Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/53—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with three nitrogens as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. chlorazanil, melamine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
  • A61P27/06—Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D251/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings
  • C07D251/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D251/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D251/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom
  • C07D251/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom to two ring carbon atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a hydroxytriazane compound having a microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitory activity or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a pharmaceutical composition containing same, pharmaceutical use thereof and the like.
• mPGES-1 microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often used for the treatment of diseases accompanying inflammation, fever and pain, for example, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, headache and the like.
• NSAIDs show an anti-inflammatory action, an antipyretic action and an analgesic action by preventing production of prostanoids by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX).
• COX cyclooxygenase
• COX includes two isoforms of COX-1 which is ubiquitously distributed and constitutively expressed, and COX-2 which expression is induced by various pro-inflammatory stimulations, for example, cytokines such as interleukin-1 ⁇ (IL-1 ⁇ ) and the like.
• COX-1 and COX-2 are enzymes that convert arachidonic acid derived from cell membrane phospholipids to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) which is a prostanoid precursor.
• COX-1 or COX-2 suppresses all prostanoids production in the downstream thereof. This is considered to cause side effects of NSAIDs. Since NSAIDs that non-selectively inhibit COX also suppress production of PGE2 by COX-1 and PGE2 protectively acts on stomach mucosal injury, NSAIDs are considered to suppress secretion of gastric mucus and gastric mucosal blood flow, thereby increasing the risk of stomach perforations, bleeding and the like.
• COX-2 selective inhibitors suppress production of PGI2 having a vasodilation action and a platelet aggregation inhibitory action in vascular endothelial cells, they do not suppress production of TXA2 which is a blood coagulation factor produced by platelet COX-1. Therefore, they are considered to disrupt the balance of the blood coagulation system to increase the risk of cardiovascular disorder.
• Microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step of PGE2 biosynthesis, and belongs to the membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism family (MAPEG family).
• the human mPGES-1 gene was cloned in 1999, and indicated to be constitutively expressed in placenta, prostate, testis and mammary gland (non-patent document 1). In other organs, human mPGES-1 gene expression is induced by various pro-inflammatory stimulations, conjugated with COX-2.
• inflammatory cytokine IL-1 ⁇ and Tumor Necrosis Factor- ⁇ induce mPGES-1 expression in synovial cell, osteoblast, endothelial cell, orbital fibroblast, gingival cell, chondrocyte, endothelial cell, myocardial cell and the like.
• LPS Lipopolysaccharide
• mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to selectively suppress PGE2 production only in the topical site of inflammation or tissues where mPGES-1 is expressed, and does not suppress production of prostanoids (PGI2, PGD2, PGF2 ⁇ , TXA2 etc.) other than PGE2 (non-patent documents 2, 3). Therefore, mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be a medicament having an efficacy equivalent to that of NSAIDs but free of side effects of NSAIDs derived from a decreased production of prostanoids other than PGE2.
• mPGES-1 knockout mice intraperitoneal PGE2 production amount and nociceptive response per unit time significantly decrease as compared to WT mice, in the evaluation of nociceptive response by LPS stimulation which is an acute inflammatory pain model. Therefore, mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be an analgesic for acute inflammatory pain (non-patent documents 3, 6).
• mPGES-1 gene of Swedish females contains some single nucleotide polymorphisms that increase the onset risk and severity of rheumatism.
• An increase in the mPGES-1 expression is immunohistologically confirmed in the synovium of rheumatism patients showing single nucleotide polymorphism (Reference SNP ID number: rs23202821) that increases severity, as compared to patients free of mutation (non-patent document 5).
• mPGES-1 knockout mice intraarticular infiltration of inflammatory cells, articular destruction and tumentia of the four limbs are markedly suppressed in a collagen-induced arthritis model, which is an animal model of rheumatism, as compared to WT mice (non-patent document 6). Therefore, mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be a therapeutic drug for rheumatism.
• mRNA expression of mPGES-1 increases in meniscus cells of osteoarthritis patients (non-patent document 7).
• mPGES-1 inhibitor reduces nociceptive responses in osteoarthritis model using monoiodoacetic acid, as compared to WT mice (patent document 1). Therefore, mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be a therapeutic drug for osteoarthritis.
• mPGES-1 knockout mice body temperature elevation due to LPS stimulation is suppressed as compared to WT mice (non-patent document 8). Therefore, mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be an antipyretic drug.
• mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be a therapeutic drug for Alzheimer's disease.
• EP4 gene of multiple sclerosis patients contains some single nucleotide polymorphisms that increase the onset risk (Reference SNP ID numbers: rs9292777, rs4613763, rs1044063, rs6896969).
• macrophage present in the periventricular demyelinating lesion of multiple sclerosis patients expression of mPGES-1 protein is confirmed.
• mPGES-1 knockout mice PGE2 production in the spinal cord of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model mice, which is an animal model of multiple sclerosis, is suppressed, and progression of paralysis is suppressed, as compared to WT mice, (non-patent document 10). Therefore, mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be a therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis.
• mPGES-1 knockout mice PGE2 production in vascular endothelial cells of high-fat fed low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficient mice, which is an atherosclerosis model, decreases, and atheroma formation is delayed as compared to WT mice.
• LDL low density lipoprotein
• mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for arteriosclerosis.
• Glaucoma is a disease showing a characteristic change in the optic nerve and the field of vision. Optic nerve disorder can be generally improved or suppressed by sufficiently decreasing the intraocular pressure. Glaucoma can be categorized into open angle glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma.
• mPGES-1 gene is constitutively highly expressed in human conjunctiva (GEO accession No: GSE2513 (Gene Expression Omnibus: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)).
• GSE2513 Gene Expression Omnibus: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/
• expression of mPGES-1 increases as compared to healthy individuals.
• expression of mPGES-1 increases as compared to normal animals (GEO accession No: human GSE2378, dog GSE21879, mouse GSE3554).
• PGE2 When PGE2 is instilled into the eyes of healthy individuals, the intraocular pressure increases, along with the expansion of blood vessels, for 2 hours after instillation (non-patent document 12).
• PGE2 When PGE2 is administered to rabbits subconjunctivally, the intraocular pressure increases due to dilatation of ciliary body and increase in the aqueous humor production (non-patent document 13).
• PGF2 ⁇ and PGD2 which are prostaglandins that may increase when mPGES-1 is inhibited, decrease the intraocular pressure of rabbit (non-patent document 14).
• PGF2 ⁇ formulations increase outflow of aqueous humor and are used as therapeutic drugs for glaucoma that decrease the intraocular pressure.
• PGI2 does not show a clear action on the intraocular pressure of rabbits. That is, the intraocular pressure is considered to decrease since decrease of PGE2 suppresses aqueous humor production by mPGES-1 inhibition, and/or since increased PGD2 and PGF2 ⁇ promote outflow of aqueous humor due to shunt.
