US20170333981A1 - Casting process and sand mould provided with a gating system for producing at least partly thin walled aluminium casts with sand moulding technology by means of gravity casting - Google Patents

Casting process and sand mould provided with a gating system for producing at least partly thin walled aluminium casts with sand moulding technology by means of gravity casting Download PDF

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US20170333981A1
US20170333981A1 US15/527,504 US201615527504A US2017333981A1 US 20170333981 A1 US20170333981 A1 US 20170333981A1 US 201615527504 A US201615527504 A US 201615527504A US 2017333981 A1 US2017333981 A1 US 2017333981A1
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Prior art keywords
casting
mould
sand
gating system
sand mould
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US15/527,504
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English (en)
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Gergely Hajas
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Alu-Onto Kft
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Alu-Onto Kft
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Assigned to Alu-Onto Kft. reassignment Alu-Onto Kft. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HAJAS, Gergely
Publication of US20170333981A1 publication Critical patent/US20170333981A1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D21/00—Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedure; Selection of compositions therefor
    • B22D21/02—Casting exceedingly oxidisable non-ferrous metals, e.g. in inert atmosphere
    • B22D21/04—Casting aluminium or magnesium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/08—Features with respect to supply of molten metal, e.g. ingates, circular gates, skim gates
    • B22C9/082—Sprues, pouring cups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/12—Treating moulds or cores, e.g. drying, hardening
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D15/00—Casting using a mould or core of which a part significant to the process is of high thermal conductivity, e.g. chill casting; Moulds or accessories specially adapted therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D15/00—Casting using a mould or core of which a part significant to the process is of high thermal conductivity, e.g. chill casting; Moulds or accessories specially adapted therefor
    • B22D15/04—Machines or apparatus for chill casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D21/00—Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedure; Selection of compositions therefor
    • B22D21/002—Castings of light metals
    • B22D21/007—Castings of light metals with low melting point, e.g. Al 659 degrees C, Mg 650 degrees C
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D25/00—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product
    • B22D25/02—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product by its peculiarity of shape; of works of art
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould

