongation at break was 150%, and the stress required for 10% elongation was 5800 gf/mm2. - A porous membrane is prepared with medical paper affixed to both sides thereof. The medical paper on one face of the porous membrane is removed using tweezers, and the face from which the medical paper has been removed is set face down on a lower channel member. The porous membrane is then soaked in ethanol using a swab to join the porous membrane and the lower channel member together.
- Next, the medical paper on the other face of the porous membrane is removed using tweezers, and the upper channel member is stacked on the other face of the porous membrane. The positions of the upper channel member and the lower channel member are aligned while being checking a microscope, and the upper channel member and the lower channel member are joined together. Thereby, the blood vessel model of example 1 and the blood vessel model of the comparative example 1 were respectively produced.
- Note that in example 1 and comparative example 1, in order to evaluate the permeability of the porous membranes to red blood cells, the porous membranes employed did not have an vascular
endothelial cell layer 36 nor a cell layer of cells selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pericytes, and fibroblast cells provided on principal faces thereof. - A blood dilution was run through the upper microchannels of the produced blood vessel models and a physiological saline solution was run through the lower microchannels thereof. The rate of fluid delivery of the blood dilution and the physiological saline solution was set to 500 μL/min, the internal pressure of the upper microchannel was set to approximately 8.7 kPa, and the internal pressure of the lower microchannel was set to approximately 1.3 kPa so as to establish parameters close to the blood flow and blood pressure conditions inside actual blood vessels.
- Counts of the number of red blood cells inside the lower microchannel, namely, inside the physiological saline solution, after a certain amount of time had elapsed since starting fluid delivery gave a number of red blood cells of 9.2×104 cells/ml in example 1, and a number of red blood cells of 2.2×104 cells/ml in the blood vessel model of Comparative example 1.
- This test was able to confirm that the porous membranes of example 1 and comparative example 1 both had permeability to red blood cells under conditions equivalent to those of blood pressure. Further, in comparison to the porous membrane of comparative example 1, the porous membrane of example 1 was more readily permeable to red blood cells, enabling confirmation that the porous membrane of the present exemplary embodiment enables the movement of red blood cells to be suppressed from being obstructed.
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (8)
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US15/618,151 US20180356399A1 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2017-06-09 | Blood vessel model |
CA3066616A CA3066616C (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2018-06-07 | Blood vessel model |
JP2019565825A JP6869379B2 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2018-06-07 | Blood vessel model |
CN201880037657.1A CN111263697B (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2018-06-07 | Blood vessel model |
PCT/US2018/036364 WO2018226902A2 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2018-06-07 | Blood vessel model |
EP18813126.2A EP3635395A4 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2018-06-07 | Blood vessel model |
KR1020197036088A KR102345370B1 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2018-06-07 | blood vessel model |
US16/705,216 US20200110075A1 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2019-12-05 | Blood vessel model |
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US15/618,151 US20180356399A1 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2017-06-09 | Blood vessel model |
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PCT/US2018/036364 Continuation WO2018226902A2 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2018-06-07 | Blood vessel model |
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EP4016047A4 (en) * | 2019-09-18 | 2022-10-05 | FUJIFILM Corporation | Method for evaluating permeability of porous film, method for evaluating cell and method for evaluating drug |
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EP4016047A4 (en) * | 2019-09-18 | 2022-10-05 | FUJIFILM Corporation | Method for evaluating permeability of porous film, method for evaluating cell and method for evaluating drug |
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