• mPGES-1 inhibitor is administered by instillation into the eyes of Cynomolgus monkey with normal intraocular pressure, the intraocular pressure significantly decreases (Patent Document 2).
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• PGE2 promotes expression of VEGF (non-patent document 15)
• mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to improve these diseases.
• mPGES-1 increases in the skin of systemic scleroderma patients, as compared to healthy individuals. Similarly, expression of mPGES-1 increases in the skin of bleomycin induced scleroderma model mice, which is a systemic scleroderma model, as compared to the skin of normal mice. As compared to WT mice, mPGES-1 knockout mice showed a decrease in the accumulation of macrophage in the dermal lesion of bleomycin induced scleroderma model mice, and mitigation of cutaneous thickening, deposition of extracellular matrix and increase in the collagen content (non-patent document 16). Therefore, mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be a therapeutic drug for systemic scleroderma.
• mPGES-1 knockout mice the polyp number and size were markedly suppressed in azoxymethane-induced colorectal cancer model mice, which are animal model of colorectal cancer, as compared to WT mice.
• PGE2 production in large intestinal tumor tissue decreased and production amount of PGI2 that inhibits adhesion of cancer cells and PGD2 that induces cell death via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ⁇ (PPAR ⁇ ) increased, as compared to WT mice.
• PPAR ⁇ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ⁇
• mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be an anticancer drug that suppresses the growth and metastasis of cancer including colorectal cancer.
• inflammatory symptoms and/or pain relating to the conditions thereof, for which NSAIDs are effective for example, arthritis, gout, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, headache, menstrual pain, toothache, lumbago, muscular pain, periarthritis scapulohumeralis, cervical syndrome, temporomandibular disorder, and postoperative or posttraumatic inflammation and pain, and inflammation and pain after tooth extraction can be mentioned.
• acute and chronic non-bacterial inflammation of eye can be mentioned and, for example, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis and postoperative inflammation and ophthalmalgia in intraocular operation can be mentioned.
• the main mechanism for the efficacy of NSAIDs is considered to be the suppression of PGE2 production, which is an inflammation promoting substance. Since mPGES-1 inhibitor also has a suppressive action on the PGE2 production, it is considered to be a therapeutic drug for these diseases.
• the mPGES-1 inhibitor is considered to be beneficial for the prophylaxis or treatment of pain, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, fever, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, arteriosclerosis, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic retinal disease, systemic scleroderma, cancer including colorectal cancer and/or diseases for which suppression of PGE2 production is effective.
• the present invention aims to provide a hydroxytriazane compound having an mPGES-1 inhibitory activity or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a pharmaceutical composition containing same, and pharmaceutical use thereof and the like.
• the target disease include pain, rheumatism, fever, osteoarthritis, arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic retinal disease, systemic scleroderma, cancer including colorectal cancer and diseases for which suppression of PGE2 production is effective.
• the present inventors have found a hydroxytriazane compound having an mPGES-1 inhibitory activity, which is represented by the following formula [I-a], [I-b] or [I-c], and completed the present invention.
• the present invention is as follows.
• R 1a is C 1-4 alkyl
• R 1b is C 1-4 alkyl or trifluoromethyl
• n 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5
• R 2 is hydrogen or C 1-4 alkyl
• R 4a is hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl or C 1-4 alkoxy, or
• R 5 is C 1-6 alkyl
• X is CH 2 or O
• R 2 in the formula [I-a] is C 1-4 alkyl, then R 3 is hydrogen.
• R 2 in the formula [I-a] is C 1-4 alkyl, then R 3 is hydrogen.
• R 1a is C 1-4 alkyl
• R 1b is C 1-4 alkyl or trifluoromethyl
• n 3, 4 or 5
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of [1] to [9], and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• An mPGES-1 inhibitor comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of [1] to [9]
• a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for pain, rheumatism, fever, osteoarthritis, arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic retinal disease, systemic scleroderma and/or cancer which comprises the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of [1] to [9].
• a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for glaucoma and/or ocular hypertension which comprises the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of [1] to [9], and one or more kinds of other therapeutic agents for glaucoma in combination.
• a method of inhibiting mPGES-1 which comprises administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of [1] to [9] to a human.
• a method of treating or preventing pain, rheumatism, fever, osteoarthritis, arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic retinal disease, systemic scleroderma and/or cancer which comprises administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of [1] to [9] to a human.
• a method of treating or preventing glaucoma and/or ocular hypertension which comprises administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of [1] to [9] and one or more kinds of other therapeutic agents for glaucoma to a human.
• [17] Use of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of [1] to [9] for the production of an mPGES-1 inhibitor.
• [18] Use of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to any one of [1] to [9] for the production of a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for pain, rheumatism, fever, osteoarthritis, arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic retinal disease, systemic scleroderma and/or cancer.
• halogen is fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
• C 1-4 alkyl means straight chain or branched chain alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and the like. Preferred are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl and tert-butyl.
• C 1-6 alkyl means straight chain or branched chain alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neo-pentyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, isohexyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl and the like. Preferred are methyl, ethyl, propyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, 1-methylbutyl and 2,2-dimethylbutyl.
• C 1-4 alkoxy means alkoxy wherein the alkyl moiety is the above-defined “C 1-4 alkyl”. Examples thereof include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy and the like. Preferred is methoxy.
• C 1-4 fluoroalkyl means straight chain or branched chain alkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms, which is substituted by 1 to 3 fluorine. Examples thereof include monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl and the like. Preferred are monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl and trifluoromethyl.
• C 1-4 alkoxy C 1-4 alkyl means the above-defined “C 1-4 alkyl” substituted by the above-defined “C 1-4 alkoxy”. Examples thereof include methoxymethyl, 4-methoxybutyl, 3-ethoxypropyl, 2-propoxyethyl and the like. Preferred are 4-methoxybutyl, 3-ethoxypropyl and 2-propoxyethyl.
• C 3-5 cycloalkyl means 3- to 5-membered monocyclic cycloalkyl. Examples thereof include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl. Preferred is cyclobutyl.
• One of more preferable embodiments is the compound of formula [I-c] wherein
• R 1a is C 1-4 alkyl
• R 1b is C 1-4 alkyl or trifluoromethyl
• n 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5
• R 2 is hydrogen
• C 1-6 alkyl (2) C 3-5 cycloalkyl, or (3) C 1-4 alkoxy C 1-4 alkyl.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound represented by the formula [I-a], [I-b] or [I-c] may be any salt as long as it forms a nontoxic salt with the compound of the present invention, and examples thereof include salts with inorganic acid, salts with organic acid, salts with inorganic base, salts with organic base, salts with amino acid, and the like.
• salts with inorganic acid examples include salts with hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid and the like.
• salts with organic acid examples include salts with oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like.