Definitions

  • the subject of the invention is a casting process to produce at least partly thin-walled aluminium castings by gravity casting and with sand moulding technology.
  • the wall thickness of the thin-walled part is 1-3 mm.
  • a further subject of the invention is a sand mould and an inlet system (gating system), which will allow manufacturing cast parts of this nature.
  • sand moulding techniques have been applied for a long time.
  • the basic principle behind this technology is that a die cavity adjusted to the casting's geometry is made from suitable moulding sand. This cavity is then poured with molten aluminium according to the required temperature and other casting conditions. The moulding sand will then be removed from the solidified casting, which will be used for the specific purpose.
  • the sand moulding technology offers the benefit of producing the sand mould in a relatively simple way; its drawback, however, is that a new sand mould is needed for each casting procedure, which requires producing a sand mould for every single casting, thus the mould cannot be reused.
  • the method to be applied in producing thin-walled castings of large surfaces is the high-pressure die casting process, in which the molten metal is fed by means of a pressure casting machine in a short period of time (0.01-0.05 s) and at an extremely high flow rate (20-80 m/s in the conduit) into the cavity of the cooled (cooled in a cooling system to 150-250° C.) where during the solidification process extremely high pressure (500-1500 bar) is applied.
  • the casting machine and the casting mould are complex and costly, which makes them cost-effective only if large series of castings (several ten or hundred thousands, depending on the casting mass) are manufactured.
  • CN 1709612 Chinese patent description provides information on the process of manufacturing super-thin walled aluminium casts by means of high speed pressure. This process includes the following steps: a model casting mould is fitted into the die-casting machine then the parameters of die-casting are set. The casting pressure is 780 kg/cm 2 , the temperature of the model casting mould is set to 250° C., the dissolvent temperature is 700° C., then the alumina alloy is injected into the die-casting machine. In order to achieve smaller than 1.0 mm wall thickness, 0.23 m/sec injection speed is applied. This is followed by removing the cast, which will be tested if it fulfils the international patent requirements. A casting produced in this way can primarily be applied in 3 C products, such as for computer frames, digital cameras and mobile phones.
  • the conventional sand moulding technology and the pressure technology greatly differ from each other.
  • the conventional sand moulding technology is a complicated procedure, consisting of several steps, compared to high-pressure casting, in which almost the complete manufacturing process is performed by machines in order to achieve high manufacturing series.
  • Modelling has two different methods. One of them is virtual modelling, which is made by most foundries applying pressure die casting. A program related to the given technical parameters models the casting process and highlights the expected difficulties of casting. This method offers the advantage of quickness, but its drawback is that it will not provide evidence of the behaviour of the mould in real operating conditions.
  • the other modelling process is sand casting, which means that the actual casting is produced by a sand casting foundry.
  • the casting produced with this method is like the original one as regards its geometry and structure.
  • the piece allows measurements, helps design the technology, and draws the attention to the technological demand (e.g. running and feeding systems, etc.)
  • a given product or casting has basic properties that determine the technology to be applied; these are as follows: expected annual product number, dimensions, raw material, geometry, weight, and prescribed mechanical properties.
  • test manufacture Once the customer has decided to employ test manufacture, he has the choice between two ways. One of them is to order the product with testing according to the final technology, which (concerning our case) is basically pressure die casting. The customer orders the pressure die and the casting technology, and waits for it to be prepared. Once the die has been produced, test casting is ordered, and providing it is based on a drawing or a model, the testing phase will be started.
  • This method is time consuming and costly, and includes a lot of uncertainties and risks on the customer's part until the test results meet the requirements.
  • the cast produced in this way will ensure safe and quick testing and assembly according to the customer's demand, provides possibility for the introduction to the market, provides low level of producing costs (related to the cost level of pressure die-casting technology); what is even more important, it ensures quick and cost-effective modification and execution of possible design faults.
  • This process allows the developer-customer to provide such safe products for mass production, which will not carry technical and design risks and can be adjusted to market competition as related to both quickness and cost efficiency.
  • the objective of developing the process applied in the invention is to establish such a casting process, which is suitable for producing articulated, thin-walled aluminium casts by means of gravity sand mould casting supposing 1-3 mm wall thickness and 200-400 times larger sizes are provided.
  • the process applied in the invention allows manufacturing larger sized cast parts as compared to the well-known process of gravity die casting.
  • the process is suitable for manufacturing cast parts, which can be applied in practice.
  • the products are mainly indoor and outdoor luminaires, engine parts—spare parts, cylinder-heads, machine components, spare parts for mechanical and precision engineering, fittings, etc. All these products can be produced through this invention in such quality that they will be suited for practical application under operational conditions. This will result in cost-effective development and more effective testing before the manufacture on large scale starts. Aluminium casts for different purposes are to be produced with this process economically, on small to medium scale, even in several hundred items.
  • This process enables manufacturing larger sized cast parts at a much lower cost—in contrast to pressure casting—which will appear in the initial die cost and production time.
  • the subject of the invention is the process included in item 1 of the patent claim and the sand mould fitted with an gating system according to item 10 of the claim.
