US20180037869A1 - Cell therapeutic agent for cancer treatment and combination therapy with same - Google Patents

Cell therapeutic agent for cancer treatment and combination therapy with same Download PDF

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US20180037869A1
US20180037869A1 US15/554,849 US201615554849A US2018037869A1 US 20180037869 A1 US20180037869 A1 US 20180037869A1 US 201615554849 A US201615554849 A US 201615554849A US 2018037869 A1 US2018037869 A1 US 2018037869A1
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cancer
cells
cell
msc
treatment
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Hae Young Suh
Sung Soo Kim
Da Young Chang
Jin Hwa Jung
Young Don Lee
Woo Sup Hwang
Jin Sung Park
Su Jung Lee
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Cell&brain Co Ltd
N4u Tec Holdings Inc
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Ajou University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation
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Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a method for preparing cells for cancer treatment, an adjuvant for anti-cancer comprising cells prepared by the same, a kit for cancer treatment, and a method for cancer treatment.
  • cancer including bone cancer, bladder cancer, blood cancer (leukemia), brain cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, bowel cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, oral cancer, nasal cancer, neural cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, neck cancer, uterine cancer, and vaginal cancer.
  • blood cancer leukemia
  • brain cancer breast cancer
  • colorectal cancer cervical cancer
  • esophageal cancer bowel cancer
  • kidney cancer lung cancer
  • liver cancer oral cancer
  • nasal cancer neural cancer
  • ovarian cancer pancreatic cancer
  • skin cancer stomach cancer
  • prostate cancer prostate cancer
  • neck cancer neck cancer
  • vaginal cancer vaginal cancer
  • a brain tumor is a type of cancer that causes great damage to the brain and has a very low survival rate.
  • extraction by surgical operation is the most effective treatment, but there are a number of cases in that the surgery is not possible depending on the type and location of the brain tumor, and the risk of postoperative complications is very high at the time of complete extraction.
  • a brain-blood barrier (BBB) that inhibits drug penetration is present in the brain, in order to treat brain tumor by chemotherapy using an anti-cancer agent, it is required to administer a high concentration of anti-cancer agent as compared to other types of cancer, which causes serious side effects in other organs of the body. Therefore, there is a need for a novel adjuvant method, a therapeutic agent, and an adjuvant that are able to lower the dose of the anti-cancer agent by enhancing effects of the anti-cancer agent.
  • a gene therapy method is a method of directly introducing a gene that inhibits proliferation of cancer cells into the cancer cells.
  • a virus is mainly used, but since the virus itself does not have an ability to move to cancer, it is required to inject the virus surgically. However, it is practically impossible to inject the viruses into every microscopic tumor or cancer cells, and thus, there is a limitation in targeting the cancer cells.
  • Korean Patent Registration No. 10-1022401 is known as a method for introducing a suicide gene into a mesenchymal stem cell to enhance targeting and treat cancer.
  • KR 10-1022401 does not disclose a combination therapy adjuvant for improving an effect of an anti-cancer agent by manipulating the mesenchymal stem cell in a special environment and administering the mesenchymal stem cell in combination with another anti-cancer agent, and does not disclose a method for periodic administration.
  • combination therapies such as combination therapy of two or more kinds of anti-cancer agents have been conducted.
  • a combination therapy of a chemotherapeutic agent but also a combination therapy of a chemotherapeutic agent in combination with different kinds of anti-cancer therapies, etc.
  • combination therapy there are many cases in which combination administration of each drug shows a simple additive effect of the same degree of drug efficacy.
  • unpredictable side effects have been reported, for example, an effect of the drugs is rather deteriorated by an interaction of the drugs, etc.
  • studies on the combination administration of drugs are still continuing.
  • the present inventors studied a novel cancer therapeutic agent that is capable of overcoming the limitations of the existing chemotherapy, found that cells prepared by introducing a cytosine deamine gene into a mesenchymal stem cell to prepare mesenchymal stem cell/cytosine deaminase (MSC/CD), followed by freezing and thawing, could exhibit very excellent tumor suppressive effect and survival rate improvement effect as compared to simply cultivated MSC/CD cells, and maximize effects of combination therapy with existing anti-cancer agents, and completed the present disclosure.
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell/cytosine deaminase
  • An object of the present disclosure is to provide a method for preparing “F cells” which are cells usable as an adjuvant for cancer treatment, a kit for cancer treatment comprising F cells, a combined administration agent with the F cells and a chemotherapeutic agent, and a combined administration method.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for preparing F cells comprising: 1) introducing cytosine deaminase (CD) into a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) to prepare mesenchymal stem cell/cytosine deaminase (MSC/CD); 2) freezing the prepared MSC/CD to prepare frozen MSC/CD; and 3) thawing and suspending the frozen MSC/CD to prepare F cells.
  • CD cytosine deaminase
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell/cytosine deaminase
  • the present disclosure provides an adjuvant for anti-cancer comprising the F cells prepared by the method.
  • kits for cancer treatment comprising the F cells prepared by the method, and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC).
  • the present disclosure provides a method for preventing or treating cancer comprising: 1) introducing cytosine deaminase (CD) into a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) to prepare mesenchymal stem cell/cytosine deaminase (MSC/CD); 2) freezing the prepared MSC/CD to prepare frozen MSC/CD; 3) thawing and suspending the frozen MSC/CD to prepare F cells; 4) administering the F cells to a subject in need of treatment; and 5) administering 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to a subject in need of treatment.