• salts with organic acid examples include salts with adipic acid, alginic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, anhydromethylenecitric acid, benzoic acid, calcium edetate, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid, carbonic acid, edetic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethanesulfonic acid, glucoheptonic acid, glucuronic acid, glucoheptonic acid, glycollyarsanilic acid, hexylresorcinic acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydroxy-naphtoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-ethanesulfonic acid, lactobionic acid, mandelic acid, methylsulfuric acid, methylnitric acid, methylenebis(salicylic acid), galactaric acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, 2-naphtoic acid
• salts with inorganic base examples include sodium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, ammonium salt and the like.
• examples of the salts with inorganic base include salts with aluminum, barium, bismuth, lithium or zinc.
• the salts with organic base include salts with methylamine, diethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, dicyclohexylamine, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, guanidine, pyridine, picoline, choline, cinchonine, meglumine and the like.
• examples of the salts with organic base also include salts with arecoline, betaine, clemizole, N-methylglucamine, N-benzylphenethylamine or tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine.
• salts with amino acid examples include salts with lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and the like.
• salts with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid.
• Various salts can be obtained by reacting the compound of the present invention with inorganic base, organic base, inorganic acid, organic acid or amino acid according to a known method.
• the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be present as a solvate.
• the “solvate” is the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is coordinated with a solvent molecule, and also encompasses hydrates.
• the solvate is preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, and examples thereof include a hydrate, ethanolate, dimethyl sulfoxidate and the like of the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Specific examples include semihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate or monoethanolate of the compound of the present invention, monohydrate of sodium salt or 2 ⁇ 3 ethanolate of dihydrochloride of the compound of the present invention, and the like.
• the solvates can be obtained by a known method.
• the compound of the present invention may be labeled with isotope (e.g., 2 H, 3 H, 14 C, 35 S etc.).
• isotope e.g., 2 H, 3 H, 14 C, 35 S etc.
• the compound of the present invention may exist as a tautomer.
• the compound of the present invention can be a single tautomer or a mixture thereof.
• the compound represented by the formula [I-a] may contain a tautomer shown below
• Such tautomer is also encompassed in the compound represented by the formula [I-a].
• the compound of the present invention may have a carbon double bond.
• the compound of the present invention can be present as E form, Z form, or a mixture of E form and Z form.
• the compound of the present invention may contain a stereoisomer that should be recognized as a cis/trans isomer.
• the compound of the present invention can be present as a cis form, a trans form, or mixture of a cis form and a trans form.
• the compound of the present invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbons.
• the compound of the present invention may be present as a single enantiomer, a single diastereomer, a mixture of enantiomers or a mixture of diastereomers.
• the compound of the present invention may be present as an atropisomer.
• the compound of the present invention may be present as a single atropisomer or a mixture thereof.
• the compound of the present invention may simultaneously contain plural structural characteristics that produce the above-mentioned isomers. Moreover, the compound of the present invention may contain the above-mentioned isomers at any ratio.
• a diastereomeric mixture can be separated into each diastereomer by conventional methods such as chromatography, crystallization and the like.
• each diastereomer can also be formed by using a stereochemically single starting material, or by a synthesis method employing a stereoselective reaction.
• An enantiomeric mixture can be separated into each single enantiomer by a method well known in the art.
• a diastereomic mixture can be prepared by reacting an enantiomeric mixture with a substantially pure enantiomer that is known as a chiral auxiliary.
• the diastereomeric mixture can be separated into each diastereomer mentioned above.
• the separated diastereomer can be converted to a desired enantiomer by removing the added chiral auxiliary by cleavage.
• an enantiomeric mixture can also be directly separated by a chromatography method using a chiral solid phase well known in the art.
• one of enantiomers can also be obtained by using a substantially pure optically active starting material or by employing stereoselective synthesis (asymmetric induction) of a prochiral intermediate using a chiral auxiliary and an asymmetric catalyst.
• the absolute steric configuration can be determined based on the X-ray crystal analysis of the crystalline product or intermediate.
• a crystalline product or intermediate derivatized with a reagent having an asymmetric center with a known steric configuration may be used if necessary.
• the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is preferably substantially purified, more preferably purified so as to have a purity of 80% or more.
• compositions examples include oral preparations such as tablet, capsule, granule, powder, troche, syrup, emulsion, suspension and the like, and parenteral agents such as external preparation, suppository, injection, eye drop, nasal preparations, pulmonary preparation and the like.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is produced according to a method known per se in the art of pharmaceutical preparations, by mixing etc. the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a solvate thereof with a suitable amount of at least one kind of pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the like as appropriate. While the content of the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a solvate thereof in the pharmaceutical composition varies depending on the dosage form, dose and the like, it is, for example, 0.00001 to 100 wt % of the whole composition.
• “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” examples include various organic or inorganic carrier substances conventionally used as preparation materials, for example, excipient, disintegrant, binder, glidant, lubricant and the like for solid preparations, and solvent, solubilizing agent, suspending agent, isotonicity agent, buffering agent, soothing agent, surfactant, pH adjuster, thickening agent and the like for liquid preparations. Where necessary, moreover, additives such as preservative, antioxidant, colorant, sweetening agent and the like are used.
• excipient examples include lactose, sucrose, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, cornstarch, dextrin, microcrystalline cellulose, crystalline cellulose, carmellose, carmellose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl starch, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, gum arabic and the like.
• disintegrant examples include carmellose, carmellose calcium, carmellose sodium, sodium carboxymethyl starch, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, crystalline cellulose and the like.
• binder examples include hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, povidone, crystalline cellulose, sucrose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, carmellose sodium, gum arabic and the like.
• Examples of the “glidant” include light anhydrous silicic acid, magnesium stearate and the like.
• lubricant examples include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, talc and the like.
• solvent examples include purified water, ethanol, propylene glycol, macrogol, sesame oil, corn oil, olive oil and the like.
• Examples of the “solubilizing agent” include propylene glycol, D-mannitol, benzyl benzoate, ethanol, triethanolamine, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate and the like.
• suspending agent examples include benzalkonium chloride, carmellose, hydroxypropylcellulose, propylene glycol, povidone, methylcellulose, glycerol monostearate and the like.
• isotonic agent examples include glucose, D-sorbitol, sodium chloride, D-mannitol and the like.
• buffering agent examples include sodium hydrogenphosphate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate and the like.
• Examples of the “soothing agent” include benzyl alcohol and the like.
• surfactant examples include polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil (e.g., polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 60 etc.), polyethylene glycol monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester (e.g., polysorbate 80 etc.), alkyldiaminoethylglycine, alkylbenzenesulfonate, benzethonium chloride and the like.
• pH adjuster examples include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, monoethanolamine, triethanolamine and the like.
• thickening agent examples include polyvinyl alcohol, carboxyvinyl polymer, methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, dextran and the like.
• preservative examples include ethyl parahydroxybenzoate, chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, sodium dehydroacetate, sorbic acid and the like.
• antioxidant examples include sodium sulfite, ascorbic acid and the like.