  • FIG. 1 a shows a rough perspective sketch of the inner structure of a sand mould fitted with a gating system according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 b shows a rough cross sectional sketch of the sprues of the sand mould fitted with a gating system as regards FIG. 1 a.
  • FIG. 1 c shows a perspective image of a casting produced by means of a sand mould.
  • FIG. 2 shows another rough perspective sketch of the inner layout of the sand mould with a gating system.
  • Alignium casting a casting part which is made of Aluminium or Aluminium alloy.
  • AlSi12MgTi generally ‘silumin’ alloys specifically (ENAC or other) alloy groups according to the patent such as AlSi12MgTi, AlSi7Mg, AlSi10Mg, AlSi9Cu (these are mainly used in the technology relative to the invention, but in certain cases other Al alloys can also be used).
  • Thin-walled 1-3 mm average wall thickness of the alloy, the size is larger than 50 times or a 100 times of the wall thickness and change in the wall thickness will not exceed 50% of that.
  • Pressure casting A casting process in which liquid metal is poured by a casting machine during extremely short times (0.01-0.05 m/s) and at a very high flow rate (20-80 m/s in the channel) into the cooled (150-200° C.) mould cavity where extremely high pressure is applied while the metal is solidified.
  • ‘Gravity casting’ A casting procedure in which liquid metal is poured into the mould cavity by gravity energy under atmospheric pressure. This casting technology operates by the principles of communicating vessels in which no further energy (e.g. centrifugal force effect) aids the molten metal fill in the mould cavity.
  • ‘Sand mould’ refractory sand of 0.2-0.4 mm grain sizes (typically quartz sand but other kind of artificial sand can also occur) hardened with organic or non-organic bonding agent system in cold state (with chemical bond) or by heat (under the effect of being heated)
  • such—at least partly—thin-walled aluminium castings can be produced by gravity casting, in which the wall thickness of one or more parts is 1-3 mm and the largest dimension is multiplied by 100 times, or even 200-400 times compared to the wall thickness.
  • the largest dimension means the largest linear dimension of the given part of a cast, i.e. the longest side of the smallest prism which can involve the given part of the cast.
  • FIGS. 1 a and 1 b the inner structure of the sand mould ( 12 ) fitted with a gating system ( 10 ) is shown.
  • FIG. 1 a the outer edges of the sand mould are shown only as illustration around the inner formation in a perspective view.
  • the sand mould ( 12 ) includes an upper half ( 12 a ) and a bottom half ( 12 b ), which are joined in a joint surface ( 13 ) and these two parts form the mould cavity ( 16 ).
  • the mould cavity ( 16 ) is completely thin walled and provides casting parts ( 14 ) with 1-3 mm wall thickness, which is also separately shown in FIG. 1 c .
  • the cast part is not separated from the complete casting ( 14 ′), which means that the solidified parts of the melt in the gating system ( 10 ) are joined to the casting part ( 14 ), which can be separated, e.g. by cutting them off the casting ( 14 ).
  • the gating system ( 10 ) consists of two sprues ( 18 ), one runner ( 20 ) by each sprue and 5 gates ( 22 ) with portholes ( 22 ) opening from each runner into the mould cavity ( 16 ).
  • the runners ( 20 ) allow the liquid metal to run in the joining surface ( 13 ) of the mould parts ( 12 a and 12 b ) or in its surroundings from the sprues ( 18 ) to the runner gates ( 22 ).
  • segmented shaping allows complete filling of the mould cavity as well as reduces the formation of turbulence and foaming, and aids the formation of steady flow.
  • These runners are trapezoidal in various sizes; e.g. upper width 10 mm, bottom width 21 mm, height 17 mm.
  • Ingates ( 22 ) are channels connecting the runners ( 20 ) and the mould cavity ( 16 ) with the aim of allowing the liquid metal to run into the mould cavity, controlling flow rate and eliminating the formation of turbulence and foaming. They come in various sizes; e.g. gate width 42 mm, gate height adjusted to the wall thickness of the cast, e.g. 2 mm, widening towards the runners: width e.g. 10 mm, height 16 mm.
  • the sprue ( 18 ) is composed of the sprue itself, which is formed in the sand mould, and the riser ( 26 ) fitted to it from the outside.
  • the upper part of the latter one is a pouring cup ( 28 ) to allow easier pouring of the melt into the sprue ( 18 ).
  • the gating system is of narrowing cross section thus the flowing cross section is getting narrower (including even a transitional increase) towards the runners ( 22 a ). In this manner the flow rate of the melt will increase towards the runners ( 22 a ) and will reach its highest rate there.
  • This arrangement is in contrast to the conventional sand mould technology, in which gating systems of expanding cross sections are applied since slow and laminar flow will result in higher cast quality in case of thick walled casting parts.
  • a gating system of narrowing cross section ( 10 ) is any gating system that can achieve the highest flow rate at the runner ( 22 a ) by narrowing the flowing cross sections. For this reason at least the ingates are to be of narrowing cross section, i.e. the inner cross section of ingates is narrowing towards the runner ( 22 ) and becomes the narrowest at the runner ( 22 a ).
  • the flow rate is at least twice or more advantageously 3-5 times higher than the average flow rate in the runners ( 20 ), or when no such are applied, in the down sprues ( 18 ). This can be achieved by providing at least twice or even 3-5 times wider total cross section for the runners ( 22 a ) than that of the runners ( 20 ). In this case both runners ( 20 ) have 2 branches respectively, which start from the sprue ( 18 ).
  • Attachments ( 26 ) also contribute to the increase of flow rate.
  • the gradient height between the upper port (i.e. the upper edge of the cup) of the sprue ( 18 ) and the joining surface ( 13 ) of the sand mould ( 12 ) is to be 0.3 or even 0.6-1.3 times multiple of the largest dimension of the mould cavity.
  • Risers ( 30 ) are also incorporated in the sand mould ( 12 ). Their task is to exhaust from the mould the gases that are formed during casting as well as to exhaust air accumulated in front of the liquid metal. To the purpose they have cylindrical shape. Their typical diameter is double the wall thickness of the cast (2-6 mm).
  • a cooling metal insert e.g. a cooling iron bar is applied (not shown). This cooling iron bar will allow thick walled segments to solidify at an identical rate with the thin walled segments.
  • Feeders can also be applied to feed the thick walled segments.