  • CD cytosine deaminase
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell/cytosine deaminase
  • the preparation method of the present disclosure it is possible to provide the F cells, in spite of having no difference in the proliferative capacity compared with mesenchymal stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase, which are harvested and used immediately after culturing, exhibit a very excellent tumor suppressive effect through the treatment together with 5-FC, and induce a remarkable synergistic effect exceeding an effect from combination therapy with an existing anti-cancer agent, even in cases of a combination therapy with another anti-cancer agent. Therefore, the present disclosure may be utilized as a kit for cancer treatment comprising such F cells, and thus may be favorably used to maximize the effect of existing cancer treatments.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a mesenchymal stem cell line (MSC/CD) that stably expresses cytosine deaminase, a suicide effect thereof, and a bystander effect.
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell line
  • FIG. 2 shows treatment process of MSC or MSC/CD with 5-FC in graph (A) and results of the suicide effect in graph (B) derived therefrom.
  • FIG. 3 shows treatment of MSC or MSC/CD with 5-FC in graph (A) and results of the bystander effect in fluorescent images (B) and graph (C) derived therefrom.
  • FIG. 4 shows process of cell preparation and treatment of I cell, F cell (DMSO), and F cell (CS10) in graph (A) for comparing bystander effect on respective cells and bystander effects in graph (B) on respective cells.
  • FIG. 5 shows a microscopic observation of a colony forming ability of the I cell and the F cell in images (A), and a graph for comparing quantitative analysis results using CFU-A (colony forming unit assay) in graph (B).
  • FIG. 6 shows a process of treating the I-cell or the F-cell with 5-FC in a brain tumor model in graph (A), results of brain tumor changes following the treatment observed under a dissecting microscope obtained by observing brain tumor changes by the treatment in images (B), and tumor volume changes in graph (C).
  • FIG. 7 shows a graph for tumor volume changes according to the I cell or F cell treatment in graph (A) in subcutaneous tumor models in which liver cancer cells are implanted subcutaneously, and representative tumor models showing an external size of the tumor in images (B).
  • FIG. 8 shows tumor volume changes according to the I cell or F cell treatment, in subcutaneous tumor models in which pancreatic cancer cells are implanted subcutaneously in graph (A), in subcutaneous tumor models in which lung cancer cells are implanted subcutaneously in graph (B), and in subcutaneous tumor models in which colon cancer cells are implanted subcutaneously in graph (C).
  • FIG. 9 shows F cells+5-FC+TMZ combination therapy in graph (A), the bystander effects derived therefrom in graphs (B) and (C), confirmation on results of cell death through fluorescence images of U87MG expressing GFP in images (D), and isobologram results of ICso values in graph (E).
  • FIG. 10 shows F cells+5-FC+anti-cancer agent combination therapy in graph (A), isobologram results of ICso values of carmustine in graph (B), and isobologram results of ICso values of irinotecan in graph (C), respectively, in anti-cancer agent combination therapy.
  • FIG. 11 shows process of F cells+5-FC+temozolomide (TMZ) combination therapy in graph (A), the results of brain tumor changes following the treatment observed under a dissecting microscope showing brain tumor changes in images (B), tumor volume changes in graph (C), and synergistic effects in improvement of survival rates in graph (D) by the combination therapy.
  • TMZ temozolomide
  • FIG. 12 shows the analysis process on effects of the I cell or the F cell+5-FC+temozolomide (TMZ) combination therapy in the subcutaneous tumor models in graph (A), tumor volume changes in graph (B), and synergistic effects of the F cell+5-FC+temozolomide (TMZ) in analysis of survival rates in graph (C).
  • the present disclosure provides a method for preparing F cells including: 1) introducing cytosine deaminase (CD) into a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) to prepare mesenchymal stem cell/cytosine deaminase (MSC/CD); 2) freezing the prepared MSC/CD to prepare frozen MSC/CD; and 3) thawing and suspending the frozen MSC/CD to prepare F cells.
  • CD cytosine deaminase
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell/cytosine deaminase
  • the method for preparing F cells of the present disclosure it is possible to provide the F cells, in spite of having no difference in the proliferative capacity compared with mesenchymal stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase, which are harvested and used immediately after culturing I cells, exhibit a very excellent tumor suppressive effect when treated with 5-FC, and induce a remarkable synergistic effect exceeding an effect from combination therapy with an existing anti-cancer agent, even in cases of a combination therapy with another anti-cancer agent.
  • the “MSC/CD” used herein refers to a mesenchymal stem cell prepared to express cytosine deaminase (CD) in the mesenchymal stem cell.
  • the mesenchymal stem cell into which the cytosine deaminase is introduced refers to a cell that moves to the vicinity of cancer cells with a tropism towards the cancer cells, and continuously expresses cytosine deaminase to induce suicide effect itself, and converts an non-toxic prodrug into an active anti-cancer agent to exhibit a bystander effect in which surrounding cancer cells are killed.
  • the MSC/CD is advantageous in that since it undergo cell death, side effects that may be caused by undesired continuous effects may be reduced, and since it moves to the vicinity of cancer cells, infiltrative cancer cells may be killed, thereby acting as an effective anti-cancer agent.
  • mesenchymal stem cell of the present disclosure is a kind of stem cells that are able to be collected from bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, and is referred to a multipotent stromal cell that is capable of proliferation, and in particular, that is capable of being differentiated into various types of cells such as bone cells, cartilage cells, muscle cells, and fat cells, unlike hematopoietic stem cells. Therefore, the mesenchymal stem cell of the present disclosure may preferably be the multipotent mesenchymal stem cell.