• colorant examples include food colors (e.g., Food Color Red No. 2 or 3, Food Color Yellow No. 4 or 5 etc.), ⁇ -carotene and the like.
• sweetening agent examples include saccharin sodium, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, aspartame and the like.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be administered orally or parenterally (e.g., topical, rectal, intravenous administration etc.) to human as well as mammals other than human (e.g., hamster, guinea pig, cat, dog, swine, bovine, horse, sheep, monkey etc.).
• the dose varies depending on the subject of administration, disease, symptom, dosage form, administration route and the like.
• the daily dose for oral administration to an adult patient is generally within the range of about 0.1 g to 10 g, based on the compound of the present invention as the active ingredient. This amount can be administered in one to several portions.
• the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a solvate thereof can be used in combination with one or a plurality of other medicaments (hereinafter to be also referred to as a concomitant drug) according to a method generally employed in the medical field (hereinafter to be referred to as combined use).
• the administration period of the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a concomitant drug is not limited, and they may be administered to an administration subject as combination preparation, or the both preparations may be administered simultaneously or at given intervals as individual preparations.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention and a concomitant drug may be used in the form of a kit.
• the dose of the concomitant drug is similar to the clinically-employed dose and can be appropriately selected according to the subject of administration, disease, symptom, dosage form, administration route, administration time, combination and the like.
• the administration form of the concomitant drug is not particularly limited, and it is only required that the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a solvate thereof is combined with a concomitant drug.
• concomitant drug examples include therapeutic agents for glaucoma such as prostaglandin formulation, ⁇ blocker, ⁇ receptor agonist, sympathetic nerve stimulation agent, ⁇ blocker, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor anticholinesterase agent, Rho kinase inhibitor and the like.
• prostaglandin formulation examples include isopropyl unoprostone, latanoprost, travoprost, tafluprost, bimatoprost and the like.
• ⁇ blocker examples include timolol maleate, Befunolol hydrochloride, carteolol hydrochloride, betaxolol hydrochloride, nipradilol, levobunolol hydrochloride and the like.
• Examples of the ⁇ receptor agonist include brimonidine tartrate and the like.
• Examples of the sympathetic nerve stimulation agent include dipivefrin hydrochloride, pilocarpine hydrochloride and the like.
• Examples of the ⁇ blocker include bunazosin hydrochloride and the like.
• carbonic anhydrase inhibitor examples include dorzolamide hydrochloride, brinzolamide and the like.
• anticholinesterase agent examples include distigmine bromide and the like.
• Rho kinase inhibitor examples include ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate and the like.
• An example of the specific combination of medicaments is a combination of one medicament selected from latanoprost, travoprost, tafluprost, timolol maleate, dorzolamide hydrochloride and brinzolamide, and the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a solvate thereof.
• the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has an mPGES-1 inhibitory action, it is useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of various diseases or symptoms which are expected to be improved by mPGES-1 inhibitory activity modulation, for example, pain, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, fever, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, arteriosclerosis, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic retinal disease, systemic scleroderma and cancer including colorectal cancer.
• various diseases or symptoms which are expected to be improved by mPGES-1 inhibitory activity modulation, for example, pain, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, fever, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, arteriosclerosis, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic retinal disease, systemic scleroderma and cancer including colorectal cancer.
• various diseases or symptoms which are expected to be improved by mPGES-1 inhibitory activity modulation are preferably glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
• the compound of the present invention is preferably administered as a solution or a suspension, preferably as a solution.
• the compound of the present invention is preferably administered by instillation.
• the compound preferably has high solubility.
• the compound has solubility of preferably 0.03% or more, more preferably 0.07% or more, still preferably 0.13% or more, in the solvent used for an ophthalmic solution.
• the solvent used for an ophthalmic solution is preferably water.
• the solvent used for an ophthalmic solution may contain an additive such as polysorbate 80, polyethylene glycol monostearate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil and the like.
• the pH of the compound solution is preferably 7.0-8.5.
• the solubility of compound can be measured according to a method known per se, for example, the following method.
• Compound is suspended in a buffer solution having pH 7.0-8.0 (e.g., Britton-Robinson buffer, etc.). Where necessary, an additive such as polysorbate 80, polyethylene glycol monostearate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil and the like can be used.
• a buffer solution having pH 7.0-8.0 (e.g., Britton-Robinson buffer, etc.). Where necessary, an additive such as polysorbate 80, polyethylene glycol monostearate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil and the like can be used.
• the suspension is shaked at room temperature for predetermined time, and filtered through a membrane filter. The filtrate is appropriately diluted to give a sample solution.
• Standard solution of compound is prepared, and analyzed by liquid chromatography.
• the sample solution is analyzed by liquid chromatography, and the solubility of compound is calculated according to external standard method.
• inhibitor(s) mPGES-1 means elimination or attenuation of mPGES-1 function, preferably elimination or attenuation of human mPGES-1 function under the below-mentioned condition of Experimental Example 1 or on human clinical indication.
• treatment encompasses improvement, prevention of aggravation, maintenance of remission, prevention of exacerbation, and prevention of relapse, of symptom.
• prophylaxis means suppression of the onset of symptoms.
• One of other embodiments of the present invention is to provide a method of decreasing ocular pressure, which comprises administering the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human.
• Another of other embodiments of the present invention is to provide a method of decreasing ocular pressure, which comprises administering the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more kinds of other therapeutic agents for glaucoma to a human.
• the expression “decrease(s) ocular pressure” means decrease in intraocular pressure.
• the present specification may provide preferable embodiments and options of the compound, method, use and composition of the present invention. Such provision encompasses combinations of the preferable embodiments and options of the compound, method, use and composition of the present invention, as long as such combination is possible without contradiction.
• the production methods of the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are explained in the following, which are not to be construed as limitative.
• the compound obtained in each step can be isolated or purified according to a method known per se such as distillation, recrystallization, column chromatography and the like if necessary, or directly used in the next step without isolation or purification.
• Compound [I-a] can be obtained according to Production Method A.
• L 1 is a leaving group such as bromo, iodo, trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy or the like; Hal 1 is chloro or bromo; Z is a boron substituent used for the Suzuki coupling reaction, such as —B(OH) 2 , —B(OR 8 ) 2 (wherein R 8 is each C 1-4 alkyl or one of R 8 is optionally bonded to the other R 8 to form a ring), —BF 3 , the formula
• R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl and the like, or benzyl, and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are as defined in the formula [I-a].
• Compound [2] can be obtained by subjecting compound [1] to boronation.
• compound [2] can be obtained by reacting compound [1] with a boron reagent under heating in the presence of a base and a palladium catalyst, in a solvent. Where necessary, a ligand may be added.
• Examples of the boron reagent to be used for the reaction include 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, 5,5,5′,5′-tetramethyl-2,2′-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborinane, tetrahydroxydiboron, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and the like.