  • FIG. 2 the inner layout of the sand mould ( 12 ) and gating system ( 10 ) is illustrated, which includes four sprues ( 18 ) and four runners ( 20 ). 5 ingates ( 22 ) belong to each runner along the longer sides of the mould cavity ( 16 ), while along the shorter sides 4 ingates ( 22 ) are joined to each runner ( 20 ).
  • the sand mould ( 12 ) has 2-5 ingates ( 22 ) on each runner ( 20 ).
  • the number and layout of the ingates and runners is designed in a way that at least one runner gate ( 22 ) should belong to each 100-1000 cm 2 segment of the mould cavity, which provides thin-walled casting parts. This arrangement will enable the melt to fill in the whole mould cavity ( 16 ) before getting solidified.
  • the runner In order to produce castings of smaller dimensions ( 14 ) the runner can even be neglected. In this case the ingates ( 22 ) are directly connected to the bottom of the sprue ( 18 ). In order to produce casting parts of larger dimensions ( 14 ) a number of segmented runners ( 20 ) or branching runners may be applied, or in a given case several sprues can be connected to one single runner ( 20 ).
  • the sand mould ( 12 ) fitted with a gating system ( 10 ) can be applied in the following way.
  • Plastic patterns and mould cores provide the manufacturing tool, which is applied to produce the mould halves ( 12 ) and cores. From moulding sand suitable for pre-heating the mould halves ( 12 a , 12 b ) are produced, which will form the cavity related to the casting.
  • the sand mould is typically a chemically bonded dry mould which can tolerate heating.
  • Cross section, height and width of the gating elements are always determined by the features and casting position of the cast ( 14 ).
  • the sand mould ( 12 ) is pre-heated at least in the thin walled segment of the casting up to 100° C., better to 100-600° C., or even more advantageous to 300-500° C. (or 0.5-0.8 times of the solidification temperature of the Aluminium alloy). Heating can be performed with gas flame.
  • the moulded cooling iron bars, supposing there are any, are also heated until vapour precipitates and dries from the surface (the surface of the cooling iron bars must remain pure); then the mould surfaces ( 16 ), runner gates ( 22 ) and the runners ( 20 ) and sprues ( 24 ) are heated up again before the mould halves are closed.
  • the Aluminium melt is produced by heating Aluminium (or Al alloy). Before being fed into the gating system, the melt is over-heated by 100° C., advantageously at least by 200° C., or even by 200-350° C., which will further contribute to avoiding too early solidification.
  • the liquid metal (melt) is introduced through the gating system ( 10 ) into the mould cavity of the preheated mould halves ( 12 a , 12 b ).
  • the mould cavity is filled with liquid metal by means of pouring ladles, preferably through the pouring cup ( 12 a ) fitted on the sprue of the upper mould half ( 12 a ).
  • Moulding sand and excess parts are removed from the casting ( 14 ), which is followed by the casting being applied according to the purpose.
  • the manufacturing tool which enables producing a replica of the part from sand, is made according to a virtual model created by a generally used 3D design program or other suitable programs. This is followed by distributing the tool related to the user's demand, as well as shrinkage of the casting and moulding inclination is concerned. The next step is to determine the pouring position, which can be either vertical or horizontal, according to the geometry of the model then the coring position of the possible cavities of the part will be given.
  • the required ingates, sprues, risers, hidden feeders are designed, which will all be installed in the mould frame and be moulded together with the mould halves ( 12 a , 12 b ), which will allow producing identical parts for the casting.
  • the manufacturing tool is then treated with mould remover and filled in with washed and sized, chemically bonded sand. During the filling up the designed cooling iron is moulded in the sand as well as the upper part of the core is made rigid with iron strands.
  • the mould halves ( 12 a , 12 b ) are precisely joined by positioning devices, which are also included in the manufacturing tool.
  • Overflow preventers prevent flow-off occurring from the mould buckling on the joining surface, followed by the mould halves ( 12 a , 12 b ) being treated, heated and closed.
  • the upper mould half ( 12 a ) is designed with an increased height and balanced. After casting the melt is allowed to cool and then the cores will be carefully removed from the casting, which is then cut off from the ingates and finely purified. This process is followed by checking the main dimensions and delivered to the supplier for testing. After the casting has been tested, small quantity production will be launched.
  • a direct economic benefit of the process applied in the invention is that it allows manufacturing castings of almost identical properties related to the technical parameters, with low financial investment and during a fraction of time as compared to the production of large scale casts with metal mould of otherwise high production cost.
  • the process is suitable for producing cast parts to be made costly even on large scale, which can be applied for practical purposes.
  • the products of this kind are mainly indoor and outdoor luminaires, engine parts—spare parts, cylinder-heads, machine components, spare parts for mechanical and precision engineering, fittings, etc. All these products can be produced through this invention in such quality that they will be suited for practical application under operational conditions. This will result in cost-effective development and more effective testing before the manufacture on large scale is launched.
  • Aluminium castings for different purposes are to be produced with this process applied in the invention on small to medium scale, even in several hundred pieces.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
  • Casting Devices For Molds (AREA)
US15/527,504 2015-05-14 2016-05-12 Casting process and sand mould provided with a gating system for producing at least partly thin walled aluminium casts with sand moulding technology by means of gravity casting Abandoned US20170333981A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
HUP1500230 2015-05-14
HU1500230A HU230620B1 (hu) 2015-05-14 2015-05-14 Eljárás vékonyfalú, tagolt, részletgazdag alumínium öntvények homokformázásos technológiával, gravitációs öntéssel történő előállítására
PCT/HU2016/050019 WO2016181177A2 (fr) 2015-05-14 2016-05-12 Procédé de coulage et moule en sable pourvu d'un système d'admission pour produire des pièces coulées en aluminium à parois au moins partiellement minces avec la technologie de moulage au sable au moyen d'un coulage par gravité