  • cytosine deaminase of the present disclosure is a suicide gene, which functions to convert a prodrug harmless to the human body into a cytotoxic anticancer material, and specifically, a gene that converts 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) which is a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), into 5-FU.
  • 5-fluorocytosine 5-FC
  • 5-fluorouracil 5-FU
  • the suicide gene may be introduced into the mesenchymal stem cell according to methods for intracellular introduction of genes known in the art, such as a method of using a non-viral vector or a virus vector including the same, or a physical method.
  • Examples of such physical methods for gene transfer may include electroporation, hydroporation, injection, etc.
  • Examples of gene transfer using non-viral vectors may include methods of using cationic lipids, lipid polymers, or nanoparticles.
  • the viral vector may include, without limitation, a replicable viral vector, a non-replicable viral vector, such as an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, a retroviral vector, herpes simplex virus, a hybrid adenoviral system, pox virus, a lentivirus vector, and Epstein Barr virus.
  • a replicable viral vector such as an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, a retroviral vector, herpes simplex virus, a hybrid adenoviral system, pox virus, a lentivirus vector, and Epstein Barr virus.
  • the suicide gene may be introduced into the retrovirus vector to construct an expression vector, the vector may be transfected into packaging cells, the transfected packaging cells may be cultured and filtered to obtain a retrovirus solution, and this retrovirus solution may be used to transfect the mesenchymal stem cell, thereby inserting the suicide gene into the mesenchymal stem cell.
  • the mesenchymal stem cell that continuously expresses the suicide gene may be obtained using a selection marker included in the retrovirus vector.
  • mesenchymal stem cell since mesenchymal stem cell is known to have low immunorejection even during allotransplantation, it is possible to use either cells isolated from others or cells collected from patients with cancer themselves, and to further minimize immunorejection among individuals through separation from bone marrow having similar HLA (human leukocyte antigen) types using a database of blood banks.
  • HLA human leukocyte antigen
  • the MSC/CD of the present disclosure may be obtained by introducing a suicide gene into the isolated stem cell at first, followed by screening, proliferation and differentiation under an appropriate condition in a test tube, or may be obtained by sufficiently proliferating the stem cell, introducing a suicide gene into the stem cell, followed by differentiation into the mesenchymal stem cell.
  • the MSC/CD is injected into a subject in need of treatment by the presence of the suicide gene, and kills themselves after, for example, 2 to 30 days, preferably 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days, but is not limited thereto, from the injection, thereby reducing side effects that may be induced by continuous action.
  • F cell (frozen cell) of the present disclosure refers to a cell that is not undergone an additional culturing step, free of culturing F cells, after freezing and thawing the MSC/CD, which is the mesenchymal stem cell into which the cytosine deaminase (CD) is introduced, and is defined as a cell being thawed and suspended, or suspended and washed with a purpose of administration of cells to the subject to be treated.
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell into which the cytosine deaminase
  • the F cell refers to a cell obtained by introducing cytosine deaminase (CD) into the mesenchymal stem cell to prepare the MSC/CD, culturing, freezing the cell in a freezing medium, thawing the cell at room temperature immediately before use, followed by suspension, for example, in a Plasma Solution A, or the like, containing human serum albumin, which is not limited thereto, and centrifugation.
  • CD cytosine deaminase
  • an immediately harvested cell (I cell)” may be exemplified, which is obtained by performing the same freezing and thawing step on the MSC/CD, but maximizing the concentration and activity through the subsequent culturing process, and is used by directly harvesting the cell in the culture.
  • the F cell compared to the I cell, of the present disclosure is characterized in that the anti-cancer effect is increased without culturing step, which is performed generally to maximize activation and without increasing a colony forming ability.
  • the F cell of the present disclosure may have an advantage of being immediately administered to a patient in need of treatment together with the improvement of the anti-cancer effect.
  • the cells in a cryopreserved state or frozen state may be stored by using any means known in the art for maintaining the cells to be in frozen state, such as a freezing preservation liquid, a freezing medium, etc.
  • the means may include media including freezing protectants such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dextran, human serum, human serum albumin, bovine serum, bovine serum albumin, poly-1-lysine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxy-ethyl-starch, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, and percoll (for example, cryostor CS2, cryostor CS10 commercially available from BioLife Solutions Inc.), and specifically, cryostor CS2, cryostor CS10, and 2 to 10% DMSO medium, and more specifically, 2, 5, and 10% DMSO media, etc.
  • freezing protectants such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dextran, human serum, human serum albumin, bovine serum, bovine serum albumin, poly-1-lys
  • the F cell of the present disclosure exhibits in vitro colony forming ability similar to that of the I cell, and also effectively exhibits the bystander effect of the MSC/CD. Further, the F cell exhibits an inhibitory effect in vivo on a variety of tumors including brain tumors and subcutaneous tumors twice or higher as compared to the I cell or the control group, and exhibits a highly elevated anti-cancer effect in the combination therapy with temozolomide (TMZ) which is the existing anti-cancer agent.
  • TMZ temozolomide
  • the F cell has no difference in the colony forming ability as compared to the I cell, the F cell exhibits a remarkable anti-cancer effect that are not able to be expected in vitro and an effect as an anti-cancer agent adjuvant, as compared to other I cells, due to the intrinsic activity of the F cell given according to the preparation method.
  • the F cells of the present disclosure may be differentiated from I cells that are conventionally used, by preparation methods in which cell culturing is not further performed after freezing.
  • the present disclosure provides the method for preparing F cells characterized in that the F cells are not subjected to cell culturing after freezing.