• Examples of the palladium catalyst to be used for the reaction include palladium acetate, tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium, bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride, (bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium dichloride-methylene chloride complex and the like.
• Examples of the base to be used for the reaction include inorganic base such as alkali metal salts (e.g., potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, cesium fluoride and the like) and the like; organic bases such as triethylamine and the like.
• inorganic base such as alkali metal salts (e.g., potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, cesium fluoride and the like) and the like
• organic bases such as triethylamine and the like.
• ligand to be used for the reaction examples include organophosphorous ligands such as triphenylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene, 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl and the like, and the like.
• solvent to be used for the reaction examples include ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like; alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and the like; hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, hexane and the like; polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile and the like; mixed solvents thereof, and solvents thereof mixed with water.
• ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like
• alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-
• compound [2] when L 1 is bromo or iodo in compound [1], compound [2] can also be obtained by adding an organic metal reagent to compound [1] in a solvent, at ⁇ 78° C. to room temperature, and then reacting the resulting compound with a boron compound at ⁇ 78° C. to room temperature.
• organic metal reagent to be used for the reaction examples include n-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, isopropylmagnesium chloride and the like.
• Examples of the boron reagent to be used for the reaction include trimethyl borate, triisopropyl borate, 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and the like.
• solvent to be used for the reaction examples include ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like; hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, hexane and the like, and mixed solvents thereof.
• ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like
• hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, hexane and the like, and mixed solvents thereof.
• Compound [1] may be a commercially available product such as 5-bromo-2-chloroisopropylbenzene, or may be obtained by converting a commercially available product as appropriate by a method well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Compound [4] can be obtained by subjecting compound [2] and compound [3] to the Suzuki coupling reaction.
• compound [4] can be obtained by reacting compound [2] with compound [3] under heating in the presence of a base and a palladium catalyst, in a solvent. Where necessary, a ligand may be added.
• compound [3] is preferably used in an amount of 1.5 equivalent or more per compound [2].
• Examples of the palladium catalyst to be used for the reaction include palladium acetate, tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium, bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride, (bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium dichloride-methylene chloride complex and the like.
• Examples of the base to be used for the reaction include inorganic bases such as alkali metal salts (e.g., potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, cesium fluoride and the like), and the like, organic bases such as triethylamine and the like.
• inorganic bases such as alkali metal salts (e.g., potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, cesium fluoride and the like), and the like
• organic bases such as triethylamine and the like.
• ligand to be used for the reaction examples include organophosphorous ligands such as triphenylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene, 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl and the like, and the like.
• solvent to be used for the reaction examples include ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like; alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and the like; hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, hexane and the like; polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile and the like; mixed solvents thereof, and solvents thereof mixed with water.
• ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like
• alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-
• Compound [2] may be a commercially available product such as 3-isopropylphenylboronic acid, 3-tert-butylphenylboronic acid and the like, or may be obtained by converting a commercially available product as appropriate by a method well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Compound [3] may be a commercially available product such as 2,4-dichloro-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine, or may be obtained by converting a commercially available product as appropriate by a method well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Compound [6] can be obtained by subjecting compound [4] and boron compound [5] to the Suzuki coupling reaction.
• compound [6] can be obtained by reacting compound [4] with boron compound [5] under heating in the presence of a base and a palladium catalyst, in a solvent. Where necessary, a ligand may be added.
• Examples of the palladium catalyst to be used for the reaction include palladium acetate, tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium, bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride, (bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium dichloride-methylene chloride complex and the like.
• Examples of the base to be used for the reaction include inorganic bases such as alkali metal salts (e.g., potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, cesium fluoride and the like) and the like, organic bases such as triethylamine and the like.
• inorganic bases such as alkali metal salts (e.g., potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, cesium fluoride and the like) and the like
• organic bases such as triethylamine and the like.
• ligand to be used for the reaction examples include organophosphorous ligands such as triphenylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene, 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl and the like, and the like.
• solvent to be used for the reaction examples include ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like; alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and the like; hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, hexane and the like; polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile and the like; mixed solvents thereof, and solvents thereof mixed with water.
• ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like
• alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-
• Compound [5] may be a commercially available product such as 2-chloro-5-hydroxymethylphenylboronic acid and the like, or may be obtained by converting a commercially available product as appropriate by a method well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Compound [7] can be obtained by converting the hydroxy group of compound [6] into an amino group by azidation and reduction.
• the corresponding azide can be obtained by reacting compound [6] with an azidating agent in the presence of a base, in a solvent, and compound [7] can be obtained by reacting the obtained azide with a phosphine, and then hydrolyzing the resulting compound under heating in water.
• Compound [7] is preferably obtained as an inorganic acid salt or an organic acid salt according to a method known per se.
• azidating agent to be used for the reaction examples include diphenylphosphorylazide, bis(p-nitrophenyl)azidophosphonate and the like.
• solvent to be used for the reaction examples include tetrahydrofuran, toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide and the like.
• Examples of the base to be used for the azidation include 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene.
• phosphine examples include triphenylphosphine, tributylphosphine and the like.
• Examples of the acid to be used for the salt formation of compound [7] include hydrochloric acid.
• Compound [9] can be obtained by subjecting compound [7] and compound [8] to an amide bond forming reaction.
• compound [9] can be obtained by reacting compound [7] with compound [8] in the presence of a condensing agent and an additive, in a solvent. Where necessary, a base may be added.
• Examples of the condensing agent to be used for the reaction include dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (WSC HCl), diisopropylcarbodiimide, 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) or diphenylphosphorylazide and the like.
• DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• WSC HCl 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
• CDI 1,1′-carbon
• additive to be used for the reaction examples include 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt), N-hydroxysuccinimide (HOSu), 4-dimethylaminopyridine and the like.
• Examples of the base to be used for the reaction include organic bases such as pyridine, triethylamine and the like.
• solvent to be used for the reaction examples include ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like; hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, hexane, xylene and the like; halogen solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform and the like; polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, pyridine and the like. These may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds thereof.
• ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like
• hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, hexane
• Compound [8] may be a commercially available product such as 3,3,3-trifluoromethyl-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid, 1-trifluoromethylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid, or may be obtained by converting a commercially available product as appropriate by a method well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Compound [I-a] can be obtained by converting the alkoxy group of compound [9] into a hydroxy group by hydrolysis.
• R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl
• compound [I-a] can be obtained by reacting compound [9] in the presence of a base in a solvent, at room temperature to under heating, and then neutralizing the obtained solution.
• Examples of the base to be used for the reaction include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide and the like.
• Examples of the solvent to be used for the reaction include mixed solvents of water and alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and the like; and mixed solvents of the above-mentioned mixed solvents and ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like.
• alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and the like
• mixed solvents of the above-mentioned mixed solvents and ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like.