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US20170333981A1 true US20170333981A1 (en) 2017-11-23

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US (1) US20170333981A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP3294476B2 (fr)
HU (2) HU230620B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2016181177A2 (fr)

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CN108436039A (zh) * 2018-05-31 2018-08-24 天津蒙德利尔集装箱配件有限公司 一种集装箱角件铸造工艺用模具
CN110877096A (zh) * 2019-12-14 2020-03-13 台州市瑞达机械有限公司 一种水轴套的铸造模具
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CN114160758A (zh) * 2021-12-08 2022-03-11 中国航发南方工业有限公司 双层双向整体导向器铸件的浇注系统及其铸造成形方法
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RU210596U1 (ru) * 2021-11-26 2022-04-21 Публичное акционерное общество "КАМАЗ" Ярусная литниковая система для изготовления плоских отливок
US11837699B2 (en) 2017-11-10 2023-12-05 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. All-solid lithium battery and method of manufacturing same
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WO2020044068A1 (fr) * 2018-08-27 2020-03-05 De Vincenti Serafino Technologie de coulée pour des alliages de série 6000 et de série 1000

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CN107127297A (zh) * 2017-06-27 2017-09-05 河南省登封市光大耐火材料有限公司 一种铸造浇注设施
US11837699B2 (en) 2017-11-10 2023-12-05 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. All-solid lithium battery and method of manufacturing same
CN108436039A (zh) * 2018-05-31 2018-08-24 天津蒙德利尔集装箱配件有限公司 一种集装箱角件铸造工艺用模具
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WO2016181177A2 (fr) 2016-11-17
WO2016181177A4 (fr) 2017-03-02
WO2016181177A9 (fr) 2017-04-20
HUP1500230A2 (hu) 2016-07-28
HU230620B1 (hu) 2017-04-28
HU230866B1 (hu) 2018-11-29
EP3294476B2 (fr) 2022-07-20
WO2016181177A3 (fr) 2016-12-22
HUP1700498A2 (en) 2018-02-28
EP3294476B1 (fr) 2019-07-03

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