  • the F cell of the present disclosure is a cell for cancer treatment that is usable for cancer treatment.
  • the F cells may be used to treat, without limitation, all carcinomas capable of being extracted as cancer and carcinoma, and may be administered to a subject in need of treatment before, simultaneously with, and after chemotherapy using administration of anti-cancer agent.
  • the cancer may be, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of squamous cell cancer (for example, squamous cell cancer of epithelium), small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, lung cancer, peritoneal cancer, colorectal cancer, biliary tumor, nasopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, bronchial cancer, oral cancer, osteosarcoma, gallbladder cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, bladder cancer, melanoma, brain cancer, glioma, brain tumor, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, bone cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, and rectal cancer, and more preferably, brain tumor, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, and skin cancer.
  • squamous cell cancer for example, squamous cell cancer of epithelium
  • small cell lung cancer for example,
  • the F cell of the present disclosure may also be an adjuvant for anti-cancer.
  • the adjuvant for anti-cancer refers to an adjuvant that is capable of inducing faster action of a primary therapy and strongly forming an anti-cancer action thereof by combination therapy with the primary therapy, for example, cancer treatment by chemical therapy or surgical operation.
  • the adjuvant for anti-cancer may be used to enhance the effect of anti-cancer agent, which is a main therapeutic agent primarily used in chemotherapy using the anti-cancer agent, and may be used to maximize cancer treatment effect by treating residual cancer cells after surgery.
  • the F cells may be present in a form of a composition for use in cancer therapy or for use in the adjuvant for anti-cancer, and such a composition may include pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers and diluents.
  • a particularly preferred injection form is preferably formulated into an injection form suitable for injection into a tissue or organ.
  • the present disclosure provides an adjuvant for anti-cancer including the F cells.
  • the F cell may be injected into the patient's body according to the physician's prescription or by a method well known in the art, and a single dose will be determined in consideration of various related factors such as a disease to be treated, the severity of the disease, the route of administration, the body weight, age, and sex of the patient, etc.
  • kits for cancer treatment including the F cells, and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC).
  • the kit for cancer treatment is prepared for the purpose of the combination therapy of F cells and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), and means a kit prepared so that the F cells are able to be injected before, simultaneously with, and after administration of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) which is a prodrug, to a subject in need of treatment.
  • the kit for cancer treatment may comprise a first compartment and a second compartment, wherein the first compartment may comprise the F cells for cancer treatment or the F cells acting as an adjuvant for anti-cancer, and the second compartment may include 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC).
  • the kit may be contained in one container or in several different small containers with each divided dosage in order to improve convenience and portability. Therefore, several containers may exist in each container according to an arrangement method.
  • the kit of the present disclosure may include, if necessary, equipment necessary for use, instructions including descriptions of administration methods for each component, etc.
  • a kit for cancer treatment of the present disclosure may further include an anti-cancer agent.
  • the anti-cancer agent may include, but is not limited to, anti-cancer agents known in the art, and preferably may be at least one selected from the group consisting of nitrogen mustard, imatinib, oxaliplatin, rituximab, elotinib, trastuzumab, gefitinib, bortezomib, sunitinib, carboplatin, sorafenib, bevacizumab, cetuximab, viscum album, asparaginase, tretinoin, hydroxycarbamide, dasatinib, estramustine, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, ibritumomab tiuxetan, heptaplatin, methylaminolevulinic acid, amsacrine, alemtuzumab, procarbazine, alprostadil, hol
  • the present disclosure provides a method for preventing or treating cancer including: 1) introducing cytosine deaminase (CD) into a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) to prepare mesenchymal stem cell/cytosine deaminase (MSC/CD); 2) freezing the prepared MSC/CD to prepare frozen MSC/CD; 3) thawing and suspending the frozen MSC/CD to prepare F cells; 4) administering the F cells to a subject in need of treatment; and 5) administering 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to a subject in need of treatment.
  • CD cytosine deaminase
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell/cytosine deaminase
  • the subject is preferably a mammal, including a human, and may include all of a patient in need of cancer treatment, a patient undergoing cancer treatment, a patient experienced with cancer treatment, and a patient who need to be treated for cancer, and may also include a patient who underwent surgery to extract the cancer for cancer treatment.
  • the present disclosure provides the method for preventing or treating cancer, further including: 6) administering an anti-cancer agent to a subject in need of treatment.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for preventing or treating cancer including: 4) administering an anti-cancer agent to a subject in need of treatment before, simultaneously with administration of the F cells of step 4).
  • the present disclosure provides the method for preventing or treating cancer including both of simultaneous administration of the F cells and the anti-cancer agent to a subject in need of treatment, and sequential administration, such as administration of the anti-cancer agent after administration of the F cells, and administration of the F cells after administration of the anti-cancer agent to a subject in need of treatment.
  • the anti-cancer agent may include, but is not limited to, anti-cancer agents known in the art, and preferably may be at least one selected from the group consisting of nitrogen mustard, imatinib, oxaliplatin, rituximab, elotinib, trastuzumab, gefitinib, bortezomib, sunitinib, carboplatin, sorafenib, bevacizumab, cetuximab, viscum album, asparaginase, tretinoin, hydroxycarbamide, dasatinib, estramustine, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, ibritumomab tiuxetan, heptaplatin, methylaminolevulinic acid, amsacrine, alemtuzumab, procarbazine, alprostadil, holmium nitrate chitosan, gemcitabine, doxifluridine
  • the nitrosourea includes carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), etc.