• Compound [I-b] can be obtained according to Production Method B.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 5 and X are as defined in the formula [I-b], and L 1 , Hal 1 , Z and R 7 are as defined in Production Method A.
• Compound [11] can be obtained by subjecting compound [10] to a boronation in the same manner as in Step A-1 of Production Method A.
• Compound [10] may be a commercially available product such as 3-bromophenyl ethyl ether, or may be obtained by converting a commercially available product as appropriate by a method well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Compound [12] can be obtained by subjecting compound [11] and compound [3] to the Suzuki coupling reaction in the same manner as in Step A-2 of Production Method A.
• Compound [13] can be obtained by subjecting compound [12] and boron compound [5] to the Suzuki coupling reaction in the same manner as in Step A-3 of Production Method A.
• Compound [14] can be obtained by converting the hydroxy group of compound [13] into an amino group by azidation and reduction in the same manner as in Step A-4 of Production Method A.
• Compound [15] can be obtained by subjecting compound [14] and compound [8] to an amidation reaction in the same manner as in Step A-5 of Production Method A.
• Compound [I-b] can be obtained by converting the alkoxy group of compound [15] into a hydroxy group by hydrolysis in the same manner as in Step A-6 of Production Method A.
• Compound [I-c] can be obtained according to Production Method C.
• Hal 2 is bromo or iodo
• Hal 3 is fluoro, chloro or bromo
• R 1 , R 2 and R 6 are as defined in the formula [I-c]
• R 7 , Z, Hal 1 are as defined in Production Method A.
• Compound [18] can be obtained by subjecting compound [16] and compound [17] to an aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction.
• compound [18] can be obtained by reacting compound [16] with compound [17] in the presence of a base and an additive, in a solvent.
• Compound [16] may be a commercially available product such as 5-bromo-2-chloropyridine, or may be obtained by converting a commercially available product as appropriate by a method well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Compound [17] may be a commercially available product such as n-hexanol, or may be obtained by converting a commercially available product as appropriate by a method well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• solvent to be used for the reaction examples include ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like; hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene and the like; polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, pyridine and the like.
• ether solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentyl methyl ether and the like
• hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene and the like
• polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-
• Examples of the base to be used for the reaction include sodium hydride, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium tert-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium and the like.
• additive to be used for the reaction examples include tetra-n-butylammonium bromide, 18-crown-6, copper iodide and the like.
• Compound [19] can be obtained by subjecting compound [18] to a boronation in the same manner as in Step A-1 of Production Method A.
• Compound [20] can be obtained by subjecting compound [19] and compound [3] to the Suzuki coupling reaction in the same manner as in Step A-2 of Production Method A.
• Compound [21] can be obtained by subjecting compound [20] and boron compound [5] to the Suzuki coupling reaction in the same manner as in Step A-3 of Production Method A.
• Compound [22] can be obtained by converting the hydroxy group of compound [21] into an amino group by azidation and reduction in the same manner as in Step A-4 of Production Method A.
• Compound [23] can be obtained by subjecting compound [22] and compound [8] to an amidation reaction in the same manner as in Step A-5 of Production Method A.
• Compound [I-c] can be obtained by converting the alkoxy group of compound [23] into a hydroxy group by hydrolysis in the same manner as in Step A-6 of Production Method A.
• WSC HCl 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
• HOBt H 2 O 1-hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole1 hydrate
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide M: mol/L N: normal
• reaction mixture was filtered through Celite with ethyl acetate.
• the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: n-hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (0.53 g, yield 93%).
• reaction mixture was filtered through Celite with ethyl acetate.
• the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: n-hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (0.56 g, yield 95%).
• thermo gravimetric-differential thermal analysis TG/DTA
• diphenylphosphorylazide 8.0 ml
• 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene 5.5 ml
• the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hr.
• saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution 15 ml
• distilled water 15 ml
• the aqueous layer was removed from the reaction mixture, distilled water (30 ml) was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred for 1 min.
• the aqueous layer was removed from the reaction mixture, and distilled water (30 ml) was added thereto.
• reaction mixture was stirred for 1 min, and the aqueous layer was removed.
• triphenylphosphine (10.7 g) under ice cooling, and the mixture was stirred for 5 min.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and distilled water (2.8 ml) was added thereto.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min, and then at 60° C. for 1 hr.
• acetonitrile 57 ml
• conc. hydrochloric acid 3.3 ml
• the reaction mixture was separated at room temperature, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, and washed with saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered to remove the sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: n-hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (8.37 g, 71%).
• the obtained aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate.
• the organic layers were combined, and washed with saturated brine.
• the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered to remove the sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: n-hexane/ethyl acetate), and the fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure.
• a mixed solvent of n-hexane:ethyl acetate 1:1 (20 ml) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hr.
• To the suspension was added n-hexane (80 ml) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred for 30 min.
• the obtained solid was collected by filtration, and dried to give the title compound (7.26 g, yield 65%).
• the organic layers were combined, and washed with water and saturated brine.
• the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered to remove the sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• a part of the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: n-hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the title compound.
• the retention time of the obtained title compound was about 10 min, and the optical purity thereof was 99.0% ee or more.
• the analysis condition using chiral column was as follows.
• Racemic mixture A was obtained using hydroxy-2-trifluoromethylbutyric acid instead of 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyric acid in the same manner as in (1), (2) and (3) of Production Example 7.
• Diastereomic mixture B was obtained by amidation using racemic mixture A and (1R,2S)-(+)-1-amino-2-indanol in the same manner as in (5) of Production Example 1.
• Compound C1 was obtained by hydrolyzing compound B1 (single diastereomer) with KOH under heating in ethylene glycol.
• the compound of Example 132 was obtained by amidation using compound C1 and compound D in the same manner as in (5) of Production Example 1, and then hydrolysis in the same manner as in (6) of Production Example 1.
• Compound C2 was obtained by hydrolyzing compound B2 (single diastereomer) in the same manner as in the hydrolysis of compound B1.
• the compound of Example 134 was obtained by amidation using compound C2 and compound D in the same manner as in (5) of Production Example 1, and then hydrolysis in the same manner as in (6) of Production Example 1.
• the compounds of Examples 132 and 134 are each single diastereomer, and the absolute steric configurations on a carbon of the amide are not determined.
• “Note 1” for the compounds of Examples 132, 133, 138, 139, 143 and 145 means that the compounds were obtained using less polar diastereomer B1
• the human mPGES-1 enzyme inhibitory activity of a test article was evaluated according to the report of Xu et al. (X U, D et al. MF63 [2-(6-chloro-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)-isophthalonitrile], a selective microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 inhibitor relieves pyresis and pain in preclinical models of inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. September 2008, Vol. 326, No. 3, pages 754-763).
• the amount of PGE2 produced by human mPGES-1 in the presence of a test article was measured by the HTRF (homogeneous time resolved fluorescence) method, and the human mPGES-1 enzyme inhibitory activity of the test article was determined.