  • the anti-cancer agent may be appropriately and selectively prescribed according to a prescription dose of the anticancer agent which is widely known in the art, but may be prescribed at a dose smaller than an average prescription dose in consideration of the synergistic effect with the F cells of the present disclosure.
  • the F cell of the present disclosure and 5-fluorocytosine may be administered simultaneously or sequentially with time differences, which may be selected depending on appropriate time and period for conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil by the F cell.
  • the present disclosure provides the method for preventing or treating cancer characterized in that the F cells of step 4) and the 5-fluorocytosine of step 5) are administered simultaneously or sequentially.
  • anti-cancer agent used in combination with the 5-fluorocytosine of the present disclosure may be administered simultaneously or sequentially with time differences, and may be selected according to appropriate time and period.
  • the present disclosure provides the method for preventing or treating cancer characterized in that the 5-fluorocytosine of step 5) and the anti-cancer agent of step 6) are administered simultaneously or sequentially.
  • the sequential administration in the present disclosure means that multiple components to be administered are administered to a subject with time differences, and the order of each of active components may be appropriately adjusted.
  • the F cells may be delivered in a pharmaceutically effective amount to a tumor site of the subject, and the delivery is preferably performed by an injection form, but is not limited thereto. In particular, it is more preferable that the injection is administered for mammals, preferably a human patient.
  • the F cells are the MSC/CD cells that are immediately used by freezing, thawing, or thawing and washing, and have an cytotoxic effect, which may be killed in a subject body for a predetermined period of time by a suicide effect, preferably 5 to 15 days after injection.
  • the F cells may be repeatedly administered for continuous treatment.
  • the 5-FC, the anti-cancer agent may be repeatedly administered depending on the therapeutic purpose and the condition of the patient.
  • the cycle of the repeated administration of the F cells, 5-FC, and the anti-cancer agent may be appropriately adjusted according to the therapeutic condition of the patient, and the cycle may be preferably every 10 to 30 days.
  • the repeated administration is preferable after at least 10 days, and the repeated administration every 30 days is also preferable considering that the cells are injected with a syringe.
  • the present disclosure provides the method for preventing or treating cancer characterized in that the administration of the F cells of step 4) is repeated every 10 to 30 days.
  • the 5-fluorocytosine may also be repeatedly administered periodically, and optionally, the anti-cancer agent for combined administration may also be repeatedly administered periodically.
  • F cells may be used to treat, without limitation, all carcinomas capable of being extracted as cancer and carcinoma, and may be administered to a subject in need of treatment before, simultaneously with, and after chemotherapy using administration of anti-cancer agent.
  • the cancer may be, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of squamous cell cancer (for example, squamous cell cancer of epithelium), small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, lung cancer, peritoneal cancer, colorectal cancer, biliary tumor, nasopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, bronchial cancer, oral cancer, osteosarcoma, gallbladder cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, bladder cancer, melanoma, brain cancer, glioma, brain tumor, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, bone cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, and rectal cancer, and more preferably, brain tumor, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, and skin cancer.
  • squamous cell cancer for example, squamous cell cancer of epithelium
  • small cell lung cancer for example,
  • the isolated mesenchymal stem cells were maintained in a CO 2 incubator at 37° C., and cultured in a mesenchymal stem cell culture medium [(10% FBS (Gibco)+10 ng/ml bFGF (Sigma-Aldrich)+1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco)+89% DMEM (Gibco)].
  • the cells were cultured while replacing the medium every two days. When the cells reached about 80% in the culture container, the cells were isolated using 0.25% trypsin/0.1 mM EDTA (Gibco), diluted so as to satisfy about 800 to 1,1000 cells/cm 2 , or 1:10 to 1:20 with the medium, and subcultured in a new culture container.
  • Some of the cells were stored frozen by a freezing medium supplemented with 2-10% DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich, 2, 5, 10%).
  • CD cytosine deaminase
  • DNA was isolated from E. coli K-12 MG1655 (Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), and then PCR was performed under conditions of 5 minutes at 94° C., 30 seconds at 94° C., 40 seconds at 60° C., 1 minute at 72° C., 27 cycles; 7 minutes at 72° C. using primers CD-F(5′-GAA TTC AGG CTA GCA ATG TCT CGA ATA ACG CTT TAC AAA C-3′) and CD-R (5′-GGATTC TCT AGC TGG CAG ACA GCC GC-3′).
  • the PCR product was using a pGEM-T Easy vector cloning kit (Promega), and then a PGEM-CD vector containing the CD gene was constructed through blue-white colony screening using X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- ⁇ -D-galactopyranoside, Sigma-Aldrich) and IPTG (Isopropyl 13-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, Sigma-Aldrich). It was confirmed that the base sequence of the obtained CD gene was identical to that of gi: 298594 of GeneBank through sequence analysis.
  • the prepared pGEM-CD plasmid and pcDNA3.1 (Clontech) were digested with EcoRI and Notl restriction enzymes, respectively, and the CD gene isolated from the plasmid pGEM-CD and the cut plasmid pcDNA3.1 were ligated with T4 DNA ligase. Then, the obtained product was used to transform E. coli DH5a, a competent cell, and cultured on an LB plate containing 50 ⁇ g/ml of ampicillin and selected to obtain a plasmid pcDNA3.1-CD. This plasmid was digested with BamH I restriction enzyme and introduced into a retroviral vector capable of producing retrovirus.