• a DNA fragment containing human mPGES-1 which is added with a BamHI recognition cleavage sequence just before the translation initiation codon and an EcoRI recognition cleavage sequence just after the translation termination codon, was amplified by the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method using a human mPGES-1 expression plasmid DNA (pME-18S/iPGES-1) prepared in-house as a template.
• the purified DNA fragment was digested with BamHI and EcoRI, and ligated to pcDNA3.1(+) (Invitrogen, model number V790-20), similarly digested with BamHI and EcoRI, by using a DNA Ligation kit ver. 2.1 (Takara Bio, model number 6022).
• the human mPGES-1 expression plasmid DNA was isolated from Escherichia coli DH5 ⁇ (TOYOBO, model number DNA-903) transformed with the obtained ligation product.
• the base sequence of human mPGES-1 cloned to a vector was determined by the Dye Terminator method using BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, #4337455). The determined sequence was identical with the sequence of the protein translational region of human mPGES-1 (Accession number NM_004878) registered in the NCBI Reference Database.
• Human mPGES-1 expression plasmid DNA was transfected into Chinese hamster ovary-derived cells (FreeStyle CHO-S Cell, Invitrogen, #R800-07) by using a transgene reagent (FreeStyle MAX Reagent (Invitrogen, #16447-100)), and cultured with shaking (8% CO 2 , 37° C.) in a medium containing 8 mmol/L L-glutamine (GIBCO FreeStyle CHO Expression Medium, Invitrogen, #12651-022) for 48 hr.
• a transgene reagent FreeStyle MAX Reagent (Invitrogen, #16447-100)
• the CHO-S cells were suspended in Homogenate Buffer (100 mmol/L potassium phosphate (pH 7.4), 250 mmol/L Sucrose, 100 mmol/L EDTA, complete EDTA free (Roche, #1873580)). Using an ultrasonic disrupter UD-201 (Tomy Seiko), the suspended cells were disrupted at output: 3, duty cycle: 50 for 30 seconds. The precipitate was removed by centrifugation (1,000 ⁇ g, 5 min, 4° C.), and the supernatant was centrifuged (5,000 ⁇ g, 10 min, 4° C.). The supernatant was further centrifuged (105,000 ⁇ g, 60 min, 4° C.).
• Homogenate Buffer 100 mmol/L potassium phosphate (pH 7.4), 250 mmol/L Sucrose, 100 mmol/L EDTA, complete EDTA free (Roche, #1873580)
• UD-201 Tomy Seiko
• Resuspension Buffer 100 mmol/L potassium phosphate (pH 7.4), 250 mmol/L sucrose, 100 mmol/L EDTA, 10% glycerol
• Resuspension Buffer 100 mmol/L potassium phosphate (pH 7.4), 250 mmol/L sucrose, 100 mmol/L EDTA, 10% glycerol
• the protein concentration of the microsome fraction was measured by the Bradford method (Protein Assay Kit, Bio-Rad).
• the microsome fraction was rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and preserved at ⁇ 80° C.
• Human mPGES-1 in the microsome fraction was detected by Western Blot using rabbit anti-mPGES-1 polyclonal antibody (ThermoFisher Scientific, #PA1-10264).
• a test article solution diluted with 0.1 mol/L potassium phosphate, pH 7.4 (hereinafter to be referred to as KPB) or DMSO (Nacalai Tesque, #13407-45) was added at 5 ⁇ L/well to 96 well V-bottom plate (Corning, #3363).
• the final DMSO concentration during the reaction was set to 2% (v/v).
• a microsome fraction of CHO-S cells expressing human mPGES-1 which was diluted with reduced GSH (12.5 mmol/L KPB solution, SIGMA, #G6529-25G) such that the protein concentration was 5 ⁇ g/mL, was added at 20 ⁇ L/well.
• the amount of the microsome fraction used is within a range where the amount of PGE2 produced under the reaction conditions shown below and the amount of microsome fraction used show linearity.
• To the blank was added reduced GSH (12.5 mmol/L KPB solution) at 20 ⁇ L/well. After stirring at room temperature for 10 min, PGH2 (PGH2 dissolved in cold acetone to 100 ⁇ g/mL and diluted with D-PBS( ⁇ ) (Nikken biomedical laboratory, #CM6201) to 10 ⁇ g/mL, Cayman Chemical, #17020) was added at 25 ⁇ L/well, and the mixture was stood at room temperature for 45 seconds. Tin(II) chloride dihydrate (2 mg/mL 10 mmol/L citric acid solution, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., #204-01562) was added at 50 ⁇ L/well, and the plate was gently shaken to terminate the enzyme reaction.
• the concentration of PGE2 in the above-mentioned enzyme reaction mixture was measured using Prostaglandin E2 assay (CISbio Bioassays, #62P2APEC) according to the manual.
• PGE2 As the reference standard for analytical curve, PGE2 (Cayman Chemical, #14010) was used.
• EnVision 2104 Perkin Elmer
• PGE2 concentration was extrapolated from the PGE2 analytical curve. Average of the PGE2 concentrations of the respectively-treated wells was used as the data.
• the mPGES-1 enzyme inhibitory activity (%) of the test article was calculated according to the following Formula 1.
• PGE2 A PGE2 concentration of vehicle-treated well
• PGE2 B PGE2 concentration of blank well
• PGE2 X PGE2 concentration of test article-treated well
• the IC 50 value (50% inhibitory concentration) of the test article was calculated according to the following Formula 2.
• IC 50 value 10 ⁇ log 10(D/E) ⁇ (50-G)/(F-G)+log 10(E) ⁇ [Formula 2]
• D concentration of test article that shows activity of not less than 50% inhibition between two points across 50% inhibition
• E concentration of test article that shows activity of not more than 50% inhibition between two points across 50% inhibition
• F mPGES-1 enzyme inhibitory activity (%) when concentration of test article is
• G mPGES-1 enzyme inhibitory activity (%) when concentration of test article is E
• A549 cell (Japan Health Sciences Foundation Research Resources Bank), which is cell line derived from humans lung cancer, was suspended in assay medium (Ham's F-12K (Wako, #080-08565) containing 2% FBS (Hyclone Laboratories, #SH30910.03), 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen, #15140-122)), the suspension was added at 2.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/100 ⁇ L/well to 96 well flat-bottom plate (Corning, #353072), and the plate was left standing for 20 hr in a CO 2 incubator set at 37° C.
• assay medium Ham's F-12K (Wako, #080-08565) containing 2% FBS (Hyclone Laboratories, #SH30910.03), 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen, #15140-122)
• test article was serially diluted with DMSO (Nacalai Tesque, #13407-45), and then 20-fold diluted with the assay medium to prepare a test article solution having a ten-fold concentration of the final concentration.
• the final DMSO concentration during the reaction was set to 0.5% (v/v).