  • the obtained plasmid was isolated by a CsCl-ultra high-speed centrifuge, and transfected into FLYRD18 cell, which is a retrovirus packaging cell line, by calcium phosphate precipitation (Jordan, Nucleic Acid Research, 24, 596-601 (1996)). Then, the cells were cultured at 37° C. in an incubator while supplying 5% carbon dioxide and 95% air. After 48 hours, only the culture solution was obtained and filtered through a 0.45 IA filter membrane to obtain a retrovirus solution. The retrovirus solution was dispensed and used while storing at ⁇ 70° C.
  • the CD gene was introduced into the mesenchymal stem cell isolated and cultured in the description of 1.1, using the CD-containing retrovirus prepared in the description of 1.2. More specifically, the mesenchymal stem cell was cultured to reach about 70% in a 100 mm culture dish. Then, 3 ml of the retrovirus solution, 3 ml of the fresh mesenchymal stem cell culture medium, and 4 ⁇ g/ml of polybrene (Sigma-Aldrich) were added and cultured for 8 hours. Then, the virus solution was removed, 10 ml of mesenchymal stem cell culture medium was added and cultured for 16 hours, and then infected again with retrovirus.
  • the mesenchymal stem cell was finally taken off with trypsin and subcultured by 1:20 dilution with the medium.
  • puromycin Sigma-Aldrich
  • MSC/CD mesenchymal stem cell line continuously expressing CD, which is a suicide gene, was constructed.
  • the cytosine deaminase (CD) is a suicide gene.
  • the MSC/CD which is a mesenchymal stem cell expressing the cytosine deaminase (CD)
  • 10,000 MSC/CD or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured in a 12-well plate.
  • the cells were treated with the prodrug 5-FC at a concentration of 0 to 1,000 ⁇ M, and replaced with a new medium containing the drug once every two days.
  • the medium was changed to a cell culture medium containing 0.5 mg/ml of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, Sigma-Aldrich) capable of measuring living cells on the 6 th day after treatment with 5-FC, and reacted for 2 hours at 37° C.
  • MTT 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
  • F cells frozen cells
  • I cells immediateately harvested cells
  • the MSC/CD was cultured, and then 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells were dispensed in 1 ml of freezing medium containing 2 to 10% (2, 5, 10%) DMSO or 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells were dispensed in 1 ml of Cryostor CS10 (BioLife Solutions). The cells were frozen and stored in a liquid nitrogen container.
  • “I cells” of MSC/CD cells of passage 5 were dissolved at 37° C., and placed in 9 ml of culture medium. Then, the cells were centrifuged at 500 g for 5 minutes to remove the supernatant, and the precipitated cells were suspended in the culture solution, and dispensed in a 150 mm culture container. The next day, 1.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells were transferred to the 150 mm culture container, and replaced with new medium once every two days. After 6 days, the cells were collected to prepare “I cells” corresponding to passage 6.
  • the MSC/CD frozen and stored in the passage 6 at ⁇ 130° C. or below was dissolved at 37° C. and suspended in a Plasma Solution A (CJ HealthCare Corp.) containing 9 ml of human serum albumin, followed by centrifugation at 500 ⁇ g for 5 minutes, or suspended in physiological saline containing a final 7.5% dextran-40 (Daihan Pharm Co., Ltd.) and 5% human serum albumin (Green Cross Corp.), followed by centrifugation at 800 ⁇ g for 10 minutes. Then, the supernatant was removed, and the precipitated cells were suspended in the culture medium and used.
  • the F cells are cells that were not subjected to the culturing step after freezing and thawing.
  • the I cells and the F cells were washed twice, respectively, before transplantation into the brain.
  • the cells were treated with the prodrug 5-FC at a concentration of 0 to 1,000 ⁇ M, and replaced with a new medium containing the drug once every two days, and after 6 days, the cells were obtained. 200 ⁇ l of 1 ⁇ passive lysis buffer (Promega) was added, and the cells were placed on ice for 10 minutes. The cell lysate was transferred to an E-tube and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes, and the supernatant was transferred to a new container.
  • 1 ⁇ passive lysis buffer Promega
  • the IC 50 values indicating concentration at which 50% of apoptosis is caused was 60.4 ⁇ M for I cells, 56.2 ⁇ M for F cells prepared with 10% DMSO freezing medium (DMSO), and 55.4 ⁇ M for F cells prepared with Cryostor CS10 (CS10).
  • DMSO DMSO freezing medium
  • CS10 Cryostor CS10
  • the F cells prepared with the 10% DMSO freezing medium were used among the F cells prepared in Preparation Example 2.
  • a colony forming unit assay was performed to confirm whether the F cells prepared by freezing and thawing as in Preparation Example 2 exhibited a difference in proliferative capacity as compared to the I cells.
  • the I cells prepared as in Preparation Example 2 and corresponding the same passage and the F cells prepared with 10% DMSO freezing medium were counted with Countess (Invitrogen), and then 100 cells were placed in a 100 mm culture container, respectively, and cultured while replacing the medium with a new medium once every two days.
  • an orthotopic glioma model was constructed.
  • 7-week-old immunodeficient nude mice central experimental animals
  • the head to be incised was sterilized with 70% ethanol, and the crown of head was vertically incised to about 0.5 cm.
  • 5-FC 15 mg/ml physiological saline
  • 5-FC 15 mg/ml physiological saline
  • the animals were anesthetized, and perfused with physiological saline by inserting an injection needle into the left ventricle of the animals, and then, perfused with 10% formalin solution.
  • the brain was extracted and fixed on a mouse brain matrix (Stoelting). Then, the brain was cut horizontally at intervals of 1 mm, and put in the same fixing fluid for 30 minutes, thereby fixing the brain slice.