• the medium was removed from the plate in which the cell was added, new assay medium was added at 160 ⁇ L/well to the plate, and the plate was left standing for 10 min in a CO 2 incubator. Then, the test article solution was added at 20 ⁇ L/well to the plate, and the plate was left standing for 30 min in a CO 2 incubator.
• recombinant humans IL-1 ⁇ (R&D Systems, #201-LB) as a stimulant to enhance PGE2 production due to increase of mPGES-1 mRNA expression was added at 20 ⁇ L/well (the final concentration was 1 ng/mL) to the plate, and the plate was left standing for 18 hr in a CO 2 incubator. The supernatant was collected at 180 ⁇ L/well, and the PGE2 concentration was measured using Prostaglandin E2 assay (CISbio Bioassays, #62P2APEC) according to the manual. As the reference standard for analytical curve, PGE2 (Cayman Chemical, #14010) was used.
• the PGE2 production inhibitory activity (%) of the test article was calculated according to the following Formula 3.
• PGE2 production inhibitory activity (%) (PGE2 A ⁇ PGE2 X )/(PGE2 A ⁇ PGE2 B ) ⁇ 100 [Formula 3]
• PGE2 A PGE2 concentration of vehicle-treated well
• PGE2 B PGE2 concentration of blank well (no addition of recombinant humans IL-13)
• PGE2 X PGE2 concentration of test article-treated well
• the IC 50 value (50% inhibitory concentration) of the test article was calculated according to the following Formula 4
• IC 50 value 10 ⁇ log 10(D/E) ⁇ (50-G)/(F-G)+log 10(E) ⁇ [Formula 4]
• D concentration of test article that shows activity of not less than 50% inhibition between two points across 50% inhibition
• E concentration of test article that shows activity of not more than 50% inhibition between two points across 50% inhibition
• F PGE2 production inhibitory activity (%) when concentration of test article is D
• G PGE2 production inhibitory activity (%) when concentration of test article is E
• test article is dissolved in saline containing 0.5% polysorbate 80 (Fluka) to prepare an ophthalmic solution (pH 7.0-8.0).
• ophthalmic solution pH 7.0-8.0
• male Cynomolgus monkey is anesthetized with Escain (registered trade mark) inhalation anesthetics (Pfizer Inc., general name: isoflurane)
• Escain registered trade mark
• isoflurane the cornea of the both eyes is punctured with a 30 G injection needle connected to silicone catheter tube, and the aqueous humor is collected.
• aqueous humor Immediately after collection of the aqueous humor, vehicle or the ophthalmic solution is administered once to the Cynomolgus monkey by instillation (30 ⁇ L per one eye) using a micropipette, and the lacrimal part is lightly fixed by gently pressing the lower eyelid for about 15 seconds. After 5 min, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is administered to the anterior chamber, and the aqueous humor is collected under anesthesia. The opposite eye is treated in the same manner.
• LPS Lipopolysaccharide
• the concentration of prostaglandins in the aqueous humor is measured by the LC/MS/MS system (Ultra high performance liquid chromatography: Nexera (registered trademark) manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, mass spectrometer: QTRAP (registered trademark) 5500 manufactured by AB SCIEX), and the concentration ratio of each prostaglandin concentration relative to the total of all prostaglandin concentrations is calculated.
• LC/MS/MS system Ultra high performance liquid chromatography: Nexera (registered trademark) manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, mass spectrometer: QTRAP (registered trademark) 5500 manufactured by AB SCIEX
• a 1-week washout period is set between tests. On the day of test, the monkeys are fed after the final measurement.
• test article is dissolved in saline containing 0.5% polysorbate 80 (Fluka) to prepare an ophthalmic solution.
• vehicle group is administered a vehicle (0.5% polysorbate-containing saline) by a method similar to that for the test article.
• Xalatan (registered trademark) ophthalmic solution 0.005% (Pfizer Inc., general name: latanoprost) is used.
• Test article is administered once by instillation (30 ⁇ L per one eye) using a micropipette.
• Each of vehicle and reference article is administered once by instillation. After instillation, the lacrimal part is lightly fixed by gently pressing the lower eyelid for about 15 seconds. The opposite eye is treated in the same manner.
• the intraocular pressure is measured immediately before administration, and 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hr after administration.
• the animal Before measurement of the intraocular pressure, the animal is fixed on a monkey chair, and topically anesthetized by instillation of an ophthalmic surface anesthetic (Benoxyl (registered trademark) ophthalmic solution 0.4%, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., general name: oxybuprocaine hydrochloride).
• a lid reactor (Handaya Co., Ltd.) is set, and the intraocular pressure of the both eyes is measured using a pneumatic applanation tonometer (Model30 Classic, Reichert Inc.).
• An intraocular pressure difference ( ⁇ mmHg; in first decimal place) from the value immediately before administration is determined for each measurement eye at each measurement time point, an average of the both eyes is calculated and taken as the evaluation data of the individual.
• the mean and standard deviation (in second decimal place) of the intraocular pressure difference is calculated for each group.
• test article was weighted in glass microtube, and dispersed in Britton-Robinson buffer solution (pH 8.5, 1.5 mL) to prepare a suspension.
• the suspension was shaked at 20° C. for 18 hr, and filtered through a membrane filter (0.45 ⁇ m), and the filtrate was used as a sample.
• test article was weighted in glass microtube, and dispersed in Britton-Robinson buffer solution (pH 8.5, 1.5 mL) containing 0.5 W/V % polysorbate 80 to prepare a suspension.
• the suspension was shaked at 20° C. for 18 hr, and filtered through a membrane filter (0.45 ⁇ m), and the filtrate was used as a sample.
• Sample solution was prepared by appropriately diluting sample with a mixture of water/acetonitrile (1:1).
• Standard solution was prepared by precisely weighting the test article, and then diluting the test article with a mixture of water/acetonitrile (1:1).
• the standard solution and sample solution were analyzed by liquid chromatography, and the test article content of the sample solution was calculated according to external standard method, based on which the solubility was determined.
• the Formulation Examples of the present invention include the following formulations. However, the present invention is not limited by such Formulation Examples.
• the total amount of 1), 2), 3) and 30 g of 4) are kneaded with water, vacuum dried and sieved.
• the sieved powder is mixed with 14 g of 4) and 1 g of 5), and the mixture is tableted by a tableting machine. In this way, 1000 tablets containing 10 mg of the compound of Example No. 48 per tablet are obtained.
• the above components are aseptically blended to pH 7.9-8.1 to give an eye drop.
• the above components are aseptically blended to pH 7.9-8.1 to give an eye drop.
• the above components are aseptically blended to pH 7.9-8.1 to give an eye drop.
• the compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof have an mPGES-1 inhibitory activity, they can afford a medicament effective for the prophylaxis or treatment of pain, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, fever, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, arteriosclerosis, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic retinal disease, systemic scleroderma, cancer including colorectal cancer and/or diseases for which suppression of PGE2 production is effective.

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