  • the brain slice was washed three times with phosphate buffered saline, immersed in phosphate buffered saline containing 20 mg/ml of X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- ⁇ -D-galactopyranoside, Koma Biotech), 5 mM potassium ferrocyanide/ferricyanide (Sigma-Aldrich), 2 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.02% NP40, and reacted at 37° C. for 16 hours.
  • An image of the brain tumor was obtained through an anatomic microscope. A size of the tumor was calculated using the image j (NIH) program and the following Equation, and the results are shown in FIG. 6 , in graph (A), images (B), and graph (C) thereof.
  • Tumor ⁇ ⁇ volume ⁇ ⁇ ( mm 3 ) ⁇ Number ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ pixels ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ tumor ⁇ ⁇ area Number ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ pixels ⁇ ⁇ per ⁇ ⁇ unit ⁇ ⁇ area ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ mm
  • the volume of the brain tumor was remarkably decreased, and more excellent effect was exhibited as compared to the I cell.
  • the computed mean size of the tumor was 91.3 mm 3 in the vehicle control group, 1.5 mm 3 in the I cell transplantation comparison group, but 0.6 mm 3 in the F cell transplantation animal group. That is, according to the in vivo results, it was confirmed that the F cell had a tumor-reducing effect twice more than that of the I cell among the MSC/CD, and the F cell could be a more effective anti-cancer agent.
  • Huh7 liver cancer cells (KCLB No. 60104) were suspended in 100 ⁇ l of a phosphate buffer solution containing 20% Matrigel (BD), and transplanted subcutaneously in 7-week-old immunodeficient nude mice (Balb/c nude). After 14 days from transplantation, when the tumor size reached 10 to 100 mm 3 , the I cells and the F cells prepared in Preparation Example 2 were injected. More specifically, the I cells and F cells prepared in Preparation Example 2 were suspended in the phosphate buffer solution, followed by centrifugation at 500 ⁇ g for 5 minutes.
  • BD phosphate buffer solution containing 20% Matrigel
  • Subcutaneous tumor volume (mm 3 ) Width (mm) ⁇ Length (mm) ⁇ Height (mm) ⁇ 6
  • the tumor volume was more effectively decreased in the experimental group treated with the F cell, confirming that the F cell had more excellent anti-cancer effect than the I cell.
  • animal images (B) of FIG. 7 the increased anti-cancer effect was visually confirmed in the subcutaneous tumor model transplanted with the liver cancer cells, and thus, it was confirmed that the therapeutic effect of F cells was excellent (*, p ⁇ 0.05 upon comparison with the PBS group).
  • BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells (ATCC No. CRL-1687TM) had a rapid growth rate and severe ulceration, and thus, 1 ⁇ 10 6 BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells, the I cells, and the F cells were injected simultaneously. More specifically, the I cells and F cells prepared in Preparation Example 2 were suspended in the phosphate buffer solution, followed by centrifugation at 500 ⁇ g for 5 minutes. This procedure was repeated twice, and then the I cells or the F cells were prepared to have concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 6 /100 ⁇ l in the phosphate buffer solution.
  • I cells or F cells were suspended in 100 ⁇ l of a phosphate buffer solution containing 20% Matrigel (BD), and simultaneously transplanted subcutaneously in 7-week-old immunodeficient nude mice (Balb/c nude). From the next day after the cell injection, 5-FC (15 mg/ml physiological saline) was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 500 mg/kg for one week.
  • BD phosphate buffer solution containing 20% Matrigel
  • the tumor volume was measured in the same manner as in Example 2.2, and the measured tumor volume change was shown in FIG. 8 , in graph (A) thereof.
  • the tumor volume was more effectively decreased in the experimental group treated with the F cell, confirming that the F cell had more excellent anti-cancer effect than the I cell, and had excellent therapeutic effect in the pancreatic cancer subcutaneous tumor model (*, p ⁇ 0.05 upon comparison with the PBS group).
  • A549 lung cancer cells (ATCC No. CCL-185TM) were suspended in 100 ⁇ l of a phosphate buffer solution containing 20% Matrigel (BD), and transplanted subcutaneously in 7-week-old immunodeficient nude mice (Balb/c nude). After 8 days from transplantation, when the tumor size reached 20 to 50 mm 3 , the I cells and the F cells prepared in Preparation Example 2 were injected. More specifically, the I cells and F cells prepared in Preparation Example 2 were suspended in the phosphate buffer solution, followed by centrifugation at 500 ⁇ g for 5 minutes.
  • BD phosphate buffer solution containing 20% Matrigel
  • the tumor volume was more effectively decreased in the experimental group treated with the F cell, confirming that the F cell had more excellent anti-cancer effect than the I cell, and had excellent therapeutic effect in the lung cancer subcutaneous tumor model (*, p ⁇ 0.05 upon comparison with the PBS group).
  • HT29 colon cancer cells (ATCC No. HTB-38TM) were suspended in 100 ⁇ l of a phosphate buffer solution containing 20% Matrigel (BD), and transplanted subcutaneously in 7-week-old immunodeficient nude mice (Balb/c nude). After the transplantation, when the tumor size reached 40 to 100 mm 3 , the I cells and the F cells prepared in Preparation Example 2 were injected. More specifically, the I cells and F cells prepared in Preparation Example 2 were suspended in the phosphate buffer solution, followed by centrifugation at 500 ⁇ g for 5 minutes.
  • BD phosphate buffer solution containing 20% Matrigel
  • the tumor volume was more effectively decreased in the experimental group treated with the F cell, confirming that the F cell had more excellent anti-cancer effect than the I cell, and had excellent therapeutic effect in the colon cancer subcutaneous tumor model (*, p ⁇ 0.05 upon comparison with the PBS group, and #, p ⁇ 0.05 upon comparison with the I cell group).
  • the F cell had an excellent anti-cancer effect in various types of cancer such as brain tumor, liver cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, and exhibited a more excellent anti-cancer effect in all types of cancer as compared to the I cell.
  • the solid line connecting the ICso values when the anti-cancer agent was treated alone in the isobologram is a theoretical additive line, which means that when the values obtained by simultaneously treating two anti-cancer agents are on the solid line, there is simply an additive effect. On the other hand, it means that when the value is lower than the solid line, there is a synergistic effect, and conversely, when the value is above the solid line, there is an antagonistic effect.
  • FIG. 9 in graph (E) thereof.
  • U87MG glioma cells i.e., U87/GFP (Korean Cell Line Bank KCLBNo. 30014) and 10,000 F cells (MSC/CD) were cultured in a 12-well plate. From the next day, the cells were treated with Carmustine (BCNU, Sigma) at a concentration of 0 to 300 ⁇ M and the prodrug 5-FC at a concentration of 0 to 300 ⁇ M, and cultured for 6 days while replacing with a new medium containing the drug once every two days. On the 7th day, the culture solution was removed, 200 ⁇ l of 1 ⁇ passive lysis buffer (Promega) was then added to each well, and each well was allowed to stand at 4° C. for 10 minutes.
  • Carmustine BCNU, Sigma
  • prodrug 5-FC at a concentration of 0 to 300 ⁇ M
  • the cell lysate was collected and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain a supernatant. 100 ⁇ l of the supernatant was transferred to a black 96-well plate in which light is blocked, and the intensity of fluorescence was measured under conditions of excitation 488 nm and emission 530 nm using a fluorimeter (GEMINI EM, molecular device). A schematic diagram of this experiment is shown in graph (A) of FIG. 10 .
  • the ICso values obtained by treatment with irinotecan alone in the isobologram was 3.2 ⁇ M and the ICso values obtained by treatment with 5-FC was 73.6 ⁇ M, and these ICso values were connected to obtain a theoretical additive line representing a simple additive effect.
  • the ICso values obtained when U87/GFP was treated with [F cell (MSC/CD)+5-FC] and irinotecan in combination were present at the lower side of the solid line as compared to the ICso values when the anti-cancer agent was treated alone, which was confirmed that there was a synergistic effect which is more excellent than the effect obtained by simple treatment with the two anti-cancer agents together.
  • 5-FC 15 mg/ml physiological saline
  • brain tissues were obtained from 8 animals in each animal group and X-gal staining was performed in the same manner as in Example 2 to measure the size of brain tumor.
  • the experimental procedure is shown in graph (A) of FIG. 11 , and the changes in measured brain tumor size are shown in images (B) and graph (C) of FIG. 11 .
  • the average size of vehicle control tumors was 59.8 mm 3
  • the average size of the animal group into which the F cells were transplanted was 11.8 mm 3
  • the average size of the animal group treated with temozolomide alone was 9.9 mm 3
  • the average size of the animal group into which the F cells+temozolomide were transplanted was 2.7 mm 3 .
  • the animal group into which the F cells and temozolomide combination therapy were transplanted had the most reduced average size of the tumor, and showed the most excellent anti-cancer effect.
  • the median survival in the control group was 32 days, but prolonged to 42 days in the F cell treatment group and 42 days in the temozolomide treatment group.
  • the median survival was prolonged to 70 days in the group with the F cell and temozolomide combination therapy, and a remarkable improvement in the survival rate was observed even in comparison with the group treated with the anti-cancer agent alone as well as the control group.
  • U87MG glioma cells were transplanted into subcutaneous tissue to construct a non-brain cancer model. 1 ⁇ 10 6 U87MG glioma cells were suspended in 100 ⁇ l of a phosphate buffer solution containing 20% Matrigel (BD), and transplanted subcutaneously in 7-week-old immunodeficient nude mice. The size of the tumor was measured twice weekly using a digital caliper, and the tumor volume was calculated using the following Equation.
  • Subcutaneous tumor volume (mm 3 ) Width (mm) ⁇ Length (mm) ⁇ Height (mm) ⁇ 6
  • the I cells and F cells prepared in Preparation Example 2 were suspended in a Plasma Solution A, and centrifuged at 500 ⁇ g for 5 minutes. This procedure was repeated twice, and then the I cells or the F cells were prepared to have concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 6 /100 ⁇ l in the Plasma Solution A and injected directly into the tumor using a syringe. From the next day after the I cell and F cell injection, 5-FC (15 mg/ml physiological saline) was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 500 mg/kg for one week.
  • temozolomide (Sigma-Aldrich) was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 5 mg/kg for 5 days.
  • Such an experimental method is briefly shown in graph (A) of FIG. 12 .
  • the measured tumor volume change is shown in graph (B) of FIG. 12 .
  • the Kaplan Meier survival graph obtained by measuring the lifespan of nude mice in the subcutaneous tumor model is shown in graph (C) of FIG. 12 .
  • the F cells have excellent therapeutic effect in the subcutaneous tumor model, and in particular, exhibit a synergistic therapeutic effect through combination therapy with temozolomide, which demonstrates superiority of the F cell combination therapy in other organs, which is difficult to be expected from in vitro experiment alone.

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